51
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Aleithe S, Blietz A, Mages B, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D. Transcriptional Response and Morphological Features of the Neurovascular Unit and Associated Extracellular Matrix After Experimental Stroke in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7631-7650. [PMID: 31089963 PMCID: PMC6815284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental stroke studies yielded insights into single reactions of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and associated extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the extent of simultaneous processes caused by ischemia and their underlying transcriptional changes are still poorly understood. Strictly following the NVU and ECM concept, this study explored transcriptional responses of cellular and non-cellular components as well as their morphological characteristics following ischemia. Mice were subjected to 4 or 24 h of unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the neocortex and the striatum, cytoskeletal and glial elements as well as blood-brain barrier and ECM components were analyzed using real-time PCR. Western blot analyses allowed characterization of protein levels and multiple immunofluorescence labeling enabled morphological assessment. Out of 37 genes analyzed, the majority exhibited decreased mRNA levels in ischemic areas, while changes occurred as early as 4 h after ischemia. Down-regulated mRNA levels were predominantly localized in the neocortex, such as the structural elements α-catenin 2, N-cadherin, β-catenin 1, and βIII-tubulin, consistently decreasing 4 and 24 h after ischemia. However, a few genes, e.g., claudin-5 and Pcam1, exhibited increased mRNA levels after ischemia. For several components such as βIII-tubulin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin 1, matching transcriptional and immunofluorescence signals were obtained, whereas a few markers including neurofilaments exhibited opposite directions. In conclusion, the variety in gene regulation emphasizes the complexity of interactions within the ischemia-affected NVU and ECM. These data might help to focus future research on a set of highly sensitive elements, which might prospectively facilitate neuroprotective strategies beyond the traditional single target perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Blietz
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Hobusch
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 19, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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52
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Lipachev N, Arnst N, Melnikova A, Jäälinoja H, Kochneva A, Zhigalov A, Kulesskaya N, Aganov AV, Mavlikeev M, Rauvala H, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Quantitative changes in perineuronal nets in development and posttraumatic condition. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:203-216. [PMID: 30903543 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal net (PNN) is a highly structured portion of the CNS extracellular matrix (ECM) regulating synaptic plasticity and a range of pathologic conditions including posttraumatic regeneration and epilepsy. Here we studied Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-stained histological sections to quantify the PNN size and enrichment of chondroitin sulfates in mouse brain and spinal cord. Somatosensory cortex sections were examined during the period of PNN establishment at postnatal days 14, 21 and 28. The single cell PNN size and the chondroitin sulfate intensity were quantified for all cortex layers and specifically for the cortical layer IV which has the highest density of PNN-positive neurons. We demonstrate that the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan staining intensity is increased between P14 and P28 while the PNN size remains unchanged. We then addressed posttraumatic changes of the PNN expression in laminae 6 and 7 of cervical spinal cord following hemisection injury. We demonstrate increase of the chondroitin sulfate content at 1.6-1.8 mm rostrally from the injury site and increase of the density of PNN-bearing cells at 0.4-1.2 mm caudally from the injury site. We further demonstrate decrease of the single cell PNN area at 0.2 mm caudally from the injury site suggesting that the PNN ECM takes part in the posttraumatic tissue rearrangement in the spinal cord. Our results demonstrate new insights on the PNN structure dynamics in the developing and posttraumatic CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan Kremlyovskaya 16a, Tatarstan, Russia, 420111
| | - Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institut für Biochemie und Biophysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Melnikova
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Harri Jäälinoja
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anastasiya Kochneva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Alexander Zhigalov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natalia Kulesskaya
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert V Aganov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan Kremlyovskaya 16a, Tatarstan, Russia, 420111
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan K.Marx 74, Tatarstan, Russia, 420012
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. .,Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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53
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Yong HYF, Rawji KS, Ghorbani S, Xue M, Yong VW. The benefits of neuroinflammation for the repair of the injured central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:540-546. [PMID: 30874626 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the nervous system (neuroinflammation) is now recognized as a hallmark of virtually all neurological disorders. In neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, there is prominent infiltration and a long-lasting representation of various leukocyte subsets in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma. Even in classic neurodegenerative disorders, where such immense inflammatory infiltrates are absent, there is still evidence of activated CNS-intrinsic microglia. The consequences of excessive and uncontrolled neuroinflammation are injury and death to neural elements, which manifest as a heterogeneous set of neurological symptoms. However, it is now readily acknowledged, due to instructive studies from the peripheral nervous system and a large body of CNS literature, that aspects of the neuroinflammatory response can be beneficial for CNS outcomes. The recognized benefits of inflammation to the CNS include the preservation of CNS constituents (neuroprotection), the proliferation and maturation of various neural precursor populations, axonal regeneration, and the reformation of myelin on denuded axons. Herein, we highlight the benefits of neuroinflammation in fostering CNS recovery after neural injury using examples from multiple sclerosis, traumatic spinal cord injury, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. We focus on CNS regenerative responses, such as neurogenesis, axonal regeneration, and remyelination, and discuss the mechanisms by which neuroinflammation is pro-regenerative for the CNS. Finally, we highlight treatment strategies that harness the benefits of neuroinflammation for CNS regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Fawcett JW. The Paper that Restarted Modern Central Nervous System Axon Regeneration Research. Trends Neurosci 2019; 41:239-242. [PMID: 29703373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord repair research appeared to have run out of new ideas in the 1970s. In a 1981 paper, the Aguayo Laboratory revisited an experiment by Tello and Cajal that suggested that central nervous system (CNS) axons could regenerate into peripheral nerve grafts. Using modern axon tracing methods, David and Aguayo showed that axons from neurons in the spinal cord could regenerate for long distances within peripheral nervous system (PNS) grafts, but not back into the CNS. This proved that damaged CNS tissue is inhibitory to axon regeneration while PNS tissue is permissive. The experiment sparked a research revival, leading to the identification of many inhibitory molecules that block axon growth in the mature CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Institute for Experimental Medicine Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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55
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Khoo GH, Lin YT, Tsai TC, Hsu KS. Perineuronal Nets Restrict the Induction of Long-Term Depression in the Mouse Hippocampal CA1 Region. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6436-6450. [PMID: 30826967 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic efficacy is widely regarded as a cellular basis of learning and memory. The magnitude of hippocampal CA1 LTD induced by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) declines with age, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are specialized extracellular matrix structures that function in dampening synaptic plasticity during postnatal development, suggesting that PNN formation may restrict LTD induction in the adult hippocampus. Here, we show that PNNs tightly enwrap a subpopulation of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 region and enzymatic removal of PNNs with the chondroitinase ABC alters the excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance toward more excitation and restores the ability of LFS to induce an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent LTD at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in slices from male adult mice. Early interference with depolarizing GABA with Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter inhibitor bumetanide impairs the maturation of PNNs and enhances LTD induction. These results provide novel insights into a previously unrecognized role for PNNs around PV interneurons in restricting long-term synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses on hippocampal CA1 neurons in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Hock Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chih Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Sen Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Rd., Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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56
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Plexina2 and CRMP2 Signaling Complex Is Activated by Nogo-A-Liganded Ngr1 to Restrict Corticospinal Axon Sprouting after Trauma. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3204-3216. [PMID: 30804090 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2996-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
After brain or spinal cord trauma, interaction of Nogo-A with neuronal NgR1 limits regenerative axonal sprouting and functional recovery. Cellular signaling by lipid-anchored NgR1 requires a coreceptor but the relevant partner in vivo is not clear. Here, we examined proteins enriched in NgR1 immunoprecipitates by Nogo-A exposure, identifying CRMP2, a cytosolic protein implicated in axon growth inhibition by Semaphorin/Plexin complexes. The Nogo-A-induced association of NgR1 with CRMP2 requires PlexinA2 as a coreceptor. Non-neuronal cells expressing both NgR1 and PlexinA2, but not either protein alone, contract upon Nogo-A exposure. Inhibition of cortical axon regeneration by Nogo-A depends on a NgR1/PlexinA2 genetic interaction because double-heterozygous NgR1+/-, PlexinA2+/- neurons, but not single-heterozygote neurons, are rescued from Nogo-A inhibition. NgR1 and PlexinA2 also interact genetically in vivo to restrict corticospinal sprouting in mouse cervical spinal cord after unilateral pyramidotomy. Greater post-injury sprouting in NgR1+/-, PlexinA2+/- mice supports enhanced neurological recovery of a mixed female and male double-heterozygous cohort. Thus, a NgR1/PlexinA2/CRMP2 ternary complex limits neural repair after adult mammalian CNS trauma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Several decades of molecular research have suggested that developmental regulation of axon growth is distinct in most regards from titration of axonal regenerative growth after adult CNS trauma. Among adult CNS pathways, the oligodendrocyte Nogo-A inhibition of growth through NgR1 is thought to have little molecular relationship to axonal guidance mechanisms active embryonically. Here, biochemical analysis of NgR1 function uncovered a physical complex with CRMP cytoplasmic mediators, and this led to appreciation of a role for PlexinA2 in concert with NgR1 after adult trauma. The data extend molecular understanding of neural repair after CNS trauma and link it to developmental processes.
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57
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Loers G, Liao Y, Hu C, Xue W, Shen H, Zhao W, Schachner M. Identification and characterization of synthetic chondroitin-4-sulfate binding peptides in neuronal functions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1064. [PMID: 30705359 PMCID: PMC6355858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), up-regulated in and around the glial scar after mammalian spinal cord injury, have been suggested to be key inhibitory molecules for functional recovery by impeding axonal regrowth/sprouting and synaptic rearrangements. CSPG-mediated inhibition is mainly associated with the glycosaminoglycan chains of CSPGs, and chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) is the predominant sulfated structure that regulates axonal guidance and growth in the adult nervous system. With the aim to find molecules that neutralize the inhibitory functions of C4S, we screened a phage display library for peptides binding to C4S. From the phage clones binding to C4S we selected three peptides for further analysis. We observed that these peptides bind to C4S, but not chondroitin-6-sulfate, heparin sulfate or dermatan sulfate, in a concentration-dependent and saturable manner, whereas the scrambled peptides showed highly reduced or no binding to C4S. The C4S-binding peptides, but not their scrambled counterparts, when added to cultures of mouse cerebellar neurons and human neuroblastoma cells, neutralized the inhibitory functions of the C4S- and CSPG-coated substrate on cell adhesion, neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. These results indicate that the C4S-binding peptides neutralize several inhibitory functions of CSPGs, suggesting that they may be beneficial in repairing mammalian nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Hu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikang Xue
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifan Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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58
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Estrada V, Krebbers J, Voss C, Brazda N, Blazyca H, Illgen J, Seide K, Jürgens C, Müller J, Martini R, Trieu HK, Müller HW. Low-pressure micro-mechanical re-adaptation device sustainably and effectively improves locomotor recovery from complete spinal cord injury. Commun Biol 2018; 1:205. [PMID: 30511019 PMCID: PMC6255786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries result in impairment or even complete loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Recovery after complete spinal cord injury is very limited even in animal models receiving elaborate combinatorial treatments. Recently, we described an implantable microsystem (microconnector) for low-pressure re-adaption of severed spinal stumps in rat. Here we investigate the long-term structural and functional outcome following microconnector implantation after complete spinal cord transection. Re-adaptation of spinal stumps supports formation of a tissue bridge, glial and vascular cell invasion, motor axon regeneration and myelination, resulting in partial recovery of motor-evoked potentials and a thus far unmet improvement of locomotor behaviour. The recovery lasts for at least 5 months. Despite a late partial decline, motor recovery remains significantly superior to controls. Our findings demonstrate that microsystem technology can foster long-lasting functional improvement after complete spinal injury, providing a new and effective tool for combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Estrada
- 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Centre Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Krebbers
- 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Centre Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Voss
- 2Institute of Microsystems Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.,BG Trauma Centre Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Brazda
- 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Centre Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinrich Blazyca
- 4Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Illgen
- 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Centre Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Seide
- BG Trauma Centre Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jürgens
- BG Trauma Centre Hamburg, Bergedorfer Str. 10, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- 2Institute of Microsystems Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- 4Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hoc Khiem Trieu
- 2Institute of Microsystems Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Werner Müller
- 1Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University Medical Centre Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,CNR (Center for Neuronal Regeneration), Merowinger Platz 1a, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,6Biomedical Research Center, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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59
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Paylor JW, Wendlandt E, Freeman TS, Greba Q, Marks WN, Howland JG, Winship IR. Impaired Cognitive Function after Perineuronal Net Degradation in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0253-18.2018. [PMID: 30627657 PMCID: PMC6325561 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0253-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are highly organized components of the extracellular matrix that surround a subset of mature neurons in the CNS. These structures play a critical role in regulating neuronal plasticity, particularly during neurodevelopment. Consistent with this role, their presence is associated with functional and structural stability of the neurons they ensheath. A loss of PNNs in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been suggested to contribute to cognitive impairment in disorders such as schizophrenia. However, the direct consequences of PNN loss in medial PFC (mPFC) on cognition has not been demonstrated. Here, we examined behavior after disruption of PNNs in mPFC of Long-Evans rats following injection of the enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). Our data show that ChABC-treated animals were impaired on tests of object oddity perception. Performance in the cross-modal object recognition (CMOR) task was not significantly different for ChABC-treated rats, although ChABC-treated rats were not able to perform above chance levels whereas control rats were. ChABC-treated animals were not significantly different from controls on tests of prepulse inhibition (PPI), set-shifting (SS), reversal learning, or tactile and visual object recognition memory. Posthumous immunohistochemistry confirmed significantly reduced PNNs in mPFC due to ChABC treatment. Moreover, PNN density in the mPFC predicted performance on the oddity task, where higher PNN density was associated with better performance. These findings suggest that PNN loss within the mPFC impairs some aspects of object oddity perception and recognition and that PNNs contribute to cognitive function in young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Paylor
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Eszter Wendlandt
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Tara S. Freeman
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Quentin Greba
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - Wendie N. Marks
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - John G. Howland
- Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E Canada
| | - Ian R. Winship
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2R3 Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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60
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Testa D, Prochiantz A, Di Nardo AA. Perineuronal nets in brain physiology and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:125-135. [PMID: 30273653 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) in the brain are condensed glycosaminoglycan-rich extracellular matrix structures with heterogeneous composition yet specific organization. They typically assemble around a subset of fast-spiking interneurons that are implicated in learning and memory. Owing to their unique structural organization, PNNs have neuroprotective capacities but also participate in signal transduction and in controlling neuronal activity and plasticity. In this review, we define PNN structure in detail and describe its various biochemical and physiological functions. We further discuss the role of PNNs in brain disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer disease and addictions. Lastly, we describe therapeutic approaches that target PNNs to alter brain physiology and counter brain dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Testa
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France.
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61
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Petrova V, Eva R. The Virtuous Cycle of Axon Growth: Axonal Transport of Growth-Promoting Machinery as an Intrinsic Determinant of Axon Regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:898-925. [PMID: 29989351 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the brain and spinal cord has devastating consequences because adult central nervous system (CNS) axons fail to regenerate. Injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a better prognosis, because adult PNS neurons support robust axon regeneration over long distances. CNS axons have some regenerative capacity during development, but this is lost with maturity. Two reasons for the failure of CNS regeneration are extrinsic inhibitory molecules, and a weak intrinsic capacity for growth. Extrinsic inhibitory molecules have been well characterized, but less is known about the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms which prevent axon re-growth. Key signaling pathways and genetic/epigenetic factors have been identified which can enhance regenerative capacity, but the precise cellular mechanisms mediating their actions have not been characterized. Recent studies suggest that an important prerequisite for regeneration is an efficient supply of growth-promoting machinery to the axon; however, this appears to be lacking from non-regenerative axons in the adult CNS. In the first part of this review, we summarize the evidence linking axon transport to axon regeneration. We discuss the developmental decline in axon regeneration capacity in the CNS, and comment on how this is paralleled by a similar decline in the selective axonal transport of regeneration-associated receptors such as integrins and growth factor receptors. In the second part, we discuss the mechanisms regulating selective polarized transport within neurons, how these relate to the intrinsic control of axon regeneration, and whether they can be targeted to enhance regenerative capacity. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 00: 000-000, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Petrova
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eva
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OPY, United Kingdom
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Amo-Aparicio J, Martínez-Muriana A, Sánchez-Fernández A, López-Vales R. Neuroinflammation Quantification for Spinal Cord Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 123:e57. [PMID: 30253064 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to irreversible devastating neurological disabilities. Accumulated evidence in the literature indicates that the inflammatory response that occurs in the spinal cord following injury contributes importantly to spread tissue damage to healthy regions adjacent to the lesion site, and consequently, to increase neurological deficits. Therefore, targeting inflammation could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent tissue damage and neurological impairments after SCI. Inflammation is regulated, in part, by the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines synthesized, mainly, by glial cells. Hence, methodologies that could ease the quantification of multiple cytokines and immune cells from spinal cord tissue samples are needed to assess the potential of new anti-inflammatory therapies. In the present unit, we describe how to induce contusion injuries in the mouse spinal cord, as well as, two useful methodologies to assess neuroinflammation in lesioned spinal cord tissue samples. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Amo-Aparicio
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Martínez-Muriana
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alba Sánchez-Fernández
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rubèn López-Vales
- Institut de Neurociencies and Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
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63
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Patel R, Muir M, Cvetkovic C, Krencik R. Concepts toward directing human astroplasticity to promote neuroregeneration. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:21-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Cvetkovic
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
| | - Robert Krencik
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery; Houston Methodist Research Institute; Houston Texas
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64
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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65
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David S, Kroner A, Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, López-Vales R. Myeloid cell responses after spinal cord injury. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:97-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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66
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Lu X, Perera TH, Aria AB, Callahan LAS. Polyethylene glycol in spinal cord injury repair: a critical review. J Exp Pharmacol 2018; 10:37-49. [PMID: 30100766 PMCID: PMC6067622 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s148944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a synthetic biocompatible polymer with many useful properties for developing therapeutics to treat spinal cord injury. Direct application of PEG as a fusogen to the injury site can repair cell membranes, mitigate oxidative stress, and promote axonal regeneration to restore motor function. PEG can be covalently or noncovalently conjugated to proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles to limit their clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, reduce their immunogenicity, and facilitate crossing the blood-brain barrier. Cross-linking PEG produces hydrogels that can act as delivery vehicles for bioactive molecules including growth factors and cells such as bone marrow stromal cells, which can modulate the inflammatory response and support neural tissue regeneration. PEG hydrogels can be cross-linked in vitro or delivered as an injectable formulation that can gel in situ at the site of injury. Chemical and mechanical properties of PEG hydrogels are tunable and must be optimized for creating the most favorable delivery environment. Peptides mimicking extracellular matrix protein such as laminin and n-cadherin can be incorporated into PEG hydrogels to promote neural differentiation and axonal extensions. Different hydrogel cross-linking densities and stiffness will also affect the differentiation process. PEG hydrogels with a gradient of peptide concentrations or Young's modulus have been developed to systematically study these factors. This review will describe these and other recent advancements of PEG in the field of spinal cord injury in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - T Hiran Perera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Alexander B Aria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
| | - Laura A Smith Callahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,
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67
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Ueno H, Suemitsu S, Murakami S, Kitamura N, Wani K, Matsumoto Y, Okamoto M, Aoki S, Ishihara T. Juvenile stress induces behavioral change and affects perineuronal net formation in juvenile mice. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:41. [PMID: 30012101 PMCID: PMC6048828 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many neuropsychiatric disorders develop in early life. Although the mechanisms involved have not been elucidated, it is possible that functional abnormalities of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV neurons) are present. Several previous studies have shown that juvenile stress is implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. We aimed to clarify the effects of juvenile stress on behavior and on the central nervous system. We investigated behavioral abnormalities of chronically-stressed mice during juvenilehood and the effect of juvenile stress on PV neurons and WFA-positive perineuronal nets (PNNs), which are associated with vulnerability and plasticity in the mouse brain. Results Due to juvenile stress, mice showed neurodevelopmental disorder-like behavior. Juvenile stressed mice did not show depressive-like behaviors, but on the contrary, they showed increased activity and decreased anxiety-like behavior. In the central nervous system of juvenile stressed mice, the fluorescence intensity of WFA-positive PNNs decreased, which may signify increased vulnerability. Conclusion This study suggested that juvenile stressed mice showed behavioral abnormalities, resembling those seen in neuropsychiatric disorders, and increased brain vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, 288, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0193, Japan. .,Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Suemitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shinji Murakami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenta Wani
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Motoi Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shozo Aoki
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishihara
- Department of Psychiatry, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan
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68
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Hsieh TH, Lee HHC, Hameed MQ, Pascual-Leone A, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Trajectory of Parvalbumin Cell Impairment and Loss of Cortical Inhibition in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5509-5524. [PMID: 27909008 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric symptoms that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI), including mood disorders, sleep disturbance, chronic pain, and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are attributable to compromised cortical inhibition. However, the temporal trajectory of cortical inhibition loss and its underlying mechanisms are not known. Using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) and immunohistochemistry, we tracked functional and cellular changes of cortical inhibitory network elements after fluid-percussion injury (FPI) in rats. ppTMS revealed a progressive loss of cortical inhibition as early as 2 weeks after FPI. This profile paralleled the increasing levels of cortical oxidative stress, which was accompanied by a gradual loss of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in perilesional cortex. Preceding the PV loss, we identified a degradation of the perineuronal net (PNN)-a specialized extracellular structure enwrapping cortical PV-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons which binds the PV+ cell maintenance factor, Otx2. The trajectory of these impairments underlies the reduced inhibitory tone, which can contribute to posttraumatic neurological conditions, such as PTE. Taken together, our results highlight the use of ppTMS as a biomarker to track the course of cortical inhibitory dysfunction post-TBI. Moreover, the neuroprotective role of PNNs on PV+ cell function suggests antioxidant treatment or Otx2 enhancement as a promising prophylaxis for post-TBI symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Henry Hing Cheong Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mustafa Qadir Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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69
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Townley RA, Bülow HE. Deciphering functional glycosaminoglycan motifs in development. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:144-154. [PMID: 29579579 PMCID: PMC6078790 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate are linear glycans, which when attached to protein backbones form proteoglycans. GAGs are essential components of the extracellular space in metazoans. Extensive modifications of the glycans such as sulfation, deacetylation and epimerization create structural GAG motifs. These motifs regulate protein-protein interactions and are thereby repsonsible for many of the essential functions of GAGs. This review focusses on recent genetic approaches to characterize GAG motifs and their function in defined signaling pathways during development. We discuss a coding approach for GAGs that would enable computational analyses of GAG sequences such as alignments and the computation of position weight matrices to describe GAG motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Townley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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70
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New approaches for brain repair—from rescue to reprogramming. Nature 2018; 557:329-334. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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71
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Abstract
The inability to recover functions lost after severe spinal cord injury has been recognized for millennia and was first attributed to a failure of spinal cord neural regeneration over 100 years ago. The last forty years have seen intense research into achieving such regeneration, but in spite of conceptual advances and many reports announcing successful interventions, progress has been slow and often controversial. Here, I examine consequential advances and setbacks, and critically consider assumptions underlying certain approaches. I argue that expanding mechanistic knowledge about multiple forms of neural regeneration, why they fail and how they can restore function will resolve conceptual contentions and push the field forward.
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72
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Foscarin S, Raha-Chowdhury R, Fawcett JW, Kwok JCF. Brain ageing changes proteoglycan sulfation, rendering perineuronal nets more inhibitory. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1607-1622. [PMID: 28657900 PMCID: PMC5509459 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans in perineuronal nets (PNNs) from the central nervous system (CNS) are involved in the control of plasticity and memory. Removing PNNs reactivates plasticity and restores memory in models of Alzheimer’s disease and ageing. Their actions depend on the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains of CS proteoglycans, which are mainly sulfated in the 4 (C4S) or 6 (C6S) positions. While C4S is inhibitory, C6S is more permissive to axon growth, regeneration and plasticity. C6S decreases during critical period closure. We asked whether there is a late change in CS-GAG sulfation associated with memory loss in aged rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed a progressive increase in C4S and decrease in C6S from 3 to 18 months. GAGs extracted from brain PNNs showed a large reduction in C6S at 12 and 18 months, increasing the C4S/C6S ratio. There was no significant change in mRNA levels of the chondroitin sulfotransferases. PNN GAGs were more inhibitory to axon growth than those from the diffuse extracellular matrix. The 18-month PNN GAGs were more inhibitory than 3-month PNN GAGs. We suggest that the change in PNN GAG sulfation in aged brains renders the PNNs more inhibitory, which lead to a decrease in plasticity and adversely affect memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Foscarin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruma Raha-Chowdhury
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - James W Fawcett
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.,The Prague Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jessica C F Kwok
- The Prague Centre of Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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73
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Chelini G, Pantazopoulos H, Durning P, Berretta S. The tetrapartite synapse: a key concept in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2018; 50:60-69. [PMID: 29503098 PMCID: PMC5963512 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence points to synaptic pathology as a core component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). Significant reductions of dendritic spine density and altered expression of their structural and molecular components have been reported in several brain regions, suggesting a deficit of synaptic plasticity. Regulation of synaptic plasticity is a complex process, one that requires not only interactions between pre- and post-synaptic terminals, but also glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, these elements are referred to as the ‘tetrapartite synapse’, an emerging concept supported by accumulating evidence for a role of glial cells and the extracellular matrix in regulating structural and functional aspects of synaptic plasticity. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), one of the main components of the ECM, have been shown to be synthesized predominantly by glial cells, to form organized perisynaptic aggregates known as perineuronal nets (PNNs), and to modulate synaptic signaling and plasticity during postnatal development and adulthood. Notably, recent findings from our group and others have shown marked CSPG abnormalities in several brain regions of people with SZ. These abnormalities were found to affect specialized ECM structures, including PNNs, as well as glial cells expressing the corresponding CSPGs. The purpose of this review is to bring forth the hypothesis that synaptic pathology in SZ arises from a disruption of the interactions between elements of the tetrapartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Harry Pantazopoulos
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA.
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478 USA; Dept. of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115 USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 USA.
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74
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Su W, Matsumoto S, Sorg B, Sherman LS. Distinct roles for hyaluronan in neural stem cell niches and perineuronal nets. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:272-283. [PMID: 29408010 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in mammals is a tightly regulated process where neural stem cells (NSCs), especially in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, proliferate and differentiate into new neurons that form new circuits or integrate into old circuits involved in episodic memory, pattern discrimination, and emotional responses. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the hyaluronan (HA)-based extracellular matrix of the SGZ may regulate neurogenesis by controlling NSC proliferation and early steps in neuronal differentiation. These studies raise the intriguing possibility that perturbations in this matrix, including HA accumulation with aging, could impact adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and that alterations to this matrix could be beneficial following insults to the central nervous system that impact hippocampal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Integrative Biosciences Department, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Barbara Sorg
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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75
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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76
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Enhanced axonal transport: A novel form of "plasticity" after primate and rodent spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 301:59-69. [PMID: 29277625 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deficient axonal transport after injury is believed to contribute to the failure of CNS regeneration. To better elucidate neural mechanisms associated with CNS responses to injury, we transected the dominant voluntary motor system, the corticospinal tract (CST), in the dorsolateral T10 spinal cord of rhesus monkeys. Three months later, a 4.5-fold increase in the number of CST axons located in the spared ventral corticospinal tract at both the lesion site and, surprisingly, remotely in the cervical spinal cord was observed. Additional studies of increases in corticospinal axon numbers in rat and primate models demonstrated that increases were transient and attributable to enhanced axonal transport rather than axonal sprouting. Accordingly, increases in axonal transport occur after CNS injury even in the longest projecting pathways of the non-human primate, likely representing an attempted adaptive response to injury as observed in the PNS.
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77
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Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Basbaum AI, Bráz JM. Long-term, dynamic synaptic reorganization after GABAergic precursor cell transplantation into adult mouse spinal cord. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:480-495. [PMID: 29134656 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transplanting embryonic precursors of GABAergic neurons from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) into adult mouse spinal cord ameliorates mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in peripheral nerve injury models of neuropathic pain. Although Fos and transneuronal tracing studies strongly suggest that integration of MGE-derived neurons into host spinal cord circuits underlies recovery of function, the extent to which there is synaptic integration of the transplanted cells has not been established. Here, we used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to assess directly integration of GFP-expressing MGE-derived neuronal precursors into dorsal horn circuitry in intact, adult mice with short- (5-6 weeks) or long-term (4-6 months) transplants. We detected GFP with pre-embedding avidin-biotin-peroxidase and GABA with post-embedding immunogold labeling. At short and long times post-transplant, we found host-derived synapses on GFP-immunoreactive MGE cells bodies and dendrites. The proportion of dendrites with synaptic input increased from 50% to 80% by 6 months. In all mice, MGE-derived terminals formed synapses with GFP-negative (host) cell bodies and dendrites and, unexpectedly, with some GFP-positive (i.e., MGE-derived) dendrites, possibly reflecting autoapses or cross talk among transplanted neurons. We also observed axoaxonic appositions between MGE and host terminals. Immunogold labeling for GABA confirmed that the transplanted cells were GABAergic and that some transplanted cells received an inhibitory GABAergic input. We conclude that transplanted MGE neurons retain their GABAergic phenotype and integrate dynamically into host-transplant synaptic circuits. Taken together with our previous electrophysiological analyses, we conclude that MGE cells are not GABA pumps, but alleviate pain and itch through synaptic release of GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida J Llewellyn-Smith
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Allan I Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - João M Bráz
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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78
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Yoshioka N, Miyata S, Tamada A, Watanabe Y, Kawasaki A, Kitagawa H, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Takeuchi K, Igarashi M. Abnormalities in perineuronal nets and behavior in mice lacking CSGalNAcT1, a key enzyme in chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Mol Brain 2017; 10:47. [PMID: 28982363 PMCID: PMC5629790 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is an important glycosaminoglycan and is mainly found in the extracellular matrix as CS proteoglycans. In the brain, CS proteoglycans are highly concentrated in perineuronal nets (PNNs), which surround synapses and modulate their functions. To investigate the importance of CS, we produced and precisely examined mice that were deficient in the CS synthesizing enzyme, CSGalNAcT1 (T1KO). Biochemical analysis of T1KO revealed that loss of this enzyme reduced the amount of CS by approximately 50% in various brain regions. The amount of CS in PNNs was also diminished in T1KO compared to wild-type mice, although the amount of a major CS proteoglycan core protein, aggrecan, was not changed. In T1KO, we observed abnormalities in several behavioral tests, including the open-field test, acoustic startle response, and social preference. These results suggest that T1 is important for plasticity, probably due to regulation of CS-dependent PNNs, and that T1KO is a good model for investigation of PNNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamada
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanabe
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Present address: Divisions of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita-machi, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Experimental Animal Resource and Development, Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan.,Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.,Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1103, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan. .,Transdiciplinary Research Program, Niigata University, Asahi-machi, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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79
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Härtig W, Mages B, Aleithe S, Nitzsche B, Altmann S, Barthel H, Krueger M, Michalski D. Damaged Neocortical Perineuronal Nets Due to Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice, Rats and Sheep. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:15. [PMID: 28860977 PMCID: PMC5559442 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the extracellular matrix (ECM), perineuronal nets (PNs) are polyanionic, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)-rich coatings of certain neurons, known to be affected in various neural diseases. Although these structures are considered as important parts of the neurovascular unit (NVU), their role during evolution of acute ischemic stroke and subsequent tissue damage is poorly understood and only a few preclinical studies analyzed PNs after acute ischemic stroke. By employing three models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia, this study was focused on histopathological alterations of PNs and concomitant vascular, glial and neuronal changes according to the NVU concept. We analyzed brain tissues obtained 1 day after ischemia onset from: (a) mice after filament-based permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO); (b) rats subjected to thromboembolic MACO; and (c) sheep at 14 days after electrosurgically induced focal cerebral ischemia. Multiple fluorescence labeling was applied to explore simultaneous alterations of NVU and ECM. Serial mouse sections labeled with the net marker Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) displayed largely decomposed and nearly erased PNs in infarcted neocortical areas that were demarcated by up-regulated immunoreactivity for vascular collagen IV (Coll IV). Subsequent semi-quantitative analyses in mice confirmed significantly decreased WFA-staining along the ischemic border zone and a relative decrease in the directly ischemia-affected neocortex. Triple fluorescence labeling throughout the three animal models revealed up-regulated Coll IV and decomposed PNs accompanied by activated astroglia and altered immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, a calcium-binding protein in fast-firing GABAergic neurons which are predominantly surrounded by neocortical PNs. Furthermore, ischemic neocortical areas in rodents simultaneously displayed less intense staining of WFA, aggrecan, the net components neurocan, versican and the cartilage link protein (CRTL) as well as markers in net-bearing neurons such as the potassium channel subunit Kv3.1b and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). In summary, theconsistent observations based on three different stroke models confirmed that PNs are highly sensitive constituents of the NVU along with impaired associated GABAergic neurons. These results suggest that PNs could be promising targets of future stroke treatment, and further studies should address their reorganization and plasticity in both stabilizing the acute stroke as well as supportive effects during the chronic phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Härtig
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Aleithe
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Altmann
- Department of Pathophysiology of Neuroglia, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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80
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Yang S, Hilton S, Alves JN, Saksida LM, Bussey T, Matthews RT, Kitagawa H, Spillantini MG, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW. Antibody recognizing 4-sulfated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans restores memory in tauopathy-induced neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 59:197-209. [PMID: 28890301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main active component of perineuronal nets (PNNs). Digestion of the glycosaminoglycan chains of CSPGs with chondroitinase ABC or transgenic attenuation of PNNs leads to prolongation of object recognition memory and activation of various forms of plasticity in the adult central nervous system. The inhibitory properties of the CSPGs depend on the pattern of sulfation of their glycosaminoglycans, with chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) being the most inhibitory form. In this study, we tested a number of candidates for functional blocking of C4S, leading to selection of an antibody, Cat316, which specifically recognizes C4S and blocks its inhibitory effects on axon growth. It also partly blocks binding of semaphorin 3A to PNNs and attenuates PNN formation. We asked whether injection of Cat316 into the perirhinal cortex would have the same effects on memory as chondroitinase ABC treatment. We found that masking C4S with the Cat316 antibody extended long-term object recognition memory in normal wild-type mice to 24 hours, similarly to chondroitinase or transgenic PNN attenuation. We then tested Cat316 for restoration of memory in a neurodegeneration model. Mice expressing tau with the P301S mutation showed profound loss of object recognition memory at 4 months of age. Injection of Cat316 into the perirhinal cortex normalized object recognition at 3 hours in P301S mice. These data indicate that Cat316 binding to C4S in the extracellular matrix can restore plasticity and memory in the same way as chondroitinase ABC digestion. Our results suggest that antibodies to C4S could be a useful therapeutic to restore memory function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Yang
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sam Hilton
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - João Nuno Alves
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell T Matthews
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Jessica C F Kwok
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Centre for Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - James W Fawcett
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Centre for Reconstructive Neurosciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine ASCR, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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81
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Sammali E, Alia C, Vegliante G, Colombo V, Giordano N, Pischiutta F, Boncoraglio GB, Barilani M, Lazzari L, Caleo M, De Simoni MG, Gaipa G, Citerio G, Zanier ER. Intravenous infusion of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells promotes functional recovery and neuroplasticity after ischemic stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6962. [PMID: 28761170 PMCID: PMC5537246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSC) promotes functional recovery after stroke in animal models, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain incompletely understood. We tested the efficacy of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliant hBM-MSC, injected intravenously 3.5 hours after injury in mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). We addressed whether hBM-MSC are efficacious and if this efficacy is associated with cortical circuit reorganization using neuroanatomical analysis of GABAergic neurons (parvalbumin; PV-positive cells) and perineuronal nets (PNN), a specialized extracellular matrix structure which acts as an inhibitor of neural plasticity. tMCAo mice receiving hBM-MSC, showed early and lasting improvement of sensorimotor and cognitive functions compared to control tMCAo mice. Furthermore, 5 weeks post-tMCAo, hBM-MSC induced a significant rescue of ipsilateral cortical neurons; an increased proportion of PV-positive neurons in the perilesional cortex, suggesting GABAergic interneurons preservation; and a lower percentage of PV-positive cells surrounded by PNN, indicating an enhanced plastic potential of the perilesional cortex. These results show that hBM-MSC improve functional recovery and stimulate neuroprotection after stroke. Moreover, the downregulation of “plasticity brakes” such as PNN suggests that hBM-MSC treatment stimulates plasticity and formation of new connections in the perilesional cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Sammali
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.,Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Alia
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Colombo
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Nadia Giordano
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy.,Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio B Boncoraglio
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- Laboratory for Cell and Gene Therapy "Stefano Verri", ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.,Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Citerio
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.,Neurointensive Care, ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa,19, 20156, Milano, Italy.
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82
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Casting a Wide Net: Role of Perineuronal Nets in Neural Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11459-11468. [PMID: 27911749 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2351-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are unique extracellular matrix structures that wrap around certain neurons in the CNS during development and control plasticity in the adult CNS. They appear to contribute to a wide range of diseases/disorders of the brain, are involved in recovery from spinal cord injury, and are altered during aging, learning and memory, and after exposure to drugs of abuse. Here the focus is on how a major component of PNNs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, control plasticity, and on the role of PNNs in memory in normal aging, in a tauopathy model of Alzheimer's disease, and in drug addiction. Also discussed is how altered extracellular matrix/PNN formation during development may produce synaptic pathology associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of how PNNs are altered in normal physiology and disease will offer insights into new treatment approaches for these diseases.
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83
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Abstract
In the brain, the astrocentric view has increasingly changed in the past few years. The classical and old view of astrocytes as "just supporting cells" has assigned these cells some functions to help neurons maintain their homeostasis. This neuronal supportive function of astrocytes includes maintenance of ion and extracellular pH equilibrium, neuroendocrine signaling, metabolic support, clearance of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, and antioxidant protection. However, recent findings have shed some light on the new roles, some controversial though, performed by astrocytes that might change our view about the central nervous system functioning. Since astrocytes are important for neuronal survival, it is a potential approach to favor astrocytic functions in order to improve the outcome. Such translational strategies may include the use of genetically targeted proteins, and/or pharmacological therapies by administering androgens and estrogens, which have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo models. It is noteworthy that successful strategies reviewed in here shall be extrapolated to human subjects, and this is probably the next step we should move on.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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84
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Abstract
Lattice-like structures known as perineuronal nets (PNNs) are key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Once fully crystallized by adulthood, they are largely stable throughout life. Contrary to previous reports that PNNs inhibit processes involving plasticity, here we report that the dynamic regulation of PNN expression in the adult auditory cortex is vital for fear learning and consolidation in response to pure tones. Specifically, after first confirming the necessity of auditory cortical activity for fear learning and consolidation, we observed that mRNA levels of key proteoglycan components of PNNs were enhanced 4 hr after fear conditioning but were no longer different from the control groups 24 hr later. A similar pattern of regulation was observed in numbers of cells surrounded by PNNs and area occupied by them in the auditory cortex. Finally, the removal of auditory cortex PNNs resulted in a deficit in fear learning and consolidation.
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85
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Hill CE. A view from the ending: Axonal dieback and regeneration following SCI. Neurosci Lett 2017; 652:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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86
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Faissner A, Roll L, Theocharidis U. Tenascin-C in the matrisome of neural stem and progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 81:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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87
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De Luca C, Papa M. Matrix Metalloproteinases, Neural Extracellular Matrix, and Central Nervous System Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 148:167-202. [PMID: 28662822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The functionality and stability of the central nervous system (CNS) pabulum, called neural extracellular matrix (nECM), is paramount for the maintenance of a healthy network. The loosening or the damage of the scaffold disrupts synaptic transmission with the consequent imbalance of the neurotransmitters, reactive cells invasion, astrocytosis, new matrix deposition, digestion of the previous structure and ultimately, maladaptive plasticity with the loss of neuronal viability. nECM is constantly affected by CNS disorders, particularly in chronic modifying such as neurodegenerative disease, or in acute/subacute with chronic sequelae, like cerebrovascular and inflammatory pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main interfering agent of nECM, guiding the balance of degradation and new deposition of proteins such as proteoglycans and glycoproteins, or glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Activation of these enzymes is modulated by their physiologic inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of MMPs or via other proteases inhibitors, as well as genetic or epigenetic up- or downregulation through molecular interaction or receptor activation. The appropriate understanding of the pathways underlying nECM modifications in CNS pathology is probably one of the pivotal future directions to identify the healthy brain network and subsequently design new therapies to interfere with the progression of the CNS disease and eventually find appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre for Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
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88
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Lamola G, Bertolucci F, Vallone F, Di Garbo A, Chisari C, Micera S, Caleo M. Neuroplastic Changes Following Brain Ischemia and their Contribution to Stroke Recovery: Novel Approaches in Neurorehabilitation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:76. [PMID: 28360842 PMCID: PMC5352696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain triggers substantial reorganization of spared areas and pathways, which is associated with limited, spontaneous restoration of function. A better understanding of this plastic remodeling is crucial to develop more effective strategies for stroke rehabilitation. In this review article, we discuss advances in the comprehension of post-stroke network reorganization in patients and animal models. We first focus on rodent studies that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying neuronal remodeling in the perilesional area and contralesional hemisphere after motor cortex infarcts. Analysis of electrophysiological data has demonstrated brain-wide alterations in functional connectivity in both hemispheres, well beyond the infarcted area. We then illustrate the potential use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques to boost recovery. We finally discuss rehabilitative protocols based on robotic devices as a tool to promote endogenous plasticity and functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lamola
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Bertolucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Italian institute of Technology (IIT)Rovereto, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- CNR Biophysics Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
| | - Carmelo Chisari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Neurorehabilitation-University Hospital of Pisa Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPontedera, Italy; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of BioengineeringLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR) Pisa, Italy
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89
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Song I, Dityatev A. Crosstalk between glia, extracellular matrix and neurons. Brain Res Bull 2017; 136:101-108. [PMID: 28284900 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in the central nervous system form highly organized ECM structures around cell somata, axon initial segments, and synapses and play prominent roles in early development by guiding cell migration, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, and by regulating closure of the critical period of development, synaptic plasticity and stability, cognitive flexibility, and axonal regeneration in adults. Major components of neural ECM, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), tenascin-R and hyaluronic acid, are synthesized by both neurons and glial cells. The expression of these molecules is dynamically regulated during brain development in physiological conditions, shaping both neuronal and glial functions through multitude of molecular mechanisms. Upregulation of particular CSPGs and other ECM molecules, in particular by reactive astrocytes, after CNS injuries, during aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration on the one hand results in formation of growth-impermissive environment and impaired synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, ECM appeared to have a neuroprotective effect, at least in the form of perineuronal nets. CSPGs-degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and several members of the disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family of proteases are secreted by neurons and glia and may drive neural ECM remodeling in physiological conditions as well as after brain injury and other brain disorders. Thus, targeting expression of specific ECM molecules, associated glycans and degrading enzymes may lead to development of new therapeutic strategies promoting regeneration and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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90
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Micera S, Caleo M. Reducing GABA A-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37823. [PMID: 27897203 PMCID: PMC5126677 DOI: 10.1038/srep37823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of post-stroke plasticity is critical to devise more effective pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. The GABAergic system is one of the key modulators of neuronal plasticity, and plays an important role in the control of “critical periods” during brain development. Here, we report a key role for GABAergic inhibition in functional restoration following ischemia in the adult mouse forelimb motor cortex. After stroke, the majority of cortical sites in peri-infarct areas evoked simultaneous movements of forelimb, hindlimb and tail, consistent with a loss of inhibitory signalling. Accordingly, we found a delayed decrease in several GABAergic markers that accompanied cortical reorganization. To test whether reductions in GABAergic signalling were causally involved in motor improvements, we treated animals during an early post-stroke period with a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, which impairs GABAA receptor function. We found that hampering GABAA signalling led to significant restoration of function in general motor tests (i.e., gridwalk and pellet reaching tasks), with no significant impact on the kinematics of reaching movements. Improvements were persistent as they remained detectable about three weeks after treatment. These data demonstrate a key role for GABAergic inhibition in limiting motor improvements after cortical stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy.,Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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91
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Syková E, Rychmach P, Drahorádová I, Konrádová Š, Růžičková K, Voříšek I, Forostyak S, Homola A, Bojar M. Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results of Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:647-658. [PMID: 27938483 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive untreatable neurodegenerative disorder, leading to the death of the cortical and spinal motoneurons (MNs). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) may represent a new approach to slowing down the progression of ALS by providing neurotrophic support to host MNs and by having an anti-inflammatory effect. We have designed a prospective, nonrandomized, open-label clinical trial (phase I/IIa, EudraCT No. 2011-000362-35) to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous multipotent BM-MSCs in ALS treatment. Autologous BM-MSCs were isolated and expanded under GMP conditions. Patients received 15 ± 4.5 × 106 of BM-MSCs via lumbar puncture into the cerebrospinal fluid. Patients were monitored for 6 months before treatment and then for an 18-month follow-up period. Potential adverse reactions were assessed, and the clinical outcome was evaluated by the ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS), forced vital capacity (FVC), and weakness scales (WSs) to assess muscle strength on the lower and upper extremities. In total, 26 patients were enrolled in the study and were assessed for safety; 23 patients were suitable for efficacy evaluation. After intrathecal BM-MSC application, about 30% of the patients experienced a mild to moderate headache, resembling the headaches after a standard lumbar puncture. No suspected serious adverse reactions (SUSAR) were observed. We found a reduction in ALSFRS decline at 3 months after application (p < 0.02) that, in some cases, persisted for 6 months ( p < 0.05). In about 80% of the patients, FVC values remained stable or above 70% for a time period of 9 months. Values of WS were stable in 75% of patients at 3 months after application. Our results demonstrate that the intrathecal application of BM-MSCs in ALS patients is a safe procedure and that it can slow down progression of the disease.
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92
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Tedeschi A, Dupraz S, Laskowski CJ, Xue J, Ulas T, Beyer M, Schultze JL, Bradke F. The Calcium Channel Subunit Alpha2delta2 Suppresses Axon Regeneration in the Adult CNS. Neuron 2016; 92:419-434. [PMID: 27720483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the adult CNS often result in permanent disabilities because neurons lose the ability to regenerate their axon during development. Here, whole transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis followed by gain- and loss-of-function experiments identified Cacna2d2, the gene encoding the Alpha2delta2 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), as a developmental switch that limits axon growth and regeneration. Cacna2d2 gene deletion or silencing promoted axon growth in vitro. In vivo, Alpha2delta2 pharmacological blockade through Pregabalin (PGB) administration enhanced axon regeneration in adult mice after spinal cord injury (SCI). As PGB is already an established treatment for a wide range of neurological disorders, our findings suggest that targeting Alpha2delta2 may be a novel treatment strategy to promote structural plasticity and regeneration following CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tedeschi
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dupraz
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia J Laskowski
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jia Xue
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bradke
- Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53175 Bonn, Germany.
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93
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Serwanski DR, Jukkola P, Nishiyama A. Heterogeneity of astrocyte and NG2 cell insertion at the node of ranvier. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:535-552. [PMID: 27448245 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The node of Ranvier is a functionally important site on the myelinated axon where sodium channels are clustered and regeneration of action potentials occurs, allowing fast saltatory conduction of action potentials. Early ultrastructural studies have revealed the presence of "glia" or "astrocytes" at the nodes. NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells or polydendrocytes, which are a resident glial cell population in the mature mammalian central nervous system that is distinct from astrocytes, have also been shown to extend processes that contact the nodes. However, the prevalence of the two types of glia at the node has remained unknown. We have used specific cell surface markers to examine the association of NG2 cells and astrocytes with the nodes of Ranvier in the optic nerve, corpus callosum, and spinal cord of young adult mice or rats. We show that more than 95% of the nodes in all three regions contained astrocyte processes, while 33-49% of nodes contained NG2 cell processes. NG2 cell processes were associated more frequently with larger nodes. A few nodes were devoid of glial apposition. Electron microscopy and stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy confirmed the presence of dual glial insertion at some nodes and further revealed that NG2 cell processes contacted the nodal membrane at discrete points, while astrocytes had broader processes that surrounded the nodes. The study provides the first systematic quantitative analysis of glial cell insertions at central nodes of Ranvier. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:535-552, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Serwanski
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Peter Jukkola
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269
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94
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Barrera-Ocampo A, Arlt S, Matschke J, Hartmann U, Puig B, Ferrer I, Zürbig P, Glatzel M, Sepulveda-Falla D, Jahn H. Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Modulates the Sorting of Testican-1 and Contributes to Its Accumulation in Brain Tissue and Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:903-16. [PMID: 27486134 PMCID: PMC5015660 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) are unknown but both increased production or impaired clearance likely contribute to aggregation. To understand the potential roles of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan Testican-1 in the pathophysiology of AD, we used samples from AD patients and controls and an in vitro approach. Protein expression analysis showed increased levels of Testican-1 in frontal and temporal cortex of AD patients; histological analysis showed that Testican-1 accumulates and co-aggregates with Aβ plaques in the frontal, temporal and entorhinal cortices of AD patients. Proteomic analysis identified 10 fragments of Testican-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients. HEK293T cells expressing human wild type or mutant Aβ precursor protein (APP) were transfected with Testican-1. The co-expression of both proteins modified the sorting of Testican-1 into the endocytic pathway leading to its transient accumulation in Golgi, which seemed to affect APP processing, as indicated by reduced Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in APP mutant cells. In conclusion, patient data reflect a clearance impairment that may favor Aβ accumulation in AD brains and our in vitro model supports the notion that the interaction between APP and Testican-1 may be a key step in the production and aggregation of Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Sönke Arlt
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Jakob Matschke
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Berta Puig
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Petra Zürbig
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Markus Glatzel
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
| | - Holger Jahn
- From the Institute of Neuropathology (AB-O, JM, BP, MG, DS-F), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SA, HJ), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (UH), Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Spain (IF), Mosaiques Diagnostics and Therapeutics AG, Hannover, Germany (PZ), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natura Research Group, Faculty of Natural Sciences, ICESI University, Cali, Colombia (AB-O)
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95
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Arnst N, Kuznetsova S, Lipachev N, Shaikhutdinov N, Melnikova A, Mavlikeev M, Uvarov P, Baltina TV, Rauvala H, Osin YN, Kiyasov AP, Paveliev M. Spatial patterns and cell surface clusters in perineuronal nets. Brain Res 2016; 1648:214-223. [PMID: 27425428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perineuronal nets (PNN) ensheath GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on neuronal cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS), have neuroprotective effect in animal models of Alzheimer disease and regulate synaptic plasticity during development and regeneration. Crucial insights were obtained recently concerning molecular composition and physiological importance of PNN but the microstructure of the network remains largely unstudied. Here we used histochemistry, fluorescent microscopy and quantitative image analysis to study the PNN structure in adult mouse and rat neurons from layers IV and VI of the somatosensory cortex. Vast majority of meshes have quadrangle, pentagon or hexagon shape with mean mesh area of 1.29µm(2) in mouse and 1.44µm(2) in rat neurons. We demonstrate two distinct patterns of chondroitin sulfate distribution within a single mesh - with uniform (nonpolar) and node-enriched (polar) distribution of the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive signal. Vertices of the node-enriched pattern match better with local maxima of chondroitin sulfate density as compared to the uniform pattern. PNN is organized into clusters of meshes with distinct morphologies on the neuronal cell surface. Our findings suggest the role for the PNN microstructure in the synaptic transduction and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kuznetsova
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Nikita Lipachev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nurislam Shaikhutdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Melnikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Mavlikeev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatyana V Baltina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Heikki Rauvala
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yuriy N Osin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytic Microscopy, Kazan Federal University, Parizhskoy Kommuny Str 9, 420021 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Andrey P Kiyasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Paveliev
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, P.O.Box 56, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, K. Marx 74, 420012 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia.
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96
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Nazari-Robati M, Golestani A, Asadikaram G. Improvement of proteolytic and oxidative stability of Chondroitinase ABC I by cosolvents. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:812-7. [PMID: 27311501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, utilization of the enzyme Chondroitinase ABC I (cABC I) has received considerable attention in treatment of spinal cord injury. cABC I removes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans which are inhibitory to axon growth and enhances nerve regeneration. Therefore, determination of cABC I resistance to proteolysis and oxidation provides valuable information for optimizing its clinical application. In this work, proteolytic stability of cABC I to trypsin and chymotrypsin as well as its oxidative resistance to H2O2 was measured. Moreover, the effect of cosolvents glycerol, sorbitol and trehalose on cABC I proteolytic and oxidative stability was determined. The results indicated that cABC I is highly susceptible to proteolysis and oxidation. Comparison of proteolytic patterns demonstrated a high degree of similarity which confirmed the exposure of specific regions of cABC I to proteolysis. However, proteolytic degradation was significantly reduced in the presence of cosolvents. In addition, cosolvents decreased the rate of both cABC I proteolytic and oxidative inactivation. Notably, the degree of stabilization provided by these cosolvents varied greatly. These findings indicated the high potential of cosolvents in protein stabilization to proteolysis and oxidative inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Nazari-Robati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - GholamReza Asadikaram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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97
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Raghavan P, Lu Y, Mirchandani M, Stecco A. Human Recombinant Hyaluronidase Injections For Upper Limb Muscle Stiffness in Individuals With Cerebral Injury: A Case Series. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:306-313. [PMID: 27333050 PMCID: PMC4972484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Raghavan
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States; Steinhardt School of Education, Culture and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States.
| | - Ying Lu
- Steinhardt School of Education, Culture and Human Development, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Mona Mirchandani
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Antonio Stecco
- Rusk Rehabilitation, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States; University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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98
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Verbich D, Becker D, Vlachos A, Mundel P, Deller T, McKinney RA. Rewiring neuronal microcircuits of the brain via spine head protrusions--a role for synaptopodin and intracellular calcium stores. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:38. [PMID: 27102112 PMCID: PMC4840984 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases associated with neuronal death are also accompanied by axonal denervation of connected brain regions. In these areas, denervation leads to a decrease in afferent drive, which may in turn trigger active central nervous system (CNS) circuitry rearrangement. This rewiring process is important therapeutically, since it can partially recover functions and can be further enhanced using modern rehabilitation strategies. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms of brain rewiring are not fully understood. We recently reported a mechanism by which neurons remodel their local connectivity under conditions of network-perturbance: hippocampal pyramidal cells can extend spine head protrusions (SHPs), which reach out toward neighboring terminals and form new synapses. Since this form of activity-dependent rewiring is observed only on some spines, we investigated the required conditions. We speculated, that the actin-associated protein synaptopodin, which is involved in several synaptic plasticity mechanisms, could play a role in the formation and/or stabilization of SHPs. Using hippocampal slice cultures, we found that ~70 % of spines with protrusions in CA1 pyramidal neurons contained synaptopodin. Analysis of synaptopodin-deficient neurons revealed that synaptopodin is required for the stability but not the formation of SHPs. The effects of synaptopodin could be linked to its role in Ca2+ homeostasis, since spines with protrusions often contained ryanodine receptors and synaptopodin. Furthermore, disrupting Ca2+ signaling shortened protrusion lifetime. By transgenically reintroducing synaptopodin on a synaptopodin-deficient background, SHP stability could be rescued. Overall, we show that synaptopodin increases the stability of SHPs, and could potentially modulate the rewiring of microcircuitries by making synaptic reorganization more efficient.
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99
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Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases Activity in the Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Re-stores Neuroglial Synaptic Homeostasis and Neurotrophic Support following Peripheral Nerve Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152750. [PMID: 27028103 PMCID: PMC4814041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) could represent a valid therapeutic strategy to prevent maladaptive synaptic plasticity in central nervous system (CNS). Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and maintaining a neurotrophic support could represent two approaches to prevent or reduce the maladaptive plastic changes in the ventral horn of spinal cord following PNI. The purpose of our study was to analyze changes in the ventral horn produced by gliopathy determined by the suffering of motor neurons following spared nerve injury (SNI) of the sciatic nerve and how the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of GM6001 (a MMPs inhibitor) or the NGF mimetic peptide BB14 modulate these events. Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cord sections revealed that motor neuron disease following SNI was associated with increased microglial (Iba1) and astrocytic (GFAP) response in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, indicative of reactive gliosis. These changes were paralleled by decreased glial aminoacid transporters (glutamate GLT1 and glycine GlyT1), increased levels of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, and a net increase of the Glutamate/GABA ratio, as measured by HPLC analysis. These molecular changes correlated to a significant reduction of mature NGF levels in the ventral horn. Continuous i.t. infusion of both GM6001 and BB14 reduced reactive astrogliosis, recovered the expression of neuronal and glial transporters, lowering the Glutamate/GABA ratio. Inhibition of MMPs by GM6001 significantly increased mature NGF levels, but it was absolutely ineffective in modifying the reactivity of microglia cells. Therefore, MMPs inhibition, although supplies neurotrophic support to ECM components and restores neuro-glial transporters expression, differently modulates astrocytic and microglial response after PNI.
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100
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Masu M. Proteoglycans and axon guidance: a new relationship between old partners. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:58-75. [PMID: 26709493 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural circuits are formed with great precision during development. Accumulated evidence over the past three decades has demonstrated that growing axons are navigated toward their targets by the combined actions of attractants and repellents together with their receptors. It has long been known that proteoglycans, glycosylated proteins possessing covalently attached glycosaminoglycans, play a critical role in axon guidance; however, the molecular mechanisms by which proteoglycans regulate axon behaviors remain largely unknown. Glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are large linear polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units that are highly modified by specific sulfation and epimerization. Recent biochemical and molecular biological studies have identified the enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Interestingly, many mutants lacking glycosaminoglycan-synthesizing enzymes or proteoglycans in several model organisms show defects in specific nerve tract formation. In parallel, detailed biochemical studies have identified the molecular interactions between axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans that have specific modification in their sugar chains. This review summarizes the structure and function of axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans, and then tries to combine the knowledge from these studies to understand the role of proteoglycans from a new vantage point. Deciphering the sugar code is important for understanding the complicated nature of proteoglycans in axon guidance. Neural circuits are formed by the combined actions of axon guidance molecules. Proteoglycans play critical roles in regulating axon guidance through the interaction between signaling molecules and glycosaminoglycan chains attached to the core protein. This paper summarizes the structure and functions of axon guidance molecules and glycosaminoglycans and reviews the molecular mechanisms by which proteoglycans regulate axon guidance from a new vantage point. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Masu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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