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Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Kitabatake K, Sugano A, Nakamura M, Kaneko M, Ota S, Hiwatari K, Enomoto A, Soga T, Tomita M, Iino M. Identification of salivary metabolomic biomarkers for oral cancer screening. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31520. [PMID: 27539254 PMCID: PMC4990923 DOI: 10.1038/srep31520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore salivary metabolite biomarkers by profiling both saliva and tumor tissue samples for oral cancer screening. Paired tumor and control tissues were obtained from oral cancer patients and whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients and healthy controls. The comprehensive metabolomic analysis for profiling hydrophilic metabolites was conducted using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 85 and 45 metabolites showed significant differences between tumor and matched control samples, and between salivary samples from oral cancer and controls, respectively (P < 0.05 correlated by false discovery rate); 17 metabolites showed consistent differences in both saliva and tissue-based comparisons. Of these, a combination of only two biomarkers yielded a high area under receiver operating characteristic curves (0.827; 95% confidence interval, 0.726-0.928, P < 0.0001) for discriminating oral cancers from controls. Various validation tests confirmed its high generalization ability. The demonstrated approach, integrating both saliva and tumor tissue metabolomics, helps eliminate pseudo-molecules that are coincidentally different between oral cancers and controls. These combined salivary metabolites could be the basis of a clinically feasible method of non-invasive oral cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitabatake
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ayako Sugano
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Marina Nakamura
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Miku Kaneko
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Sana Ota
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kana Hiwatari
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ayame Enomoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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An analytical strategy to investigate Semen Strychni nephrotoxicity based on simultaneous HILIC-ESI-MS/MS detection of Semen Strychni alkaloids, tyrosine and tyramine in HEK 293t cell lysates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:157-165. [PMID: 27561182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A Previous metabolomics study has demonstrated that tyrosine metabolism might be disrupted by treating with Semen Strychni on the cell nephrotoxicity model. To investigate the relationship between Semen Strychni alkaloids (SAs) and endogenous tyrosine, tyramine under the nephrotoxicity condition, an HILIC-ESI-MS/MS based analytical strategy was applied in this study. Based on the established Semen Strychni nephrotoxicity cell model, strychnine and brucine were identified and screened as the main SAs by an HPLC-Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass system. Then, a sensitive HILIC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously monitor strychnine, brucine, tyrosine and tyramine in cell lysate. The analytes were separated by a Shiseido CAPCELL CORE PC (150mm×2.1mm, 2.7μm) HILIC column in an acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid gradient system. All the calibration curves were linear with regression coefficients above 0.9924. The absolute recoveries were more than 80.5% and the matrix effects were between 91.6%-107.0%. With the developed method, analytes were successfully determined in cell lysates. Decreased levels of tyrosine and tyramine were observed only in combination with increased levels of SAs, indicating that the disturbance of tyrosine metabolism might be induced by the accumulation of SAs in kidney cell after exposure of Semen Strychni. The HILIC-ESI-MS/MS based analytical strategy is a useful tool to reveal the relationships between the toxic herb components and the endogenous metabolite profiling in the toxicity investigation of herb medicines.
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Polyamine Metabolites Profiling for Characterization of Lung and Liver Cancer Using an LC-Tandem MS Method with Multiple Statistical Data Mining Strategies: Discovering Potential Cancer Biomarkers in Human Plasma and Urine. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081040. [PMID: 27517900 PMCID: PMC6273014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines, one of the most important kind of biomarkers in cancer research, were investigated in order to characterize different cancer types. An integrative approach which combined ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry detection and multiple statistical data processing strategies including outlier elimination, binary logistic regression analysis and cluster analysis had been developed to discover the characteristic biomarkers of lung and liver cancer. The concentrations of 14 polyamine metabolites in biosamples from lung (n = 50) and liver cancer patients (n = 50) were detected by a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method. Then the concentrations were converted into independent variables to characterize patients of lung and liver cancer by binary logic regression analysis. Significant independent variables were regarded as the potential biomarkers. Cluster analysis was engaged for further verifying. As a result, two values was discovered to identify lung and liver cancer, which were the product of the plasma concentration of putrescine and spermidine; and the ratio of the urine concentration of S-adenosyl-l-methionine and N-acetylspermidine. Results indicated that the established advanced method could be successfully applied to characterize lung and liver cancer, and may also enable a new way of discovering cancer biomarkers and characterizing other types of cancer.
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Locke M, Ghazaly E, Freitas MO, Mitsinga M, Lattanzio L, Lo Nigro C, Nagano A, Wang J, Chelala C, Szlosarek P, Martin SA. Inhibition of the Polyamine Synthesis Pathway Is Synthetically Lethal with Loss of Argininosuccinate Synthase 1. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1604-1613. [PMID: 27452468 PMCID: PMC4978703 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for arginine biosynthesis. ASS1 expression is lost in a range of tumor types, including 50% of malignant pleural mesotheliomas. Starving ASS1-deficient cells of arginine with arginine blockers such as ADI-PEG20 can induce selective lethality and has shown great promise in the clinical setting. We have generated a model of ADI-PEG20 resistance in mesothelioma cells. This resistance is mediated through re-expression of ASS1 via demethylation of the ASS1 promoter. Through coordinated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling, we have shown that ASS1-deficient cells have decreased levels of acetylated polyamine metabolites, together with a compensatory increase in the expression of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes. Upon arginine deprivation, polyamine metabolites are decreased in the ASS1-deficient cells and in plasma isolated from ASS1-deficient mesothelioma patients. We identify a synthetic lethal dependence between ASS1 deficiency and polyamine metabolism, which could potentially be exploited for the treatment of ASS1-negative cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Locke
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Essam Ghazaly
- Centre for Haemato-oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Marta O Freitas
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mikaella Mitsinga
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Laura Lattanzio
- Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica ed Oncologia Translazionale and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Cristiana Lo Nigro
- Laboratorio di Genetica Oncologica ed Oncologia Translazionale and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Croce e Carle, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Ai Nagano
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Peter Szlosarek
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah A Martin
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Rapid and Simultaneous Quantification of Polyamines in Human Plasma by LC–MS/MS After Pre-column Derivatization with N-(9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)succinimide. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Casas Ferreira AM, Moreno Cordero B, Crisolino Pozas ÁP, Pérez Pavón JL. Use of microextraction by packed sorbents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polyamines and related compounds in urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:32-41. [PMID: 27036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the determination of ornithine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and gamma-amino butyric acid in urine samples has been developed. The method uses in situ aqueous derivatization followed by automated microextraction by packed sorbent coupled to a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizer. This instrumental configuration minimizes sample manipulation due to from the mixing of the reagents, the process is completely automated. The analytes were derivatized using ethyl chloroformate as derivatization reagent. The reaction occurred in aqueous medium and was carried out in 1min in the vial of an autosampler used to perform microextraction by packed sorbent. The parameters affecting derivatization, extraction and separation were optimized in order to obtain maximum sensitivity. Calibration curves were obtained for five calibration levels in three different matrices. All the calibration models displayed good linearity, with R(2) values higher than 0.95. The validity of the models was checked using ANOVA, and it was observed that they did not exhibit any lack of fit. Repeatability and reproducibility was evaluated, with values below 15% in both cases. LOD and LOQ values were found to be in the low μg/L level. Influence of the matrix was confirmed, thus quantification was performed using the standard additions method and normalization to IS. The method developed was applied to the analysis of these compounds in urine samples from healthy individuals and cancer diagnosed patients (Internal Medicine Unit of the Virgen de la Vega Hospital, Salamanca, Spain). Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test) were observed for putrescine and ornithine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Casas Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Bernardo Moreno Cordero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Pedro Crisolino Pozas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Virgen de la Vega, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Yeruva L, Spencer NE, Saraf MK, Hennings L, Bowlin AK, Cleves MA, Mercer K, Chintapalli SV, Shankar K, Rank RG, Badger TM, Ronis MJJ. Formula diet alters small intestine morphology, microbial abundance and reduces VE-cadherin and IL-10 expression in neonatal porcine model. BMC Gastroenterol 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 27005303 PMCID: PMC4804644 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-016-0456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding is associated with a variety of positive health outcomes in children and is recommended exclusively for the first 6 months of life; however, 50-70 % of infants in the US are formula-fed. To test the hypothesis that immune system development and function in neonates and infants are significantly influenced by diet, 2-day old piglets were fed soy or milk formula (n = 6/group/gender) until day 21 and compared to a sow-fed group (n = 6/gender). METHODS Histomorphometric analyses of ileum, jejunum and Peyer's patches were carried out, to determine the inflammation status, mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and growth-related chemokines and cytokines. RESULTS In formula-fed animals, increases in ileum and jejunum villus height and crypt depth were observed in comparison to sow-fed animals (jejunum, p < 0.01 villus height, p < 0.04 crypt depth; ileum p < 0.001 villus height, p < 0.002 crypt depth). In formula-fed the lymphoid follicle size (p < 0.01) and germinal centers (p < 0.01) with in the Peyer's patch were significantly decreased in comparison to sow-fed, indicating less immune education. In ileum, formula diet induced significant up-regulation of AMCFII, IL-8, IL-15, VEGFA, LIF, FASL, CXCL11, CCL4, CCL25 and down-regulation of IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-27, IFNA4, CSF3, LOC100152038, and LOC100736831 at the transcript level. We have confirmed some of the mRNA data by measuring protein, and significant down-regulation of anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10 in comparison to sow-fed piglets was observed. To further determine the membrane protein expression in the ileum, VE-cadherin, occludin, and claudin-3, Western blot analyses were conducted. Sow fed piglets showed significantly more VE-Cadherin, which associated with levels of calcium, and putrescine measured. It is possible that differences in GI tract and immune development are related to shifts in the microbiome; notably, there were 5-fold higher amounts of Lactobacillaceae spp and 3 fold higher Clostridia spp in the sow fed group in comparison to milk formula-fed piglets, whereas in milk formula-fed pigs Enterobacteriaceae spp was 5-fold higher. CONCLUSION In conclusion, formula diet alters GI morphology, microbial abundance, intestinal barrier protein VE-cadherin and anti-inflammatory molecule IL-10 expression. Further characterization of formula effects could lead to modification of infant formula to improve immune function, reduce inflammation and prevent conditions such as allergies and infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cytokines/drug effects
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diet
- Down-Regulation
- Fas Ligand Protein/drug effects
- Fas Ligand Protein/genetics
- Fas Ligand Protein/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
- Humans
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/metabolism
- Ileum/microbiology
- Ileum/pathology
- Infant Formula/pharmacology
- Infant, Newborn
- Interferon-alpha/drug effects
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-27/genetics
- Interleukin-27/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Interleukin-8/drug effects
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Interleukin-9/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Jejunum/drug effects
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Jejunum/microbiology
- Jejunum/pathology
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/drug effects
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/genetics
- Leukemia Inhibitory Factor/metabolism
- Milk
- Peyer's Patches/drug effects
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Soy Foods
- Swine
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Yeruva
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | | - Manish K. Saraf
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Leah Hennings
- />Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Anne K. Bowlin
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Mario A. Cleves
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kelly Mercer
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Sree V. Chintapalli
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Roger G. Rank
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- />Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
- />Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Martin J. J. Ronis
- />Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA USA
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Ibarra AAG, Wrobel K, Escobosa ARC, Elguera JCT, Garay-Sevilla ME, Wrobel K. Determination of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine in different chemical matrices by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–ESI–ITMS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Witek M, Koppang MD, Swain GM. Aliphatic Polyamine Oxidation Reaction Mechanism at Boron-doped Microcrystalline and Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Liesenfeld DB, Habermann N, Toth R, Owen RW, Frei E, Staffa J, Schrotz-King P, Klika KD, Ulrich CM. Changes in urinary metabolic profiles of colorectal cancer patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study (ColoCare). Metabolomics 2015; 11:998-1012. [PMID: 29250455 PMCID: PMC5730072 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics is a valuable tool for biomarker screening of colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we profiled the urinary metabolomes of patients enrolled in a prospective patient cohort (ColoCare). We aimed to describe changes in the metabolome in the longer clinical follow-up and describe initial predictors as candidate markers with possibly prognostic significance. METHODS In total, 199 urine samples from CRC patients pre-surgery (n=97), 1-8 days post-surgery (n=12) and then after 6 and 12 months (n=52 and 38, respectively) were analyzed using both GC-MS and 1H-NMR. Both datasets were analyzed separately with built in uni- and multivariate analyses of Metaboanalyst 2.0. Furthermore, adjusted linear mixed effects regression models were constructed. RESULTS Many concentrations of the metabolites derived from the gut microbiome were affected by CRC surgery, presumably indicating a tumor-induced shift in bacterial species. Associations of the microbial metabolites with disease stage indicate an important role of the gut microbiome in CRC.We were able to differentiate the metabolite profiles of CRC patients prior to surgery from those at any post-surgery timepoint using a multivariate model containing 20 marker metabolites (AUCROC=0.89; 95% CI:0.84-0.95). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first metabolomic studies to follow CRC patients in a prospective setting with repeated urine sampling over time. We were able to confirm markers initially identified in case-control studies and pin point metabolites which may serve as candidates for prognostic biomarkers of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Liesenfeld
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Nina Habermann
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Reka Toth
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Robert W. Owen
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Jürgen Staffa
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
| | - Karel D. Klika
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK)
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, Washington
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Quantification of free polyamines and their metabolites in biofluids and liver tissue by UHPLC-MS/MS: application to identify the potential biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6891-7. [PMID: 26138894 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines and their N-acetylated metabolites are potential biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of cancer. Thus, we present here an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 6 free, 3 monoacetylated, and 2 diacetylated polyamines without derivatization. The major improvement of this method is the use of 0.2 % perfluoroheptanoic acid methanol in the pretreatment step to achieve protein precipitation and 0.0125 % perfluoroheptanoic acid in the mobile phase to achieve analyte separation within 9 min. The established analytical method was validated with plasma, urine, and liver tissue and applied to determine plasma, urine, and liver tissue samples from healthy rats, hepatocellular carcinoma rats, and administrated rats successfully. Results indicated free polyamines such as putrescine mainly existed in liver tissue but more polar N-acetylated metabolites such as N (1),N (12)-diacetylspermine seemed to exist in biological fluid. After carcinogenesis, the levels of polyamines were increased, but the elevated levels of polyamines and their metabolites tended to decrease when administrated with anticancer drug. The method provided a more versatile manner for clinical application in the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Gu Y, Chen T, Fu S, Sun X, Wang L, Wang J, Lu Y, Ding S, Ruan G, Teng L, Wang M. Perioperative dynamics and significance of amino acid profiles in patients with cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:35. [PMID: 25622826 PMCID: PMC4332895 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolome analysis including amino acid profile is under investigation as an approach in cancer screening. The present study aims to analyze plasma free amino acid (PFAA) profiles in cancer patients and investigate their potential as biomarkers of malignancy. Methods Plasma samples from 56 gastric cancer patients, 28 breast cancer patients, 33 thyroid cancer patients, and 137 age-matched healthy controls were collected in the study. PFAA levels were measured and their perioperative alterations were analyzed. Biological effects of ten cancer-related amino acids were further validated in gastric and breast cancer cells. Results We found that PFAA profiles of cancer patients differed significantly from those of healthy controls. Decreased concentrations of PFAAs were associated with lymph node metastases in gastric cancer. Levels of PFAAs such as aspartate and alanine increased after tumor resection. PFAA levels correlated with clinical tumor markers in gastric cancer patients and pathological immunohistochemistry markers in breast cancer patients. Specifically, alanine, arginine, aspartate and cysteine had proliferative effects on breast cancer cells. Proliferation of gastric cancer cells was promoted by cysteine, but inhibited by alanine and glutamic acid. Furthermore, alanine treatment decreased total and stable fraction of gastric cancer cells, and alanine and glutamic acid induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. Conclusions PFAA patterns in cancer patients are altered perioperatively. Tumor-related amino acids identified by dynamic study of PFAA patterns may have the potential to be developed as novel biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0408-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Suzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yingfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Songming Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Guodong Ruan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Shaoxing, Shaoxing, China.
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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64
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A matrix-induced ion suppression method to normalize concentration in urinary metabolomics studies using flow injection analysis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 864:21-9. [PMID: 25732423 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Normalizing the total urine concentration is important for minimizing bias in urinary metabolomics analysis comparisons. In this study, we report a matrix-induced ion suppression (MIIS)-based method to normalize concentration using flow injection analysis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-MS). An ion suppression indicator (ISI) was spiked into urine samples, and the intensity of the extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) for ISI in a urine matrix was subtracted by the EIC for a blank solution and used to calculate the extent to which the signal was reduced by the urine matrix. A series dilution of pooled urine samples was used to correlate the urine concentration and level of ion suppression for ISI. A regression equation was used to estimate the relative concentration of unknown urine samples. The MIIS method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. We obtained a good correlation using a quadratic regression model for 1- to 32-fold urine dilutions (R(2)=0.998). The reproducibility (n=4) and intermediate precision (n=3) were below 5% RSD, and the accuracy ranged from 97.15% to 102.10%. The established method was used to estimate the relative concentrations of 16 urine samples, and the results were compared with commonly used normalization methods. Pearson's correlation test was used to demonstrate that the MIIS method correlated highly with the creatinine and osmolarity methods; the correlation coefficients were 0.93 and 0.99, respectively. We successfully applied this method to a urinary metabolomics study on breast cancer. This study demonstrated the MIIS method is simple, accurate and can contribute to data integrity in urinary metabolomics studies.
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65
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Zhao X, Jiang C. Determination of ethyl carbamate in fermented liquids by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Food Chem 2015; 177:66-71. [PMID: 25660859 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in fermented liquids (red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines) was carried by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS). The parameters usually examined in the method validation were firstly evaluated. Good linearity was obtained with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of EC in sample were 1.8 and 4.0 μg/L, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 107.19% and 110.98%. The precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of the method was <5%. Furthermore, red wines, Chinese liquors and yellow wines for sale were detected using this method. The results showed that the red wines and Chinese liquors had the normal EC level that was within the limits of the Canadian legislation. The proposed method was simple in sample preparation without using organic solvents in pre-treatment and could be used for the determination of the content of EC in fermented liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Zhao
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Changxing Jiang
- School of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
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66
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Cui Y, Ma N, Li X, Lv C, Li M, Li M, Song L, Liu M, Li Q, Bi K. Development of an ultra fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of cefazedone and etimicin in beagle dog plasma: Application to the pharmacokinetic study of the combination of cefazedone and etimicin injections. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 973C:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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67
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Jin S, Song C, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhou X, Xu Y, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Preventive effects of turmeric on the high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidaemia in mice associated with a targeted metabolomic approach for the analysis of serum lysophosphatidylcholine using LC-MS/MS. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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68
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Armbruster CE, Hodges SA, Smith SN, Alteri CJ, Mobley HLT. Arginine promotes Proteus mirabilis motility and fitness by contributing to conservation of the proton gradient and proton motive force. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:630-41. [PMID: 25100003 PMCID: PMC4234256 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Swarming contributes to Proteus mirabilis pathogenicity by facilitating access to the catheterized urinary tract. We previously demonstrated that 0.1–20 mmol/L arginine promotes swarming on normally nonpermissive media and that putrescine biosynthesis is required for arginine-induced swarming. We also previously determined that arginine-induced swarming is pH dependent, indicating that the external proton concentration is critical for arginine-dependent effects on swarming. In this study, we utilized survival at pH 5 and motility as surrogates for measuring changes in the proton gradient (ΔpH) and proton motive force (μH+) in response to arginine. We determined that arginine primarily contributes to ΔpH (and therefore μH+) through the action of arginine decarboxylase (speA), independent of the role of this enzyme in putrescine biosynthesis. In addition to being required for motility, speA also contributed to fitness during infection. In conclusion, consumption of intracellular protons via arginine decarboxylase is one mechanism used by P. mirabilis to conserve ΔpH and μH+ for motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
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69
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Yan Z, Lin G, Ye Y, Wang Y, Yan R. A generic multiple reaction monitoring based approach for plant flavonoids profiling using a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:955-965. [PMID: 24692044 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the largest classes of plant secondary metabolites serving a variety of functions in plants and associating with a number of health benefits for humans. Typically, they are co-identified with many other secondary metabolites using untargeted metabolomics. The limited data quality of untargeted workflow calls for a shift from the breadth-first to the depth-first screening strategy when a specific biosynthetic pathway is focused on. Here we introduce a generic multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based approach for flavonoids profiling in plants using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap (QTrap) mass spectrometer. The approach includes four steps: (1) preliminary profiling of major aglycones by multiple ion monitoring triggered enhanced product ion scan (MIM-EPI); (2) glycones profiling by precursor ion triggered EPI scan (PI-EPI) of major aglycones; (3) comprehensive aglycones profiling by combining MIM-EPI and neutral loss triggered EPI scan (NL-EPI) of major glycone; (4) in-depth flavonoids profiling by MRM-EPI with elaborated MRM transitions. Particularly, incorporation of the NH3 loss and sugar elimination proved to be very informative and confirmative for flavonoids screening. This approach was applied for profiling flavonoids in Astragali radix (Huangqi), a famous herb widely used for medicinal and nutritional purposes in China. In total, 421 flavonoids were tentatively characterized, among which less than 40 have been previously reported in this medicinal plant. This MRM-based approach provides versatility and sensitivity that required for flavonoids profiling in plants and serves as a useful tool for plant metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
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70
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Gu L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Lu H, Bi K, Chen X. Determination of 12 potential nephrotoxicity biomarkers in rat serum and urine by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and its application to renal failure induced by Semen Strychni. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1058-66. [PMID: 24610835 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In previous nephrotoxicity metabonomic studies, several potential biomarkers were found and evaluated. To investigate the relationship between the nephrotoxicity biomarkers and the therapeutic role of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on Semen Strychni-induced renal failure, 12 typical biomarkers are selected and a simple LC-MS method has been developed and validated. Citric acid, guanidinosuccinic acid, taurine, guanidinoacetic acid, uric acid, creatinine, hippuric acid, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indole-3-acetic acid, and phenaceturic acid were separated by a Phenomenex Luna C18 column and a methanol/water (5 mM ammonium acetate) gradient program with a runtime of 20 min. The prepared calibration curves showed good linearity with regression coefficients all above 0.9913. The absolute recoveries of analytes from serum and urine were all more than 70.4%. With the developed method, analytes were successfully determined in serum and urine samples within 52 days. Results showed that guanidinosuccinic acid, guanidinoacetic acid, 3-indoxyl sulfate, and indole-3-acetic acid (only in urine) were more sensitive than the conventional renal function markers in evaluating the therapeutic role of Radix Glycyrrhizae extract on Semen Strychni-induced renal failure. The method could be further used in predicting and monitoring renal failure cause by other reasons in the following researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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71
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Magnes C, Fauland A, Gander E, Narath S, Ratzer M, Eisenberg T, Madeo F, Pieber T, Sinner F. Polyamines in biological samples: rapid and robust quantification by solid-phase extraction online-coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1331:44-51. [PMID: 24485539 PMCID: PMC3991419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous active biogenic amines which contribute to basic cellular functions. Hence, their quantification in samples of diverse biological origins is essential for understanding how they function, especially in disease-relevant conditions. We present here a robust, high-throughput solid-phase extraction online coupled to a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC/MS/MS) approach for the simultaneous quantification of eight polyamines in various biological samples. The polyamines include 1,3-diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverin, N-acetyl-putrescine, spermidine, spermine, N(1)-acetyl-spermine, and l-ornithine. The novelty of the work is the use of two SPE columns online coupled to LC/MS/MS, which minimizes the sample pretreatment to a single derivatization step. The analysis is complete within 4min, making the method highly suitable for routine clinical analysis and high throughput screenings. The method was fully validated with serum samples. Dynamic ranges were 0.03 to 15μg/ml for ornithine and 1 to 500ng/ml for other polyamines, which cover physiological concentrations in serum samples. Lower limits of quantification (LLoQ) were found to be between 0.1 and 5ng/ml. As a proof of concept, we investigated gender differences in polyamine levels by analyzing the serum levels of 102 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fauland
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Edgar Gander
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie Narath
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Ratzer
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Pieber
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH—Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Graz, Austria
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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72
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Elbashir AA, Krieger S, Schmitz OJ. Simultaneous determination of polyamines and acetylpolyamines in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:570-6. [PMID: 24338443 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There has been evidence linking elevated polyamines (PAs) and acetylpolamines (AcPAs) level and cancer. So the simultaneous analysis of these compounds has become important task for cancer diagnosis and antitumor drug monitoring. A simple, fast and inexpensive CZE-LIF method has been developed for the determination of cadaverine (CAD), putrescine (PUT), spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), acetylspermine (ASPM), and acetylspermidine (ASPD) in human urine using 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzooxadiazole as a fluorescent reagent. Labeling reaction conditions were systematically investigated and were found to be 20 mM borate buffer at pH 7.4, labeling reaction time, and temperature were 10 min and 70°C, respectively. Under these optimized conditions the four PAs, two AcPAs and the internal standard were separated in 6 min. An Exactive-MS with an ESI source was used for identification of the bis-derivative of the ASPM. The method was validated in term of linearity, LODs, repeatability, intra- and interday assays, recovery, and selectivity. The LODs for CAD, PUT, SPM, SPD, ASPM, and ASPD were found to be 7.6, 10.0, 9.0, 8.8,7.8, and 3.3 nM, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of PAs and AcPAs in healthy human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Elbashir
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
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