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Govindan L, Anbazhagan S, Altemimi AB, Lakshminarayanan K, Kuppan S, Pratap-Singh A, Kandasamy M. Efficacy of Antimicrobial and Larvicidal Activities of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Plumbago auriculata Lam. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111577. [PMID: 33202641 PMCID: PMC7698226 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of Plumbago auriculata, and evaluates their antibacterial and larvicidal activities. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by various spectroscopy techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, TEM, EDX, Zeta potential, and DLS. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, synthesized nanoparticles inhibited the fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus at the concentration of 45.1 and 41.1 µg/mL respectively. Results of dose-dependent studies showed that synthesized nanoparticles were also effective at low concentrations. Molecular docking studies performed with the salivary protein and odorant-binding protein of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus demonstrated that the naphthoquinone compound plumbagin exhibited reliable binding affinity towards the two enzymes. The findings thus reveal that the plant extract and its nanoparticles can be a better alternative to available chemicals to control mosquitos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Govindan
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India; (L.G.); (S.A.); (M.K.)
- Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 073, India
| | - Sathiyaseelan Anbazhagan
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India; (L.G.); (S.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Ammar B. Altemimi
- Food Sciences Department, College of Agiculture, University of Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (A.P.-S.); Tel.: +1-604-822-5944 (A.P.-S.)
| | | | - Sivaranjan Kuppan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjung Malim 35900, Malaysia;
| | - Anubhav Pratap-Singh
- Food, Nutrition & Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (A.P.-S.); Tel.: +1-604-822-5944 (A.P.-S.)
| | - Murugesan Kandasamy
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India; (L.G.); (S.A.); (M.K.)
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Arthropod-Borne Disease Control at a Glance: What's New on Drug Development? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215175. [PMID: 33172077 PMCID: PMC7664442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering and validating effective drugs to manage arthropod-borne diseases (ABD) is a timely and important research challenge with major impacts on real-world control programs at the time of quick resistance development in the targeted pathogens. This editorial highlights major research advances in the development of drugs for the control of vector-borne diseases, with a significant focus on malaria, Chagas disease, dengue, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Zika. Broad reviews providing new insights on ABD recently published in Molecules have also been covered in “The Editors’ pick” section.
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Antiviral effect of silymarin against Zika virus in vitro. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105613. [PMID: 32621935 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic and its association with severe neurological syndromes have raised worldwide concern. Despite the great clinical relevance of this infection, no vaccine or specific treatment is available and the search for antiviral compounds against ZIKV is extremely necessary. Several natural compounds, such as silymarin, exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and antiviral properties; however, the antiviral potential of this compound remains partially investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antiviral activity of silymarin against ZIKV infection. Global antiviral activity, dose-dependent, plaque reduction, and time-of-drug-addition assays were used to determine the anti-ZIKV activity of silymarin. Additionally, to start characterizing the mechanisms of action we determined whether silymarin could have a virucidal effect and inhibit viral adsorption and penetration stages. Regarding its global antiviral activity, silymarin showed significant inhibition of ZIKV infection, protecting cells infected with EC50 equal to 34.17μg/mL, with a selectivity index greater than 17 and 4x greater than that of the positive control (ribavirin). Its greatest efficiency was achieved at 125μg/mL, whose cell viability did not differ from the control without infection and treatment. Furthermore, treatment with silymarin reduced viral load by up to two logs (> 90%) concerning viral control, when evaluating virucidal activity and the precocious times of infection. Thus, our results set to show the promising anti-ZIKV activity of silymarin, which does not seem to have a single inhibition mechanism, acting at different times of infection, and still has the advantage of silymarin be a phytotherapy already available on the market.
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Benelli G. On a Magical Mystery Tour of Green Insecticide Research: Current Issues and Challenges. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215014. [PMID: 33138103 PMCID: PMC7662653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Editorial outlines recent research advances in green insecticide research. Particular attention is devoted to studies shedding light on the modes of action and non-target toxicity of natural substances of plant origin. Research focusing on the development of new formulations (including those relating to nano-objects) to magnify the effectiveness and stability of green insecticides in the field represents key advances. Herein, a carefully reviewed selection of cutting edge articles about green pesticide development recently published in Molecules is presented. The impact of sub-lethal doses of green insecticides on insect behavioral traits is still overlooked, representing a timely challenge for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194576. [PMID: 33036394 PMCID: PMC7583829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infectious diseases are a persistent problem in tropical regions of the world, including Southeast Asia. Vector control has relied principally on synthetic insecticides, but these have detrimental environmental effects and there is an increasing demand for plant-based agents to control insect pests. Invasive weedy plant species may be able to serve as readily available sources of essential oils, some of which may be useful as larvicidal agents for control of mosquito populations. We hypothesize that members of the genus Conyza (Asteraceae) may produce essential oils that may have mosquito larvicidal properties. The essential oils from the aerial parts of Conyza bonariensis, C. canadensis, and C. sumatrensis were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and screened for mosquito larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The essential oils of C. canadensis and C. sumatrensis, both rich in limonene (41.5% and 25.5%, respectively), showed notable larvicidal activities against Ae. aegypti (24-h LC50 = 9.80 and 21.7 μg/mL, respectively) and Ae. albopictus (24-h LC50 = 18.0 and 19.1 μg/mL, respectively). These two Conyza species may, therefore, serve as sources for alternative, environmentally-benign larvicidal control agents.
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Maia DS, Lopes CF, Saldanha AA, Silva NL, Sartori ÂLB, Carollo CA, Sobral MG, Alves SN, Silva DB, de Siqueira JM. Larvicidal effect from different Annonaceae species on Culex quinquefasciatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36983-36993. [PMID: 32577964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases highlighted the pivotal importance of mosquito vector control in tropical areas worldwide. Several strategies have been developed to control vector populations and disease transmission in endemic areas. The steps to obtain natural active compounds involve the pre-selection in a biological model and subsequently evaluation on specific models. The present study reports the evaluation of 35 extracts, fractions, and essential oils obtained from five species from the Annonaceae family on Artemia salina and Culex quinquefasciatus. The A. salina results were used as a pre-screening for larvicidal test about mosquitoes. A correlation of biological activity in both bioassays was observed for the hydroethanolic extracts and their respective hexane and chloroform fractions of the leaves of Annona species, except A. nutans. The same correlation was also observed for all tested essential oils and petroleum ether extracts from Duguetia species. It was possible to limit an interval of lethality about A. salina, which has a corresponding range to the larvicidal test against the mosquito. The main components present in D. lanceolata essential oil or enriched fraction were α-selinene, aristolochene, (E)-caryophyllene, and (E)-calamenene. For D. furfuracea, the main components present of the underground parts were (E)-asarone, 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene, spathulenol, and bicyclogermacrene for aerial parts. The A. salina test could be used as a model for the pre-screening of larvicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Soares Maia
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
| | - Camila Ferreira Lopes
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Saldanha
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Nathália Lucca Silva
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Ângela Lúcia Bagnatori Sartori
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos Guerra Sobral
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, 36301-160, Brazil
| | - Stênio Nunes Alves
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - João Máximo de Siqueira
- Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
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Benelli G, Pavoni L, Zeni V, Ricciardi R, Cosci F, Cacopardo G, Gendusa S, Spinozzi E, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Maggi F, Pavela R, Bonacucina G, Lucchi A. Developing a Highly Stable Carlina acaulis Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for Managing Lobesia botrana. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091867. [PMID: 32961890 PMCID: PMC7559805 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in the development of green pest management strategies is leading to the exploitation of essential oils (EOs) as promising botanical pesticides. In this respect, nanotechnology could efficiently support the use of EOs through their encapsulation into stable nanoformulations, such as nanoemulsions (NEs), to improve their stability and efficacy. This technology assures the improvement of the chemical stability, hydrophilicity, and environmental persistence of EOs, giving an added value for the fabrication of natural insecticides effective against a wide spectrum of insect vectors and pests of public and agronomical importance. Carlina acaulis (Asteraceae) root EO has been recently proposed as a promising ingredient of a new generation of botanical insecticides. In the present study, a highly stable C. acaulis-based NE was developed. Interestingly, such a nanosystem was able to encapsulate 6% (w/w) of C. acaulis EO, showing a mean diameter of around 140 nm and a SOR (surfactant-to-oil ratio) of 0.6. Its stability was evaluated in a storage period of six months and corroborated by an accelerated stability study. Therefore, the C. acaulis EO and C. acaulis-based NE were evaluated for their toxicity against 1st instar larvae of the European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major vineyard pest. The chemical composition of C. acaulis EO was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealing carlina oxide, a polyacetylene, as the main constituent. In toxicity assays, both the C. acaulis EO and the C. acaulis-based NE were highly toxic to L. botrana larvae, with LC50 values of 7.299 and 9.044 µL/mL for C. acaulis EO and NE, respectively. The C. acaulis-based NE represents a promising option to develop highly stable botanical insecticides for pest management. To date, this study represents the first evidence about the insecticidal toxicity of EOs and EO-based NEs against this major grapevine pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0502216141
| | - Lucia Pavoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Valeria Zeni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Renato Ricciardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Francesca Cosci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Gloria Cacopardo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Saverio Gendusa
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (L.P.); (S.G.); (E.S.); (R.P.); (L.C.); (F.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Andrea Lucchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.Z.); (R.R.); (F.C.); (G.C.); (A.L.)
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Karthi S, Uthirarajan K, Manohar V, Venkatesan M, Chinnaperumal K, Vasantha-Srinivasan P, Krutmuang P. Larvicidal Enzyme Inhibition and Repellent Activity of Red Mangrove Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) Leaf Extracts and Their Biomolecules Against Three Medically Challenging Arthropod Vectors. Molecules 2020; 25:E3844. [PMID: 32847069 PMCID: PMC7504580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvicidal potential of crude leaf extracts of Rhizophora mucronata, the red mangrove, using diverse solvent extracts of the plant against the early fourth instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti mosquito vectors was analyzed. The acetone extract of R. mucronata showed the greatest efficacy: for Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 0.13 mg/mL; LC90 = 2.84 mg/mL), An. stephensi (LC50 = 0.34 mg/mL; LC90 = 6.03 mg/mL), and Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 0.11 mg/mL; LC90 = 1.35 mg/mL). The acetone extract was further fractionated into four fractions and tested for its larvicidal activity. Fraction 3 showed stronger larvicidal activity against all the three mosquito larvae. Chemical characterization of the acetone extract displayed the existence of several identifiable compounds like phytol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, eicosanoic acid etc. Enzyme assay displayed that R. mucronata active F3-fractions exert divergent effects on all three mosquitos' biochemical defensive mechanisms. The plant fractions displayed significant repellent activity against all the three mosquito vectors up to the maximum repellent time of 210 min. Thus, the bioactive molecules in the acetone extract of R. murconata leaves showed significant larvicidal and enzyme inhibitory activity and displayed novel eco-friendly tool for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengodan Karthi
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Namakkal, Tiruchengode Tamil Nadu 637 215, India; (S.K.); (K.U.); (V.M.)
| | - Karthic Uthirarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Namakkal, Tiruchengode Tamil Nadu 637 215, India; (S.K.); (K.U.); (V.M.)
| | - Vinothkumar Manohar
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Biological Sciences, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Namakkal, Tiruchengode Tamil Nadu 637 215, India; (S.K.); (K.U.); (V.M.)
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Chennai Tamil Nadu 603 103, India
| | | | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai Tamil Nadu 600 054, India;
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Muang Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Impregnation of pectin-cedarwood essential oil nanocapsules onto mini cotton bag improves larvicidal performances. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14107. [PMID: 32839484 PMCID: PMC7445301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use pesticide is one of the indispensable means to combat mosquito borne diseases. However, the repeated use of synthetic pesticides has induced resistance in the vector pest along with undesirable impact on the environment. The biodegradability, non-persistent and user’s safety are the root cause to prefer plant-derived pesticides to synthetic ones. The botanical based pesticides tend to degrade rapidly under the influence of several environmental factors. For the feasible application as pesticides, the plant products are formulated either as liquid or as purely solid. Despite well-established formulation technology in pesticide delivery, their handling trouble is being ignored. There is difficulty in liquid formulation of pesticide products, as they are prone to splashing and spillage, resulting in contamination, wastage and direct exposure to skin; whereas a solid formulation tends to produce dust. In the present work, cedarwood (Cedrus deodara) essential oil embedded pectin nanocapsules were produced. The nanocapsules were characterized according to their morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency and thermal stability. Furthermore, the nanocapsules were impregnated onto mini cotton tea bags to be employed as RTU (ready to use) formulation for treating the breeding sites of mosquitoes. The larvicidal activity of the bags treated with pectin-cedar wood nanocapsules was assessed against malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies and 98% mortality was recorded till 4 weeks, this suggests its potential and hassle free applications in controlling mosquito vector.
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Venturini FP, de Souza LM, Garbuio M, Inada NM, de Souza JP, Kurachi C, de Oliveira KT, Bagnato VS. Environmental safety and mode of action of a novel curcumin-based photolarvicide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29204-29217. [PMID: 32430723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the vector of important diseases like dengue, zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Vector control is pivotal in combating the spread of these mosquito-borne illnesses. Photoactivable larvicide curcumin obtained from Curcuma longa Linnaeus has shown high potential for Ae. aegypti larvae control. However, the toxicity of this photosensitizer (PS) might jeopardize non-target aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of this PS to Daphnia magna and Danio rerio, besides assessing its mode of action through larvae biochemical and histological studies. Three PS formulations were tested: PS in ethanol+DMSO, PS in sucrose, and PS in D-mannitol. The LC50 of PS in ethanol+DMSO to D. rerio was 5.9 mg L-1, while in D. magna the solvents were extremely toxic, and LC50 was not estimated. The PS formulations in sugars were not toxic to neither of the organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in D. magna exposed to 50 mg L-1 of PS in D-mannitol, and D. rerio did not elicit this kind of response. D. magna feeding rates were not affected by the PS in D-mannitol. Concerning Ae. aegypti larvae, there were changes in reduced glutathione and protein levels, while catalase activity remained stable after exposure to PS in D-mannitol and sunlight. Histological changes were observed in larvae exposed to PS in sucrose and D-mannitol, most of them irreversible and deleterious. Our results show the feasibility of this photolarvicide use in Ae. aegypti larvae control and its safety to non-target organisms. These data are crucial to this original vector control approach implementation in public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Perri Venturini
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Marila de Souza
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Matheus Garbuio
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- PPG Biotec, Federal University of São Carlos, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Natalia Mayumi Inada
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Pérola de Souza
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cristina Kurachi
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Optical Group, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Sao Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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Rossi P, Cappelli A, Marinelli O, Valzano M, Pavoni L, Bonacucina G, Petrelli R, Pompei P, Mazzara E, Ricci I, Maggi F, Nabissi M. Mosquitocidal and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of The Essential Oils Obtained from Monoecious, Male, and Female Inflorescences of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) and Their Encapsulation in Nanoemulsions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153451. [PMID: 32751258 PMCID: PMC7435401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various innovative products obtainable from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) waste biomass originating from different industrial processes, the essential oil (EO) deserves special attention in order to understand its possible application in different fields, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and botanical insecticides. For the purpose, in the present work, we studied the chemical composition of EOs obtained from different hemp varieties, namely Felina 32 and Carmagnola Selezionata (CS) using monoecious, male, and female inflorescences, and we evaluated their mosquitocidal activities on larvae and pupae of two main malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and An. stephensi. Then, in order to evaluate the safe use of hemp EOs for operators, the potential pro- or anti-inflammatory effect of hemp EOs together with their toxicological profile were determined on dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Given the promising results obtained by insecticidal and anti-inflammatory studies, a preliminary evaluation of EOs encapsulation into nanoemulsions (NEs) has been performed with the aim to develop a formulation able to improve their poor physicochemical stability. Felina 32 and CS inflorescences provided EOs with an interesting chemical profile, with monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons as the major components. This study highlighted the potential application of male inflorescences, which are usually discharged during hemp product processing. These EOs could be exploited as potential sustainable and eco-friendly insecticides, given their capability to be toxic against mosquitoes and the possibility to use them to prepare stable and safe formulations. The LC50 values found in this study (<80 ppm) are lower, on average, than those of many plant EOs, with the advantage of using an industrial waste product. From MTT assay and gene and protein expression analysis, EOs showed no cytotoxicity at the appropriate doses and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on the human cell lines tested. These findings encourage further applied research on hemp EOs in order support their industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (A.C.); (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (A.C.); (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Matteo Valzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (A.C.); (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Lucia Pavoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Pierluigi Pompei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugenia Mazzara
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (P.R.); (A.C.); (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-0737-404-506 (F.M.); +39-0737-403-306 (M.N.)
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (O.M.); (L.P.); (G.B.); (R.P.); (P.P.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (M.N.); Tel.: +39-0737-404-506 (F.M.); +39-0737-403-306 (M.N.)
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Borges GR, Aboelkheir MG, de Souza Junior FG, Waldhelm KC, Kuster RM. Poly (butylene succinate) and derivative copolymer filled with Dendranthema grandiflora biolarvicide extract. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23575-23585. [PMID: 32297111 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most important infectious disease in the world and is a severe public health problem. The chikungunya is an arbovirus, in many cases, increased, which is transmitted by the same transmitter dengue vector, Aedes aegypti. The symptoms of both diseases are similar, and infections can be lethal. Although there is no preventive vaccine against any of the two diseases, therefore, it is extremely important to control the mosquito. The eggs of A. aegypti are very resistant and hatch into larvae, which later give rise to mosquitoes in any container with water. Natural plant extracts have come from active substances with larvicidal activity against A. aegypti. However, they tend to be highly hydrophobic and need some strategy to improve its affinity for water. Because of these factors, this research aims to synthesize and characterize polymeric materials with properties suitable for the release of hydrophobic principles with larvicidal action. The synthesized polymers are poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) and PBS block copolymer with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The synthesized polymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal analysis simultaneous, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and diffraction of X-rays analysis. The analysis results showed that the synthesized materials have chemical composition and properties suitable for use in the controlled release of actives substances. Systems were prepared using the Dendranthema grandiflora extract, which has larvicidal activity was incorporated via fusion to polymers, to evaluate its release in aqueous media. The results proved that higher amounts of PEG in the copolymer chain speed up the delivery of the larvicidal extract. Besides that, the larvicidal extract concentration required to cause death larvae of A. aegypti was achieved from the first minutes of dissolution tests, indicating that the materials developed are promising tool to fight dengue and chikungunya. This new system is a vital tool for eliminating vectors, potentially contributing to saving millions of lives worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Ribeiro Borges
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J., Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Mostafa Galal Aboelkheir
- Programa de Engenharia Civil, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Rua Taquari, 546, São Paulo, SP, 03166-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomes de Souza Junior
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J., Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Kassia Cristina Waldhelm
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J., Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Machado Kuster
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória, ES, CEP 29075-910, Brazil
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Ammar S, Noui H, Djamel S, Madani S, Maggi F, Bruno M, Romano D, Canale A, Pavela R, Benelli G. Essential oils from three Algerian medicinal plants (Artemisia campestris, Pulicaria arabica, and Saccocalyx satureioides) as new botanical insecticides? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26594-26604. [PMID: 32372353 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants represent an outstanding source of green active ingredients for a broad range of real-world applications. In the present study, we investigated the insecticidal potential of the essential oils obtained from three medicinal and aromatic plants of economic importance in Algeria, Artemisia campestris, Pulicaria arabica, and Saccocalyx satureioides. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study the essential oil chemical compositions. The three essential oils were tested against a mosquito vectoring filariasis and arboviruses, i.e., Culex quinquefasciatus, a fly pest acting also as pathogens vector, Musca domestica, and an agricultural moth pest, i.e., Spodoptera littoralis, using WHO and topical application methods, respectively. The essential oil from A. campestris, containing β-pinene (15.2%), α-pinene (11.2%), myrcene (10.3%), germacrene D (9.0%) (Z)-β-ocimene (8.1%) and γ-curcumene (6.4%), showed remarkable toxicity against C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 of 45.8 mg L-1) and moderate effects (LD50 of 99.8 μg adult-1) against M. domestica. Those from P. arabica and S. satureioides, containing epi-α-cadinol (23.9%), δ-cadinene (21.1%), α-cadinol (19.8%) and germacrene D-4-ol (8.4%), and thymol (25.6%), α-terpineol (24.6%), borneol (17.4%) and p-cymene (11.4%), respectively, were more active on S. littoralis showing LD50 values of 68.9 and 61.2 μg larva-1, respectively. Based on our results, the essential oil from A. campestris may be further considered a candidate ingredient for developing botanical larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassoui Ammar
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, M'sila University, 28000, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Hendel Noui
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, M'sila University, 28000, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Sarri Djamel
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, M'sila University, 28000, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Sarri Madani
- Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, M'sila University, 28000, M'sila, Algeria
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STeBiCEF), University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, I-90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donato Romano
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & A.I., Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, Prague 6,, 161 06, Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Cai Y, Hu X, Wang P, Xie Y, Lin Z, Zhang Z. Biological activity and safety profile of monoterpenes against Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24889-24901. [PMID: 32342411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella L. is a cosmopolitan pest of wild and cultivated crucifer vegetables worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost all commercial chemicals, making them one of the most problematic field pests in China. The natural plant extracts and essential oils (EOs) could be a safe alternative for agricultural pests. The development and production of EOs decrease the negative effects of synthetic chemicals. In the present study, the fumigation activity of 8 pure monoterpenes against P. xylostella was evaluated. Results from fumigation tests revealed that 8 tested compounds exhibited various degrees of toxicity against adults of the diamondback moth. Cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound based on the 12-h LC50 (0.17 mg/L) and 24-h LC50 (0.12 mg/L) values, respectively. Also for larvae and eggs, cuminaldehyde was the most toxic compound. The 12-h LC50 value for cuminaldehyde to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instar larvae was 0.10 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for the different instar larvae was 0.07 mg/L, 0.09 mg/L, and 0.35 mg/L, respectively. The 24-h LC50 value for eggs (endpoint hatching rate) was 1.95 mg/L for cuminaldehyde, followed by carvacrol and eugenol (2.05 mg/L and 2.31 mg/L, respectively). Cuminaldehyde was very friendly to the larvae and adults of Harmonia axyridis and did not cause any mortality. Our results indicated that cuminaldehyde had potential insecticidal activity against P. xylostella and could be utilized in the novel biological pesticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430345, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Xie
- College of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhufeng Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hainan Key Laboratory for Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou, 571100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar D, Kumar P, Singh H, Agrawal V. Biocontrol of mosquito vectors through herbal-derived silver nanoparticles: prospects and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:25987-26024. [PMID: 32385820 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes spread several life-threatening diseases such as malaria, filaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever and are associated with millions of deaths every year across the world. However, insecticides of synthetic origin are conventionally used for controlling various vector-borne diseases but they have various associated drawbacks like impact on non-targeted species, negative effects on the environment, and development of resistance in vector species by alteration of the target site. Plant extracts, phytochemicals, and their nanoformulations can serve as ovipositional attractants, insect growth regulators, larvicides, and repellents with least effects on the environment. Such plant-derived products exhibit broad-spectrum resistance against various mosquito species and are relatively cheaper, environmentally safer, biodegradable, easily accessible, and are non-toxic to non-targeted organisms. Therefore, in this review article, the current knowledge of phytochemical sources exhibiting larvicidal activity and their variations in response to solvents used for their extraction is underlined. Also, different methods such as physical, chemical, and biological for silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) synthesis, their mechanism of synthesis using plant extract, their potent larvicidal activity, and the possible mechanism by which these particles kill mosquito larvae are discussed. In addition, constraints related to commercialization of nanoherbal products at government and academic or research level and barriers from laboratory experiments to field trial have also been discussed. This comprehensive information can be gainfully employed for the development of herbal larvicidal formulations and nanopesticides against insecticide-resistant vector species in the near future. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
- Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Himmat Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Veena Agrawal
- Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Lab, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Debbabi H, El Mokni R, Chaieb I, Nardoni S, Maggi F, Caprioli G, Hammami S. Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Insecticidal Activities of the Essential Oils from Tunisian Clinopodium Nepeta Subsp. nepeta and Clinopodium Nepeta Subsp. Glandulosum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092137. [PMID: 32370305 PMCID: PMC7249092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was focused on the study of the chemical composition variability and biological activities of the essential oils from Clinopodium nepeta subsp. nepeta and subsp. glandulosum. Essential oils extraction was performed using hydrodistillation and the separation of the constituents was carried out by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antifungal activities were tested against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Candida albicans. Toxicity and repellency were evaluated against the stored product pests Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus zeamais. Both essential oils were characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes. Piperitone ranks first in the subspecies nepeta and piperitenone oxide is the dominant constituent in the subspecies glandulosum. All tested samples displayed noteworthy antifungal properties, with the highest activity observed for the essential oil of C. nepeta subsp. glandulosum, collected in Béni-M'tir, against T. mentagrophytes (MIC = 40 µg/mL). The essential oil samples of C. nepeta subsp. glandulosum were strongly repellent to the insect species (PR > 80%, after 2h) and highly toxic to S. zeamais reaching 97.5%-100% mortality after 24 h of exposure. In conclusion, this study showed considerable intra-specific changes in the quality of C. nepeta essential oils, which is reflected in different rates of antifungal and insecticidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haïfa Debbabi
- Research Unit 13ES63, Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (H.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Ridha El Mokni
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences “A”, Laboratory of Botany, Cryptogamy and Plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir BP 207, Avenue Avicenna, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia;
- Department of Silvo-Pastoral Resources, Laboratory of Research in Silvo-Pastoral Resources, Silvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, BP. 345, University of Jendouba, Tabarka 8110, Tunisia
- IRESA, Laboratory of Forest Ecology, I.N.R.G.R.E.F, BP N°10, Ariana 2080, Tunisia
| | - Ikbal Chaieb
- Research unit UR13AGR09, Regional Center for Research in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture, Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, TN-4042 Sousse, Tunisia;
| | - Simona Nardoni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Saoussen Hammami
- Research Unit 13ES63, Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (H.D.); (S.H.)
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Cianfaglione K, Canale A, Benelli G. Promising insecticidal efficacy of the essential oils from the halophyte Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) growing in Corsica Island, France. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:14454-14464. [PMID: 30963429 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) is a psammophilous species growing along Mediterranean coastal sand dunes. This species secretes essential oils made up of monoterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and polyacetylenes, which may represent effective, eco-friendly and safe active ingredients for the preparation of green insecticides. Based on this, in the present study, we selected a French accession of E. spinosa growing on the coastal dunes of Corsica, extracting the essential oils from aerial parts and roots by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS for chemical composition and screened for their insecticidal activity on three target insects, Culex quinquefasciatus, Spodoptera littoralis, and Musca domestica. The essential oil from roots was dominated by the phenylpropanoid myristicin and the monoterpene hydrocarbon terpinolene, with a minor contribution of (Z)-falcarinol. The oil from the aerial parts was characterized by monoterpenes, mainly p-cymene, a-phellandrene, and α-pinene. The root essential oil exhibited promising toxicity on the target insects, with special reference to C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC50 = 15.7 mg L-1), while on M. domestica and S. littoralis, it showed LD50 of 38.3 μg adult-1 and 55.6 μg larva-1, respectively. Based on our findings, E. spinosa can be viewed as a new potential crop to produce insecticidal essential oils in arid salty areas. However, synergistic and antagonistic effects of the major constituents of both oils tested here deserve future research. Further studies on the efficacy of stable formulations of the E. spinosa root essential oil, with special reference to micro- and nanoformulations, are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Kevin Cianfaglione
- EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences and Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29200, Brest, France
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Pontoni, 5, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Yogarajalakshmi P, Venugopal Poonguzhali T, Ganesan R, Karthi S, Senthil-Nathan S, Krutmuang P, Radhakrishnan N, Mohammad F, Kim TJ, Vasantha-Srinivasan P. Toxicological screening of marine red algae Champia parvula (C. Agardh) against the dengue mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and its non-toxicity against three beneficial aquatic predators. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105474. [PMID: 32259658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Larval toxicity of ethanolic extract of C. parvula (Ex-Cp) was prominent in the second and the third instars at the maximum lethal dosage of 100 ppm with 98 and 97 % mortality rate respectively. The LC50 and LC90 was displayed at 43 ppm and 88 ppm dosage respectively. Correspondingly, the sub-lethal dosage (65 ppm) of Ex-Cp significantly alters the carboxylesterase (α and β), GST and CYP450 enzyme level in both III and IV instar larvae in dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the Ex-Cp displayed significant repellent activity (97 %) with a maximum level of protection time (210 min). Photomicrography assay of Ex-Cp (65 ppm) were toxic to dengue larvae as compared to control. The non-target toxicity of Ex-Cp against the beneficial mosquito predators displayed less toxicity at the maximum dosage of 600 ppm as compared to Temephos. Thus the present research delivers the target and non-target toxicity of red algae C. parvula against the dengue mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiban Yogarajalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Raja Ganesan
- Department of Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Bio pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Bio pesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Faruq Mohammad
- Surfactants Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tae-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi-600 054, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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The volatile oils from the oleo-gum-resins of Ferula assa-foetida and Ferula gummosa: A comprehensive investigation of their insecticidal activity and eco-toxicological effects. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111312. [PMID: 32247803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, the oleo-gum-resins of Ferula assa-foetida and F. gummosa are used in the traditional medical systems as well as in foodstuffs, perfumery and cosmetics. In the present study, we explored the insecticidal efficacy of the essential oils obtained from these oleo-gum-resins to widen their fields of industrial applications. The two essential oils were mainly composed of sulfides [sec-butyl (Z)-propenyl disulfide, sec-butyl (E)-propenyl disulfide, sec-butyl (Z)-propenyl trisulfide and sec-butyl (E)-propenyl trisulfide)] and monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene and β-phellandrene), respectively, as determined by GC-MS analysis. The two essential oils were assayed for toxicity on a panel of insects, represented by species of public health relevance (Culex quinquefasciatus and Musca domestica), agricultural (Spodoptera littoralis) and stored-product pests (Prostephanus truncatus and Trogoderma granarium). The ecotoxicological effects of the essential oils were assessed on the aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the earthworm Eisenia fetida, as well as on human cells. Overall, the two essential oils were effective against important insect pests and vectors. On the other hand, they resulted cytotoxic to fibroblasts and non-target aquatic microcrustaceans. Thus, further insights are needed to determine the full spectrum of their eco-toxicological effects.
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70
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Kavallieratos NG, Boukouvala MC, Ntalli N, Skourti A, Karagianni ES, Nika EP, Kontodimas DC, Cappellacci L, Petrelli R, Cianfaglione K, Morshedloo MR, Tapondjou LA, Rakotosaona R, Maggi F, Benelli G. Effectiveness of eight essential oils against two key stored-product beetles, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Trogoderma granarium Everts. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111255. [PMID: 32165233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemical pesticides to preserve food commodities is a global issue of concern due to their negative effect on the environment and public health. In recent years, the European Union is trying to reduce their use, favoring alternative or complementary approaches based on natural products. In this scenario, plant-borne essential oils (EOs) represent valid options for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In the present study, the insecticidal effect of eight EOs obtained from plants from different parts of the world, namely Mentha longifolia, Dysphania ambrosioides, Carlina acaulis, Trachyspermum ammi, Pimpinella anisum, Origanum syriacum, Cannabis sativa and Hazomalania voyronii, were evaluated against two stored-product insect species of economic importance, Prostephanus truncatus and Trogoderma granarium. Simulating a small-scale stored-product conservation environment, an AG-4 airbrush was used to spray maize and wheat with 500 and 1000 ppm of EOs, then T. granarium and P. truncatus were exposed to the stored products and mortality was evaluated over selected time intervals (4, 8, and 16 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days). The EO of C. acaulis exhibited high efficacy against P. truncatus adults at both tested concentrations by killing > 97% of the individuals exposed to treated maize within 3 days at 500 ppm. The EO of D. ambrosioides eliminated all T. granarium adults exposed to 1000 ppm-treated wheat 2 days post-exposure. At this exposure interval, 91.1% of the exposed T. granarium adults died on wheat treated with 1000 ppm of C. acaulis EO. The EO of M. longifolia at both tested concentrations was the most effective against T. granarium larvae, leading to 97.8% mortality at 500 ppm after 3 days of exposure, and 100% mortality at 1000 pm 2 days post-exposure. At 1000 ppm, the EOs of D. ambrosioides and P. anisum led to 95.6 and 90% mortality, respectively, to larvae exposed to treated wheat for 7 days. Overall, our research shed light on the potential of selected EOs, with special reference to M. longifolia, D. ambrosioides, C. acaulis and P. anisum, which could be considered further to develop effective and alternative grain protectants to manage P. truncatus and T. granarium infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece.
| | - Maria C Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Ntalli
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytropharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Anna Skourti
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Effrosyni S Karagianni
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Erifili P Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Demetrius C Kontodimas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Kevin Cianfaglione
- EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences & Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mohammad Reza Morshedloo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Léon Azefack Tapondjou
- Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Association-Fondation Rakoto Ratsimamanga, Avarabohitra Itaosy, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Dereplication and Isolation of Larvicidal Compounds From Annonaceae Species Against Aedes aegypti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43450-020-00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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72
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de Menezes CWG, Carvalho GA, Alves DS, de Carvalho AA, Aazza S, de Oliveira Ramos V, Pinto JEBP, Bertolucci SKV. Biocontrol potential of methyl chavicol for managing Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an important corn pest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:5030-5041. [PMID: 31848958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides applied to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can have negative impacts on environment and human health. Botanical essential oils can be sources of organic molecules with biocontrol potential and advantages, such as minor impacts on the selection of resistant pest insects and low toxicity to humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the biocontrol action of essential oils from Brazilian species and methyl chavicol compounds on the development and metabolism of S. frugiperda. Essential oils of Eremanthus erythropappus (Asteraceae), Ocimum selloi, Hyptis suaveolens, and Hyptis marrubioides (Lamiaceae) were distilled by the steam distillation method and analyzed by gas chromatograph techniques. The essential oils were incorporated into an artificial diet (at 1, 2, and 4 mg mL-1) and offered to S. frugiperda caterpillars. Larvae of S. frugiperda at 48 h of age were fed an artificial diet containing the major constituent of O. selloi (methyl chavicol). The major compounds of the essential oils were methyl chavicol for O. selloi, α-bisabolol for E. erythropappus, bicyclogermacrene for H. suaveolens, and β-thujone for H. marrubioides. O. selloi caused 100% mortality in S. frugiperda larvae at a concentration of 1 mg mL-1 after 48 h. H. marrubioides essential oil caused 100% mortality in larvae at a concentration of 4 mg mL-1 after 48 h. O. selloi and H. marrubioides inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity in 72.87% and 81.69% of larvae, respectively. O. selloi presented the highest toxicity to S. frugiperda and the lowest inhibition of AchE. Methyl chavicol was lethal to all larvae within 24 h at a concentration of 0.92 mg mL-1 of diet. Methyl chavicol showed the best insecticidal activity and potential to be used as a natural insecticide to control S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geraldo Andrade Carvalho
- Entomology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Mail Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Dejane Santos Alves
- Entomology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Mail Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Smail Aazza
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, BP 159, Taounate, Morocco
| | - Vinicius de Oliveira Ramos
- Entomology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Mail Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
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73
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Guerrero A, Ferrero S, Barahona M, Boito B, Lisbinski E, Maggi F, Sañudo C. Effects of active edible coating based on thyme and garlic essential oils on lamb meat shelf life after long-term frozen storage. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:656-664. [PMID: 31577841 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frozen preservation of lamb meat could be crucial for successful international trade. The shelf life of thawed meat is shorter than that of fresh meat, so techniques or procedures are required to improve post-thawing meat quality attributes. This study investigated the effect of alginate-based edible coatings after the incorporation of essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on thawed lamb meat (longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle) quality after long-term frozen storage. Meat samples came from ten light lambs and the evolution of attributes related to shelf life, such as water-holding capacity, color stability, and lipid oxidation, was monitored during display (1, 4 and 7 days). Four meat treatments were evaluated: control (CON, uncoated meat), edible coat of alginate meat (ECA), and ECA with thyme or garlic essential oils (0.05%) (THY and GAR). RESULTS The alginate-based edible coatings decreased exudative losses (P < 0.001) and modified color characteristics, especially increasing yellowness (P < 0.001) and chrome (P < 0.001). GAR decreased redness (P < 0.001) and the oxy/met ratio [R (630/580) wavelength light reflectance] or discoloration [R (630-580)]. THY was the treatment that best retained color during display and also showed a significantly lower lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) than CON and ECA, whereas GAR presented intermediate values. CONCLUSION The addition of bioactive essential oils to alginate-based edible coatings improved preservation and shelf life of lamb meat after thawing. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guerrero
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sofía Ferrero
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Barahona
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bruna Boito
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Lisbinski
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlos Sañudo
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón- IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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74
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Giordani C, Cappellacci L, Petrelli R, Canale A. Insecticidal activity of two essential oils used in perfumery (ylang ylang and frankincense). Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4746-4752. [PMID: 31965826 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1715403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, only a little part of essential oils produced at an industrial level is employed for insecticidal formulations, while thousand tons are used for perfumery purposes. This research explores the insecticidal potential of two essential oils largely used in perfumery, ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) and frankincense (Boswellia spp.) on three insects of economic importance, Culex quinquefasciatus, Musca domestica and Spodoptera littoralis, comparing their performances with a commercial pyrethrum extract. GC-MS showed that the ylang ylang and frankincense essential oils were mainly composed of α-thujene (73.8%), benzyl salicylate (24.4%) and linalool (21.9%), respectively. Ylang-ylang and frankincense essential oils showed significant insecticidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC50 < 70 ppm) and M. domestica adults (LD50 < 80 µg/female), respectively, while no relevant toxicity was detected on S. littoralis. As highly available from the fragrance industry, these essential oils may be further considered as promising ingredients to be used in botanical formulations against mosquitoes and houseflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Cristiano Giordani
- Grupo Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias; Instituto de Física, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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75
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Aziz AT, Alshehri MA, Alanazi NA, Panneerselvam C, Trivedi S, Maggi F, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S. Phytochemical analysis of Rhazya stricta extract and its use in fabrication of silver nanoparticles effective against mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134443. [PMID: 31655455 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, billions of people are at risk from viruses, parasites and bacteria transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, fleas and other vectors. Over exploitation of chemical pesticides to overcome the mosquito borne diseases led to detrimental effects on environment and human health. The present research aims to explore bio-fabrication of metal silver nanomaterials using Rhazya stricta extract against deadly mosquito vectors and microbial pathogens. The phytochemical profile of the R. stricta extracts was studied by HPLC-MS and 1H NMR. Further, confirmation of the bio-fabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy and characterization through FTIR, TEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. The R. stricta-fabricated AgNPs showed acute toxicity on key mosquito vectors from two different country (India and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA) strains, notably, with LC50 values of 10.57, 11.89 and 12.78 μg/ml on malarial, dengue and filarial key Indian strains of mosquito vectors, respectively, and 30.66 and 38.39 μg/ml on KSA strains of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens, respectively. In mosquito adulticidal activity, R. stricta extract alone exhibited LC50 values ranging from 304.34 to 382.45 μg/ml against Indian strains and from 738.733 to 886.886 against Saudi Arabian strains, while AgNPs LC50 boosted from 9.52 to 12.16 μg/ml and from 30.66 to 38.39 μg/ml, respectively. Moreover, it was noticed that at low concentration the tested AgNPs showed high growth retardation of important pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi with inhibition zone diameters from 11.86 to 22.92 mm. In conclusion, the present study highlighted that R. stricta-fabricated AgNPs could be a lead material for the management of mosquito vector and microbial pathogens control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Thabiani Aziz
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Naimah A Alanazi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Subrata Trivedi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- DAFNAE, Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- NPL Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 35121 Padova, Italy
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76
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Isman MB. Botanical Insecticides in the Twenty-First Century-Fulfilling Their Promise? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:233-249. [PMID: 31594414 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Academic interest in plant natural products with insecticidal properties has continued to grow in the past 20 years, while commercialization of new botanical insecticides and market expansion of existing botanicals has lagged considerably behind. Insecticides based on pyrethrum and neem (azadirachtin) continue to be standard bearers in this class of pesticides, but globally, their increased presence is largely a consequence of introduction into new jurisdictions. Insecticides based on plant essential oils are just beginning to emerge as useful plant protectants. Some countries (such as Turkey, Uruguay, the United Arab Emirates, and Australia) have relaxed regulatory requirements for specific plant extracts and oils, while in North America and the European Union, stricter requirements have slowed progress toward commercialization of new products. Botanicals are likely to remain niche products in many agricultural regions and may have the greatest impact in developing countries in tropical regions where the source plants are readily available and conventional products are both expensive and dangerous to users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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77
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Falkowski M, Jahn-Oyac A, Odonne G, Flora C, Estevez Y, Touré S, Boulogne I, Robinson JC, Béreau D, Petit P, Azam D, Coke M, Issaly J, Gaborit P, Stien D, Eparvier V, Dusfour I, Houël E. Towards the optimization of botanical insecticides research: Aedes aegypti larvicidal natural products in French Guiana. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105179. [PMID: 31539525 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have proven to be an immeasurable source of bioactive compounds. The exceptional biodiversity encountered in Amazonia, alongside a rich entomofauna and frequent interactions with various herbivores is the crucible of a promising chemodiversity. This prompted us to search for novel botanical insecticides in French Guiana. As this French overseas department faces severe issues linked to insects, notably the strong incidence of vector-borne infectious diseases, we decided to focus our research on products able to control the mosquito Aedes aegypti. We tested 452 extracts obtained from 85 species originating from 36 botanical families and collected in contrasted environments against an Ae. aegypti laboratory strain susceptible to all insecticides, and a natural population resistant to both pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides collected in Cayenne for the most active of them. Eight species (Maytenus oblongata Reissek, Celastraceae; Costus erythrothyrsus Loes., Costaceae; Humiria balsamifera Aubl., Humiriaceae; Sextonia rubra (Mez) van der Werff, Lauraceae; Piper hispidum Sw., Piperaceae; Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichl., Salicaceae; Matayba arborescens (Aubl.) Radlk., Sapindaceae; and Cupania scrobitulata Rich., Sapindaceae) led to extracts exhibiting more than 50% larval mortality after 48 h of exposition at 100 µg/mL against the natural population and were considered active. Selectivity and phytochemistry of these extracts were therefore investigated and discussed, and some active compounds highlighted. Multivariate analysis highlighted that solvents, plant tissues, plant family and location had a significant effect on mortality while light, available resources and vegetation type did not. Through this case study we highlighted that plant defensive chemistry mechanisms are crucial while searching for novel insecticidal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Falkowski
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Claudiane Flora
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Yannick Estevez
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France
| | - Seindé Touré
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France; Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France; Université de ROUEN, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale, UPRES-EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche « Normandie Végétal » FED 4277, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean-Charles Robinson
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Béreau
- Université de Guyane, Laboratoire COVAPAM, UMR QualiSud, Campus universitaire de Troubiran, BP 792, 97337 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Petit
- Université des Antilles, Campus de Fouillole, 97157 Pointe-à-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Didier Azam
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Maïra Coke
- Unité Expérimentale d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie Aquatique, INRA-U3E, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301, Université Paris Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Unité Contrôle et Adaptation des vecteurs, 23 avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306 Cayenne cedex, France; INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Groupe recherche en écologie microbienne, 531 boulevard des prairies, Laval H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
| | - Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, France.
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78
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Ali M, Ibrahim R, Alahmadi S, Alsharif SM, Mansour F, Elshazly H, Shawer D. Ovicidal, pupicidal and bactericidal effects of aminopyridinium-based ionic liquids on Culex pipiens and certain human pathogenic bacteria. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1836909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medhat Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, KSA
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda Ibrahim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, KSA
- Department of Economic Entomology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Saeed Alahmadi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, KSA
| | - Sultan M. Alsharif
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, KSA
| | - Fatimah Mansour
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Medina, KSA
| | - Hayam Elshazly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences & Arts – Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Dalia Shawer
- Department of Economic Entomology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Buccioni M, Palmieri A, Canale A, Benelli G. Outstanding insecticidal activity and sublethal effects of Carlina acaulis root essential oil on the housefly, Musca domestica, with insights on its toxicity on human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:111037. [PMID: 31816346 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carlina acaulis (Compositae) is traditionally used for food and medicinal purposes in central and southern Europe. Its root essential oil (EO), mainly composed by carlina oxide, is included in the BELFRIT botanical list of food supplements. It is also recognized as a potent mosquito larvicide. It is matter of concern whether this EO could be endowed with intrinsic toxicity to limit its use on a food level. Focusing on the insecticidal activity of this EO, we investigated the acute toxicity and sublethal effects on Musca domestica. In topical assays, the EO was extremely effective (LD50 = 2.74 and 5.96 μg fly-1, on males and females, respectively). The exposure to a sublethal dose (LD30) led to significant reductions of female longevity (LT50 = 6.7-9.0 days vs. control LT50 = 12.9-13.7 days). Treated females laid 2.5 times fewer eggs over control ones. F1 vitality decreased: F1 larvae and pupae showed high mortality, 2-4-fold higher over the control. The EO also showed high cytotoxicity on normal human fibroblasts (NHF-A12, IC50 = 9.4-14.2 μg mL-1 after 6-48 h). Overall, our findings support the employ of this EO for developing botanical insecticides. At the same time, they encourage food safety authorities to perform a full toxicological assessment for possible restrictions at food level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino n. 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino n. 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino n. 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Michela Buccioni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino n. 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino n. 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Together in the Fight against Arthropod-Borne Diseases: A One Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234876. [PMID: 31817032 PMCID: PMC6926610 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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81
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Zhao R, Wang R, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Wang L, Zhao F, Hassan B, Xu Y. Toxicity and repellency of two anthranilates against Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 2019; 200:105171. [PMID: 31521623 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Aedes albopictus Skuse to transmit several pathogens to humans makes it a very important mosquito with public health significance. Ecofriendly products as alternatives to synthetic chemicals for the control of mosquito vectors are needed. Therefore, the larvicidal and repellent effects of two nontoxic chemicals, butyl anthranilate (BA) and ethyl anthranilate (EA), at different concentrations were compared in A. albopictus. The repellency persistence of BA and three commercial mosquito repellent products (Liushen repellent spray, DKB Korean, Raid repellent spray) against A. albopictus was compared. The results showed that 0.1% concentrations of BA and EA solutions were highly toxic to A. albopictus larvae, and the mortality rate was >90% after 4 h of treatment. We found that BA was more repellent than EA, and at 0.1% BA and 1% EA, and the repellency rates were 53.62% and 38.47%, respectively. Overall, 5% BA presented a significantly longer repellency time than the three commercial repellent products against female A. albopictus. These results indicate that BA has significant larvicidal and repellent effects and can be exploited further for the development of ecofriendly alternatives to existing toxic chemicals currently used for mosquito control.
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Santos VSV, Pereira BB. Properties, toxicity and current applications of the biolarvicide spinosad. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 23:13-26. [PMID: 31709913 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1689878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterized as a highly valuable bioactive natural product, spinosad is a pesticide with a complex chemical structure, composed of spinosyn A and D, molecules synthesized by the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. The larvicidal activity of spinosad was postulated to be a promising approach to combat crop pests and control species responsible to transmit mosquito-borne illness, including Aedes aegypti. Although initially deemed as relatively safe for non-target organisms and highly effective against insects and crop pests, recent studies focused on the toxicity profile detected the occurrence of side effects in different living species. Thus, the present review was undertaken to describe the properties and characteristics of spinosad. In addition to indicating potential adverse effects on living organisms, alternative uses of the biopesticide as a mixture with different compounds are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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83
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Abinaya M, Rekha R, Sivakumar S, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Alobaidi AS, Al-Anbr MN, Vaseeharan B. Novel and Facile Synthesis of Sea Anemone Adhesive Protein-Coated ZnO Nanoparticles: Antioxidant, Antibiofilm, and Mosquito Larvicidal Activity Against Aedes aegypti. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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El-Mustapha L, Abderrafea E, Ayoub K, Abdelaziz A, El Hassan EM. Toxicity of essential oils obtained from Juniperus thurifera var. africana and Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija chemotypes against pre-adult stages of Hyalomma aegyptium tick (Acari: Ixodidae). Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2952-2957. [PMID: 31621402 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1677658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was undertaken to compare the acaricidal activity of two essential oil chemotypes obtained from Mint Timija (Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija (Briq.) Harley) and Incense Juniper (Juniperus thurifera var. africana Maire) against immature stages of Hyalomma aegyptium ticks. The results showed that both chemotypes obtained from the two species presented interesting acaricidal activity. The pulegone and menthone-rich chemotype of Mint Timija (CM1) presented the highest toxic activity, particularly against eggs (LD50 = 17.931 and LD90 = 36.547 ppm) and larvae (LD50 = 0.03 and LD90 = 2.29 ppm). While the piperitone-rich Mint Timija EO (CM2) presented the weakest activity (LD50 = 51.134 and LD90 = 83.663 ppm for eggs, LD50 = 7.84 and LD90 = 21.03 ppm for larvae). Regarding Incense Juniper, the two chemotypes presented relatively moderate activity, with that of sabinene-rich oil (CJ2) being the most effective against eggs (LD50 = 22.293 and LD90 = 53.112 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laghzaoui El-Mustapha
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamic, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Elbahi Abderrafea
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamic, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Kasrati Ayoub
- Biomolecule and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abbad Abdelaziz
- Biomolecule and Medicinal Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - El Mouden El Hassan
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamic, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Stepanycheva E, Petrova M, Chermenskaya T, Pavela R. Fumigant effect of essential oils on mortality and fertility of thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Perg. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30885-30892. [PMID: 31446593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Perg.) is one of the most economically important insect pests of greenhouse plants. Plant protection against this pest is based predominantly on synthetic insecticides; however, this form of protection poses problems in terms of thrip resistance to the active substances, along with health risks associated with insecticide residues on the treated plants. Therefore, new active substances need to be sought. Essential oils could be a new, appropriate, and safe alternative for greenhouse culture protection. As greenhouses are enclosed areas, fumigation application of EOs is possible. This paper presents acute toxicity results for 15 commercial EOs applied by fumigation, as well as the effect of sublethal concentrations on fertility of F. occidentalis females. The most efficient EOs were obtained from Mentha pulegium and Thymus mastichina, with LC50(90) estimated as 3.1(3.8) and 3.6 (4.6) mg L-1 air, respectively. As found for the very first time, sublethal concentrations of EOs could result in a significant reduction in the fertility of surviving T. occidentalis females. Among the tested EOs, the EO from Nepeta cataria provided the highest inhibition of fertility, with EC50(90) estimated as 0.18 (0.36) mg L-1 air. Chemical composition of the most efficient EOs and possible applications of the results in practice are discussed. In conclusion, in light of the newly determined facts, EOs can be recommended as active substances for botanical insecticides to be applied against Thysanopteran pests by fumigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stepanycheva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky sh. 3, St. Petersburg-, Pushkin, Russia, 196608
| | - Mariya Petrova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky sh. 3, St. Petersburg-, Pushkin, Russia, 196608
| | - Taisiya Chermenskaya
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelsky sh. 3, St. Petersburg-, Pushkin, Russia, 196608
| | - Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague, 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic.
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86
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Quassinti L, Maggi F, Ortolani F, Lupidi G, Petrelli D, Vitali LA, Miano A, Bramucci M. Exploring new applications of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.): leaf essential oil as apoptotic agent for human glioblastoma. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30485-30497. [PMID: 31444719 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae), also known as "tulip tree," is a hardwood plant native to North America, cultivated all over the world and used on an industrial level, especially for its fine wood and to make honey. It has also been traditionally exploited for its antimalarial properties. However, our knowledge about the bioactivity of its essential oil remains patchy. In this research, we focused on the biological evaluation of the volatile fractions obtained from different parts of the plant which are normally discharged by industry, including leaves, flowers, and fruits. For the purpose, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then, they were evaluated as radical scavenging, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative agents by using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, disk diffusion, and MTT methods, respectively. The significant toxicity exhibited on human tumor cells, namely A375 malignant melanoma, HCT116 colon carcinoma, MDA-MB 231 breast adenocarcinoma, and T98G glioblastoma multiforme cell lines, prompted us to study the mechanism of action by acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining and caspase 3 assays. Our findings shed light on the potential applications of tulip tree derivatives as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | | | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dezemona Petrelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca A Vitali
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Antonino Miano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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87
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Benelli G. Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one): a novel and eco-friendly aphicide. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1566-1571. [PMID: 31507220 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1660334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a phenolic compound derived from the shikimate pathway and synthesized by various medicinal and aromatic plants as parent molecule of a large group of secondary metabolites, namely coumarins. Its main utilization is as fixative in perfumes and flavour enhancer. Given its role as phytoalexin and phagodepression activity, herein we evaluated for the first time its efficacy against several insect species: the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, the moth Spodoptera littoralis, the housefly, Musca domestica and the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Two non-target species were also included in our toxicity evaluation experiments: the ladybug Harmonia axyridis and the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Results highlighted remarkable selectivity of coumarin, being highly toxic to M. persicae aphids (LC50(90) values of 1.3(1.9) mg L-1) and friendly to natural enemies of aphids as well as soil invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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88
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Youssefi MR, Tabari MA, Esfandiari A, Kazemi S, Moghadamnia AA, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S, Benelli G, Maggi F. Efficacy of Two Monoterpenoids, Carvacrol and Thymol, and Their Combinations against Eggs and Larvae of the West Nile Vector Culex pipiens. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101867. [PMID: 31096594 PMCID: PMC6572342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Insect vector control is facing the challenges of resistance development and environmental hazards caused by synthetic pesticides. This has led to a considerable market opportunity for botanical insecticides. In this scenario, our study investigated the potential of selected bioactive monoterpenoids, carvacrol and thymol, as safe and effective tools to control the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Furthermore, the combined effect of thymol-carvacrol mixtures and their possible interactions were assessed. Methods: For determining larvicidal and ovicidal 50% lethal concentration (LC50), each monoterpenoid was tested at different concentrations (5–500 mg/L). Then, the fixed ratio method was used for evaluating their combinational efficacy. Results: Carvacrol was more toxic against larvae of Cx. pipiens, with a LC50 value of 14 mg/L, whereas thymol exhibited a LC50 value of 49 mg/L. Comparable trends of efficacy were observed when toxicity on Cx. pipiens eggs was investigated, with LC50 values of 7 and 13 mg/L for carvacrol and thymol, respectively. In combinational toxicity assays, the mixture thymol-carvacrol at 1:4 ratio achieved a synergistic effect against larvae of Cx. pipiens, whereas an additive effect was observed on eggs. Other ratios showed antagonistic effects. Conclusions: Overall, our findings pointed out that the 1:4 ratio of thymol-carvacrol blend can enhance the insecticidal efficacy on Cx. pipiens young instars and can be considered further as active ingredient for developing botanical insecticides to be used in mosquito control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol-Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol 484, Iran.
| | | | - Aryan Esfandiari
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol 484, Iran.
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran.
| | - Ali Akbar Moghadamnia
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, Iran.
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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89
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Cao Y, Benelli G, Germinara GS, Maggi F, Zhang Y, Luo S, Yang H, Li C. Innate positive chemotaxis to paeonal from highly attractive Chinese medicinal herbs in the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6995. [PMID: 31061503 PMCID: PMC6502792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasioderma serricorne, also known as cigarette beetle, can exploit a wide variety of stored materials as foods, but it is particularly common on tobacco and herbs. This beetle is a dominant pest species of stored Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) causing high economic damages, making effective control strategies urgently needed. Behavioural manipulation is an important component of Integrated Pest Management. To the best of our knowledge, plant-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have never been explored to develop lures for managing L. serricorne. In this study, the behavioural responses of L. serricorne to VOCs from four selected CMMs (Euphorbia kansui, Aconitum carmichaelii, Eucommia ulmoides and Pinellia ternata) were studied and their components analysed. Then, the olfactory responses of L. serricorne to the most abundant VOC identified in the preferred CMM, i.e., paeonal, was tested. L. serricorne showed significant differences in its preferences for the VOCs from the four CMMs, i.e, E. kansui > A. carmichaelii > E. ulmoides > P. ternata. From the VOCs of E. kansui, A. carmichaelii, E. ulmoides, and P. ternata, 77, 74, 56, and 81 molecules, were identified, respectively. Paeonal (23.5%), junipene (17.2%), hexanal (17.1%), and benzeneacetonitrile (14.0%) were the most abundant, respectively. Since paeonal dominated the VOC spectrum of the most preferred CMM, this compound was selected for further studies. L. serricorne showed significant positive responses to paeonal tested at various doses, with the most attractive ones being 100 μg and 500 μg. Our findings shed light on the olfactory cues routing the food searching behaviour in the cigarette beetle, providing important information on how L. serricorne targets particular CMMs. The high attractiveness of paeonal at low doses tested here may be exploited further to develop novel monitoring and control tools (e.g., lure-and-kill strategies) against this important stored product pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, P.R. China
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacinto Salvatore Germinara
- Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Yuanjie Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, P.R. China
| | - Shuangli Luo
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, P.R. China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550005, P.R. China.
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90
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Michaelakis A, Papachristos DP, Rumbos CI, Benelli G, Athanassiou CG. Larvicidal activity of spinosad and its impact on oviposition preferences of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens biotype molestus - A comparison with a chitin synthesis inhibitor. Parasitol Int 2019; 74:101917. [PMID: 31004804 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the larvicidal activity of ageing aqueous suspensions of spinosad against larvae of Culex pipiens biotype molestus, as well as their effect on the oviposition preferences of adult gravid females were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Spinosad was applied at its label dose and the aqueous stock suspensions were stored for various ageing intervals up to 38 days. Untreated distilled water and diflubenzuron served as negative and positive control, respectively. Stock suspensions were taken after 0, 2, 6, 8, 16, 30 and 38 days of storage for diflubenzuron and after 0, 2, 6, 8, 20 and 27 days for spinosad, and were used for the bioassays. Furthermore, the effect of spinosad on the oviposition response of Cx. p. biotype molestus gravid females was investigated in two-choice oviposition preference bioassays. Spinosad was evaluated at half of its label dose and at its label dose, whereas diflubenzuron and distilled water served as positive and negative control, respectively. Results showed that both insecticides were found highly effective for the control of Cx. p. biotype molestus larvae, for ageing intervals up to 27 and 38 days for spinosad and diflubenzuron, respectively. Spinosad acted immediately after the preparation of the insecticidal solution (LT50 = 1.5 h), whereas for aged samples, LT50 values increased with the increase of the ageing interval (LT50 = 5 days for the 27 days old sample). For diflubenzuron, ageing time increased its insecticidal activity, as for aged diflubenzuron-treated solutions, lower LT50 values were achieved. In the oviposition preference bioassays, significantly fewer egg rafts were laid in water treated with spinosad at its label dose compared to control. However, this was not the case for water treated with spinosad at half of its label dose. Oviposition Activity Index (OAI) values were always comprised between -0.3 and 0.3, showing no relevant oviposition deterrence or attraction. The results of the present study contribute to our understanding of the effect of ageing on insecticidal solutions widely used in urban areas to control Cx. p. biotype molestus. Although an important vector of high public health importance, Cx. p. biotype molestus has been scarcely studied as target of environmentally and toxicologically reduced risk insecticides, such as spinosad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Michaelakis
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Str. 14561 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Papachristos
- Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 S. Delta Str. 14561 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, N. Ionia, Magnesia, Greece.
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91
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Scalvenzi L, Radice M, Toma L, Severini F, Boccolini D, Bella A, Guerrini A, Tacchini M, Sacchetti G, Chiurato M, Romi R, Di Luca M. Larvicidal activity of Ocimum campechianum, Ocotea quixos and Piper aduncum essential oils against Aedes aegypti. Parasite 2019; 26:23. [PMID: 30994444 PMCID: PMC6469466 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector of the Yellow fever, Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Preventive control efforts have been implemented worldwide aimed at reducing its impact on human health. The recent reduction of chemicals available for vector control due to their negative impact on the environment and human health and the increase in mosquito resistance to insecticides have driven the research community to identify and evaluate sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides. In this study, the potential larvicidal effect of essential oils extracted from Ocimum campechianum, Ocotea quixos and Piper aduncum were tested in vitro. GC and GC-MS analyses showed that the main compounds were eugenol (18%), 1,8-cineole (39%) and dillapiole (48%), respectively. Susceptibility to essential oils was measured according to the WHO protocol. After 24 h, the mean percentage mortality ranged from 2.7 to 100% for P. aduncum, from 2.2 to 100% for O. campechianum, and from 2.9 to 100% for O. quixos. The highest potential was displayed by P. aduncum, followed by O. campechianum and O. quixos, with LC50 values of 25.7, 69.3 and 75.5 ppm, respectively. The rapid and effective larvicidal activity of these three oils led us to consider these results to be promising, also considering the possibility of local cultivation of these plants in tropical and subtropical areas and the simple technology for their large-scale preparation and production. Further studies are needed to evaluate the individual components and their activity as larvicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scalvenzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, Universidad Estatal Amazónica Km 2½ Via Puyo-Tena 160150 Puyo Ecuador
| | - Matteo Radice
- Department of Earth Sciences, Universidad Estatal Amazónica Km 2½ Via Puyo-Tena 160150 Puyo Ecuador
| | - Luciano Toma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Antonino Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Alessandra Guerrini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara P.le Chiappini, 3, Malborghetto di Boara 44123 Ferrara Italy
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara P.le Chiappini, 3, Malborghetto di Boara 44123 Ferrara Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara P.le Chiappini, 3, Malborghetto di Boara 44123 Ferrara Italy
| | - Matteo Chiurato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara P.le Chiappini, 3, Malborghetto di Boara 44123 Ferrara Italy
| | - Roberto Romi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS) V.le Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
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92
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Pavela R, Benelli G, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Lupidi G, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S, Maggi F. Exploring the Insecticidal Potential of Boldo ( Peumus boldus) Essential Oil: Toxicity to Pests and Vectors and Non-target Impact on the Microcrustacean Daphnia magna. Molecules 2019; 24:E879. [PMID: 30832296 PMCID: PMC6429277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year Chile exports about 2000 tons of boldo folium (Peumus boldus), which is used around the world as a traditional herbal medicinal product (THMP), mostly to relieve gastrointestinal disorders. This biomass may be a resource for the agrochemical industry to manufacture botanical insecticides. In this regard, the insecticidal potential of boldo has been poorly investigated. In the present work, hydrodistillation of a commercial boldo folium gave 1.5% (w/w) of a yellowish essential oil (boldo essential oil, BEO) containing 1,8-cineole (20.7%), p-cymene (18.5%), limonene (9.1%), ascaridole (9.1%) and β-phellandrene (6.4%) as the main constituents, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NMR analysis allowed us to determine that ascaridole was mainly represented by the cis-isomer. BEO was toxic to larvae of the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and adults of the housefly Musca domestica, showing LC50/LD50 values of 67.9 mg·L-1 and 98.5 µg·adult-1, respectively. On the other hand, lower insecticidal activity was observed against larvae of the moth pest Spodoptera littoralis (LD50 of 268.9 µg·larva-1). It is worth noting that, when tested at LC90 concentration, BEO was significantly less toxic to aquatic microcrustacean Daphnia magna than the conventional insecticide α-cypermethrin. Finally, in the attempt to explore the BEO mode of action, we tested it for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory properties using the Ellman method, obtaining negligible effects (IC50 = 0.45 mg·mL-1). Taken together, these results gave new insights into the potential of BEO as a future ingredient of botanical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino Italy.
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino Italy.
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino Italy.
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Agripolis Campus, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino Italy.
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