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Ruan WC, Wang J, Yu YL, Che YP, Ding L, Li CX, Wang XD, Li HF. Novel variants in AP4B1 cause spastic tetraplegia, moderate psychomotor development delay and febrile seizures in a Chinese patient: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:51. [PMID: 32171285 PMCID: PMC7071676 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-0988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The AP4B1 gene encodes a subunit of adaptor protein complex-4 (AP4), a component of intracellular transportation of proteins which plays important roles in neurons. Bi-allelic mutations in AP4B1 cause autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia-47(SPG47). Case presentation Here we present a Chinese patient with spastic tetraplegia, moderate psychomotor development delay and febrile seizures plus. Brain MRIs showed dilated supratentorial ventricle, thin posterior and splenium part of corpus callosum. The patient had little progress through medical treatments and rehabilitating regimens. Whole exome sequencing identified novel compound heterozygous truncating variants c.1207C > T (p.Gln403*) and c.52_53delAC (p.Cys18Glnfs*7) in AP4B1 gene. Causal mutations in AP4B1 have been reported in 29 individuals from 22 families so far, most of which are homozygous mutations. Conclusions Our study enriched the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of SPG47. Early discovery, diagnosis and proper treatment on the conditions generally increase chances of improvement on the quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cong Ruan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Cipher Gene, LLC, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yong-Lin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China
| | - Yue-Ping Che
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China
| | - Chen-Xi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China
| | | | - Hai-Feng Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310052, China.
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52
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Ivankovic D, Drew J, Lesept F, White IJ, López Doménech G, Tooze SA, Kittler JT. Axonal autophagosome maturation defect through failure of ATG9A sorting underpins pathology in AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Autophagy 2020; 16:391-407. [PMID: 31142229 PMCID: PMC6999640 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1615302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate key sorting decisions in the cell through selective incorporation of transmembrane proteins into vesicles. Little is known of the roles of AP-4, despite its loss of function leading to a severe early onset neurological disorder, AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Here we demonstrate an AP-4 epsilon subunit knockout mouse model that recapitulates characteristic neuroanatomical phenotypes of AP-4 deficiency patients. We show that ATG9A, critical for autophagosome biogenesis, is an AP-4 cargo, which is retained within the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in vivo and in culture when AP-4 function is lost. TGN retention results in depletion of axonal ATG9A, leading to defective autophagosome generation and aberrant expansions of the distal axon. The reduction in the capacity to generate axonal autophagosomes leads to defective axonal extension and de novo generation of distal axonal swellings containing accumulated ER, underlying the impaired axonal integrity in AP-4 deficiency syndrome.Abbreviations: AP: adaptor protein; AP4B1: adaptor-related protein complex AP-4, beta 1; AP4E1: adaptor-related protein complex AP-4, epsilon 1; ATG: autophagy-related; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GOLGA1/Golgin-97/GOLG97: golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 1; GOLGA2/GM130: golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 2; HSP: hereditary spastic paraplegia; LC3/MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; MAPK8IP1/JIP1: mitogen-acitvated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1; NEFH/NF200: neurofilament, heavy polypeptide; RBFOX3/NeuN (RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog [C. elegans] 3); SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGN: trans-Golgi network; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Drew
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Behne R, Teinert J, Wimmer M, D’Amore A, Davies AK, Scarrott JM, Eberhardt K, Brechmann B, Chen IPF, Buttermore ED, Barrett L, Dwyer S, Chen T, Hirst J, Wiesener A, Segal D, Martinuzzi A, Duarte ST, Bennett JT, Bourinaris T, Houlden H, Roubertie A, Santorelli FM, Robinson M, Azzouz M, Lipton JO, Borner GHH, Sahin M, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D. Adaptor protein complex 4 deficiency: a paradigm of childhood-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia caused by defective protein trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:320-334. [PMID: 31915823 PMCID: PMC7001721 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) leads to childhood-onset hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP): SPG47 (AP4B1), SPG50 (AP4M1), SPG51 (AP4E1) and SPG52 (AP4S1). This study aims to evaluate the impact of loss-of-function variants in AP-4 subunits on intracellular protein trafficking using patient-derived cells. We investigated 15 patient-derived fibroblast lines and generated six lines of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons covering a wide range of AP-4 variants. All patient-derived fibroblasts showed reduced levels of the AP4E1 subunit, a surrogate for levels of the AP-4 complex. The autophagy protein ATG9A accumulated in the trans-Golgi network and was depleted from peripheral compartments. Western blot analysis demonstrated a 3-5-fold increase in ATG9A expression in patient lines. ATG9A was redistributed upon re-expression of AP4B1 arguing that mistrafficking of ATG9A is AP-4-dependent. Examining the downstream effects of ATG9A mislocalization, we found that autophagic flux was intact in patient-derived fibroblasts both under nutrient-rich conditions and when autophagy is stimulated. Mitochondrial metabolism and intracellular iron content remained unchanged. In iPSC-derived cortical neurons from patients with AP4B1-associated SPG47, AP-4 subunit levels were reduced while ATG9A accumulated in the trans-Golgi network. Levels of the autophagy marker LC3-II were reduced, suggesting a neuron-specific alteration in autophagosome turnover. Neurite outgrowth and branching were reduced in AP-4-HSP neurons pointing to a role of AP-4-mediated protein trafficking in neuronal development. Collectively, our results establish ATG9A mislocalization as a key marker of AP-4 deficiency in patient-derived cells, including the first human neuron model of AP-4-HSP, which will aid diagnostic and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Behne
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Teinert
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Wimmer
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Angelica D’Amore
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56018 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexandra K Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joseph M Scarrott
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Kathrin Eberhardt
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Barbara Brechmann
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivy Pin-Fang Chen
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lee Barrett
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean Dwyer
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Teresa Chen
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Antje Wiesener
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Devorah Segal
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY 10021, USA
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Unità Operativa Conegliano, 31015 Treviso, Italy
| | - Sofia T Duarte
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, 1169-050 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - James T Bennett
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Thomas Bourinaris
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | - Margaret Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mimoun Azzouz
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Jonathan O Lipton
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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54
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Gu S, Chen CA, Rosenfeld JA, Cope H, Launay N, Flanigan KM, Waldrop MA, Schrader R, Juusola J, Goker-Alpan O, Milunsky A, Schlüter A, Troncoso M, Pujol A, Tan QKG, Schaaf CP, Meng L. Truncating variants in UBAP1 associated with childhood-onset nonsyndromic hereditary spastic paraplegia. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:632-640. [PMID: 31696996 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of disorders with predominant symptoms of lower-extremity weakness and spasticity. Despite the delineation of numerous genetic causes of HSP, a significant portion of individuals with HSP remain molecularly undiagnosed. Through exome sequencing, we identified five unrelated families with childhood-onset nonsyndromic HSP, all presenting with progressive spastic gait, leg clonus, and toe walking starting from 7 to 8 years old. A recurrent two-base pair deletion (c.426_427delGA, p.K143Sfs*15) in the UBAP1 gene was found in four families, and a similar variant (c.475_476delTT, p.F159*) was detected in a fifth family. The variant was confirmed to be de novo in two families and inherited from an affected parent in two other families. RNA studies performed in lymphocytes from one patient with the de novo c.426_427delGA variant demonstrated escape of nonsense-mediated decay of the UBAP1 mutant transcript, suggesting the generation of a truncated protein. Both variants identified in this study are predicted to result in truncated proteins losing the capacity of binding to ubiquitinated proteins, hence appearing to exhibit a dominant-negative effect on the normal function of the endosome-specific endosomal sorting complexes required for the transport-I complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Heidi Cope
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin M Flanigan
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Megan A Waldrop
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rachel Schrader
- Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Aubrey Milunsky
- Center for Human Genetics and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Troncoso
- Child Neurology Service, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Queenie K-G Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Linyan Meng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas
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55
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Recessive Mutations in AP1B1 Cause Ichthyosis, Deafness, and Photophobia. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:1023-1029. [PMID: 31630788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe unrelated individuals with ichthyosis, failure to thrive, thrombocytopenia, photophobia, and progressive hearing loss. Each have bi-allelic mutations in AP1B1, the gene encoding the β subunit of heterotetrameric adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complexes, which mediate endomembrane polarization, sorting, and transport. In affected keratinocytes the AP-1 β subunit is lost, and the γ subunit is greatly reduced, demonstrating destabilization of the AP-1 complex. Affected cells and tissue contain an abundance of abnormal vesicles and show hyperproliferation, abnormal epidermal differentiation, and derangement of intercellular junction proteins. Transduction of affected cells with wild-type AP1B1 rescues the vesicular phenotype, conclusively establishing that loss of AP1B1 function causes this disorder.
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56
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van Eyk CL, Corbett MA, Frank MSB, Webber DL, Newman M, Berry JG, Harper K, Haines BP, McMichael G, Woenig JA, MacLennan AH, Gecz J. Targeted resequencing identifies genes with recurrent variation in cerebral palsy. NPJ Genom Med 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31700678 PMCID: PMC6828700 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-019-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points to a considerable and heterogeneous genetic aetiology of cerebral palsy (CP). To identify recurrently variant CP genes, we designed a custom gene panel of 112 candidate genes. We tested 366 clinically unselected singleton cases with CP, including 271 cases not previously examined using next-generation sequencing technologies. Overall, 5.2% of the naïve cases (14/271) harboured a genetic variant of clinical significance in a known disease gene, with a further 4.8% of individuals (13/271) having a variant in a candidate gene classified as intolerant to variation. In the aggregate cohort of individuals from this study and our previous genomic investigations, six recurrently hit genes contributed at least 4% of disease burden to CP: COL4A1, TUBA1A, AGAP1, L1CAM, MAOB and KIF1A. Significance of Rare VAriants (SORVA) burden analysis identified four genes with a genome-wide significant burden of variants, AGAP1, ERLIN1, ZDHHC9 and PROC, of which we functionally assessed AGAP1 using a zebrafish model. Our investigations reinforce that CP is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with known as well as novel genetic determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L van Eyk
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - M A Corbett
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - M S B Frank
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - D L Webber
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - M Newman
- 3Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - J G Berry
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - K Harper
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - B P Haines
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - G McMichael
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - J A Woenig
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - A H MacLennan
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - J Gecz
- 1Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia.,4South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
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57
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McCullough CG, Szelinger S, Belnap N, Ramsey K, Schrauwen I, Claasen AM, Burke LW, Siniard AL, Huentelman MJ, Narayanan V, Craig DW. Utilizing RNA and outlier analysis to identify an intronic splice-altering variant in AP4S1 in a sibling pair with progressive spastic paraplegia. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:412-419. [PMID: 31660686 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a likely pathogenic splice-altering AP4S1 intronic variant in two sisters with progressive spastic paraplegia, global developmental delay, shy character, and foot deformities. Sequencing was completed on whole-blood messenger RNA (mRNA) and analyzed for gene expression outliers after exome sequencing analysis failed to identify a causative variant. AP4S1 was identified as an outlier and contained a rare homozygous variant located three bases upstream of exon 5 (NC_000014.8(NM_007077.4):c.295-3C>A). Confirmed by additional RNA-seq, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Sanger sequencing, this variant corresponded with exon 5, including skipping, altered isoform usage, and loss of expression from the canonical isoform 2 (NM_001128126.3). Previously, loss-of-function variants within AP4S1 were associated with a quadriplegic cerebral palsy-6 phenotype, AP-4 Deficiency Syndrome. In this study, the inclusion of mRNA-seq allowed for the identification of a previously missed splice-altering variant, and thereby expands the mutational spectrum of AP-4 Deficiency Syndrome to include impacts to some tissue-dependent isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel G McCullough
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Szabolcs Szelinger
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Newell Belnap
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Keri Ramsey
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ana M Claasen
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Leah W Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ashley L Siniard
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David W Craig
- Department of Translational Genomics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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58
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Sanger A, Hirst J, Davies AK, Robinson MS. Adaptor protein complexes and disease at a glance. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/20/jcs222992. [PMID: 31636158 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are heterotetramers that select cargo for inclusion into transport vesicles. Five AP complexes (AP-1 to AP-5) have been described, each with a distinct localisation and function. Furthermore, patients with a range of disorders, particularly involving the nervous system, have now been identified with mutations in each of the AP complexes. In many cases this has been correlated with aberrantly localised membrane proteins. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize what is known about the five AP complexes and discuss how this helps to explain the clinical features of the different genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneri Sanger
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Alexandra K Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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59
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Abstract
Protein coats are supramolecular complexes that assemble on the cytosolic face of membranes to promote cargo sorting and transport carrier formation in the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. Several types of protein coats have been described, including COPI, COPII, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, AP-4, AP-5, and retromer, which operate at different stages of the endomembrane system. Defects in these coats impair specific transport pathways, compromising the function and viability of the cells. In humans, mutations in subunits of these coats cause various congenital diseases that are collectively referred to as coatopathies. In this article, we review the fundamental properties of protein coats and the diseases that result from mutation of their constituent subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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60
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Cargo Sorting at the trans-Golgi Network for Shunting into Specific Transport Routes: Role of Arf Small G Proteins and Adaptor Complexes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060531. [PMID: 31163688 PMCID: PMC6627992 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is responsible for selectively recruiting newly synthesized cargo into transport carriers for delivery to their appropriate destination. In addition, the TGN is responsible for receiving and recycling cargo from endosomes. The membrane organization of the TGN facilitates the sorting of cargoes into distinct populations of transport vesicles. There have been significant advances in defining the molecular mechanism involved in the recognition of membrane cargoes for recruitment into different populations of transport carriers. This machinery includes cargo adaptors of the adaptor protein (AP) complex family, and monomeric Golgi-localized γ ear-containing Arf-binding protein (GGA) family, small G proteins, coat proteins, as well as accessory factors to promote budding and fission of transport vesicles. Here, we review this literature with a particular focus on the transport pathway(s) mediated by the individual cargo adaptors and the cargo motifs recognized by these adaptors. Defects in these cargo adaptors lead to a wide variety of diseases.
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Rasika S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. Golgipathies in Neurodevelopment: A New View of Old Defects. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:396-416. [PMID: 30878996 DOI: 10.1159/000497035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is involved in a whole spectrum of activities, from lipid biosynthesis and membrane secretion to the posttranslational processing and trafficking of most proteins, the control of mitosis, cell polarity, migration and morphogenesis, and diverse processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the stress response. In keeping with its versatility, mutations in GA proteins lead to a number of different disorders, including syndromes with multisystem involvement. Intriguingly, however, > 40% of the GA-related genes known to be associated with disease affect the central or peripheral nervous system, highlighting the critical importance of the GA for neural function. We have previously proposed the term "Golgipathies" in relation to a group of disorders in which mutations in GA proteins or their molecular partners lead to consequences for brain development, in particular postnatal-onset microcephaly (POM), white-matter defects, and intellectual disability (ID). Here, taking into account the broader role of the GA in the nervous system, we refine and enlarge this emerging concept to include other disorders whose symptoms may be indicative of altered neurodevelopmental processes, from neurogenesis to neuronal migration and the secretory function critical for the maturation of postmitotic neurons and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,
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Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation Disorders: Valuable Models Aimed at Understanding the Pathogenesis of Iron Deposition. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010027. [PMID: 30744104 PMCID: PMC6469182 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) is a set of neurodegenerative disorders, which includes very rare monogenetic diseases. They are heterogeneous in regard to the onset and the clinical symptoms, while the have in common a specific brain iron deposition in the region of the basal ganglia that can be visualized by radiological and histopathological examinations. Nowadays, 15 genes have been identified as causative for NBIA, of which only two code for iron-proteins, while all the other causative genes codify for proteins not involved in iron management. Thus, how iron participates to the pathogenetic mechanism of most NBIA remains unclear, essentially for the lack of experimental models that fully recapitulate the human phenotype. In this review we reported the recent data on new models of these disorders aimed at highlight the still scarce knowledge of the pathogenesis of iron deposition.
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63
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Tan JZA, Gleeson PA. The trans-Golgi network is a major site for α-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein in primary neurons. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1618-1631. [PMID: 30545942 PMCID: PMC6364769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is processed along the amyloidogenic pathway by the β-secretase, BACE1, generating β-amyloid (Aβ), or along the nonamyloidogenic pathway by α-secretase, precluding Aβ production. The plasma membrane is considered the major site for α-secretase-mediated APP cleavage, but other cellular locations have not been rigorously investigated. Here, we report that APP is processed by endogenous α-secretase at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of both transfected HeLa cells and mouse primary neurons. We have previously shown the adaptor protein complex, AP-4, and small G protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 5b (Arl5b) are required for efficient post-Golgi transport of APP to endosomes. We found here that AP-4 or Arl5b depletion results in Golgi accumulation of APP and increased secretion of the soluble α-secretase cleavage product sAPPα. Moreover, inhibition of γ-secretase following APP accumulation in the TGN increases the levels of the membrane-bound C-terminal fragments of APP from both α-secretase cleavage (α-CTF, named C83 according to its band size) and BACE1 cleavage (β-CTF/C99). The level of C83 was ∼4 times higher than that of C99, indicating that α-secretase processing is the major pathway and that BACE1 processing is the minor pathway in the TGN. AP-4 silencing in mouse primary neurons also resulted in the accumulation of endogenous APP in the TGN and enhanced α-secretase processing. These findings identify the TGN as a major site for α-secretase processing in HeLa cells and primary neurons and indicate that both APP processing pathways can occur within the TGN compartment along the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhi A Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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64
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Corbett MA, van Eyk CL, Webber DL, Bent SJ, Newman M, Harper K, Berry JG, Azmanov DN, Woodward KJ, Gardner AE, Slee J, Pérez-Jurado LA, MacLennan AH, Gecz J. Pathogenic copy number variants that affect gene expression contribute to genomic burden in cerebral palsy. NPJ Genom Med 2018; 3:33. [PMID: 30564460 PMCID: PMC6294788 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-018-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most frequent movement disorder of childhood affecting 1 in 500 live births in developed countries. We previously identified likely pathogenic de novo or inherited single nucleotide variants (SNV) in 14% (14/98) of trios by exome sequencing and a further 5% (9/182) from evidence of outlier gene expression using RNA sequencing. Here, we detected copy number variants (CNV) from exomes of 186 unrelated individuals with CP (including our original 98 trios) using the CoNIFER algorithm. CNV were validated with Illumina 850 K SNP arrays and compared with RNA-Seq outlier gene expression analysis from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). Gene expression was highly correlated with gene dosage effect. We resolved an additional 3.7% (7/186) of this cohort with pathogenic or likely pathogenic CNV while a further 7.7% (14/186) had CNV of uncertain significance. We identified recurrent genomic rearrangements previously associated with CP due to 2p25.3 deletion, 22q11.2 deletions and duplications and Xp monosomy. We also discovered a deletion of a single gene, PDCD6IP, and performed additional zebrafish model studies to support its single allele loss in CP aetiology. Combined SNV and CNV analysis revealed pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants in 22.7% of unselected individuals with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Corbett
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Clare L. van Eyk
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Dani L. Webber
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Stephen J. Bent
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Brisbane, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Kelly Harper
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Jesia G. Berry
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Dimitar N. Azmanov
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, PathWest, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Karen J. Woodward
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, PathWest, Nedlands, WA 6009 Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alison E. Gardner
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Jennie Slee
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008 Australia
| | - Luís A. Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003 Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, 08003 Spain
- SA Clinical Genetics, Women’s and Children’s Hospital & University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5006 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Alastair H. MacLennan
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Robinson Research Institute & Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000 Australia
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65
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Horowitz B, Javitt G, Ilani T, Gat Y, Morgenstern D, Bard FA, Fass D. Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) glycosite mutation perturbs secretion but not Golgi localization. Glycobiology 2018; 28:580-591. [PMID: 29757379 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (QSOX1) catalyzes the formation of disulfide bonds in protein substrates. Unlike other enzymes with related activities, which are commonly found in the endoplasmic reticulum, QSOX1 is localized to the Golgi apparatus or secreted. QSOX1 is upregulated in quiescent fibroblast cells and secreted into the extracellular environment, where it contributes to extracellular matrix assembly. QSOX1 is also upregulated in adenocarcinomas, though the extent to which it is secreted in this context is currently unknown. To achieve a better understanding of factors that dictate QSOX1 localization and function, we aimed to determine how post-translational modifications affect QSOX1 trafficking and activity. We found a highly conserved N-linked glycosylation site to be required for QSOX1 secretion from fibroblasts and other cell types. Notably, QSOX1 lacking a glycan at this site arrives at the Golgi, suggesting that it passes endoplasmic reticulum quality control but is not further transported to the cell surface for secretion. The QSOX1 transmembrane segment is dispensable for Golgi localization and secretion, as fully luminal and transmembrane variants displayed the same trafficking behavior. This study provides a key example of the effect of glycosylation on Golgi exit and contributes to an understanding of late secretory sorting and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Horowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabriel Javitt
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Ilani
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Gat
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Morgenstern
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frederic A Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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66
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Cortès-Saladelafont E, Lipstein N, García-Cazorla À. Presynaptic disorders: a clinical and pathophysiological approach focused on the synaptic vesicle. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1131-1145. [PMID: 30022305 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to present a tentative clinical and pathophysiological approach to diseases affecting the neuronal presynaptic terminal, with a major focus on synaptic vesicles (SVs). Diseases are classified depending on which step of the neurobiology of the SV is predominantly affected: (1) biogenesis of vesicle precursors in the neuronal soma; (2) transport along the axon; (3) vesicle cycle at the presynaptic terminal (exocytosis-endocytosis cycle, with the main purpose of neurotransmitter release). Given that SVs have been defined as individual organelles, we highlight the link between the biological processes disturbed by genetic mutations and the clinical presentation of these disorders. The great majority of diseases may present as epileptic encephalopathies, intellectual disability (syndromic or nonsyndromic) with/without autism spectrum disorder (and other neuropsychiatric symptoms), and movement disorders. These symptoms may overlap and present in patients as a combination of clinical signs that results in the spectrum of the synaptopathies. A small number of diseases may also exhibit neuromuscular signs. In general, SV disorders tend to be severe, early encephalopathies that interfere with neurodevelopment. As a consequence, developmental delay and intellectual disability are constant in almost all the defects described. Considering that some of these diseases might mimic other neurometabolic conditions (and in particular treatable disorders), an initial extensive metabolic workup should always be considered. Further knowledge into pathophysiological mechanisms and biomarkers, as well as descriptions of new presynaptic disorders, will probably take place in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Cortès-Saladelafont
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
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67
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Hebbar M, Shukla A, Nampoothiri S, Bielas S, Girisha KM. Locus and allelic heterogeneity in five families with hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Hum Genet 2018; 64:17-21. [PMID: 30337681 PMCID: PMC6344291 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are a group of genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs. We ascertained five families with eight individuals with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Pathogenic variants were identified by exome sequencing of index cases. The cohort consists of three families with spastic paraplegia type 47 (AP4B1) with a common mutation in two families, a family with spastic paraplegia type 50 (AP4M1), and two male siblings with X-linked spastic paraplegia 2 (PLP1). This work illustrates locus and allelic heterogeneity in five families with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Hebbar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Ponekkara, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Stephanie Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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68
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Davies AK, Itzhak DN, Edgar JR, Archuleta TL, Hirst J, Jackson LP, Robinson MS, Borner GHH. AP-4 vesicles contribute to spatial control of autophagy via RUSC-dependent peripheral delivery of ATG9A. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3958. [PMID: 30262884 PMCID: PMC6160451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) is an ancient membrane trafficking complex, whose function has largely remained elusive. In humans, AP-4 deficiency causes a severe neurological disorder of unknown aetiology. We apply unbiased proteomic methods, including 'Dynamic Organellar Maps', to find proteins whose subcellular localisation depends on AP-4. We identify three transmembrane cargo proteins, ATG9A, SERINC1 and SERINC3, and two AP-4 accessory proteins, RUSC1 and RUSC2. We demonstrate that AP-4 deficiency causes missorting of ATG9A in diverse cell types, including patient-derived cells, as well as dysregulation of autophagy. RUSC2 facilitates the transport of AP-4-derived, ATG9A-positive vesicles from the trans-Golgi network to the cell periphery. These vesicles cluster in close association with autophagosomes, suggesting they are the "ATG9A reservoir" required for autophagosome biogenesis. Our study uncovers ATG9A trafficking as a ubiquitous function of the AP-4 pathway. Furthermore, it provides a potential molecular pathomechanism of AP-4 deficiency, through dysregulated spatial control of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Davies
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Daniel N Itzhak
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Tara L Archuleta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lauren P Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, 82152, Germany.
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69
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Exome sequencing in congenital ataxia identifies two new candidate genes and highlights a pathophysiological link between some congenital ataxias and early infantile epileptic encephalopathies. Genet Med 2018; 21:553-563. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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70
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Hengel H, Keimer R, Deigendesch W, Rieß A, Marzouqa H, Zaidan J, Bauer P, Schöls L. GPT2 mutations cause developmental encephalopathy with microcephaly and features of complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia. Clin Genet 2018; 94:356-361. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Hengel
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Tübingen Germany
| | - R. Keimer
- Caritas Baby Hospital; Bethlehem Palestine
| | | | - A. Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | | | - J. Zaidan
- Caritas Baby Hospital; Bethlehem Palestine
| | - P. Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - L. Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Tübingen Germany
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71
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Report of three cases with hereditary spastic paraplegia and investigation of the mutations. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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72
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Altered distribution of ATG9A and accumulation of axonal aggregates in neurons from a mouse model of AP-4 deficiency syndrome. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007363. [PMID: 29698489 PMCID: PMC5940238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive lower limb spasticity. Mutations in subunits of the heterotetrameric (ε-β4-μ4-σ4) adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) complex cause an autosomal recessive form of complicated HSP referred to as "AP-4 deficiency syndrome". In addition to lower limb spasticity, this syndrome features intellectual disability, microcephaly, seizures, thin corpus callosum and upper limb spasticity. The pathogenetic mechanism, however, remains poorly understood. Here we report the characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse for the AP4E1 gene encoding the ε subunit of AP-4. We find that AP-4 ε KO mice exhibit a range of neurological phenotypes, including hindlimb clasping, decreased motor coordination and weak grip strength. In addition, AP-4 ε KO mice display a thin corpus callosum and axonal swellings in various areas of the brain and spinal cord. Immunohistochemical analyses show that the transmembrane autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A) is more concentrated in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and depleted from the peripheral cytoplasm both in skin fibroblasts from patients with mutations in the μ4 subunit of AP-4 and in various neuronal types in AP-4 ε KO mice. ATG9A mislocalization is associated with increased tendency to accumulate mutant huntingtin (HTT) aggregates in the axons of AP-4 ε KO neurons. These findings indicate that the AP-4 ε KO mouse is a suitable animal model for AP-4 deficiency syndrome, and that defective mobilization of ATG9A from the TGN and impaired autophagic degradation of protein aggregates might contribute to neuroaxonal dystrophy in this disorder.
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73
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Müdsam C, Wollschläger P, Sauer N, Schneider S. Sorting of Arabidopsis NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 depends on adaptor protein complex AP4 and a dileucine-based motif. Traffic 2018; 19:503-521. [PMID: 29573093 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adaptor protein complexes mediate cargo selection and vesicle trafficking to different cellular membranes in all eukaryotic cells. Information on the role of AP4 in plants is still limited. Here, we present the analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking different subunits of AP4. These mutants show abnormalities in their development and in protein sorting. We found that growth of roots and etiolated hypocotyls, as well as male fertility and trichome morphology are disturbed in ap4. Analyses of GFP-fusions transiently expressed in mesophyll protoplasts demonstrated that the tonoplast (TP) proteins MOT2, NRAMP3 and NRAMP4, but not INT1, are partially sorted to the plasma membrane (PM) in the absence of a functional AP4 complex. Moreover, alanine mutagenesis revealed that in wild-type plants, sorting of NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 to the TP requires an N-terminal dileucine-based motif. The NRAMP3 or NRAMP4 N-terminal domain containing the dileucine motif was sufficient to redirect the PM localized INT4 protein to the TP and to confer AP4-dependency on sorting of INT1. Our data show that correct sorting of NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 depends on both, an N-terminal dileucine-based motif as well as AP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Müdsam
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Wollschläger
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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74
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Guardia CM, De Pace R, Mattera R, Bonifacino JS. Neuronal functions of adaptor complexes involved in protein sorting. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 51:103-110. [PMID: 29558740 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selective transport of transmembrane proteins to different intracellular compartments often involves the recognition of sorting signals in the cytosolic domains of the proteins by components of membrane coats. Some of these coats have as their key components a family of heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes named AP-1 through AP-5. AP complexes play important roles in all cells, but their functions are most critical in neurons because of the extreme compartmental complexity of these cells. Accordingly, various diseases caused by mutations in AP subunit genes exhibit a range of neurological abnormalities as their most salient features. In this article, we discuss the properties of the different AP complexes, with a focus on their roles in neuronal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Guardia
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Mattera
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Accogli A, Hamdan FF, Poulin C, Nassif C, Rouleau GA, Michaud JL, Srour M. A novel homozygous AP4B1 mutation in two brothers with AP-4 deficiency syndrome and ocular anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:985-991. [PMID: 29430868 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adaptor protein complex-4 (AP-4) is a heterotetrameric protein complex which plays a key role in vesicle trafficking in neurons. Mutations in genes affecting different subunits of AP-4, including AP4B1, AP4E1, AP4S1, and AP4M1, have been recently associated with an autosomal recessive phenotype, consisting of spastic tetraplegia, and intellectual disability (ID). The overlapping clinical picture among individuals carrying mutations in any of these genes has prompted the terms "AP-4 deficiency syndrome" for this clinically recognizable phenotype. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous mutation (c.991C>T, p.Q331*, NM_006594.4) in AP4B1 in two siblings from a consanguineous Pakistani couple, who presented with severe ID, progressive spastic tetraplegia, epilepsy, and microcephaly. Sanger sequencing confirmed the mutation was homozygous in the siblings and heterozygous in the parents. Similar to previously reported individuals with AP4B1 mutations, brain MRI revealed ventriculomegaly and white matter loss. Interestingly, in addition to the typical facial gestalt reported in other AP-4 deficiency cases, the older brother presented with congenital left Horner syndrome, bilateral optic nerve atrophy and cataract, which have not been previously reported in this condition. In summary, we report a novel AP4B1 homozygous mutation in two siblings and review the phenotype of AP-4 deficiency, speculating on a possible role of AP-4 complex in eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Fadi F Hamdan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada
| | - Chantal Poulin
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jacques L Michaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Verkerk AJMH, Zeidler S, Breedveld G, Overbeek L, Huigh D, Koster L, van der Linde H, de Esch C, Severijnen LA, de Vries BBA, Swagemakers SMA, Willemsen R, Hoogeboom AJM, van der Spek PJ, Oostra BA. CXorf56, a dendritic neuronal protein, identified as a new candidate gene for X-linked intellectual disability. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:552-560. [PMID: 29374277 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) comprises a large group of heterogeneous disorders, often without a known molecular cause. X-linked ID accounts for 5-10% of male ID cases. We investigated a large, three-generation family with mild ID and behavior problems in five males and one female, with a segregation suggestive for X-linked inheritance. Linkage analysis mapped a disease locus to a 7.6 Mb candidate region on the X-chromosome (LOD score 3.3). Whole-genome sequencing identified a 2 bp insertion in exon 2 of the chromosome X open reading frame 56 gene (CXorf56), resulting in a premature stop codon. This insertion was present in all intellectually impaired individuals and carrier females. Additionally, X-inactivation status showed skewed methylation patterns favoring the inactivation of the mutated allele in the unaffected carrier females. We demonstrate that the insertion leads to nonsense-mediated decay and that CXorf56 mRNA expression is reduced in the impaired males and female. In murine brain slices and primary hippocampal neuronal cultures, CXorf56 protein was present and localized in the nucleus, cell soma, dendrites, and dendritic spines. Although no other families have been identified with pathogenic variants in CXorf56, these results suggest that CXorf56 is the causative gene in this family, and thus a novel candidate gene for X-linked ID with behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke J M H Verkerk
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Shimriet Zeidler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Breedveld
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Overbeek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Huigh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Koster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celine de Esch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lies-Anne Severijnen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Roubertie A, Hieu N, Roux CJ, Leboucq N, Manes G, Charif M, Echenne B, Goizet C, Guissart C, Meyer P, Marelli C, Rivier F, Burglen L, Horvath R, Hamel CP, Lenaers G. AP4 deficiency: A novel form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation? NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e217. [PMID: 29473051 PMCID: PMC5820597 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinico-radiological phenotype of 3 patients harboring a homozygous novel AP4M1 pathogenic mutation. Methods The 3 patients from an inbred family who exhibited early-onset developmental delay, tetraparesis, juvenile motor function deterioration, and intellectual deficiency were investigated by magnetic brain imaging using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2*-weighted, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequences. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on the 3 patients. Results In the 3 patients, brain imaging identified the same pattern of bilateral SWI hyposignal of the globus pallidus, concordant with iron accumulation. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation was identified in AP4M1, segregating with the disease and leading to truncation of half of the adap domain of the protein. Conclusions Our results suggest that AP4M1 represents a new candidate gene that should be considered in the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) spectrum of disorders and highlight the intersections between hereditary spastic paraplegia and NBIA clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Roubertie
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Nelson Hieu
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Joris Roux
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Leboucq
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Gael Manes
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Majida Charif
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Echenne
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Guissart
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Meyer
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - François Rivier
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Horvath
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Christian P Hamel
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Département de Neuropédiatrie (A.R., B.E., P.M., F.R.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (A.R., N.H., G.M., C.P.H.), INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier; Service de Neuroradiologie (C.-J.R., N.L.), CHU Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Equipe MitoLab (M.C., G.L.), UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM 1083, Institut MitoVasc, University of Angers, France; Department of Medical Genetics (C. Goizet), Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux University Hospital; MRGM Laboratory (C. Goizet), INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux; Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire (C. Guissart), CHU de Montpellier; U1046 INSERM (P.M., F.R.), UMR9214 CNRS, Université de Montpellier; Department of Neurology (C.M.), University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier; Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet (L.B.), Service de Génétique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research (R.H.), Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom; and Centre of Reference for Genetic Sensory Diseases (C.P.H.), Montpellier, France
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78
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van Eyk C, Corbett M, Maclennan A. The emerging genetic landscape of cerebral palsy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:331-342. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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79
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Mattera R, Park SY, De Pace R, Guardia CM, Bonifacino JS. AP-4 mediates export of ATG9A from the trans-Golgi network to promote autophagosome formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10697-E10706. [PMID: 29180427 PMCID: PMC5740629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717327114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AP-4 is a member of the heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complex family involved in protein sorting in the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. Interest in AP-4 has recently risen with the discovery that mutations in any of its four subunits cause a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) with intellectual disability. The critical sorting events mediated by AP-4 and the pathogenesis of AP-4 deficiency, however, remain poorly understood. Here we report the identification of ATG9A, the only multispanning membrane component of the core autophagy machinery, as a specific AP-4 cargo. AP-4 promotes signal-mediated export of ATG9A from the trans-Golgi network to the peripheral cytoplasm, contributing to lipidation of the autophagy protein LC3B and maturation of preautophagosomal structures. These findings implicate AP-4 as a regulator of autophagy and altered autophagy as a possible defect in AP-4-deficient HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mattera
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sang Yoon Park
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carlos M Guardia
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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80
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Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Cheng C, Dies K, Diplock A, Pier DB, Ryan CS, Lanpher BC, Hirst J, Chung WK, Sahin M, Rosser E, Darras B, Bennett JT. Clinical and genetic characterization of AP4B1-associated SPG47. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:311-318. [PMID: 29193663 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by degeneration of the corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts leading to progressive spasticity. One subtype, spastic paraplegia type 47 (SPG47 or HSP-AP4B1), is due to bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in the AP4B1 gene. AP4B1 is a subunit of the adapter protein complex 4 (AP-4), a heterotetrameric protein complex that regulates the transport of membrane proteins. Since 2011, 11 individuals from six families with AP4B1 mutations have been reported, nine of whom had homozygous mutations and were from consanguineous families. Here we report eight patients with AP4B1-associated SPG47, the majority born to non-consanguineous parents and carrying compound heterozygous mutations. Core clinical features in this cohort and previously published patients include neonatal hypotonia that progresses to spasticity, early onset developmental delay with prominent motor delay and severely impaired or absent speech development, episodes of stereotypic laughter, seizures including frequent febrile seizures, thinning of the corpus callosum, and delayed myelination/white matter loss. Given that some of the features of AP-4 deficiency overlap with those of cerebral palsy, and the discovery of the disorder in non-consanguineous populations, we believe that AP-4 deficiency may be more common than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chi Cheng
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kira Dies
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelia Diplock
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danielle B Pier
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Conor S Ryan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisabeth Rosser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Basil Darras
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James T Bennett
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, and Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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81
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Bettencourt C, Salpietro V, Efthymiou S, Chelban V, Hughes D, Pittman AM, Federoff M, Bourinaris T, Spilioti M, Deretzi G, Kalantzakou T, Houlden H, Singleton AB, Xiromerisiou G. Genotype-phenotype correlations and expansion of the molecular spectrum of AP4M1-related hereditary spastic paraplegia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:172. [PMID: 29096665 PMCID: PMC5669016 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) due to AP4M1 mutations is a very rare neurodevelopmental disorder reported for only a few patients. Methods We investigated a Greek HSP family using whole exome sequencing (WES). Results A novel AP4M1A frameshift insertion, and a very rare missense variant were identified in all three affected siblings in the compound heterozygous state (p.V174fs and p.C319R); the unaffected parents were carriers of only one variant. Patients were affected with a combination of: (a) febrile seizures with onset in the first year of life (followed by epileptic non-febrile seizures); (b) distinctive facial appearance (e.g., coarse features, bulbous nose and hypomimia); (c) developmental delay and intellectual disability; (d) early-onset spastic weakness of the lower limbs; and (e) cerebellar hypoplasia/atrophy on brain MRI. Conclusions We review genotype-phenotype correlations and discuss clinical overlaps between different AP4-related diseases. The AP4M1 belongs to a complex that mediates vesicle trafficking of glutamate receptors, being likely involved in brain development and neurotransmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13023-017-0721-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Viorica Chelban
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Department of Neurology, Medical State University N, Testemitanu, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Deborah Hughes
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alan M Pittman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Monica Federoff
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Bourinaris
- Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martha Spilioti
- Neurology Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Deretzi
- Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia comprises a wide and heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from primary retrograde dysfunction of the long descending fibers of the corticospinal tract. Although spastic paraparesis and urinary dysfunction represent the most common clinical presentation, a complex group of different neurological and systemic compromise has been recognized recently and a growing number of new genetic subtypes were described in the last decade. Clinical characterization of individual and familial history represents the main step during diagnostic workup; however, frequently, few and unspecific data allows a low rate of definite diagnosis based solely in clinical and neuroimaging basis. Likewise, a wide group of neurological acquired and inherited disorders should be included in the differential diagnosis and properly excluded after a complete laboratorial, neuroimaging, and genetic evaluation. The aim of this review article is to provide an extensive overview regarding the main clinical and genetic features of the classical and recently described subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP).
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83
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Wang FF, Luo R, Qu Y, Mu DZ. [Advances in genetic research of cerebral palsy]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2017; 19:1022-1026. [PMID: 28899476 PMCID: PMC7403069 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a group of syndromes caused by non-progressive brain injury in the fetus or infant and can cause disabilities in childhood. Etiology of cerebral palsy has always been a hot topic for clinical scientists. More and more studies have shown that genetic factors are closely associated with the development of cerebral palsy. With the development and application of various molecular and biological techniques such as chromosome microarray analysis, genome-wide association study, and whole exome sequencing, new achievements have been made in the genetic research of cerebral palsy. Chromosome abnormalities, copy number variations, susceptibility genes, and single gene mutation associated with the development of cerebral palsy have been identified, which provides new opportunities for the research on the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy. This article reviews the advances in the genetic research on cerebral palsy in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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84
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De novo and rare inherited copy-number variations in the hemiplegic form of cerebral palsy. Genet Med 2017; 20:172-180. [PMID: 28771244 PMCID: PMC5846809 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hemiplegia is a subtype of cerebral palsy (CP) in which one side of the body is affected. Our earlier study of unselected children with CP demonstrated de novo and clinically relevant rare inherited genomic copy-number variations (CNVs) in 9.6% of participants. Here, we examined the prevalence and types of CNVs specifically in hemiplegic CP. Methods We genotyped 97 unrelated probands with hemiplegic CP and their parents. We compared their CNVs to those of 10,851 population controls, in order to identify rare CNVs (<0.1% frequency) that might be relevant to CP. We also sequenced exomes of “CNV-positive” trios. Results We detected de novo CNVs and/or sex chromosome abnormalities in 7/97 (7.2%) of probands, impacting important developmental genes such as GRIK2, LAMA1, DMD, PTPRM, and DIP2C. In 18/97 individuals (18.6%), rare inherited CNVs were found, affecting loci associated with known genomic disorders (17p12, 22q11.21) or involving genes linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusion We found an increased rate of de novo CNVs in the hemiplegic CP subtype (7.2%) compared to controls (1%). This result is similar to that for an unselected CP group. Combined with rare inherited CNVs, the genomic data impacts the understanding of the potential etiology of hemiplegic CP in 23/97 (23.7%) of participants.
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85
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Duerinckx S, Verhelst H, Perazzolo C, David P, Desmyter L, Pirson I, Abramowicz M. Severe congenital microcephaly with AP4M1 mutation, a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:48. [PMID: 28464862 PMCID: PMC5414176 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Autosomal recessive defects of either the B1, E1, M1 or S1 subunit of the Adaptor Protein complex-4 (AP4) are characterized by developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, spasticity, and occasionally mild to moderate microcephaly of essentially postnatal onset. Case presentation We report on a patient with severe microcephaly of prenatal onset, and progressive spasticity, developmental delay, and severe intellectual deficiency. Exome sequencing showed a homozygous mutation in AP4M1, causing the replacement of an arginine by a stop codon at position 338 of the protein (p.Arg338X). The premature stop codon truncates the Mu homology domain of AP4M1, with predicted loss of function. Exome analysis also showed heterozygous variants in three genes, ATR, MCPH1 and BLM, which are known causes of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Conclusions Our findings expand the AP4M1 phenotype to severe microcephaly of prenatal onset, and more generally suggest that the AP4 defect might share mechanisms of prenatal neuronal depletion with other genetic defects of brain development causing congenital, primary microcephaly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0412-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene Verhelst
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe David
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiology, Hôpital Erasme - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Desmyter
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Abramowicz
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme - Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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86
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Fahey MC, Maclennan AH, Kretzschmar D, Gecz J, Kruer MC. The genetic basis of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:462-469. [PMID: 28042670 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although prematurity and hypoxic-ischaemic injury are well-recognized contributors to the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy (CP), as many as one-third of children with CP may lack traditional risk factors. For many of these children, a genetic basis to their condition is suspected. Recent findings have implicated copy number variants and mutations in single genes in children with CP. Current studies are limited by relatively small patient numbers, the underlying genetic heterogeneity identified, and the paucity of validation studies that have been performed. However, several genes mapping to intersecting pathways controlling neurodevelopment and neuronal connectivity have been identified. Analogous to other neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and intellectual disability, the genomic architecture of CP is likely to be highly complex. Although we are just beginning to understand genetic contributions to CP, new insights are anticipated to serve as a unique window into the neurobiology of CP and suggest new targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair H Maclennan
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jozef Gecz
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology and Genetics, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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87
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Vill K, Müller-Felber W, Alhaddad B, Strom TM, Teusch V, Weigand H, Blaschek A, Meitinger T, Haack TB. A homozygous splice variant in AP4S1 mimicking neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Mov Disord 2017; 32:797-799. [PMID: 28150420 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vill
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Müller-Felber
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Teusch
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Radiology, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Weigand
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Blaschek
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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88
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Stavsky M, Mor O, Mastrolia SA, Greenbaum S, Than NG, Erez O. Cerebral Palsy-Trends in Epidemiology and Recent Development in Prenatal Mechanisms of Disease, Treatment, and Prevention. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28243583 PMCID: PMC5304407 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood. This syndrome is the manifestation of intrauterine pathologies, intrapartum complications, and the postnatal sequel, especially among preterm neonates. A double hit model theory is proposed suggesting that an intrauterine condition along with intrapartum or postnatal insult lead to the development of CP. Recent reports demonstrated that treatment during the process of preterm birth such as magnesium sulfate and postnatal modalities such as cooling may prevent or reduce the prevalence of this syndrome. Moreover, animal models demonstrated that postnatal treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs coupled with nanoparticles may affect the course of the disease in pups with neuroinflammation. This review will describe the changes in the epidemiology of this disease, the underlying prenatal mechanisms, and possible treatments that may reduce the prevalence of CP and alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Stavsky
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Omer Mor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | | | - Shirley Greenbaum
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Budapest, Hungary; Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Offer Erez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Maternity Department "D", Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Beer Sheva , Israel
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89
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Han C, Alkhater R, Froukh T, Minassian AG, Galati M, Liu RH, Fotouhi M, Sommerfeld J, Alfrook AJ, Marshall C, Walker S, Bauer P, Scherer SW, Riess O, Buchert R, Minassian BA, McPherson PS. Epileptic Encephalopathy Caused by Mutations in the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor DENND5A. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:1359-1367. [PMID: 27866705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptic encephalopathies are a catastrophic group of epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures and cognitive arrest, often resulting from abnormal brain development. Here, we have identified an epileptic encephalopathy additionally featuring cerebral calcifications and coarse facial features caused by recessive loss-of-function mutations in DENND5A. DENND5A contains a DENN domain, an evolutionarily ancient enzymatic module conferring guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity to multiple proteins serving as GEFs for Rabs, which are key regulators of membrane trafficking. DENND5A is detected predominantly in neuronal tissues, and its highest levels occur during development. Knockdown of DENND5A leads to striking alterations in neuronal development. Mechanistically, these changes appear to result from upregulation of neurotrophin receptors, leading to enhanced downstream signaling. Thus, we have identified a link between a DENN domain protein and neuronal development, dysfunction of which is responsible for a form of epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanshuai Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Reem Alkhater
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tawfiq Froukh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Philadelphia University, Amman 11118, Jordan
| | - Arakel G Minassian
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Galati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Rui Han Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maryam Fotouhi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Julia Sommerfeld
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Christian Marshall
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Rare Disease Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Hirst J, Madeo M, Smets K, Edgar JR, Schols L, Li J, Yarrow A, Deconinck T, Baets J, Van Aken E, De Bleecker J, Datiles MB, Roda RH, Liepert J, Züchner S, Mariotti C, De Jonghe P, Blackstone C, Kruer MC. Complicated spastic paraplegia in patients with AP5Z1 mutations (SPG48). NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e98. [PMID: 27606357 PMCID: PMC5001803 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biallelic mutations in the AP5Z1 gene encoding the AP-5 ζ subunit have been described in a small number of patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) (SPG48); we sought to define genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous sequence variants predicted to be deleterious. METHODS We performed clinical, radiologic, and pathologic studies in 6 patients with biallelic mutations in AP5Z1. RESULTS In 4 of the 6 patients, there was complete loss of AP-5 ζ protein. Clinical features encompassed not only prominent spastic paraparesis but also sensory and motor neuropathy, ataxia, dystonia, myoclonus, and parkinsonism. Skin fibroblasts from affected patients tested positive for periodic acid Schiff and autofluorescent storage material, while electron microscopic analysis demonstrated lamellar storage material consistent with abnormal storage of lysosomal material. CONCLUSIONS Our findings expand the spectrum of AP5Z1-associated neurodegenerative disorders and point to clinical and pathophysiologic overlap between autosomal recessive forms of HSP and lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Marianna Madeo
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Katrien Smets
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Ludger Schols
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Jun Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Anna Yarrow
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Elisabeth Van Aken
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Jan De Bleecker
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Manuel B Datiles
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Ricardo H Roda
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Joachim Liepert
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (J.H., J.R.E.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK; Children's Health Research Center (M.M., A.Y.), Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls; Neurogenetics Group (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Molecular Genetics VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (K.S., J.B., P.D.J.), Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Neuropathology (K.S., T.D., J.B., P.D.J.), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (L.S., J. Liepert), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Li), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Ophthalmology (E.V.A.), Department of Neurology (J.D.B.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; National Eye Institute (M.B.D.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Cell Biology Section (R.H.R., C.B.), Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (R.H.R.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurorehabilitation (J. Liepert), Kliniken Schmieder, Allensbach, Germany; Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL; Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases Unit (C.M.), IRCCS-Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; Departments of Child Health, Neurology & Genetics (M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix; Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe; and Pediatric Movement Disorders Program and Neurogenetics Research Program (M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ
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91
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Katz OL, Krantz ID, Noon SE. Interstitial deletion of 7q22.1q31.1 in a boy with structural brain abnormality, cardiac defect, developmental delay, and dysmorphic features. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:92-101. [PMID: 27096924 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a male child with a history of poor feeding and swallowing problems, hypotonia, mild bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, cerebral cortical agenesis, cardiac defects, cyanotic episodes triggered by specific movement, dysmorphic features, and developmental delays. Analysis by CytoScan HD array identified a 12.1 Mb interstitial deletion of 7q22.1q31.1 (98,779,628-110,868,171). We present a comprehensive review of the literature surrounding intermediate 7q deletions that overlap with this child's deletion, and an analysis of candidate genes in the deleted region. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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92
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Marras C, Lang A, van de Warrenburg BP, Sue CM, Tabrizi SJ, Bertram L, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Warner TT, Durr A, Assmann B, Lohmann K, Kostic V, Klein C. Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: Recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2016; 31:436-57. [PMID: 27079681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of assigning locus symbols to specify chromosomal regions that are associated with a familial disorder has a number of problems when used as a reference list of genetically determined disorders,including (I) erroneously assigned loci, (II) duplicated loci, (III) missing symbols or loci, (IV) unconfirmed loci and genes, (V) a combination of causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and (VI) discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we report on the recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and present a system for naming genetically determined movement disorders that addresses these problems. We demonstrate how the system would be applied to currently known genetically determined parkinsonism, dystonia, dominantly inherited ataxia, spastic paraparesis, chorea, paroxysmal movement disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and primary familial brain calcifications. This system provides a resource for clinicians and researchers that, unlike the previous system, can be considered an accurate and criterion-based list of confirmed genetically determined movement disorders at the time it was last updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology & F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm and Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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93
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Bi D, Wang H, Shang Q, Xu Y, Wang F, Chen M, Ma C, Sun Y, Zhao X, Gao C, Wang L, Zhu C, Xing Q. Association of COL4A1 gene polymorphisms with cerebral palsy in a Chinese Han population. Clin Genet 2016; 90:149-55. [PMID: 26748532 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is an extracellular matrix associated with overlying cells and is important for proper tissue development, stability, and physiology. COL4A1 is the most abundant component of type IV collagen in the BM, and COL4A1 variants can present with variable phenotypes that might be related to cerebral palsy (CP). We postulated, therefore, that variations in the COL4A1 gene might play an important role in the etiology of CP. In this study, six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the COL4A1 gene were genotyped among 351 CP patients and 220 healthy controls from the Chinese Han population. Significant association was found for an association between CP and rs1961495 (allele: p = 0.008, odds ratio (OR) = 1.387, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.088-1.767) and rs1411040 (allele: p = 0.009, OR = 1.746, 95% CI = 1.148-2.656) SNPs of the COL4A1 gene. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis suggested that these SNPs had interactive effects on the risk of CP. This study is the first attempt to investigate the contribution of polymorphisms in the COL4A1 gene to the susceptibility of CP in a Chinese Han population. This study shows an association of the COL4A1 gene with CP and suggests a potential role of COL4A1 in the pathogenesis of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - H Wang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Chen
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - X Zhao
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - L Wang
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Q Xing
- Children's Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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94
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Erickson RP. The importance of de novo mutations for pediatric neurological disease--It is not all in utero or birth trauma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 767:42-58. [PMID: 27036065 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing (NGS, which consists of massively parallel sequencing to perform TGS (total genome sequencing) or WES (whole exome sequencing)) has abundantly discovered many causative mutations in patients with pediatric neurological disease. A surprisingly high number of these are de novo mutations which have not been inherited from either parent. For epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders, and neuromotor disorders, including cerebral palsy, initial estimates put the frequency of causative de novo mutations at about 15% and about 10% of these are somatic. There are some shared mutated genes between these three classes of disease. Studies of copy number variation by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) proceded the NGS approaches but they also detect de novo variation which is especially important for ASDs. There are interesting differences between the mutated genes detected by CGS and NGS. In summary, de novo mutations cause a very significant proportion of pediatric neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Erickson
- Dept. of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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95
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MacLennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J. Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213:779-88. [PMID: 26003063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is heterogeneous with different clinical types, comorbidities, brain imaging patterns, causes, and now also heterogeneous underlying genetic variants. Few are solely due to severe hypoxia or ischemia at birth. This common myth has held back research in causation. The cost of litigation has devastating effects on maternity services with unnecessarily high cesarean delivery rates and subsequent maternal morbidity and mortality. CP rates have remained the same for 50 years despite a 6-fold increase in cesarean birth. Epidemiological studies have shown that the origins of most CP are prior to labor. Increased risk is associated with preterm delivery, congenital malformations, intrauterine infection, fetal growth restriction, multiple pregnancy, and placental abnormalities. Hypoxia at birth may be primary or secondary to preexisting pathology and international criteria help to separate the few cases of CP due to acute intrapartum hypoxia. Until recently, 1-2% of CP (mostly familial) had been linked to causative mutations. Recent genetic studies of sporadic CP cases using new-generation exome sequencing show that 14% of cases have likely causative single-gene mutations and up to 31% have clinically relevant copy number variations. The genetic variants are heterogeneous and require function investigations to prove causation. Whole genome sequencing, fine scale copy number variant investigations, and gene expression studies may extend the percentage of cases with a genetic pathway. Clinical risk factors could act as triggers for CP where there is genetic susceptibility. These new findings should refocus research about the causes of these complex and varied neurodevelopmental disorders.
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96
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Mattera R, Guardia CM, Sidhu SS, Bonifacino JS. Bivalent Motif-Ear Interactions Mediate the Association of the Accessory Protein Tepsin with the AP-4 Adaptor Complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30736-49. [PMID: 26542808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterotetrameric (ϵ-β4-μ4-σ4) complex adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) is a component of a non-clathrin coat involved in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Considerable interest in this complex has arisen from the recent discovery that mutations in each of its four subunits are the cause of a congenital intellectual disability and movement disorder in humans. Despite its physiological importance, the structure and function of this coat remain poorly understood. To investigate the assembly of the AP-4 coat, we dissected the determinants of interaction of AP-4 with its only known accessory protein, the ENTH/VHS-domain-containing protein tepsin. Using a variety of protein interaction assays, we found that tepsin comprises two phylogenetically conserved peptide motifs, [GS]LFXG[ML]X[LV] and S[AV]F[SA]FLN, within its C-terminal unstructured region, which interact with the C-terminal ear (or appendage) domains of the β4 and ϵ subunits of AP-4, respectively. Structure-based mutational analyses mapped the binding site for the [GS]LFXG[ML]X[LV] motif to a conserved, hydrophobic surface on the β4-ear platform fold. Both peptide-ear interactions are required for efficient association of tepsin with AP-4, and for recruitment of tepsin to the TGN. The bivalency of the interactions increases the avidity of tepsin for AP-4 and may enable cross-linking of multiple AP-4 heterotetramers, thus contributing to the assembly of the AP-4 coat. In addition to revealing critical aspects of this coat, our findings extend the paradigm of peptide-ear interactions, previously established for clathrin-AP-1/AP-2 coats, to a non-clathrin coat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mattera
- From the Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Carlos M Guardia
- From the Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- From the Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
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97
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Klebe S, Stevanin G, Depienne C. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in hereditary spastic paraplegias: from SPG1 to SPG72 and still counting. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:505-30. [PMID: 26008818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are genetically determined neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of lower limbs, and are among the most clinically and genetically heterogeneous human diseases. All modes of inheritance have been described, and the recent technological revolution in molecular genetics has led to the identification of 76 different spastic gait disease-loci with 59 corresponding spastic paraplegia genes. Autosomal recessive HSP are usually associated with diverse additional features (referred to as complicated forms), contrary to autosomal dominant HSP, which are mostly pure. However, the identification of additional mutations and families has considerably enlarged the clinical spectra, and has revealed a huge clinical variability for almost all HSP; complicated forms have also been described for primary pure HSP subtypes, adding further complexity to the genotype-phenotype correlations. In addition, the introduction of next generation sequencing in clinical practice has revealed a genetic and phenotypic overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuropathies, cerebellar ataxias, etc.) and neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability. This review aims to describe the most recent advances in the field and to provide genotype-phenotype correlations that could help clinical diagnoses of this heterogeneous group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klebe
- Department of neurology, university hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - G Stevanin
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; École pratique des hautes études, 4-14, rue Ferrus, 75014 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - C Depienne
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, 91-105, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ICM, CNRS UMR 7225, Inserm U 1127, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Département de génétique, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47/83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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98
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Langouët M, Siquier-Pernet K, Sanquer S, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Boddaert N, Munnich A, Mancini GMS, Barouki R, Amiel J, Colleaux L. Contiguous mutation syndrome in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:215-20. [PMID: 26029708 PMCID: PMC4444163 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated two siblings, born to consanguineous parents, with neurological features reminiscent of adaptor protein complex 4 (AP4) deficiency, an autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by neonatal hypotonia that progresses to hypertonia and spasticity, severe intellectual disability speech delay, microcephaly, and growth retardation. Yet, both children also presented with early onset obesity. Whole-exome sequencing identified two homozygous substitutions in two genes 170 kb apart on 7q22.1: a c.1137+1G>T splice mutation in AP4M1 previously described in a familial case of AP4-deficiency syndrome and the AZGP1 c.595A>T missense variant. Haplotyping analysis indicated a founder effect of the AP4M1 mutation, whereas the AZGP1 mutation arose more recently in our family. AZGP1 encodes an adipokine that stimulate lipolysis in adipocytes and regulates body weight in mice. We propose that the siblings' phenotype results from the combined effects of mutations in both AP4M1 and AZGP1 that account for the neurological signs and the morbid obesity of early onset, respectively. Contiguous gene syndromes are the consequence of loss of two or more adjacent genes sensible to gene dosage and the phenotype reflects a combination of endophenotypes. We propose to broaden this concept to phenotypes resulting from independent mutations in two genetically linked genes causing a contiguous mutation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maéva Langouët
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital 75015, Paris, France
| | - Karine Siquier-Pernet
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvia Sanquer
- Metabolic and Proteomic Biochemistry Service, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP 75015, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Genomic Platform, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute 75015, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- Bioinformatic Platform, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital 75015, Paris, France ; Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP 75015, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital 75015, Paris, France
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Barouki
- Metabolic and Proteomic Biochemistry Service, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP 75015, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Colleaux
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Molecular and Pathophysiological Bases of Cognitive Disorders, Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital 75015, Paris, France
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Delving into the complexity of hereditary spastic paraplegias: how unexpected phenotypes and inheritance modes are revolutionizing their nosology. Hum Genet 2015; 134:511-38. [PMID: 25758904 PMCID: PMC4424374 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSP) are rare neurodegenerative diseases sharing the degeneration of the corticospinal tracts as the main pathological characteristic. They are considered one of the most heterogeneous neurological disorders. All modes of inheritance have been described for the 84 different loci and 67 known causative genes implicated up to now. Recent advances in molecular genetics have revealed clinico-genetic heterogeneity of these disorders including their clinical and genetic overlap with other diseases of the nervous system. The systematic analysis of a large set of genes, including exome sequencing, is unmasking unusual phenotypes or inheritance modes associated with mutations in HSP genes and related genes involved in various neurological diseases. A new nosology may emerge after integration and understanding of these new data to replace the current classification. Collectively, functions of the known genes implicate the disturbance of intracellular membrane dynamics and trafficking as the consequence of alterations of cytoskeletal dynamics, lipid metabolism and organelle structures, which represent in fact a relatively small number of cellular processes that could help to find common curative approaches, which are still lacking.
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Hardies K, May P, Djémié T, Tarta-Arsene O, Deconinck T, Craiu D, Helbig I, Suls A, Balling R, Weckhuysen S, De Jonghe P, Hirst J. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in AP4S1 cause mild fever-sensitive seizures, developmental delay and spastic paraplegia through loss of AP-4 complex assembly. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:2218-27. [PMID: 25552650 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two siblings with infantile onset seizures, severe developmental delay and spastic paraplegia, in whom whole-genome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous mutations in the AP4S1 gene, encoding the σ subunit of the adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4). The effect of the predicted loss-of-function variants (p.Gln46Profs*9 and p.Arg97*) was further investigated in a patient's fibroblast cell line. We show that the premature stop mutations in AP4S1 result in a reduction of all AP-4 subunits and loss of AP-4 complex assembly. Recruitment of the AP-4 accessory protein tepsin, to the membrane was also abolished. In retrospect, the clinical phenotype in the family is consistent with previous reports of the AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Our study reports the second family with mutations in AP4S1 and describes the first two patients with loss of AP4S1 and seizures. We further discuss seizure phenotypes in reported patients, highlighting that seizures are part of the clinical manifestation of the AP-4 deficiency syndrome. We also hypothesize that endosomal trafficking is a common theme between heritable spastic paraplegia and some inherited epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Hardies
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, USA
| | - Tania Djémié
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Oana Tarta-Arsene
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana Craiu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Obregia Hospital, Bucharest, Romania, Department of Neurology, Pediatric Neurology, Psychiatry, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ingo Helbig
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadephia, USA
| | - Arvid Suls
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rudy Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, Division of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium and
| | - Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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