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Azeez OI, Myburgh JG, Bosman AM, Featherston J, Sibeko-Matjilla KP, Oosthuizen MC, Chamunorwa JP. Next generation sequencing and RNA-seq characterization of adipose tissue in the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in South Africa: Possible mechanism(s) of pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pansteatitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225073. [PMID: 31738794 PMCID: PMC6861000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerted efforts to identify the pathogenesis and mechanism(s) involved in pansteatitis, (a generalized inflammation of the adipose tissue), that was attributed to the recent crocodile die off in the Olifants River and Loskop Dam in Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa have been in the forefront of research in recent time. As part of the efforts, molecular characterization of healthy and pansteatitis adipose tissue was carried out by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly of the adipose transcriptome, followed by differential gene expression analysis. METHODOLOGY Healthy adipose tissue consisting of fifty samples was collected from the subcutaneous, visceral, intermuscular adipose tissues and the abdominal fat body of ten 4 years old juvenile crocodiles from a local crocodile farm in Pretoria, South Africa. Ten pansteatitis samples were collected from visceral and intermuscular adipose tissues of five crocodiles that were dying of pansteatitis. RESULTS Forty-two thousand, two hundred and one (42,201) transcripts were assembled, out of which 37, 835 had previously been characterized. The de novo assembled transcriptome had an N50 (average sequence) of 436 bp, percentage GC content of 43.92, which compared well with previously assembled transcripts in the saltwater crocodile. Seventy genes were differentially expressed and upregulated in pansteatitis. These included genes coding for extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling ligands, inflammatory cytokines and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) receptors, fatty acid synthase and fatty acid binding proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), nuclear factor and apoptosis signaling ligands, and mitogen activated protein kinase enzymes among others. Majority (88.6%) of the upregulated genes were found to be involved in hypoxia inducible pathways for activation of NFkβ and inflammation, apoptosis, Toll-like receptor pathway and PPARγ. Bicaudal homologous 2 Drosophila gene (BICD2) associated with spinal and lower extremity muscle atrophy was also upregulated in pansteatitis while Sphingosine -1-phosphate phosphatase 2 (SGPP2) involved in Sphingosine -1- phosphate metabolism was downregulated. Futhermore, Doublesex-mab-related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) responsible for sex gonad development and germ cell differentiation was also downregulated. CONCLUSION Thus, from the present study, based on differentially expressed genes in pansteatitis, affected Nile crocodiles might have died partly due to their inability to utilize stored triglycerides as a result of inflammation induced insulin resistance, leading to starvation in the midst of plenty. Affected animals may have also suffered muscular atrophy of the lower extremities and poor fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo I. Azeez
- Anatomy and Physiology Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
- Dept. of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jan G. Myburgh
- Paraclinical Science Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ana-Mari Bosman
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Featherston
- Biotechnology Platform, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso P. Sibeko-Matjilla
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marinda C. Oosthuizen
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph P. Chamunorwa
- Anatomy and Physiology Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
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Will L, Portegies S, van Schelt J, van Luyk M, Jaarsma D, Hoogenraad CC. Dynein activating adaptor BICD2 controls radial migration of upper-layer cortical neurons in vivo. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:162. [PMID: 31655624 PMCID: PMC6815425 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
For the proper organization of the six-layered mammalian neocortex it is required that neurons migrate radially from their place of birth towards their designated destination. The molecular machinery underlying this neuronal migration is still poorly understood. The dynein-adaptor protein BICD2 is associated with a spectrum of human neurological diseases, including malformations of cortical development. Previous studies have shown that knockdown of BICD2 interferes with interkinetic nuclear migration in radial glial progenitor cells, and that Bicd2-deficient mice display an altered laminar organization of the cerebellum and the neocortex. However, the precise in vivo role of BICD2 in neocortical development remains unclear. By comparing cell-type specific conditional Bicd2 knock-out mice, we found that radial migration in the cortex predominantly depends on BICD2 function in post-mitotic neurons. Neuron-specific Bicd2 cKO mice showed severely impaired radial migration of late-born upper-layer neurons. BICD2 depletion in cortical neurons interfered with proper Golgi organization, and neuronal maturation and survival of cortical plate neurons. Single-neuron labeling revealed a specific role of BICD2 in bipolar locomotion. Rescue experiments with wildtype and disease-related mutant BICD2 constructs revealed that a point-mutation in the RAB6/RANBP2-binding-domain, associated with cortical malformation in patients, fails to restore proper cortical neuron migration. Together, these findings demonstrate a novel, cell-intrinsic role of BICD2 in cortical neuron migration in vivo and provide new insights into BICD2-dependent dynein-mediated functions during cortical development.
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53
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Bugiardini E, Khan AM, Phadke R, Lynch DS, Cortese A, Feng L, Gang Q, Pittman AM, Morrow JM, Turner C, Carr AS, Quinlivan R, Rossor AM, Holton JL, Parton M, Blake JC, Reilly MM, Houlden H, Matthews E, Hanna MG. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of inherited myopathies in a tertiary neuromuscular centre. Neuromuscul Disord 2019; 29:747-757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary myelopathies are very diverse genetic disorders, and many of them represent a widespread neurodegenerative process rather than isolated spinal cord dysfunction. This article reviews various types of inherited myelopathies, with emphasis on hereditary spastic paraplegias and spastic ataxias. RECENT FINDINGS The ever-growing number of myelopathy-causing genes and broadening of phenotype-genotype correlations makes the molecular diagnosis of inherited myelopathies a daunting task. This article emphasizes the main phenotypic clusters among inherited myelopathies that can facilitate the diagnostic process. This article focuses on newly identified genetic causes and the most important identifying clinical features that can aid the diagnosis, including the presence of a characteristic age of onset and additional neurologic signs such as leukodystrophy, thin corpus callosum, or amyotrophy. SUMMARY The exclusion of potentially treatable causes of myelopathy remains the most important diagnostic step. Syndromic diagnosis can be supported by molecular diagnosis, but the genetic diagnosis at present does not change the management. Moreover, a negative genetic test does not exclude the diagnosis of a hereditary myelopathy because comprehensive molecular testing is not yet available, and many disease-causing genes remain unknown.
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55
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Bergendahl LT, Gerasimavicius L, Miles J, Macdonald L, Wells JN, Welburn JPI, Marsh JA. The role of protein complexes in human genetic disease. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1400-1411. [PMID: 31219644 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many human genetic disorders are caused by mutations in protein-coding regions of DNA. Taking protein structure into account has therefore provided key insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying human genetic disease. Although most studies have focused on the intramolecular effects of mutations, the critical role of the assembly of proteins into complexes is being increasingly recognized. Here, we review multiple ways in which consideration of protein complexes can help us to understand and explain the effects of pathogenic mutations. First, we discuss disorders caused by mutations that perturb intersubunit interactions in homomeric and heteromeric complexes. Second, we address how protein complex assembly can facilitate a dominant-negative mechanism, whereby mutated subunits can disrupt the activity of wild-type protein. Third, we show how mutations that change protein expression levels can lead to damaging stoichiometric imbalances. Finally, we review how mutations affecting different subunits of the same heteromeric complex often cause similar diseases, whereas mutations in different interfaces of the same subunit can cause distinct phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Therese Bergendahl
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Gerasimavicius
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Jamilla Miles
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Macdonald
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Wells
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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56
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Inberg S, Meledin A, Kravtsov V, Iosilevskii Y, Oren-Suissa M, Podbilewicz B. Lessons from Worm Dendritic Patterning. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:365-383. [PMID: 30939099 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional properties of neurons have intrigued scientists since the pioneering work of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Since then, emerging cutting-edge technologies, including light and electron microscopy, electrophysiology, biochemistry, optogenetics, and molecular biology, have dramatically increased our understanding of dendritic properties. This advancement was also facilitated by the establishment of different animal model organisms, from flies to mammals. Here we describe the emerging model system of a Caenorhabditis elegans polymodal neuron named PVD, whose dendritic tree follows a stereotypical structure characterized by repeating candelabra-like structural units. In the past decade, progress has been made in understanding PVD's functions, morphogenesis, regeneration, and aging, yet many questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Inberg
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Anna Meledin
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Veronika Kravtsov
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Yael Iosilevskii
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Benjamin Podbilewicz
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
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Rasika S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. Golgipathies in Neurodevelopment: A New View of Old Defects. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:396-416. [PMID: 30878996 DOI: 10.1159/000497035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is involved in a whole spectrum of activities, from lipid biosynthesis and membrane secretion to the posttranslational processing and trafficking of most proteins, the control of mitosis, cell polarity, migration and morphogenesis, and diverse processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the stress response. In keeping with its versatility, mutations in GA proteins lead to a number of different disorders, including syndromes with multisystem involvement. Intriguingly, however, > 40% of the GA-related genes known to be associated with disease affect the central or peripheral nervous system, highlighting the critical importance of the GA for neural function. We have previously proposed the term "Golgipathies" in relation to a group of disorders in which mutations in GA proteins or their molecular partners lead to consequences for brain development, in particular postnatal-onset microcephaly (POM), white-matter defects, and intellectual disability (ID). Here, taking into account the broader role of the GA in the nervous system, we refine and enlarge this emerging concept to include other disorders whose symptoms may be indicative of altered neurodevelopmental processes, from neurogenesis to neuronal migration and the secretory function critical for the maturation of postmitotic neurons and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,
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Martinez Carrera LA, Gabriel E, Donohoe CD, Hölker I, Mariappan A, Storbeck M, Uhlirova M, Gopalakrishnan J, Wirth B. Novel insights into SMALED2: BICD2 mutations increase microtubule stability and cause defects in axonal and NMJ development. Hum Mol Genet 2019. [PMID: 29528393 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicaudal D2 (BICD2) encodes a highly conserved motor adaptor protein that regulates the dynein-dynactin complex in different cellular processes. Heterozygous mutations in BICD2 cause autosomal dominant lower extremity-predominant spinal muscular atrophy-2 (SMALED2). Although, various BICD2 mutations have been shown to alter interactions with different binding partners or the integrity of the Golgi apparatus, the specific pathological effects of BICD2 mutations underlying SMALED2 remain elusive. Here, we show that the fibroblasts derived from individuals with SMALED2 exhibit stable microtubules. Importantly, this effect was observed regardless of where the BICD2 mutation is located, which unifies the most likely cellular mechanism affecting microtubules. Significantly, overexpression of SMALED2-causing BICD2 mutations in the disease-relevant cell type, motor neurons, also results in an increased microtubule stability which is accompanied by axonal aberrations such as collateral branching and overgrowth. To study the pathological consequences of BICD2 mutations in vivo, and to address the controversial debate whether two of these mutations are neuron or muscle specific, we generated the first Drosophila model of SMALED2. Strikingly, neuron-specific expression of BICD2 mutants resulted in reduced neuromuscular junction size in larvae and impaired locomotion of adult flies. In contrast, expressing BICD2 mutations in muscles had no obvious effect on motor function, supporting a primarily neurological etiology of the disease. Thus, our findings contribute to the better understanding of SMALED2 pathology by providing evidence for a common pathomechanism of BICD2 mutations that increase microtubule stability in motor neurons leading to increased axonal branching and to impaired neuromuscular junction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian A Martinez Carrera
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elke Gabriel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Colin D Donohoe
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Irmgard Hölker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Storbeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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59
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Milone M, Liewluck T. The unfolding spectrum of inherited distal myopathies. Muscle Nerve 2018; 59:283-294. [PMID: 30171629 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Distal myopathies are a group of rare muscle diseases characterized by distal weakness at onset. Although acquired myopathies can occasionally present with distal weakness, the majority of distal myopathies have a genetic etiology. Their age of onset varies from early-childhood to late-adulthood while the predominant muscle weakness can affect calf, ankle dorsiflexor, or distal upper limb muscles. A spectrum of muscle pathological changes, varying from nonspecific myopathic changes to rimmed vacuoles to myofibrillar pathology to nuclei centralization, have been noted. Likewise, the underlying molecular defect is heterogeneous. In addition, there is emerging evidence that distal myopathies can result from defective proteins encoded by genes causative of neurogenic disorders, be manifestation of multisystem proteinopathies or the result of the altered interplay between different genes. In this review, we provide an overview on the clinical, electrophysiological, pathological, and molecular aspects of distal myopathies, focusing on the most recent developments in the field. Muscle Nerve 59:283-294, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teerin Liewluck
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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60
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BICD1 mediates HIF1α nuclear translocation in mesenchymal stem cells during hypoxia adaptation. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1716-1734. [PMID: 30464225 PMCID: PMC6748134 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) is a master regulator leading to metabolic adaptation, an essential physiological process to maintain the survival of stem cells under hypoxia. However, it is poorly understood how HIF1α translocates into the nucleus in stem cells under hypoxia. Here, we investigated the role of a motor adaptor protein Bicaudal D homolog 1 (BICD1) in dynein-mediated HIF1α nuclear translocation and the effect of BICD1 regulation on hypoxia adaptation and its therapeutic potential on human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs). In our results, silencing of BICD1 but not BICD2 abolished HIF1α nuclear translocation and its activity. BICD1 overexpression further enhanced hypoxia-induced HIF1α nuclear translocation. Hypoxia stimulated direct bindings of HIF1α to BICD1 and the intermediate chain of dynein (Dynein IC), which was abolished by BICD1 silencing. Akt inhibition reduced the binding of BICD1 to HIF1α and nuclear translocation of HIF1α. Conversely, Akt activation or GSK3β silencing further enhanced the hypoxia-induced HIF1α nuclear translocation. Furthermore, BICD1 silencing abolished hypoxia-induced glycolytic reprogramming and increased mitochondrial ROS accumulation and apoptosis in UCB-MSCs under hypoxia. In the mouse skin wound healing model, the transplanted cell survival and skin wound healing capacities of hypoxia-pretreated UCB-MSCs were reduced by BICD1 silencing and further increased by GSK3β silencing. In conclusion, we demonstrated that BICD1-induced HIF1α nuclear translocation is critical for hypoxia adaptation, which determines the regenerative potential of UCB-MSCs.
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61
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Noell CR, Loftus KM, Cui H, Grewer C, Kizer M, Debler EW, Solmaz SR. A Quantitative Model for BicD2/Cargo Interactions. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6538-6550. [PMID: 30345745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynein adaptor proteins such as Bicaudal D2 (BicD2) are integral components of the dynein transport machinery, as they recognize cargoes for cell cycle-specific transport and link them to the motor complex. Human BicD2 switches from selecting secretory and Golgi-derived vesicles for transport in G1 and S phase (by recognizing Rab6GTP), to selecting the nucleus for transport in G2 phase (by recognizing nuclear pore protein Nup358), but the molecular mechanisms governing this switch are elusive. Here, we have developed a quantitative model for BicD2/cargo interactions that integrates affinities, oligomeric states, and cellular concentrations of the reactants. BicD2 and cargo form predominantly 2:2 complexes. Furthermore, the affinity of BicD2 toward its cargo Nup358 is higher than that toward Rab6GTP. Based on our calculations, an estimated 1000 BicD2 molecules per cell would be recruited to the nucleus through Nup358 in the absence of regulation. Notably, RanGTP is a negative regulator of the Nup358/BicD2 interaction that weakens the affinity by a factor of 10 and may play a role in averting dynein recruitment to the nucleus outside of the G2 phase. However, our quantitative model predicts that an additional negative regulator remains to be identified. In the absence of negative regulation, the affinity of Nup358 would likely be sufficient to recruit BicD2 to the nucleus in G2 phase. Our quantitative model makes testable predictions of how cellular transport events are orchestrated. These transport processes are important for brain development, cell cycle control, signaling, and neurotransmission at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal R Noell
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Kyle M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Heying Cui
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Christof Grewer
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Megan Kizer
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
| | - Erik W Debler
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19107 , United States
| | - Sozanne R Solmaz
- Department of Chemistry , State University of New York at Binghamton , Binghamton , New York 13902 , United States
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Castiglioni C, Lozano-Arango A. Atrofias musculares espinales no asociadas a SMN1. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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63
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Koboldt DC, Kastury RD, Waldrop MA, Kelly BJ, Mosher TM, McLaughlin H, Corsmeier D, Slaughter JL, Flanigan KM, McBride KL, Mehta L, Wilson RK, White P. In-frame de novo mutation in BICD2 in two patients with muscular atrophy and arthrogryposis. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2018; 4:mcs.a003160. [PMID: 30054298 PMCID: PMC6169820 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a003160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe two unrelated patients, a 12-yr-old female and a 6-yr-old male, with congenital contractures and severe congenital muscular atrophy. Exome and genome sequencing of the probands and their unaffected parents revealed that they have the same de novo deletion in BICD2 (c.1636_1638delAAT). The variant, which has never been reported, results in an in-frame 3-bp deletion and is predicted to cause loss of an evolutionarily conserved asparagine residue at position 546 in the protein. Missense mutations in BICD2 cause autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy, lower-extremity predominant 2 (SMALED2), a disease characterized by muscle weakness and arthrogryposis of early onset and slow progression. The p.Asn546del clusters with four pathogenic missense variants in a region that likely binds molecular motor KIF5A. Protein modeling suggests that removing the highly conserved asparagine residue alters BICD2 protein structure. Our findings support a broader phenotypic spectrum of BICD2 mutations that may include severe manifestations such as cerebral atrophy, seizures, dysmorphic facial features, and profound muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Koboldt
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Rama D Kastury
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Megan A Waldrop
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Kelly
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | | | - Don Corsmeier
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Jonathan L Slaughter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Center for Perinatal Research and Division of Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Kevin M Flanigan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Center for Gene Therapy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Kim L McBride
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Lakshmi Mehta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Peter White
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Karakaya M, Storbeck M, Strathmann EA, Delle Vedove A, Hölker I, Altmueller J, Naghiyeva L, Schmitz-Steinkrüger L, Vezyroglou K, Motameny S, Alawbathani S, Thiele H, Polat AI, Okur D, Boostani R, Karimiani EG, Wunderlich G, Ardicli D, Topaloglu H, Kirschner J, Schrank B, Maroofian R, Magnusson O, Yis U, Nürnberg P, Heller R, Wirth B. Targeted sequencing with expanded gene profile enables high diagnostic yield in non-5q-spinal muscular atrophies. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1284-1298. [PMID: 29858556 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by muscular atrophy, weakness, and hypotonia due to suspected lower motor neuron degeneration (LMND). In a large cohort of 3,465 individuals suspected with SMA submitted for SMN1 testing to our routine diagnostic laboratory, 48.8% carried a homozygous SMN1 deletion, 2.8% a subtle mutation, and an SMN1 deletion, whereas 48.4% remained undiagnosed. Recently, several other genes implicated in SMA/LMND have been reported. Despite several efforts to establish a diagnostic algorithm for non-5q-SMA (SMA without deletion or point mutations in SMN1 [5q13.2]), data from large-scale studies are not available. We tested the clinical utility of targeted sequencing in non-5q-SMA by developing two different gene panels. We first analyzed 30 individuals with a small panel including 62 genes associated with LMND using IonTorrent-AmpliSeq target enrichment. Then, additional 65 individuals were tested with a broader panel encompassing up to 479 genes implicated in neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) with Agilent-SureSelect target enrichment. The NMD panel provided a higher diagnostic yield (33%) than the restricted LMND panel (13%). Nondiagnosed cases were further subjected to exome or genome sequencing. Our experience supports the use of gene panels covering a broad disease spectrum for diseases that are highly heterogeneous and clinically difficult to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Storbeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eike A Strathmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Delle Vedove
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irmgard Hölker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmueller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leyla Naghiyeva
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lea Schmitz-Steinkrüger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Vezyroglou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Motameny
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Salem Alawbathani
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ayse Ipek Polat
- Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Derya Okur
- Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Reza Boostani
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran.,Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Didem Ardicli
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Hacettepe University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Janbernd Kirschner
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertold Schrank
- DKD HELIOS Kliniken, Department of Neurology, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Genetics and Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Uluc Yis
- Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raoul Heller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Maciel R, Bis DM, Rebelo AP, Saghira C, Züchner S, Saporta MA. The human motor neuron axonal transcriptome is enriched for transcripts related to mitochondrial function and microtubule-based axonal transport. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:155-163. [PMID: 29935168 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Local axonal translation of specific mRNA species plays an important role in axon maintenance, plasticity during development and recovery from injury. Recently, disrupted axonal mRNA transport and translation have been linked to neurodegenerative disorders. To identify mRNA species that are actively transported to axons and play an important role in axonal physiology, we mapped the axonal transcriptome of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons using permeable inserts to obtain large amounts of enriched axonal material for RNA isolation and sequencing. Motor neurons from healthy subjects were used to determine differences in gene expression profiles between neuronal somatodendritic and axonal compartments. Our results demonstrate that several transcripts were enriched in either the axon or neuronal bodies. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated enrichment in the axonal compartment for transcripts associated with mitochondrial electron transport, microtubule-based axonal transport and ER-associated protein catabolism. These results suggest that local translation of mRNAs is required to meet the high-energy demand of axons and to support microtubule-based axonal transport. Interestingly, several transcripts related to human genetic disorders associated with axonal degeneration (inherited axonopathies) were identified among the mRNA species enriched in motor axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Maciel
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dana M Bis
- Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Adriana P Rebelo
- Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cima Saghira
- Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario A Saporta
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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66
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Surana S, Tosolini AP, Meyer IF, Fellows AD, Novoselov SS, Schiavo G. The travel diaries of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins. Toxicon 2018; 147:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Thompson LW, Morrison KD, Shirran SL, Groen EJN, Gillingwater TH, Botting CH, Sleeman JE. Neurochondrin interacts with the SMN protein suggesting a novel mechanism for spinal muscular atrophy pathology. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211482. [PMID: 29507115 PMCID: PMC5963842 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition caused by a reduction in the amount of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. SMN has been implicated in transport of mRNA in neural cells for local translation. We previously identified microtubule-dependent mobile vesicles rich in SMN and SNRPB, a member of the Sm family of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)-associated proteins, in neural cells. By comparing the interactomes of SNRPB and SNRPN, a neural-specific Sm protein, we now show that the essential neural protein neurochondrin (NCDN) interacts with Sm proteins and SMN in the context of mobile vesicles in neurites. NCDN has roles in protein localisation in neural cells and in maintenance of cell polarity. NCDN is required for the correct localisation of SMN, suggesting they may both be required for formation and transport of trafficking vesicles. NCDN may have potential as a therapeutic target for SMA together with, or in place of the targeting of SMN expression. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: The essential neural protein neurochondrin interacts with the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) protein SMN in cell lines and in mice. This might be relevant to the molecular pathology of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Thompson
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Kim D Morrison
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sally L Shirran
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ewout J N Groen
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Catherine H Botting
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Judith E Sleeman
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, BSRC Complex, North Haugh St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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Novel BICD2 mutation in a Japanese family with autosomal dominant lower extremity-predominant spinal muscular atrophy-2. Brain Dev 2018; 40:343-347. [PMID: 29273277 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most common form of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a recessive disorder caused by SMN1 mutations in 5q13, whereas the genetic etiologies of non-5q SMA are very heterogenous and largely remain to be elucidated. We present a father and son with atrophy and weakness of the lower leg muscles since infancy. Genetic studies in this family revealed a novel BICD2 mutation causing autosomal dominant lower extremity-predominant SMA type 2. PATIENTS The proband was the father, aged 30, and the son was aged 3. Both of them were born uneventfully to nonconsanguineous parents. While the father first walked at the age of 19 months, the son was unable to walk at age 3 years. In both, knee and ankle reflexes were absent and sensation was intact. Serum creatine kinase levels were normal. The son showed congenital arthrogryposis and underwent orthopedic corrections for talipes calcaneovalgus. Investigation of the father at the age of 5 years revealed normal results on nerve conduction studies and sural nerve biopsy. Electromyography showed chronic neurogenic change, and muscle biopsy showed features suggestive of denervation. The father was diagnosed clinically with a sporadic distal SMA. Follow-up studies showed very slow progression. INVESTIGATIONS AND RESULTS Next-generation and Sanger sequencing revealed a deleterious mutation in BICD2: c.1667A>G, p.Tyr556Cys, in this family. DISCUSSION BICD2 is a cytoplasmic conserved motor-adaptor protein involved in anterograde and retrograde transport along the microtubules. Next-generation sequencing will further clarify the genetic basis of non-5q SMA.
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69
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Trimouille A, Obre É, Banneau G, Durr A, Stevanin G, Clot F, Pennamen P, Perez JT, Bailly-Scappaticci C, Rouanet M, Delleci C, Sole G, Mathis S, Goizet C. An in-frame deletion in BICD2 associated with a non-progressive form of SMALED. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 166:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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An Essential Postdevelopmental Role for Lis1 in Mice. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0350-17. [PMID: 29404402 PMCID: PMC5797476 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0350-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LIS1 mutations cause lissencephaly (LIS), a severe developmental brain malformation. Much less is known about its role in the mature nervous system. LIS1 regulates the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein 1 (dynein), and as LIS1 and dynein are both expressed in the adult nervous system, Lis1 could potentially regulate dynein-dependent processes such as axonal transport. We therefore knocked out Lis1 in adult mice using tamoxifen-induced, Cre-ER-mediated recombination. When an actin promoter was used to drive Cre-ER expression (Act-Cre-ER), heterozygous Lis1 knockout (KO) caused no obvious change in viability or behavior, despite evidence of widespread recombination by a Cre reporter three weeks after tamoxifen exposure. In contrast, homozygous Lis1 KO caused the rapid onset of neurological symptoms in both male and female mice. One tamoxifen-dosing regimen caused prominent recombination in the midbrain/hindbrain, PNS, and cardiac/skeletal muscle within a week; these mice developed severe symptoms in that time frame and were killed. A different tamoxifen regimen resulted in delayed recombination in midbrain/hindbrain, but not in other tissues, and also delayed the onset of symptoms. This indicates that Lis1 loss in the midbrain/hindbrain causes the severe phenotype. In support of this, brainstem regions known to house cardiorespiratory centers showed signs of axonal dysfunction in KO animals. Transport defects, neurofilament (NF) alterations, and varicosities were observed in axons in cultured DRG neurons from KO animals. Because no symptoms were observed when a cardiac specific Cre-ER promoter was used, we propose a vital role for Lis1 in autonomic neurons and implicate defective axonal transport in the KO phenotype.
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71
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Bohman A, Juodakis J, Oscarsson M, Bacelis J, Bende M, Torinsson Naluai Å. A family-based genome-wide association study of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps implicates several genes in the disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185244. [PMID: 29253858 PMCID: PMC5734761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is largely unknown. Previous studies have given valuable information about genetic variants associated with this disease but much is still unexplained. Our goal was to identify genetic markers and genes associated with susceptibility to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps using a family-based genome-wide association study. METHODS 427 patients (293 males and 134 females) with CRSwNP and 393 controls (175 males and 218 females) were recruited from several Swedish hospitals. SNP association values were generated using DFAM (implemented in PLINK) and Efficient Mixed Model Association eXpedited (EMMAX). Analyses of pathway enrichment, gene expression levels and expression quantitative trait loci were then performed in turn. RESULTS None of the analysed SNPs reached genome wide significant association of 5.0 x 10-8. Pathway analyses using our top 1000 markers with the most significant association p-values resulted in 138 target genes. A comparison between our target genes and gene expression data from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database showed significant overlap for 36 of these genes. Comparisons with data from expression quantitative trait loci showed the most skewed allelic distributions in cases with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps compared with controls for the genes HLCS, HLA-DRA, BICD2, VSIR and SLC5A1. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that HLCS, HLA-DRA, BICD2, VSIR and SLC5A1 could be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. HLA-DRA has been associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in previous studies and HLCS, BICD2, VSIR and SLC5A1 may be new targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bohman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julius Juodakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Oscarsson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bacelis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Bende
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Reble E, Dineen A, Barr CL. The contribution of alternative splicing to genetic risk for psychiatric disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 17:e12430. [PMID: 29052934 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A genetic contribution to psychiatric disorders has clearly been established and genome-wide association studies now provide the location of risk genes and genetic variants associated with risk. However, the mechanism by which these genes and variants contribute to psychiatric disorders is mostly undetermined. This is in part because non-synonymous protein coding changes cannot explain the majority of variants associated with complex genetic traits. Based on this, it is predicted that these variants are causing gene expression changes, including changes to alternative splicing. Genetic changes influencing alternative splicing have been identified as risk factors in Mendelian disorders; however, currently there is a paucity of research on the role of alternative splicing in complex traits. This stems partly from the difficulty of predicting the role of genetic variation in splicing. Alterations to canonical splice site sequences, nucleotides adjacent to splice junctions, and exonic and intronic splicing regulatory sequences can influence splice site choice. Recent studies have identified global changes in alternatively spliced transcripts in brain tissues, some of which correlate with altered levels of splicing trans factors. Disease-associated variants have also been found to affect cis-acting splicing regulatory sequences and alter the ratio of alternatively spliced transcripts. These findings are reviewed here, as well as the current datasets and resources available to study alternative splicing in psychiatric disorders. Identifying and understanding risk variants that cause alternative splicing is critical to understanding the mechanisms of risk as well as to pave the way for new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reble
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Dineen
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C L Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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73
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Xia B, Li Y, Zhou J, Tian B, Feng L. Identification of potential pathogenic genes associated with osteoporosis. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:640-648. [PMID: 29203636 PMCID: PMC5935809 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.612.bjr-2017-0102.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoporosis is a chronic disease. The aim of this study was to identify key genes in osteoporosis. METHODS Microarray data sets GSE56815 and GSE56814, comprising 67 osteoporosis blood samples and 62 control blood samples, were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in osteoporosis using Limma package (3.2.1) and Meta-MA packages. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed to identify biological functions. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulatory network was established between the top 20 DEGs and transcriptional factors using the UCSC ENCODE Genome Browser. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to investigate the diagnostic value of several DEGs. RESULTS A total of 1320 DEGs were obtained, of which 855 were up-regulated and 465 were down-regulated. These differentially expressed genes were enriched in Gene Ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, mainly associated with gene expression and osteoclast differentiation. In the transcriptional regulatory network, there were 6038 interactions pairs involving 88 transcriptional factors. In addition, the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction result validated the expression of several genes (VPS35, FCGR2A, TBCA, HIRA, TYROBP, and JUND). Finally, ROC analyses showed that VPS35, HIRA, PHF20 and NFKB2 had a significant diagnostic value for osteoporosis. CONCLUSION Genes such as VPS35, FCGR2A, TBCA, HIRA, TYROBP, JUND, PHF20, NFKB2, RPL35A and BICD2 may be considered to be potential pathogenic genes of osteoporosis and may be useful for further study of the mechanisms underlying osteoporosis.Cite this article: B. Xia, Y. Li, J. Zhou, B. Tian, L. Feng. Identification of potential pathogenic genes associated with osteoporosis. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:640-648. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.612.BJR-2017-0102.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xia
- Attending Doctor Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
| | - Y Li
- Attending Doctor Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
| | - J Zhou
- Attending Doctor Department of Gynecology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
| | - B Tian
- Attending Doctor Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
| | - L Feng
- Attending Doctor Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, 272011 Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia comprises a wide and heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from primary retrograde dysfunction of the long descending fibers of the corticospinal tract. Although spastic paraparesis and urinary dysfunction represent the most common clinical presentation, a complex group of different neurological and systemic compromise has been recognized recently and a growing number of new genetic subtypes were described in the last decade. Clinical characterization of individual and familial history represents the main step during diagnostic workup; however, frequently, few and unspecific data allows a low rate of definite diagnosis based solely in clinical and neuroimaging basis. Likewise, a wide group of neurological acquired and inherited disorders should be included in the differential diagnosis and properly excluded after a complete laboratorial, neuroimaging, and genetic evaluation. The aim of this review article is to provide an extensive overview regarding the main clinical and genetic features of the classical and recently described subtypes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP).
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75
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Huynh W, Vale RD. Disease-associated mutations in human BICD2 hyperactivate motility of dynein-dynactin. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3051-3060. [PMID: 28883039 PMCID: PMC5626548 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicaudal D2 (BICD2) is an adaptor protein that recruits and activates dynein–dynactin onto Rab6 membrane vesicles. Huynh and Vale reconstitute Rab6 regulation of BICD2-mediated dynein transport in vitro and show that disease-associated mutations in BICD2 cause an increase in retrograde transport. Bicaudal D2 (BICD2) joins dynein with dynactin into a ternary complex (termed DDB) capable of processive movement. Point mutations in the BICD2 gene have been identified in patients with a dominant form of spinal muscular atrophy, but how these mutations cause disease is unknown. To investigate this question, we have developed in vitro motility assays with purified DDB and BICD2’s membrane vesicle partner, the GTPase Rab6a. Rab6a–GTP, either in solution or bound to artificial liposomes, released BICD2 from an autoinhibited state and promoted robust dynein–dynactin transport. In these assays, BICD2 mutants showed an enhanced ability to form motile DDB complexes. Increased retrograde transport by BICD2 mutants also was observed in cells using an inducible organelle transport assay. When overexpressed in rat hippocampal neurons, the hyperactive BICD2 mutants decreased neurite growth. Our results reveal that dominant mutations in BICD2 hyperactivate DDB motility and suggest that an imbalance of minus versus plus end–directed microtubule motility in neurons may underlie spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Huynh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Phenotypic extremes of BICD2-opathies: from lethal, congenital muscular atrophy with arthrogryposis to asymptomatic with subclinical features. Eur J Hum Genet 2017. [PMID: 28635954 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous variants in BICD cargo adapter 2 (BICD2) cause autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity-predominant 2 (SMALED2). The disease is usually characterized by a benign or slowly progressive, congenital or early onset muscle weakness and atrophy that mainly affects the lower extremities, although some affected individuals show involvement of the arms and the shoulder girdle. Here we report unusual extremes of BICD2-related diseases: A severe form of congenital muscular atrophy with arthrogryposis multiplex, respiratory insufficiency and lethality within four months. This was caused by three BICD2 variants, (c.581A>G, p.(Gln194Arg)), (c.1626C>G, p.(Cys542Trp)) and (c.2080C>T, p.(Arg694Cys)), two of which were proven to be de novo. Affected individuals showed reduced fetal movement, weak muscle tone and sparse or no spontaneous activity after birth. Despite assisted ventilation, the condition led to early death. At the other extreme, we identified an asymptomatic woman with a known BICD2 variant (c.2108C>T, p.(Thr703Met)). Radiological examination showed fatty degeneration of selected thigh and calf muscles without clinical consequences. Instead, her son carrying the same variant is affected by a mild childhood onset disease with myopathic and neurogenic features. Mechanisms leading to variable expressivity and onset of BICD2-related disease may include alterations in molecular interactions of BICD2 and suggest the presence of genetic modifiers that may act in a protective fashion to ameliorate or abrogate disease. Our data define an additional severe disease type caused by BICD2 and emphasize a possibly variable etiology of BICD2-opathies with regard to primary muscle and neuronal involvement.
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77
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Estrada-Cuzcano A, Martin S, Chamova T, Synofzik M, Timmann D, Holemans T, Andreeva A, Reichbauer J, De Rycke R, Chang DI, van Veen S, Samuel J, Schöls L, Pöppel T, Mollerup Sørensen D, Asselbergh B, Klein C, Zuchner S, Jordanova A, Vangheluwe P, Tournev I, Schüle R. Loss-of-function mutations in the ATP13A2/PARK9 gene cause complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78). Brain 2017; 140:287-305. [PMID: 28137957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs due to degeneration of the corticospinal motor neurons. In a Bulgarian family with three siblings affected by complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia, we performed whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping and identified a homozygous p.Thr512Ile (c.1535C > T) mutation in ATP13A2. Molecular defects in this gene have been causally associated with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome (#606693), an autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset parkinsonism, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (#606693), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lipopigments. Further analysis of 795 index cases with hereditary spastic paraplegia and related disorders revealed two additional families carrying truncating biallelic mutations in ATP13A2. ATP13A2 is a lysosomal P5-type transport ATPase, the activity of which critically depends on catalytic autophosphorylation. Our biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in COS-1 and HeLa cells and patient-derived fibroblasts demonstrated that the hereditary spastic paraplegia-associated mutations, similarly to the ones causing Kufor-Rakeb syndrome and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, cause loss of ATP13A2 function due to transcript or protein instability and abnormal intracellular localization of the mutant proteins, ultimately impairing the lysosomal and mitochondrial function. Moreover, we provide the first biochemical evidence that disease-causing mutations can affect the catalytic autophosphorylation activity of ATP13A2. Our study adds complicated hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG78) to the clinical continuum of ATP13A2-associated neurological disorders, which are commonly hallmarked by lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction. The disease presentation in our patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia was dominated by an adult-onset lower-limb predominant spastic paraparesis. Cognitive impairment was present in most of the cases and ranged from very mild deficits to advanced dementia with fronto-temporal characteristics. Nerve conduction studies revealed involvement of the peripheral motor and sensory nerves. Only one of five patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia showed clinical indication of extrapyramidal involvement in the form of subtle bradykinesia and slight resting tremor. Neuroimaging cranial investigations revealed pronounced vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy. Notably, reduced striatal dopamine was apparent in the brain of one of the patients, who had no clinical signs or symptoms of extrapyramidal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada-Cuzcano
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teodora Chamova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tine Holemans
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albena Andreeva
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jennifer Reichbauer
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dae-In Chang
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Samuel
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pöppel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Danny Mollerup Sørensen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Albena Jordanova
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Medical University-Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Molecular Neurogenomics Group, VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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78
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Beecroft SJ, McLean CA, Delatycki MB, Koshy K, Yiu E, Haliloglu G, Orhan D, Lamont PJ, Davis MR, Laing NG, Ravenscroft G. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations of DYNC1H1. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:607-615. [PMID: 28554554 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant mutations of DYNC1H1 cause a range of neurogenetic diseases, including mental retardation with cortical malformations, hereditary spastic paraplegia and spinal muscular atrophy. Using SNP array, linkage analysis and next generation sequencing, we identified two families and one isolated proband sharing a known spinal muscular atrophy, lower extremity predominant (SMALED) causing mutation DYNC1H1 c.1792C>T, p.Arg598Cys, and another family harbouring a c.2327C>T, p.Pro776Leu mutation. Here, we present a detailed clinical and pathological examination of these patients, and show that patients with DYNC1H1 mutations may present with a phenotype mimicking a congenital myopathy. We also highlight features that increase the phenotypic overlap with BICD2, which causes SMALED2. Serial muscle biopsies were available for several patients, spanning from infancy and early childhood to middle age. These provide a unique insight into the developmental and pathological origins of SMALED, suggesting in utero denervation with reinnervation by surrounding intact motor neurons and segmental anterior horn cell deficits. We characterise biopsy features that may make diagnosis of this condition easier in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Beecroft
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Victorian Neuromuscular Laboratory, Alfred Health, Commercial Rd, Prahran, Vic. 3181, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | - Kurian Koshy
- Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tas. 7250, Australia
| | - Eppie Yiu
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia; Neurology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic. 3052, Australia
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Pediatric Pathology Unit, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Australia
| | - Mark R Davis
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; QEII Medical Centre, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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79
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Parodi L, Fenu S, Stevanin G, Durr A. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: More than an upper motor neuron disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:352-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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80
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Juntas Morales R, Pageot N, Taieb G, Camu W. Adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy: An update. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:308-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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81
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Walsh M, Bell KM, Chong B, Creed E, Brett GR, Pope K, Thorne NP, Sadedin S, Georgeson P, Phelan DG, Day T, Taylor JA, Sexton A, Lockhart PJ, Kiers L, Fahey M, Macciocca I, Gaff CL, Oshlack A, Yiu EM, James PA, Stark Z, Ryan MM. Diagnostic and cost utility of whole exome sequencing in peripheral neuropathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:318-325. [PMID: 28491899 PMCID: PMC5420808 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the diagnostic utility and cost effectiveness of whole exome sequencing (WES) in a cohort of individuals with peripheral neuropathy. Methods Singleton WES was performed in individuals recruited though one pediatric and one adult tertiary center between February 2014 and December 2015. Initial analysis was restricted to a virtual panel of 55 genes associated with peripheral neuropathies. Patients with uninformative results underwent expanded analysis of the WES data. Data on the cost of prior investigations and assessments performed for diagnostic purposes in each patient was collected. Results Fifty patients with a peripheral neuropathy were recruited (median age 18 years; range 2–68 years). The median time from initial presentation to study enrollment was 6 years 9 months (range 2 months–62 years), and the average cost of prior investigations and assessments for diagnostic purposes AU$4013 per patient. Eleven individuals received a diagnosis from the virtual panel. Eight individuals received a diagnosis following expanded analysis of the WES data, increasing the overall diagnostic yield to 38%. Two additional individuals were diagnosed with pathogenic copy number variants through SNP microarray. Conclusions This study provides evidence that WES has a high diagnostic utility and is cost effective in patients with a peripheral neuropathy. Expanded analysis of WES data significantly improves the diagnostic yield in patients in whom a diagnosis is not found on the initial targeted analysis. This is primarily due to diagnosis of conditions caused by newly discovered genes and the resolution of complex and atypical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maie Walsh
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Belinda Chong
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Emma Creed
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia.,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia
| | - Gemma R Brett
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia
| | - Kate Pope
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Natalie P Thorne
- Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Simon Sadedin
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Dean G Phelan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Timothy Day
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | | | | | - Paul J Lockhart
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,Bruce Lefroy Centre Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | | | | | - Ivan Macciocca
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia
| | - Clara L Gaff
- Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia.,University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Alicia Oshlack
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Eppie M Yiu
- Bruce Lefroy Centre Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Parkville Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | - Paul A James
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Australia.,University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia
| | - Monique M Ryan
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute Melbourne Australia.,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Melbourne Australia.,Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia
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82
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Huang X, Fan D. A novel mutation of BICD2 gene associated with juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2017; 18:454-456. [PMID: 28335620 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2017.1304557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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83
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Kichula EA. Inherited Neuromuscular Disorders: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Advances in Treatment. CURRENT PEDIATRICS REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40124-017-0118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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84
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DYNC1H1 mutations associated with neurological diseases compromise processivity of dynein-dynactin-cargo adaptor complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1597-E1606. [PMID: 28196890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human DYNC1H1 gene are associated with neurological diseases. DYNC1H1 encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein-1, a 1.4-MDa motor complex that traffics organelles, vesicles, and macromolecules toward microtubule minus ends. The effects of the DYNC1H1 mutations on dynein motility, and consequently their links to neuropathology, are not understood. Here, we address this issue using a recombinant expression system for human dynein coupled to single-molecule resolution in vitro motility assays. We functionally characterize 14 DYNC1H1 mutations identified in humans diagnosed with malformations in cortical development (MCD) or spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED), as well as three mutations that cause motor and sensory defects in mice. Two of the human mutations, R1962C and H3822P, strongly interfere with dynein's core mechanochemical properties. The remaining mutations selectively compromise the processive mode of dynein movement that is activated by binding to the accessory complex dynactin and the cargo adaptor Bicaudal-D2 (BICD2). Mutations with the strongest effects on dynein motility in vitro are associated with MCD. The vast majority of mutations do not affect binding of dynein to dynactin and BICD2 and are therefore expected to result in linkage of cargos to dynein-dynactin complexes that have defective long-range motility. This observation offers an explanation for the dominant effects of DYNC1H1 mutations in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that compromised processivity of cargo-motor assemblies contributes to human neurological disease and provide insight into the influence of different regions of the heavy chain on dynein motility.
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85
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Riessland M, Kaczmarek A, Schneider S, Swoboda KJ, Löhr H, Bradler C, Grysko V, Dimitriadi M, Hosseinibarkooie S, Torres-Benito L, Peters M, Upadhyay A, Biglari N, Kröber S, Hölker I, Garbes L, Gilissen C, Hoischen A, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Walter M, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Kye MJ, Hart AC, Hammerschmidt M, Kloppenburg P, Wirth B. Neurocalcin Delta Suppression Protects against Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Humans and across Species by Restoring Impaired Endocytosis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:297-315. [PMID: 28132687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous SMN1 loss causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common lethal genetic childhood motor neuron disease. SMN1 encodes SMN, a ubiquitous housekeeping protein, which makes the primarily motor neuron-specific phenotype rather unexpected. SMA-affected individuals harbor low SMN expression from one to six SMN2 copies, which is insufficient to functionally compensate for SMN1 loss. However, rarely individuals with homozygous absence of SMN1 and only three to four SMN2 copies are fully asymptomatic, suggesting protection through genetic modifier(s). Previously, we identified plastin 3 (PLS3) overexpression as an SMA protective modifier in humans and showed that SMN deficit impairs endocytosis, which is rescued by elevated PLS3 levels. Here, we identify reduction of the neuronal calcium sensor Neurocalcin delta (NCALD) as a protective SMA modifier in five asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals carrying only four SMN2 copies. We demonstrate that NCALD is a Ca2+-dependent negative regulator of endocytosis, as NCALD knockdown improves endocytosis in SMA models and ameliorates pharmacologically induced endocytosis defects in zebrafish. Importantly, NCALD knockdown effectively ameliorates SMA-associated pathological defects across species, including worm, zebrafish, and mouse. In conclusion, our study identifies a previously unknown protective SMA modifier in humans, demonstrates modifier impact in three different SMA animal models, and suggests a potential combinatorial therapeutic strategy to efficiently treat SMA. Since both protective modifiers restore endocytosis, our results confirm that endocytosis is a major cellular mechanism perturbed in SMA and emphasize the power of protective modifiers for understanding disease mechanism and developing therapies.
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86
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Zheng W. Probing the Energetics of Dynactin Filament Assembly and the Binding of Cargo Adaptor Proteins Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Electrostatics-Based Structural Modeling. Biochemistry 2016; 56:313-323. [PMID: 27976861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynactin, a large multiprotein complex, binds with the cytoplasmic dynein-1 motor and various adaptor proteins to allow recruitment and transportation of cellular cargoes toward the minus end of microtubules. The structure of the dynactin complex is built around an actin-like minifilament with a defined length, which has been visualized in a high-resolution structure of the dynactin filament determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). To understand the energetic basis of dynactin filament assembly, we used molecular dynamics simulation to probe the intersubunit interactions among the actin-like proteins, various capping proteins, and four extended regions of the dynactin shoulder. Our simulations revealed stronger intersubunit interactions at the barbed and pointed ends of the filament and involving the extended regions (compared with the interactions within the filament), which may energetically drive filament termination by the capping proteins and recruitment of the actin-like proteins by the extended regions, two key features of the dynactin filament assembly process. Next, we modeled the unknown binding configuration among dynactin, dynein tails, and a number of coiled-coil adaptor proteins (including several Bicaudal-D and related proteins and three HOOK proteins), and predicted a key set of charged residues involved in their electrostatic interactions. Our modeling is consistent with previous findings of conserved regions, functional sites, and disease mutations in the adaptor proteins and will provide a structural framework for future functional and mutational studies of these adaptor proteins. In sum, this study yielded rich structural and energetic information about dynactin and associated adaptor proteins that cannot be directly obtained from the cryo-EM structures with limited resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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87
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Unger A, Dekomien G, Güttsches A, Dreps T, Kley R, Tegenthoff M, Ferbert A, Weis J, Heyer C, Linke WA, Martinez-Carrera L, Storbeck M, Wirth B, Hoffjan S, Vorgerd M. Expanding the phenotype of
BICD2
mutations toward skeletal muscle involvement. Neurology 2016; 87:2235-2243. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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88
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Ravenscroft G, Di Donato N, Hahn G, Davis MR, Craven PD, Poke G, Neas KR, Neuhann TM, Dobyns WB, Laing NG. Recurrent de novo BICD2 mutation associated with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria. Neuromuscul Disord 2016; 26:744-748. [PMID: 27751653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominantly inherited mutations of BICD2 are associated with congenital-onset spinal muscular atrophy characterised by lower limb predominance. A few cases have also showed upper motor neuron pathology, including presenting with features resembling hereditary spastic paraplegia. The age-of-onset for the published families is usually at birth but also included cases with childhood- and adult-onset disease. In this report we described two isolated probands that presented in utero with features associated with reduced fetal movements. Both cases were diagnosed at birth with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) and hypotonia. Other variable features included congenital fractures, hip dislocation, micrognathia, respiratory insufficiency, microcephaly and bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria. Patient 1 is 4 years of age and stable, but shows significant motor developmental delay and delayed speech. Patient 2 passed away at 7 weeks of age. Through next generation sequencing we identified the same missense substitution in BICD2 (p.Arg694Cys) in both probands. Sanger sequencing showed that in both cases the mutation arose de novo. The in utero onset in both cases suggests that the p.Arg694Cys substitution may have a more deleterious effect on BICD2 function than previously described mutations. Our results broaden the phenotypes associated with BICD2 mutations to include AMC and cortical malformations and therefore to a similar phenotypic spectrum to that associated with its binding partner DYNC1H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianina Ravenscroft
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Nataliya Di Donato
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Hahn
- Institut und Poliklinik für Radiologische Diagnostik, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark R Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul D Craven
- John Hunter Children's Hospital, Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gemma Poke
- Genetic Health Services, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Nigel G Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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89
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Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Deden F, Eggermann K, Eggermann T, Wieczorek D, Sellhaus B, Yamoah A, Goswami A, Claeys KG, Weis J, Zerres K. Autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance: A recognizable phenotype ofBICD2mutations. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:496-500. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn
- Institute of Human Genetics; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Division of Human Genetics; Medical University Innsbruck; Peter-Mayr-Strasse 1, 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Florian Deden
- Institute of Human Genetics; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | | | - Bernd Sellhaus
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Alfred Yamoah
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Anand Goswami
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Kristl G. Claeys
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
- Department of Neurology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics; Uniklinik RWTH Aachen; Aachen Germany
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90
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Marras C, Lang A, van de Warrenburg BP, Sue CM, Tabrizi SJ, Bertram L, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Warner TT, Durr A, Assmann B, Lohmann K, Kostic V, Klein C. Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: Recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2016; 31:436-57. [PMID: 27079681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of assigning locus symbols to specify chromosomal regions that are associated with a familial disorder has a number of problems when used as a reference list of genetically determined disorders,including (I) erroneously assigned loci, (II) duplicated loci, (III) missing symbols or loci, (IV) unconfirmed loci and genes, (V) a combination of causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and (VI) discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we report on the recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and present a system for naming genetically determined movement disorders that addresses these problems. We demonstrate how the system would be applied to currently known genetically determined parkinsonism, dystonia, dominantly inherited ataxia, spastic paraparesis, chorea, paroxysmal movement disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and primary familial brain calcifications. This system provides a resource for clinicians and researchers that, unlike the previous system, can be considered an accurate and criterion-based list of confirmed genetically determined movement disorders at the time it was last updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology & F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm and Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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91
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Schüle R, Wiethoff S, Martus P, Karle KN, Otto S, Klebe S, Klimpe S, Gallenmüller C, Kurzwelly D, Henkel D, Rimmele F, Stolze H, Kohl Z, Kassubek J, Klockgether T, Vielhaber S, Kamm C, Klopstock T, Bauer P, Züchner S, Liepelt-Scarfone I, Schöls L. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: Clinicogenetic lessons from 608 patients. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:646-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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92
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Toh WH, Gleeson PA. Emerging Insights into the Roles of Membrane Tethers from Analysis of Whole Organisms: The Tip of an Iceberg? Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 26973835 PMCID: PMC4770024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane tethers have been identified throughout different compartments of the endomembrane system. It is now well established that a number of membrane tethers mediate docking of membrane carriers in anterograde and retrograde transport and in regulating the organization of membrane compartments. Much of our information on membrane tethers have been obtained from the analysis of individual membrane tethers in cultured cells. In the future it will be important to better appreciate the network of interactions mediated by tethers and the potential co-ordination of their collective functions in vivo. There are now a number of studies which have analyzed membrane tethers in tissues and organisms which are providing new insights into the role of this class of membrane protein at the physiological level. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the function of membrane tethers from knock outs (or knock downs) in whole organisms and from mutations in tethers associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong Toh
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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93
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Tey S, Ahmad-Annuar A, Drew AP, Shahrizaila N, Nicholson GA, Kennerson ML. Mutation analysis of genes within the dynactin complex in a cohort of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. Clin Genet 2016; 90:127-33. [PMID: 26662454 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein-dynactin genes are attractive candidates for neurodegenerative disorders given their functional role in retrograde transport along neurons. The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) gene has been implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders, and dynactin 1 (DCTN1) genes have been implicated in a wide spectrum of disorders including motor neuron disease, Parkinson's disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegia. However, the involvement of other dynactin genes with inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPN) namely, hereditary sensory neuropathy, hereditary motor neuropathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is under reported. We screened eight genes; DCTN1-6 and ACTR1A and ACTR1B in 136 IPN patients using whole-exome sequencing and high-resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Eight non-synonymous variants (including one novel variant) and three synonymous variants were identified. Four variants have been reported previously in other studies, however segregation analysis within family members excluded them from causing IPN in these families. No variants of disease significance were identified in this study suggesting the dynactin genes are unlikely to be a common cause of IPNs. However, with the ease of querying gene variants from exome data, these genes remain worthwhile candidates to assess unsolved IPN families for variants that may affect the function of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tey
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Ahmad-Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A P Drew
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Shahrizaila
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - G A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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94
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Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Bicaudal D Family of Motor Adaptors: Linking Dynein Motility to Cargo Binding. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:327-340. [PMID: 26822037 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transport of different intracellular cargoes along cytoskeleton filaments is essential for the morphogenesis and function of a broad variety of eukaryotic cells. Intracellular transport is mediated by cytoskeletal motors including myosin, kinesin, and dynein, which are typically linked to various cargoes by adaptor proteins. Recent studies suggest that adaptor proteins can also act as essential transport cofactors, which control motor activity and coordination. Characterization of the evolutionary conserved Bicaudal D (BICD) family of dynein adaptor proteins has provided important insights into the fundamental mechanisms governing cargo trafficking. This review highlights the advances in the current understanding of how BICD adaptors regulate microtubule-based transport and how they contribute to developmental processes and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, CH 3584 The Netherlands.
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95
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Tourtellotte WG. Axon Transport and Neuropathy: Relevant Perspectives on the Etiopathogenesis of Familial Dysautonomia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:489-99. [PMID: 26724390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathies are highly prevalent and are most often associated with chronic disease, side effects from chemotherapy, or toxic-metabolic abnormalities. Neuropathies are less commonly caused by genetic mutations, but studies of the normal function of mutated proteins have identified particular vulnerabilities that often implicate mitochondrial dynamics and axon transport mechanisms. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies are a group of phenotypically related diseases caused by monogenic mutations that primarily affect sympathetic and sensory neurons. Here, I review evidence to indicate that many genetic neuropathies are caused by abnormalities in axon transport. Moreover, in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. There may be specific convergence on gene mutations that disrupt nerve growth factor signaling, upon which sympathetic and sensory neurons critically depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Tourtellotte
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, and the Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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96
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Peeters K, Bervoets S, Chamova T, Litvinenko I, De Vriendt E, Bichev S, Kancheva D, Mitev V, Kennerson M, Timmerman V, De Jonghe P, Tournev I, MacMillan J, Jordanova A. Novel mutations in the DYNC1H1 tail domain refine the genetic and clinical spectrum of dyneinopathies. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:287-91. [PMID: 25512093 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The heavy chain 1 of cytoplasmic dynein (DYNC1H1) is responsible for movement of the motor complex along microtubules and recruitment of dynein components. Mutations in DYNC1H1 are associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), cortical malformations, or a combination of these. Combining linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel dominant defect in the DYNC1H1 tail domain (c.1792C>T, p.Arg598Cys) causing axonal HMSN. Mutation analysis of the tail region in 355 patients identified a de novo mutation (c.791G>T, p.Arg264Leu) in an isolated SMA patient. Her phenotype was more severe than previously described, characterized by multiple congenital contractures and delayed motor milestones, without brain malformations. The mutations in DYNC1H1 increase the interaction with its adaptor BICD2. This relates to previous studies on BICD2 mutations causing a highly similar phenotype. Our findings broaden the genetic heterogeneity and refine the clinical spectrum of DYNC1H1, and have implications for molecular diagnostics of motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Peeters
- Molecular Neurogenomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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97
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Martinez-Carrera LA, Wirth B. Dominant spinal muscular atrophy is caused by mutations in BICD2, an important golgin protein. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:401. [PMID: 26594138 PMCID: PMC4633519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are characterized by degeneration of spinal motor neurons and muscle weakness. Autosomal recessive SMA is the most common form and is caused by homozygous deletions/mutations of the SMN1 gene. However, families with dominant inherited SMA have been reported, for most of them the causal gene remains unknown. Recently, we and others have identified heterozygous mutations in BICD2 as causative for autosomal dominant SMA, lower extremity-predominant, 2 (SMALED2) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). BICD2 encodes the Bicaudal D2 protein, which is considered to be a golgin, due to its coiled-coil (CC) structure and interaction with the small GTPase RAB6A located at the Golgi apparatus. Golgins are resident proteins in the Golgi apparatus and form a matrix that helps to maintain the structure of this organelle. Golgins are also involved in the regulation of vesicle transport. In vitro overexpression experiments and studies of fibroblast cell lines derived from patients, showed fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. In the current review, we will discuss possible causes for this disruption, and the consequences at cellular level, with a view to better understand the pathomechanism of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian A Martinez-Carrera
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine of The University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine of The University of Cologne Cologne, Germany
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98
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Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA processing greatly increases the coding capacity of the human genome and regulatory factors involved in RNA processing play critical roles in tissue development and maintenance. Indeed, abnormal functions of RNA processing factors have been associated with a wide range of human diseases from cancer to neurodegenerative disorders. While many studies have emphasized the importance of alternative splicing (AS), recent high-throughput sequencing efforts have also allowed global surveys of alternative polyadenylation (APA). For the majority of pre-mRNAs, as well as some non-coding transcripts such as lncRNAs, APA selects different 3'-ends and thus modulates the availability of regulatory sites recognized by trans-acting regulatory effectors, including miRs and RNA binding proteins (RBPs). Here, we compare the available technologies for assessing global polyadenylation patterns, summarize the roles of auxiliary factors on APA, and discuss the impact of differential polyA site (pA) selection in the determination of cell fate, transformation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Batra
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine ; Institute for Genomic Medicine; UCSD Stem Cell Program; University of California ; San Diego , CA USA
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99
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Cianfrocco MA, DeSantis ME, Leschziner AE, Reck-Peterson SL. Mechanism and regulation of cytoplasmic dynein. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:83-108. [PMID: 26436706 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, dynein was the least understood of the cytoskeletal motors. However, a wealth of new structural, mechanistic, and cell biological data is shedding light on how this complicated minus-end-directed, microtubule-based motor works. Cytoplasmic dynein-1 performs a wide array of functions in most eukaryotes, both in interphase, in which it transports organelles, proteins, mRNAs, and viruses, and in mitosis and meiosis. Mutations in dynein or its regulators are linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we begin by providing a synthesis of recent data to describe the current model of dynein's mechanochemical cycle. Next, we discuss regulators of dynein, with particular focus on those that directly interact with the motor to modulate its recruitment to microtubules, initiate cargo transport, or activate minus-end-directed motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cianfrocco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Morgan E DeSantis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Samara L Reck-Peterson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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100
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Takasuga A, Sato K, Nakamura R, Saito Y, Sasaki S, Tsuji T, Suzuki A, Kobayashi H, Matsuhashi T, Setoguchi K, Okabe H, Ootsubo T, Tabuchi I, Fujita T, Watanabe N, Hirano T, Nishimura S, Watanabe T, Hayakawa M, Sugimoto Y, Kojima T. Non-synonymous FGD3 Variant as Positional Candidate for Disproportional Tall Stature Accounting for a Carcass Weight QTL (CW-3) and Skeletal Dysplasia in Japanese Black Cattle. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005433. [PMID: 26306008 PMCID: PMC4549114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive skeletal dysplasia, characterized by joint- and/or hip bone-enlargement, was mapped within the critical region for a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing carcass weight; previously named CW-3 in Japanese Black cattle. The risk allele was on the same chromosome as the Q allele that increases carcass weight. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the risk allele causes disproportional tall stature and bone size that increases carcass weight in heterozygous individuals but causes disproportionately narrow chest width in homozygotes. A non-synonymous variant of FGD3 was identified as a positional candidate quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) and the corresponding mutant protein showed reduced activity as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Cdc42. FGD3 is expressed in the growth plate cartilage of femurs from bovine and mouse. Thus, loss of FDG3 activity may lead to subsequent loss of Cdc42 function. This would be consistent with the columnar disorganization of proliferating chondrocytes in chondrocyte-specific inactivated Cdc42 mutant mice. This is the first report showing association of FGD3 with skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takasuga
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kunio Sato
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Nakamura
- Shimane Prefectural Livestock Technology Center, Koshi, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yosuke Saito
- Miyagi Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Iwadeyama, Osaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasaki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Moritatukimino, Morita, Tugaru, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Okayama Prefectural Research Institute of Livestock Industry, Misaki, Kume, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tamako Matsuhashi
- Gifu Prefectural Livestock Research Institute, Kiyomi, Takayama, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Setoguchi
- Cattle Breeding Development Institute of Kagoshima Prefecture, Osumi, So, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okabe
- Nagasaki Prefectural Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Tabiracho Kotedamen, Hirado, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshitake Ootsubo
- Saga Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, Yamauchi, Takeo, Saga, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tabuchi
- Tottori Animal Husbandry Experiment Station, Kotoura, Touhaku, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fujita
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Naoto Watanabe
- Oita Prefectural Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Center, Kuju, Takeda, Oita, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shota Nishimura
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makio Hayakawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Japan Livestock Technology Association, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kojima
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Odakura, Nishigo, Fukushima, Japan
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