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Senderek J, Lassuthova P, Kabzińska D, Abreu L, Baets J, Beetz C, Braathen GJ, Brenner D, Dalton J, Dankwa L, Deconinck T, De Jonghe P, Dräger B, Eggermann K, Ellis M, Fischer C, Stojkovic T, Herrmann DN, Horvath R, Høyer H, Iglseder S, Kennerson M, Kinslechner K, Kohler JN, Kurth I, Laing NG, Lamont PJ, Wolfgang N L, Ludolph A, Marques W, Nicholson G, Ong R, Petri S, Ravenscroft G, Rebelo A, Ricci G, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Schirmacher A, Schlotter-Weigel B, Schoels L, Schüle R, Synofzik M, Francou B, Strom TM, Wagner J, Walk D, Wanschitz J, Weinmann D, Weishaupt J, Wiessner M, Windhager R, Young P, Züchner S, Toegel S, Seeman P, Kochański A, Auer-Grumbach M. The genetic landscape of axonal neuropathies in the middle-aged and elderly: Focus on MME. Neurology 2020; 95:e3163-e3179. [PMID: 33144514 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that monogenic neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) contribute to frequent but often unexplained neuropathies in the elderly, we performed genetic analysis of 230 patients with unexplained axonal neuropathies and disease onset ≥35 years. METHODS We recruited patients, collected clinical data, and conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES; n = 126) and MME single-gene sequencing (n = 104). We further queried WES repositories for MME variants and measured blood levels of the MME-encoded protein neprilysin. RESULTS In the WES cohort, the overall detection rate for assumed disease-causing variants in genes for CMT or other conditions associated with neuropathies was 18.3% (familial cases 26.4%, apparently sporadic cases 12.3%). MME was most frequently involved and accounted for 34.8% of genetically solved cases. The relevance of MME for late-onset neuropathies was further supported by detection of a comparable proportion of cases in an independent patient sample, preponderance of MME variants among patients compared to population frequencies, retrieval of additional late-onset neuropathy patients with MME variants from WES repositories, and low neprilysin levels in patients' blood samples. Transmission of MME variants was often consistent with an incompletely penetrant autosomal-dominant trait and less frequently with autosomal-recessive inheritance. CONCLUSIONS A detectable fraction of unexplained late-onset axonal neuropathies is genetically determined, by variants in either CMT genes or genes involved in other conditions that affect the peripheral nerves and can mimic a CMT phenotype. MME variants can act as completely penetrant recessive alleles but also confer dominantly inherited susceptibility to axonal neuropathies in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Senderek
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany.
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Dagmara Kabzińska
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Lisa Abreu
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Christian Beetz
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Geir J Braathen
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - David Brenner
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Joline Dalton
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Lois Dankwa
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Tine Deconinck
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Bianca Dräger
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Melina Ellis
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Carina Fischer
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - David N Herrmann
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Rita Horvath
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Helle Høyer
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Stephan Iglseder
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Marina Kennerson
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Katharina Kinslechner
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Jennefer N Kohler
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Nigel G Laing
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Phillipa J Lamont
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Löscher Wolfgang N
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Wilson Marques
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Garth Nicholson
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Royston Ong
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Adriana Rebelo
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Giulia Ricci
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Anja Schirmacher
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Beate Schlotter-Weigel
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Ludger Schoels
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Bruno Francou
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Johannes Wagner
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - David Walk
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Julia Wanschitz
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Daniela Weinmann
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Jochen Weishaupt
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Manuela Wiessner
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windhager
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Stephan Züchner
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Stefan Toegel
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Pavel Seeman
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Andrzej Kochański
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- From the Friedrich-Baur-Institute (J.S., B.S.-W., M.W.), Department of Neurology, LMU Munich, Germany; DNA Laboratory (P.L., P.S.), Department of Pediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic; Neuromuscular Unit (D.K., A.K.), Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (L.A., A.R., S.Z.), John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL; Neurogenetics Group (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Institute Born-Bunge (J.B., T.D., P.D.J.), University of Antwerp; Neuromuscular Reference Centre (J.B., P.D.J.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (C.B.), Jena University Hospital; Centogene AG (C.B.), Rostock, Germany; Department of Medical Genetics (G.J.B., H.H.), Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway; Neurology Department (D.B., A.L., J. Weishaupt), Ulm University, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.D., D. Walk), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (L.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Diseases (B.D., A.S., P.Y.), University of Münster; Institute of Human Genetics (K.E., I.K.), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany; Sydney Medical School (M.E., M.K., G.N.), Concord Hospital, Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery (C.F., K.K., D. Weinmann, R.W., S.T., M.A.-G.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; AP-HP (T.S.), Institut de Myologie, Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, G-H Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology (D.N.H.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (R.H.), University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz; Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology (K.K., D. Weinmann, S.T.), Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases (J.N.K.), Stanford, CA; Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) (J.N.K., S.Z.); Centre for Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G.Ravenscroft), University of Western Australia, Nedlands; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research (N.G.L., R.O., G. Ravenscroft), Nedlands; Neurogenetic Unit (P.J.L.), Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Neurology (W.N.L., J. Wanschitz), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior (W.M.), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Department of Neurology (S.P.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (G. Ricci), University of Pisa, Italy; Institute of Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology (L.S., R.S., M.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (L.S., R.S., M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; AP-HP (B.F.), Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, pharmacogénétique et hormonologie, Hôpital de Bicêtre; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Institute of Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg; Institute for Human Genetics (T.M.S.), Technical University Munich; and Institut für Klinische Genetik (J. Wagner), Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Germany.
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Méneret A, Depienne C, Riant F, Trouillard O, Bouteiller D, Cincotta M, Bitoun P, Wickert J, Lagroua I, Westenberger A, Borgheresi A, Doummar D, Romano M, Rossi S, Defebvre L, De Meirleir L, Espay AJ, Fiori S, Klebe S, Quélin C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Plessis G, Dale RC, Sklower Brooks S, Dziezyc K, Pollak P, Golmard JL, Vidailhet M, Brice A, Roze E. Congenital mirror movements: mutational analysis of RAD51 and DCC in 26 cases. Neurology 2014; 82:1999-2002. [PMID: 24808016 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We screened a large series of individuals with congenital mirror movements (CMM) for mutations in the 2 identified causative genes, DCC and RAD51. METHODS We studied 6 familial and 20 simplex CMM cases. Each patient had a standardized neurologic assessment. Analysis of DCC and RAD51 coding regions included Sanger sequencing and a quantitative method allowing detection of micro rearrangements. We then compared the frequency of rare variants predicted to be pathogenic by either the PolyPhen-2 or the SIFT algorithm in our population and in the 4,300 controls of European origin on the Exome Variant Server. RESULTS We found 3 novel truncating mutations of DCC that segregate with CMM in 4 of the 6 families. Among the 20 simplex cases, we found one exonic deletion of DCC, one DCC mutation leading to a frameshift, 5 missense variants in DCC, and 2 missense variants in RAD51. All 7 missense variants were predicted to be pathogenic by one or both algorithms. Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of variants predicted to be deleterious was significantly different between patients and controls (p < 0.001 for both RAD51 and DCC). CONCLUSION Mutations and variants in DCC and RAD51 are strongly associated with CMM, but additional genes causing CMM remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Méneret
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Christel Depienne
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Florence Riant
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Delphine Bouteiller
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Julia Wickert
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Isabelle Lagroua
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Ana Westenberger
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Diane Doummar
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Marcello Romano
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Simone Rossi
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Luc Defebvre
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Linda De Meirleir
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alberto J Espay
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Simona Fiori
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Stephan Klebe
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Chloé Quélin
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Ghislaine Plessis
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Russell C Dale
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Susan Sklower Brooks
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Karolina Dziezyc
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Pierre Pollak
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Jean-Louis Golmard
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alexis Brice
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
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