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Lacombe D, Bloch-Zupan A, Bredrup C, Cooper EB, Houge SD, García-Miñaúr S, Kayserili H, Larizza L, Lopez Gonzalez V, Menke LA, Milani D, Saettini F, Stevens CA, Tooke L, Van der Zee JA, Van Genderen MM, Van-Gils J, Waite J, Adrien JL, Bartsch O, Bitoun P, Bouts AHM, Cueto-González AM, Dominguez-Garrido E, Duijkers FA, Fergelot P, Halstead E, Huisman SA, Meossi C, Mullins J, Nikkel SM, Oliver C, Prada E, Rei A, Riddle I, Rodriguez-Fonseca C, Rodríguez Pena R, Russell J, Saba A, Santos-Simarro F, Simpson BN, Smith DF, Stevens MF, Szakszon K, Taupiac E, Totaro N, Valenzuena Palafoll I, Van Der Kaay DCM, Van Wijk MP, Vyshka K, Wiley S, Hennekam RC. Diagnosis and management in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: first international consensus statement. J Med Genet 2024:jmg-2023-109438. [PMID: 38471765 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is an archetypical genetic syndrome that is characterised by intellectual disability, well-defined facial features, distal limb anomalies and atypical growth, among numerous other signs and symptoms. It is caused by variants in either of two genes (CREBBP, EP300) which encode for the proteins CBP and p300, which both have a function in transcription regulation and histone acetylation. As a group of international experts and national support groups dedicated to the syndrome, we realised that marked heterogeneity currently exists in clinical and molecular diagnostic approaches and care practices in various parts of the world. Here, we outline a series of recommendations that document the consensus of a group of international experts on clinical diagnostic criteria for types of RTS (RTS1: CREBBP; RTS2: EP300), molecular investigations, long-term management of various particular physical and behavioural issues and care planning. The recommendations as presented here will need to be evaluated for improvements to allow for continued optimisation of diagnostics and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Lacombe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, and Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, and Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM U1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecilie Bredrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Edward B Cooper
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sofia Douzgou Houge
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway and Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University School of Medicine (KUSOM), 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratorio di Ricerca in Citogenetica medica e Genetica Molecolare, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche IRCCS-Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Vanesa Lopez Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Section, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB, CIBERER, Murcia, Spain
| | - Leonie A Menke
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Donatella Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS, Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Saettini
- Fondazione Matilde Tettamanti Menotti De Marchi Onlus, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Cathy A Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lloyd Tooke
- Department of Pediatrics, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill A Van der Zee
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maria M Van Genderen
- Bartiméus Diagnostic Center for complex visual disorders, Zeist and Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jane Waite
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jean-Louis Adrien
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Oliver Bartsch
- MVZ - Humangenetik, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Département de Genetique, SIDVA 91, Juvisy-sur-Orge, France
| | - Antonia H M Bouts
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M Cueto-González
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Floor A Duijkers
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Elizabeth Halstead
- Psychology and Human Development Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvia A Huisman
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Zodiak, Prinsenstichting, Purmerend, Netherlands
| | - Camilla Meossi
- Fondazione IRCCS, Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Jo Mullins
- Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome Support Group, Registered Charity, Rickmansworth, UK
| | - Sarah M Nikkel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Oliver
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Elisabetta Prada
- Fondazione IRCCS, Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rei
- Associazione Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome-Una Vita Speciale, Organizzazione di Volontariato (ODV), Gornate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | - Ilka Riddle
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Russell
- Associazione Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome-Una Vita Speciale, Organizzazione di Volontariato (ODV), Gornate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Unit of Molecular Diagnostics and Clinical Genetics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Brittany N Simpson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Markus F Stevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katalin Szakszon
- Institution of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen Clinical Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Emmanuelle Taupiac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadia Totaro
- Associazione Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome-Una Vita Speciale, Organizzazione di Volontariato (ODV), Gornate Olona, Varese, Italy
| | - Irene Valenzuena Palafoll
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, University Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniëlle C M Van Der Kaay
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel P Van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klea Vyshka
- European Reference Network on Rare Congenital Malformations and Rare Intellectual Disability (ERN-ITHACA), Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Susan Wiley
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Hall HN, Parry D, Halachev M, Williamson KA, Donnelly K, Campos Parada J, Bhatia S, Joseph J, Holden S, Prescott TE, Bitoun P, Kirk EP, Newbury-Ecob R, Lachlan K, Bernar J, van Heyningen V, FitzPatrick DR, Meynert A. Short-read whole genome sequencing identifies causative variants in most individuals with previously unexplained aniridia. J Med Genet 2024; 61:250-261. [PMID: 38050128 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic aniridia is a highly penetrant autosomal dominant disorder characterised by congenital absence of the iris, foveal hypoplasia, optic disc anomalies and progressive opacification of the cornea. >90% of cases of classic aniridia are caused by heterozygous, loss-of-function variants affecting the PAX6 locus. METHODS Short-read whole genome sequencing was performed on 51 (39 affected) individuals from 37 different families who had screened negative for mutations in the PAX6 coding region. RESULTS Likely causative mutations were identified in 22 out of 37 (59%) families. In 19 out of 22 families, the causative genomic changes have an interpretable deleterious impact on the PAX6 locus. Of these 19 families, 1 has a novel heterozygous PAX6 frameshift variant missed on previous screens, 4 have single nucleotide variants (SNVs) (one novel) affecting essential splice sites of PAX6 5' non-coding exons and 2 have deep intronic SNV (one novel) resulting in gain of a donor splice site. In 12 out of 19, the causative variants are large-scale structural variants; 5 have partial or whole gene deletions of PAX6, 3 have deletions encompassing critical PAX6 cis-regulatory elements, 2 have balanced inversions with disruptive breakpoints within the PAX6 locus and 2 have complex rearrangements disrupting PAX6. The remaining 3 of 22 families have deletions encompassing FOXC1 (a known cause of atypical aniridia). Seven of the causative variants occurred de novo and one cosegregated with familial aniridia. We were unable to establish inheritance status in the remaining probands. No plausibly causative SNVs were identified in PAX6 cis-regulatory elements. CONCLUSION Whole genome sequencing proves to be an effective diagnostic test in most individuals with previously unexplained aniridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Nikki Hall
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Parry
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
- Illumina United Kingdom, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mihail Halachev
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Donnelly
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jose Campos Parada
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shipra Bhatia
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeffrey Joseph
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Holden
- East Anglia Regional Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trine E Prescott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital, Skien, Norway
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Consultations de Génétique médicale, Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Paris-Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Katherine Lachlan
- University Hospital Southampton, NHS Foundation Trust Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Southampton, UK
| | - Juan Bernar
- Department of Genetics, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alison Meynert
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Solaki M, Baumann B, Reuter P, Andreasson S, Audo I, Ayuso C, Balousha G, Benedicenti F, Birch D, Bitoun P, Blain D, Bocquet B, Branham K, Català-Mora J, De Baere E, Dollfus H, Falana M, Giorda R, Golovleva I, Gottlob I, Heckenlively JR, Jacobson SG, Jones K, Jägle H, Janecke AR, Kellner U, Liskova P, Lorenz B, Martorell-Sampol L, Messias A, Meunier I, Belga Ottoni Porto F, Papageorgiou E, Plomp AS, de Ravel TJL, Reiff CM, Renner AB, Rosenberg T, Rudolph G, Salati R, Sener EC, Sieving PA, Stanzial F, Traboulsi EI, Tsang SH, Varsanyi B, Weleber RG, Zobor D, Stingl K, Wissinger B, Kohl S. Comprehensive variant spectrum of the CNGA3 gene in patients affected by achromatopsia. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:832-858. [PMID: 35332618 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Achromatopsia (ACHM) is a congenital cone photoreceptor disorder characterized by impaired color discrimination, low visual acuity, photosensitivity, and nystagmus. To date, six genes have been associated with ACHM (CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6C, PDE6H, and ATF6), the majority of these being implicated in the cone phototransduction cascade. CNGA3 encodes the CNGA3 subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel in cone photoreceptors and is one of the major disease-associated genes for ACHM. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the CNGA3 variant spectrum in a cohort of 1060 genetically confirmed ACHM patients, 385 (36.3%) of these carrying "likely disease-causing" variants in CNGA3. Compiling our own genetic data with those reported in the literature and in public databases, we further extend the CNGA3 variant spectrum to a total of 316 variants, 244 of which we interpreted as "likely disease-causing" according to ACMG/AMP criteria. We report 48 novel "likely disease-causing" variants, 24 of which are missense substitutions underlining the predominant role of this mutation class in the CNGA3 variant spectrum. In addition, we provide extensive in silico analyses and summarize reported functional data of previously analyzed missense, nonsense and splicing variants to further advance the pathogenicity assessment of the identified variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Solaki
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Britta Baumann
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peggy Reuter
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sten Andreasson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares REFERET, and INSERM-DGOS CIC1423, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics & Genomics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ghassan Balousha
- Department of Pathology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Eastern Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Francesco Benedicenti
- Clinical Genetics Service and South Tyrol Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - David Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Genetique Medicale, CHU Paris Nord, Hopital Jean Verdier, Bondy Cedex, France
| | | | - Beatrice Bocquet
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jaume Català-Mora
- Unitat de Distròfies Hereditàries de Retina Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helene Dollfus
- CARGO, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- U-1112, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohammed Falana
- Department of Pathology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Eastern Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden
| | - Irene Gottlob
- The University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaylie Jones
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Herbert Jägle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas R Janecke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrich Kellner
- Zentrum für Seltene Netzhauterkrankungen, AugenZentrum Siegburg, MVZ Augenärztliches Diagnostik- und Therapiecentrum Siegburg GmbH, Siegburg, Germany
- RetinaScience, Bonn, 53192, Germany
| | - Petra Liskova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitaetsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - André Messias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- National Reference Centre for Inherited Sensory Diseases, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Sensgene Care Network, France
| | | | - Eleni Papageorgiou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Larissa, Greece
| | - Astrid S Plomp
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomy J L de Ravel
- Centre for Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Thomas Rosenberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Eye Clinic, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Günther Rudolph
- University Eye Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Salati
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Pediatric Ophthalmology Unit, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - E Cumhur Sener
- Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Paul A Sieving
- Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, USA
| | - Franco Stanzial
- Clinical Genetics Service and South Tyrol Coordination Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Balázs Varsanyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pécs and Ganglion Medical Center, Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Richard G Weleber
- Oregon Health & Science University, Ophthalmic Genetics Service of the Casey Eye Institute, 515 SW Campus Drive, 97239, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ditta Zobor
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Rare Eye Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Aubert-Mucca M, Pernin-Grandjean J, Marchasson S, Gaston V, Habib C, Meunier I, Sigaudy S, Kaplan J, Roche O, Denis D, Bitoun P, Haye D, Verloes A, Calvas P, Chassaing N, Plaisancié J. Confirmation of FZD5 implication in a cohort of 50 patients with ocular coloboma. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:131-140. [PMID: 32737437 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in optic fissure closure can lead to congenital ocular coloboma. This ocular malformation, often associated with microphthalmia, is described in various clinical forms with different inheritance patterns and genetic heterogeneity. In recent times, the identification of an increased number of genes involved in numerous cellular functions has led to a better understanding in optic fissure closure mechanisms. Nevertheless, most of these genes are also involved in wider eye growth defects such as micro-anophthalmia, questioning the mechanisms controlling both extension and severity of optic fissure closure defects. However, some genes, such as FZD5, have only been so far identified in isolated coloboma. Thus, to estimate the frequency of implication of different ocular genes, we screened a cohort of 50 patients affected by ocular coloboma by using targeted sequencing of 119 genes involved in ocular development. This analysis revealed seven heterozygous (likely) pathogenic variants in RARB, MAB21L2, RBP4, TFAP2A, and FZD5. Surprisingly, three out of the seven variants detected herein were novel disease-causing variants in FZD5 identified in three unrelated families with dominant inheritance. Although molecular diagnosis rate remains relatively low in patients with ocular coloboma (14% (7/50) in this work), these results, however, highlight the importance of genetic screening, especially of FZD5, in such patients. Indeed, in our series, FZD5 variants represent half of the genetic causes, constituting 6% (3/50) of the patients who benefited from a molecular diagnosis. Our findings support the involvement of FZD5 in ocular coloboma and provide clues for screening this gene during current diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Aubert-Mucca
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Veronique Gaston
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Habib
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Sensorielles Génétiques, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Institut de Neurosciences de Montpellier, INSERM U1051, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, AP-HM, CHU Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Josseline Kaplan
- Laboratoire de Génétique Ophtalmologique, INSERM U1163 Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Roche
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, IHU Necker-Enfants-Malades, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Denis
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Département d'Ophtalmologie, SIDVA 91, Juvisy-sur-Orge, France
| | - Damien Haye
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1056, UDEAR, Equipe 4, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1056, UDEAR, Equipe 4, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Julie Plaisancié
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France. .,INSERM U1056, UDEAR, Equipe 4, Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France. .,Centre de Référence des Affections Rares en Génétique Ophtalmologique CARGO, Site Constitutif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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5
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Welniarz Q, Gallea C, Lamy JC, Méneret A, Popa T, Valabregue R, Béranger B, Brochard V, Flamand-Roze C, Trouillard O, Bonnet C, Brüggemann N, Bitoun P, Degos B, Hubsch C, Hainque E, Golmard JL, Vidailhet M, Lehéricy S, Dusart I, Meunier S, Roze E. The supplementary motor area modulates interhemispheric interactions during movement preparation. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:2125-2142. [PMID: 30653778 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The execution of coordinated hand movements requires complex interactions between premotor and primary motor areas in the two hemispheres. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in movement preparation and bimanual coordination. How the SMA controls bimanual coordination remains unclear, although there is evidence suggesting that the SMA could modulate interhemispheric interactions. With a delayed-response task, we investigated interhemispheric interactions underlying normal movement preparation and the role of the SMA in these interactions during the delay period of unimanual or bimanual hand movements. We used functional MRI and transcranial magnetic stimulation in 22 healthy volunteers (HVs), and then in two models of SMA dysfunction: (a) in the same group of HVs after transient disruption of the right SMA proper by continuous transcranial magnetic theta-burst stimulation; (b) in a group of 22 patients with congenital mirror movements (CMM), whose inability to produce asymmetric hand movements is associated with SMA dysfunction. In HVs, interhemispheric connectivity during the delay period was modulated according to whether or not hand coordination was required for the forthcoming movement. In HVs following SMA disruption and in CMM patients, interhemispheric connectivity was modified during the delay period and the interhemispheric inhibition was decreased. Using two models of SMA dysfunction, we showed that the SMA modulates interhemispheric interactions during movement preparation. This unveils a new role for the SMA and highlights its importance in coordinated movement preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Faculté des sciences, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Traian Popa
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Romain Valabregue
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle - ICM, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Béranger
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle - ICM, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 14-22, INSERM/AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Constance Flamand-Roze
- IFPPC, Centre CAMKeys, 7 rue des Cordelières, Paris, France.,Service de Neurologie, Unité Cardiovasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Sud-Francilien, Université Paris-Sud, Corbeille-Essonne, France
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Bonnet
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Bertrand Degos
- Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Hubsch
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Golmard
- Département de biostatistiques, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle - ICM, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Faculté des sciences, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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6
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Bellucci S, Zini JM, Bitoun P, Dupuy E, Doruet L, Tobelem G, Caen JP. Diffuse Severe Digestive Angiodysplasia in Bernard-Soulier Syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1649993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bellucci
- The Laboratory of Haematology and IVS, Hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - J M Zini
- The Department of Angiohaematology, hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - P Bitoun
- The Department of Hepotogastroenterology, Hospital St.Lazare, Paris, France
| | - E Dupuy
- The Department of Angiohaematology, hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - L Doruet
- The Laboratory of Haematology and IVS, Hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - G Tobelem
- The Department of Angiohaematology, hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - J P Caen
- The Laboratory of Haematology and IVS, Hospital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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7
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Ragge N, Isidor B, Bitoun P, Odent S, Giurgea I, Cogné B, Deb W, Vincent M, Le Gall J, Morton J, Lim D, Le Meur G, Zazo Seco C, Zafeiropoulou D, Bax D, Zwijnenburg P, Arteche A, Swafiri ST, Cleaver R, McEntagart M, Kini U, Newman W, Ayuso C, Corton M, Herenger Y, Jeanne M, Calvas P, Chassaing N. Expanding the phenotype of the X-linked BCOR microphthalmia syndromes. Hum Genet 2018; 138:1051-1069. [PMID: 29974297 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct syndromes arise from pathogenic variants in the X-linked gene BCOR (BCL-6 corepressor): oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome, which affects females, and a severe microphthalmia ('Lenz'-type) syndrome affecting males. OFCD is an X-linked dominant syndrome caused by a variety of BCOR null mutations. As it manifests only in females, it is presumed to be lethal in males. The severe male X-linked recessive microphthalmia syndrome ('Lenz') usually includes developmental delay in addition to the eye findings and is caused by hypomorphic BCOR variants, mainly by a specific missense variant c.254C > T, p.(Pro85Leu). Here, we detail 16 new cases (11 females with 4 additional, genetically confirmed, affected female relatives; 5 male cases each with unaffected carrier mothers). We describe new variants and broaden the phenotypic description for OFCD to include neuropathy, muscle hypotonia, pituitary underdevelopment, brain atrophy, lipoma and the first description of childhood lymphoma in an OFCD case. Our male X-linked recessive cases show significant new phenotypes: developmental delay (without eye anomalies) in two affected half-brothers with a novel BCOR variant, and one male with high myopia, megalophthalmos, posterior embryotoxon, developmental delay, and heart and bony anomalies with a previously undescribed BCOR splice site variant. Our female OFCD cases and their affected female relatives showed variable features, but consistently had early onset cataracts. We show that a mosaic carrier mother manifested early cataract and dental anomalies. All female carriers of the male X-linked recessive cases for whom genetic confirmation was available showed skewed X-inactivation and were unaffected. In view of the extended phenotype, we suggest a new term of X-linked BCOR-related syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ragge
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK. .,West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- SIDVA 91, Ophthalmic Genetics, 1 rue de la Cour de, 91260, Juvisy s/orge, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de référence CLAD-Ouest, Université Rennes 1, UMR 6290 CNRS IGDR, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Irina Giurgea
- U.F. de Génétique moléculaire, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012, Paris, France.,Faculté de médecine, INSERM UMR S933, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Wallid Deb
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jessica Le Gall
- Service de génétique médicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jenny Morton
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derek Lim
- West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Service and Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Guylène Le Meur
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Celia Zazo Seco
- UDEAR, UMR 1056 Inserm, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Dimitra Zafeiropoulou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorine Bax
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Petra Zwijnenburg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anara Arteche
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saoud Tahsin Swafiri
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Cleaver
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics, Health Research Institute-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, University Hospital (IIS-FJD-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yvan Herenger
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Médéric Jeanne
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- UDEAR, UMR 1056 Inserm, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- UDEAR, UMR 1056 Inserm, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, CHU Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, 31059, Toulouse, France
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8
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Bitoun P, Boland Auge A, Bacq Daian D, PIpiras E, Benzacken B, Kuzbari S, Renault V, Parfait B, Deleuze J. Novel genes associated with isolated optic nerve hypoplasia in 6 family trios - a clinical and exome study. Acta Ophthalmol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2017.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bitoun
- Groupe Medical Jarente; Génétique Médicale; Paris France
- SIDVA 91; Génétique Médicale, Juvisy s/o; France
| | - A. Boland Auge
- Biologie Moléculaire, Evry; Centre National de Génotypage; France
| | - D. Bacq Daian
- Biologie Moléculaire, Evry; Centre National de Génotypage; France
| | - E. PIpiras
- Cytogénétique; APHP Laboratoire d’ Embryo Cyto Genetique et Biologie de la Reproduction- Hopital Jean Verdier - Bondy- Université Paris Nord 13- & Sorbonne Paris Cité- UFR SMBH- Bobigny- Inserm- U1141; Bondy France
| | - B. Benzacken
- Cytogénétique; APHP Laboratoire d’ Embryo Cyto Genetique et Biologie de la Reproduction- Hopital Jean Verdier - Bondy- Université Paris Nord 13- & Sorbonne Paris Cité- UFR SMBH- Bobigny- Inserm- U1141; Bondy France
| | - S. Kuzbari
- Banque d'ADN; APHP Banque d'ADN - Hôpital Robert Debre; Paris France
| | - V. Renault
- Bioinformatique; CEPH- Hôpital Saint Louis; Paris France
| | - B. Parfait
- Banque de Cellules; Banque de Cellules Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - J.F. Deleuze
- Biologie Moléculaire, Evry; Centre National de Génotypage; France
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9
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Marsh APL, Heron D, Edwards TJ, Quartier A, Galea C, Nava C, Rastetter A, Moutard ML, Anderson V, Bitoun P, Bunt J, Faudet A, Garel C, Gillies G, Gobius I, Guegan J, Heide S, Keren B, Lesne F, Lukic V, Mandelstam SA, McGillivray G, McIlroy A, Méneret A, Mignot C, Morcom LR, Odent S, Paolino A, Pope K, Riant F, Robinson GA, Spencer-Smith M, Srour M, Stephenson SEM, Tankard R, Trouillard O, Welniarz Q, Wood A, Brice A, Rouleau G, Attié-Bitach T, Delatycki MB, Mandel JL, Amor DJ, Roze E, Piton A, Bahlo M, Billette de Villemeur T, Sherr EH, Leventer RJ, Richards LJ, Lockhart PJ, Depienne C. Mutations in DCC cause isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum with incomplete penetrance. Nat Genet 2017; 49:511-514. [PMID: 28250454 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain malformations involving the corpus callosum are common in children with developmental disabilities. We identified DCC mutations in four families and five sporadic individuals with isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) without intellectual disability. DCC mutations result in variable dominant phenotypes with decreased penetrance, including mirror movements and ACC associated with a favorable developmental prognosis. Possible phenotypic modifiers include the type and location of mutation and the sex of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delphine Heron
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) `Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme' UPMC, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence `Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares', Paris, France
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Angélique Quartier
- IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104 U964, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Galea
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics (D4), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Nava
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Agnès Rastetter
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Moutard
- AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence `Neurogénétique', Paris, France
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Developmental Imaging and Child Neuropsychology Research Groups, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Génétique Médicale, CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Jens Bunt
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anne Faudet
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Garel
- AP-HP GHUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Radiologie, Paris, France
| | - Greta Gillies
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Solveig Heide
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) `Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme' UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Boris Keren
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Fabien Lesne
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Vesna Lukic
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simone A Mandelstam
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George McGillivray
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alissandra McIlroy
- Developmental Imaging and Child Neuropsychology Research Groups, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Mignot
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) `Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme' UPMC, Paris, France.,Centre de Référence `Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares', Paris, France
| | - Laura R Morcom
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,UMR 6290 CNRS, IGDR Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Annalisa Paolino
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Pope
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Florence Riant
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis -La Riboisière -Fernand Vidal, Laboratoire de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Gail A Robinson
- Neuropsychology Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Developmental Imaging and Child Neuropsychology Research Groups, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Myriam Srour
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah E M Stephenson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rick Tankard
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Quentin Welniarz
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Amanda Wood
- Developmental Imaging and Child Neuropsychology Research Groups, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexis Brice
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- INSERM U1163, Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Congenital Malformations, Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité and Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean-Louis Mandel
- IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104 U964, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - David J Amor
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Piton
- IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104 U964, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoires de Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thierry Billette de Villemeur
- Centre de Référence `Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares', Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Paris, France.,UPMC, GRC ConCer-LD, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Richard J Leventer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Richards
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christel Depienne
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France.,IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, UMR7104 U964, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Paris, France.,Laboratoires de Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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10
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Ranza E, Huber C, Levin N, Baujat G, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Masson C, Alanay Y, Al-Gazali L, Bitoun P, Boute O, Campeau P, Coubes C, McEntagart M, Elcioglu N, Faivre L, Gezdirici A, Johnson D, Mihci E, Nur BG, Perrin L, Quelin C, Terhal P, Tuysuz B, Cormier-Daire V. Chondrodysplasia with multiple dislocations: comprehensive study of a series of 30 cases. Clin Genet 2017; 91:868-880. [PMID: 28229453 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The group of chondrodysplasia with multiple dislocations includes several entities, characterized by short stature, dislocation of large joints, hand and/or vertebral anomalies. Other features, such as epiphyseal or metaphyseal changes, cleft palate, intellectual disability are also often part of the phenotype. In addition, several conditions with overlapping features are related to this group and broaden the spectrum. The majority of these disorders have been linked to pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins implicated in the synthesis or sulfation of proteoglycans (PG). In a series of 30 patients with multiple dislocations, we have performed exome sequencing and subsequent targeted analysis of 15 genes, implicated in chondrodysplasia with multiple dislocations, and related conditions. We have identified causative pathogenic variants in 60% of patients (18/30); when a clinical diagnosis was suspected, this was molecularly confirmed in 53% of cases. Forty percent of patients remain without molecular etiology. Pathogenic variants in genes implicated in PG synthesis are of major importance in chondrodysplasia with multiple dislocations and related conditions. The combination of hand features, growth failure severity, radiological aspects of long bones and of vertebrae allowed discrimination among the different conditions. We propose key diagnostic clues to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ranza
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Service of Genetic Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Huber
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - N Levin
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - G Baujat
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - C Bole-Feysot
- Plateforme de génomique, Fondation IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - P Nitschke
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - C Masson
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Y Alanay
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Genetics Unit, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Al-Gazali
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - P Bitoun
- Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - O Boute
- Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - P Campeau
- Division of Medical genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Coubes
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - M McEntagart
- Medical Genetics, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - N Elcioglu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Marmara University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - L Faivre
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs et FHU TRANSLAD, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A Gezdirici
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Johnson
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - E Mihci
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - B G Nur
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Antalya, Turkey
| | - L Perrin
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Hopital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - C Quelin
- Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - P Terhal
- University Medical Center, Wilhelmina Childrens Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - B Tuysuz
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - V Cormier-Daire
- Department of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
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11
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Bitoun P, Chapelle P, Chambard J, Lachkar Y, Pean V, Bouafia K, Benzacken L. Impact of gender-specific differences in corneal elasticity upon IOP measurements using vibration tonometry. Acta Ophthalmol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Srour M, Caron V, Pearson T, Nielsen SB, Lévesque S, Delrue MA, Becker TA, Hamdan FF, Kibar Z, Sattler SG, Schneider MC, Bitoun P, Chassaing N, Rosenfeld JA, Xia F, Desai S, Roeder E, Kimonis V, Schneider A, Littlejohn RO, Douzgou S, Tremblay A, Michaud JL. Gain-of-Function Mutations inRARBCause Intellectual Disability with Progressive Motor Impairment. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:786-93. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Srour
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal H3T 1C5 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal H3A 1A4 Canada
| | | | - Toni Pearson
- Department of Neurology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York 10029
| | | | - Sébastien Lévesque
- Division of Medical Genetics; Department of Pediatrics; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Marie-Ange Delrue
- Department of Pediatrics; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Troy A. Becker
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism; All Children's Hospital; St-Petersburg Florida 33701
| | - Fadi F. Hamdan
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal H3T 1C5 Canada
- Department of Neurosciences; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
| | | | | | - Pierre Bitoun
- Génétique Médicale; Hôpital Jean Verdier AP-HP; C.H.U. Paris Nord Bondy 93140 France
| | - Nicolas Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale; Hôpital Purpan; CHU Toulouse Toulouse 31059 France
- Université Paul-Sabatier; Toulouse III, EA-4555 and Inserm U1056 Toulouse 31000 France
| | | | - Fan Xia
- Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas 77030
| | - Sonal Desai
- Department of Neurogenetics; Kennedy Krieger Institute; Baltimore Maryland 21205
| | | | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine; Univerity of California-Irvine Medical Center; Orange California 92868
| | - Adele Schneider
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine; Univerity of California-Irvine Medical Center; Orange California 92868
| | | | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; MAHSC; Saint Mary's Hospital; Manchester M13 9WL UK
| | - André Tremblay
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal H3T 1C5 Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Jacques L. Michaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center; Montréal H3T 1C5 Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
- Department of Neurosciences; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine; Université de Montréal; Montreal H3T 1J4 Canada
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13
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McEntagart M, Williamson KA, Rainger JK, Wheeler A, Seawright A, De Baere E, Verdin H, Bergendahl LT, Quigley A, Rainger J, Dixit A, Sarkar A, López Laso E, Sanchez-Carpintero R, Barrio J, Bitoun P, Prescott T, Riise R, McKee S, Cook J, McKie L, Ceulemans B, Meire F, Temple IK, Prieur F, Williams J, Clouston P, Németh AH, Banka S, Bengani H, Handley M, Freyer E, Ross A, van Heyningen V, Marsh JA, Elmslie F, FitzPatrick DR. A Restricted Repertoire of De Novo Mutations in ITPR1 Cause Gillespie Syndrome with Evidence for Dominant-Negative Effect. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 98:981-992. [PMID: 27108798 PMCID: PMC4863663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gillespie syndrome (GS) is characterized by bilateral iris hypoplasia, congenital hypotonia, non-progressive ataxia, and progressive cerebellar atrophy. Trio-based exome sequencing identified de novo mutations in ITPR1 in three unrelated individuals with GS recruited to the Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. Whole-exome or targeted sequence analysis identified plausible disease-causing ITPR1 mutations in 10/10 additional GS-affected individuals. These ultra-rare protein-altering variants affected only three residues in ITPR1: Glu2094 missense (one de novo, one co-segregating), Gly2539 missense (five de novo, one inheritance uncertain), and Lys2596 in-frame deletion (four de novo). No clinical or radiological differences were evident between individuals with different mutations. ITPR1 encodes an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-responsive calcium channel. The homo-tetrameric structure has been solved by cryoelectron microscopy. Using estimations of the degree of structural change induced by known recessive- and dominant-negative mutations in other disease-associated multimeric channels, we developed a generalizable computational approach to indicate the likely mutational mechanism. This analysis supports a dominant-negative mechanism for GS variants in ITPR1. In GS-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), the proportion of ITPR1-positive cells using immunofluorescence was significantly higher in mutant than control LCLs, consistent with an abnormality of nuclear calcium signaling feedback control. Super-resolution imaging supports the existence of an ITPR1-lined nucleoplasmic reticulum. Mice with Itpr1 heterozygous null mutations showed no major iris defects. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum appear to be the most sensitive to impaired ITPR1 function in humans. Iris hypoplasia is likely to result from either complete loss of ITPR1 activity or structure-specific disruption of multimeric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Kathleen A Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jacqueline K Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ann Wheeler
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anne Seawright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent (CMGG), Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building (MRB), 1st Floor, Room 110.029, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent (CMGG), Ghent University Hospital, Medical Research Building (MRB), 1st Floor, Room 110.029, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Therese Bergendahl
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alan Quigley
- Department of Radiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - Joe Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Abhijit Dixit
- Clinical Genetics, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ajoy Sarkar
- Clinical Genetics, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Eduardo López Laso
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Sanchez-Carpintero
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesus Barrio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Service de pédiatrie, CHU Paris Seine-Saint-Denis - Hôpital Jean Verdier Avenue du 14 juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Trine Prescott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ruth Riise
- Department of Ophthalmology, Innland Hospital, 2418 Elverum, Norway
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast BT9 7AB, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
| | - Lisa McKie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Neurology-Pediatric Neurology, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp 2650, Belgium
| | - Françoise Meire
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Fabiola Children's University Hospital, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Karen Temple
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Fabienne Prieur
- Service Génétique, Plateau de biologie, CHU Saint Etienne, 42055 Saint Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, The Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Penny Clouston
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, The Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Andrea H Németh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, University of Manchester, St. Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Hemant Bengani
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark Handley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Elisabeth Freyer
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Allyson Ross
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Joseph A Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Frances Elmslie
- Medical Genetics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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14
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Ansari M, Rainger J, Hanson IM, Williamson KA, Sharkey F, Harewood L, Sandilands A, Clayton-Smith J, Dollfus H, Bitoun P, Meire F, Fantes J, Franco B, Lorenz B, Taylor DS, Stewart F, Willoughby CE, McEntagart M, Khaw PT, Clericuzio C, Van Maldergem L, Williams D, Newbury-Ecob R, Traboulsi EI, Silva ED, Madlom MM, Goudie DR, Fleck BW, Wieczorek D, Kohlhase J, McTrusty AD, Gardiner C, Yale C, Moore AT, Russell-Eggitt I, Islam L, Lees M, Beales PL, Tuft SJ, Solano JB, Splitt M, Hertz JM, Prescott TE, Shears DJ, Nischal KK, Doco-Fenzy M, Prieur F, Temple IK, Lachlan KL, Damante G, Morrison DA, van Heyningen V, FitzPatrick DR. Genetic Analysis of 'PAX6-Negative' Individuals with Aniridia or Gillespie Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153757. [PMID: 27124303 PMCID: PMC4849793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report molecular genetic analysis of 42 affected individuals referred with a diagnosis of aniridia who previously screened as negative for intragenic PAX6 mutations. Of these 42, the diagnoses were 31 individuals with aniridia and 11 individuals referred with a diagnosis of Gillespie syndrome (iris hypoplasia, ataxia and mild to moderate developmental delay). Array-based comparative genomic hybridization identified six whole gene deletions: four encompassing PAX6 and two encompassing FOXC1. Six deletions with plausible cis-regulatory effects were identified: five that were 3' (telomeric) to PAX6 and one within a gene desert 5' (telomeric) to PITX2. Sequence analysis of the FOXC1 and PITX2 coding regions identified two plausibly pathogenic de novo FOXC1 missense mutations (p.Pro79Thr and p.Leu101Pro). No intragenic mutations were detected in PITX2. FISH mapping in an individual with Gillespie-like syndrome with an apparently balanced X;11 reciprocal translocation revealed disruption of a gene at each breakpoint: ARHGAP6 on the X chromosome and PHF21A on chromosome 11. In the other individuals with Gillespie syndrome no mutations were identified in either of these genes, or in HCCS which lies close to the Xp breakpoint. Disruption of PHF21A has previously been implicated in the causation of intellectual disability (but not aniridia). Plausibly causative mutations were identified in 15 out of 42 individuals (12/32 aniridia; 3/11 Gillespie syndrome). Fourteen of these mutations presented in the known aniridia genes; PAX6, FOXC1 and PITX2. The large number of individuals in the cohort with no mutation identified suggests greater locus heterogeneity may exist in both isolated and syndromic aniridia than was previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Ansari
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Rainger
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel M. Hanson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen A. Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie Sharkey
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Harewood
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Sandilands
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC), Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helene Dollfus
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de Haute-Pierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Medical Genetics Departments, University Hospital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Francoise Meire
- Department of ophthalmopediatrics, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Judy Fantes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Brunella Franco
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universitaetsklinikum Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Giessen, Germany
| | - David S. Taylor
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service (NIRGS), Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- Medical Genetics Unit, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK and University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Clericuzio
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Denise Williams
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Elias I. Traboulsi
- Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Eduardo D. Silva
- Department Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mukhlis M. Madlom
- Children's Hospital, Doncaster Royal Infirmary, Doncaster, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Goudie
- Human Genetics Unit, University of Dundee College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W. Fleck
- Department of Ophthalmology, Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Chalmers Street, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Alice D. McTrusty
- Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Gardiner
- Clinical Genetics, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Yale
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony T. Moore
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK and University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Russell-Eggitt
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Islam
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Lees
- North East Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Tuft
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK and University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan B. Solano
- Ruber International Hospital, Medical Genetics Unit, Mirasierra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miranda Splitt
- Northern Genetics Service, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Michael Hertz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Trine E. Prescott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah J. Shears
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ken K. Nischal
- UPMC Eye Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Fabienne Prieur
- CHU de Saint Etienne, Service de génétique médicale, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - I. Karen Temple
- Academic Unit of Genetic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L. Lachlan
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Danny A. Morrison
- St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica van Heyningen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Lefebvre M, Sanlaville D, Marle N, Thauvin-Robinet C, Gautier E, Chehadeh SE, Mosca-Boidron AL, Thevenon J, Edery P, Alex-Cordier MP, Till M, Lyonnet S, Cormier-Daire V, Amiel J, Philippe A, Romana S, Malan V, Afenjar A, Marlin S, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Bitoun P, Heron B, Piparas E, Morice-Picard F, Moutton S, Chassaing N, Vigouroux-Castera A, Lespinasse J, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Boute-Benejean O, Vincent-Delorme C, Petit F, Meur NL, Marti-Dramard M, Guerrot AM, Goldenberg A, Redon S, Ferrec C, Odent S, Caignec CL, Mercier S, Gilbert-Dussardier B, Toutain A, Arpin S, Blesson S, Mortemousque I, Schaefer E, Martin D, Philip N, Sigaudy S, Busa T, Missirian C, Giuliano F, Benailly HK, Kien PKV, Leheup B, Benneteau C, Lambert L, Caumes R, Kuentz P, François I, Heron D, Keren B, Cretin E, Callier P, Julia S, Faivre L. Genetic counselling difficulties and ethical implications of incidental findings from array-CGH: a 7-year national survey. Clin Genet 2016; 89:630-5. [PMID: 26582393 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is commonly used in diagnosing patients with intellectual disability (ID) with or without congenital malformation. Because aCGH interrogates with the whole genome, there is a risk of being confronted with incidental findings (IF). In order to anticipate the ethical issues of IF with the generalization of new genome-wide analysis technologies, we questioned French clinicians and cytogeneticists about the situations they have faced regarding IF from aCGH. Sixty-five IF were reported. Forty corresponded to autosomal dominant diseases with incomplete penetrance, 7 to autosomal dominant diseases with complete penetrance, 14 to X-linked diseases, and 4 were heterozygotes for autosomal recessive diseases with a high prevalence of heterozygotes in the population. Therapeutic/preventive measures or genetic counselling could be argued for all cases except four. These four IF were intentionally not returned to the patients. Clinicians reported difficulties in returning the results in 29% of the cases, mainly when the question of IF had not been anticipated. Indeed, at the time of the investigation, only 48% of the clinicians used consents mentioning the risk of IF. With the emergence of new technologies, there is a need to report such national experiences; they show the importance of pre-test information on IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lefebvre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - D Sanlaville
- Genetics Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, and Eastern Biology and Pathology Centre, Lyon, France
| | - N Marle
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - C Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - E Gautier
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - S E Chehadeh
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A-L Mosca-Boidron
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J Thevenon
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - P Edery
- Genetics Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, and Eastern Biology and Pathology Centre, Lyon, France
| | - M-P Alex-Cordier
- Genetics Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, and Eastern Biology and Pathology Centre, Lyon, France
| | - M Till
- Genetics Service, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, and Eastern Biology and Pathology Centre, Lyon, France
| | - S Lyonnet
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - J Amiel
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - A Philippe
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S Romana
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V Malan
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - A Afenjar
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - S Marlin
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S Chantot-Bastaraud
- APHP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, Paris, France
| | - P Bitoun
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Heron
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Armand Trousseau Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - E Piparas
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France
| | - F Morice-Picard
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Bordeaux Children's Hospital, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - S Moutton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Bordeaux Children's Hospital, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - N Chassaing
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Vigouroux-Castera
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - J Lespinasse
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Chambery Hospital, Chambery, France
| | - S Manouvrier-Hanu
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - O Boute-Benejean
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - C Vincent-Delorme
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - F Petit
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - N L Meur
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang de Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - M Marti-Dramard
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital Nord, CHU, Amiens, France
| | - A-M Guerrot
- Service de Pédiatrie Néonatale et Réanimation, Centre D'éducation Fonctionnelle de l'enfant, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - A Goldenberg
- Unité de Génétique Médicale, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - S Redon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU, Brest, France
| | - C Ferrec
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU, Brest, France
| | - S Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - C L Caignec
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Mercier
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Unité de Génétique Clinique, CLAD-Ouest, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - A Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - S Arpin
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - S Blesson
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - I Mortemousque
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - E Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Martin
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - N Philip
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - S Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - T Busa
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - C Missirian
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - F Giuliano
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de l'Archet II, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - H K Benailly
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital de l'Archet II, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - P K V Kien
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Caremeau, CHU de Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - B Leheup
- CHU de Nancy Pole Enfant, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD Est, Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique, Nancy, France
| | - C Benneteau
- CHU de Nancy Pole Enfant, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD Est, Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique, Nancy, France
| | - L Lambert
- CHU de Nancy Pole Enfant, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD Est, Service de Médecine Infantile III et Génétique Clinique, Nancy, France
| | - R Caumes
- APHP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - P Kuentz
- Service de génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - D Heron
- Service de Génétique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - B Keren
- Service de Génétique, APHP, Groupe Hospitalier de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - E Cretin
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Espace Régional Éthique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, CHU, Besançon, France
| | - P Callier
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - S Julia
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - L Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France.,Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,FHU-TRANSLAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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16
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Avila M, Dyment DA, Sagen JV, St-Onge J, Moog U, Chung BHY, Mo S, Mansour S, Albanese A, Garcia S, Martin DO, Lopez AA, Claudi T, König R, White SM, Sawyer SL, Bernstein JA, Slattery L, Jobling RK, Yoon G, Curry CJ, Merrer ML, Luyer BL, Héron D, Mathieu-Dramard M, Bitoun P, Odent S, Amiel J, Kuentz P, Thevenon J, Laville M, Reznik Y, Fagour C, Nunes ML, Delesalle D, Manouvrier S, Lascols O, Huet F, Binquet C, Faivre L, Rivière JB, Vigouroux C, Njølstad PR, Innes AM, Thauvin-Robinet C. Clinical reappraisal of SHORT syndrome with PIK3R1 mutations: toward recommendation for molecular testing and management. Clin Genet 2015; 89:501-506. [PMID: 26497935 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
SHORT syndrome has historically been defined by its acronym: short stature (S), hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia (H), ocular depression (O), Rieger abnormality (R) and teething delay (T). More recently several research groups have identified PIK3R1 mutations as responsible for SHORT syndrome. Knowledge of the molecular etiology of SHORT syndrome has permitted a reassessment of the clinical phenotype. The detailed phenotypes of 32 individuals with SHORT syndrome and PIK3R1 mutation, including eight newly ascertained individuals, were studied to fully define the syndrome and the indications for PIK3R1 testing. The major features described in the SHORT acronym were not universally seen and only half (52%) had four or more of the classic features. The commonly observed clinical features of SHORT syndrome seen in the cohort included intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) <10th percentile, postnatal growth restriction, lipoatrophy and the characteristic facial gestalt. Anterior chamber defects and insulin resistance or diabetes were also observed but were not as prevalent. The less specific, or minor features of SHORT syndrome include teething delay, thin wrinkled skin, speech delay, sensorineural deafness, hyperextensibility of joints and inguinal hernia. Given the high risk of diabetes mellitus, regular monitoring of glucose metabolism is warranted. An echocardiogram, ophthalmological and hearing assessments are also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Avila
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Service de Pédiatrie 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - D A Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J V Sagen
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,KJ Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - J St-Onge
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,CHU Dijon, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Dijon, France
| | - U Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - S Mo
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - S Mansour
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - A Albanese
- Paediatric Endocrine Unit, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - S Garcia
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Unit 753, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - D O Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja San Jose y Santa Adela, Madrid, Spain
| | - A A Lopez
- Puerta de Hierro, University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - T Claudi
- Department of Medicine, Bodø, Norway
| | - R König
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S M White
- Victorian Clinical genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research institute, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S L Sawyer
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J A Bernstein
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - L Slattery
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - R K Jobling
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - G Yoon
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C J Curry
- Genetic Medicine/, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M L Merrer
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - B L Luyer
- Service de Pédiatrie, CH Le Havre, Le Havre, France
| | - D Héron
- Département de Génétique et Centre de Référence "Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares", Paris, France
| | | | - P Bitoun
- Service de Pédiatrie, Bondy, France
| | - S Odent
- Service de Génétique clinique, Rennes, France.,UMR CNRS 6290 IGDR, Universitė Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - J Amiel
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - P Kuentz
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - J Thevenon
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
| | - M Laville
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1060, Centre Européen pour la nutrition et la Santé, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Y Reznik
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Côte-de-Nacre, Caen, France
| | - C Fagour
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - M-L Nunes
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - D Delesalle
- Service de pédiatrie, CH de Valencienne, Valencienne, France
| | - S Manouvrier
- Centre de Référence CLAD NdF - Service de génétique clinique Guy Fontaine, CHRU de Lille - Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - O Lascols
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism And Nutrition, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - F Huet
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Service de Pédiatrie 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - C Binquet
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique-Epidémiologique Clinique/essais cliniques du CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
| | - J-B Rivière
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,CHU Dijon, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Dijon, France
| | - C Vigouroux
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.,ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism And Nutrition, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Laboratoire Commun de Biologie et Génétique Moléculaires, Paris, France
| | - P R Njølstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland, University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - A M Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - C Thauvin-Robinet
- EA4271 "Génétique des Anomalies du Développement" (GAD), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs de l'interrégion Est, FHU-TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
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17
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Bitoun P, Bouafia K, Khoueir Z, Haouchine B, Hammoud S, Chapelle P, Chambard J, Jourot P, Lachkar Y, Benzacken L. Gender specific IOP measurement using induced corneal vibration analysis - a multicenter clinical trial. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bitoun
- GROUPE MEDICAL; Genetique; Paris France
| | - K. Bouafia
- Ophthalmology; Robert Ballanger Hospital; Aulnay s/b France
| | - Z. Khoueir
- Ophthalmology; Institut du Glaucome- Hopital St Joseph; Paris France
| | - B. Haouchine
- Ophthalmology; Robert Ballanger Hospital; Aulnay s/b France
| | - S. Hammoud
- Ophthalmology; Institut du Glaucome- Hopital St Joseph; Paris France
| | | | | | - P. Jourot
- HOLO3 Laboratories; Engineering; Saint Louis France
| | - Y. Lachkar
- Ophthalmology; Institut du Glaucome- Hopital St Joseph; Paris France
| | - L. Benzacken
- Ophthalmology; Robert Ballanger Hospital; Aulnay s/b France
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18
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Tabet AC, Verloes A, Pilorge M, Delaby E, Delorme R, Nygren G, Devillard F, Gérard M, Passemard S, Héron D, Siffroi JP, Jacquette A, Delahaye A, Perrin L, Dupont C, Aboura A, Bitoun P, Coleman M, Leboyer M, Gillberg C, Benzacken B, Betancur C. Complex nature of apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2015; 6:19. [PMID: 25844147 PMCID: PMC4384291 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangements can be associated with an abnormal phenotype, including intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Genome-wide microarrays reveal cryptic genomic imbalances, related or not to the breakpoints, in 25% to 50% of patients with an abnormal phenotype carrying a microscopically balanced chromosomal rearrangement. Here we performed microarray analysis of 18 patients with ASD carrying balanced chromosomal abnormalities to identify submicroscopic imbalances implicated in abnormal neurodevelopment. Methods Eighteen patients with ASD carrying apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities were screened using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Nine rearrangements were de novo, seven inherited, and two of unknown inheritance. Genomic imbalances were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. Results We detected clinically significant de novo copy number variants in four patients (22%), including three with de novo rearrangements and one with an inherited abnormality. The sizes ranged from 3.3 to 4.9 Mb; three were related to the breakpoint regions and one occurred elsewhere. We report a patient with a duplication of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region, contributing to the delineation of this rare genomic disorder. The patient has a chromosome 4p inverted duplication deletion, with a 0.5 Mb deletion of terminal 4p and a 4.2 Mb duplication of 4p16.2p16.3. The other cases included an apparently balanced de novo translocation t(5;18)(q12;p11.2) with a 4.2 Mb deletion at the 18p breakpoint, a subject with de novo pericentric inversion inv(11)(p14q23.2) in whom the array revealed a de novo 4.9 Mb deletion in 7q21.3q22.1, and a patient with a maternal inv(2)(q14.2q37.3) with a de novo 3.3 Mb terminal 2q deletion and a 4.2 Mb duplication at the proximal breakpoint. In addition, we identified a rare de novo deletion of unknown significance on a chromosome unrelated to the initial rearrangement, disrupting a single gene, RFX3. Conclusions These findings underscore the utility of SNP arrays for investigating apparently balanced chromosomal abnormalities in subjects with ASD or related neurodevelopmental disorders in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claude Tabet
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marion Pilorge
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Elsa Delaby
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Gudrun Nygren
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, avenue du Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Neurology Unit, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Siffroi
- Service de Génétique et d'Embryologie Médicales, AP-HP, Trousseau Hospital, 26 avenue du Docteur Arnold Netter, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Aurelia Jacquette
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andrée Delahaye
- INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Perrin
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Azzedine Aboura
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Medical Genetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France
| | - Mary Coleman
- Foundation for Autism Research, 3081 Quail Hollow, Sarasota, FL 34235 USA
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Fondation Fondamental, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; Department of Psychiatry, AP-HP, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier Hospital, 40 rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France ; INSERM U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Psychiatric Genetics, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Est Créteil, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 41119 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Benzacken
- Department of Genetics, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; INSERM, UMR 1141, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France ; Cytogenetics Unit, AP-HP, Jean Verdier Hospital, allée du 14 Juillet, 93140 Bondy, France ; Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Catalina Betancur
- INSERM, UMR 1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 9 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Méneret A, Depienne C, Riant F, Trouillard O, Bouteiller D, Cincotta M, Bitoun P, Wickert J, Lagroua I, Westenberger A, Borgheresi A, Doummar D, Romano M, Rossi S, Defebvre L, De Meirleir L, Espay AJ, Fiori S, Klebe S, Quélin C, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Plessis G, Dale RC, Sklower Brooks S, Dziezyc K, Pollak P, Golmard JL, Vidailhet M, Brice A, Roze E. Congenital mirror movements: mutational analysis of RAD51 and DCC in 26 cases. Neurology 2014; 82:1999-2002. [PMID: 24808016 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We screened a large series of individuals with congenital mirror movements (CMM) for mutations in the 2 identified causative genes, DCC and RAD51. METHODS We studied 6 familial and 20 simplex CMM cases. Each patient had a standardized neurologic assessment. Analysis of DCC and RAD51 coding regions included Sanger sequencing and a quantitative method allowing detection of micro rearrangements. We then compared the frequency of rare variants predicted to be pathogenic by either the PolyPhen-2 or the SIFT algorithm in our population and in the 4,300 controls of European origin on the Exome Variant Server. RESULTS We found 3 novel truncating mutations of DCC that segregate with CMM in 4 of the 6 families. Among the 20 simplex cases, we found one exonic deletion of DCC, one DCC mutation leading to a frameshift, 5 missense variants in DCC, and 2 missense variants in RAD51. All 7 missense variants were predicted to be pathogenic by one or both algorithms. Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of variants predicted to be deleterious was significantly different between patients and controls (p < 0.001 for both RAD51 and DCC). CONCLUSION Mutations and variants in DCC and RAD51 are strongly associated with CMM, but additional genes causing CMM remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Méneret
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Christel Depienne
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Florence Riant
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Delphine Bouteiller
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Julia Wickert
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Isabelle Lagroua
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Ana Westenberger
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alessandra Borgheresi
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Diane Doummar
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Marcello Romano
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Simone Rossi
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Luc Defebvre
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Linda De Meirleir
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alberto J Espay
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Simona Fiori
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Stephan Klebe
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Chloé Quélin
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Sabine Rudnik-Schöneborn
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Ghislaine Plessis
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Russell C Dale
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Susan Sklower Brooks
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Karolina Dziezyc
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Pierre Pollak
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Jean-Louis Golmard
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Alexis Brice
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- From INSERM, U 975, and CNRS 7225-CRICM (A.M., C.D., O.T., D.B., I.L., M.V., A.B., E.R.), Département de Neurologie (A.M., M.V., E.R.), Fédération de Génétique, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique (C.D., A.B.), Banque d'ADN et de cellules (I.L.), Department of Biostatistics (J.-L.G.), and Centre d'Investigation Clinique Pitié Neurosciences 1422 (E.R.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris; Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris-6 (A.M., C.D., M.V., A.B., E.R.), UMR_S 975, Paris; Laboratoire de Génétique (F.R.), Groupe hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, AP-HP, Paris; INSERM UMR_S740 (F.R.), Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.C., A.B.), Florence Health Authority, Italy; Génétique Médicale (P.B.), CHU Paris Nord, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France; Department of Human Genetics (J.W.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W.), University of Lübeck, Germany; Service de Neuropédiatrie (D.D.), Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France; Unit of Neurology (M.R.), Villa Sofia-Cervello Hospital, Palermo; Department of Neuroscience (S.R.), Section of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria of Siena, Italy; Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement (L.D.), Neurologie A, Hopital Salengro, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, EA 1046, Lille, France; Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism (L.D.M.), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Belgium; James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders (A.J.E.), University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH; IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris (S.F.), Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Neurology (S.K.), University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Service de Génétique Clinique (C.Q.), Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France; Institute for Human Genetics (S.R.-S.), Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Germany; Service de Génétique (G.P.), CHU Clémenceau, Caen, F
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McMillin M, Beck A, Chong J, Shively K, Buckingham K, Gildersleeve H, Aracena M, Aylsworth A, Bitoun P, Carey J, Clericuzio C, Crow Y, Curry C, Devriendt K, Everman D, Fryer A, Gibson K, Giovannucci Uzielli M, Graham J, Hall J, Hecht J, Heidenreich R, Hurst J, Irani S, Krapels I, Leroy J, Mowat D, Plant G, Robertson S, Schorry E, Scott R, Seaver L, Sherr E, Splitt M, Stewart H, Stumpel C, Temel S, Weaver D, Whiteford M, Williams M, Tabor H, Smith J, Shendure J, Nickerson D, Bamshad M, Bamshad MJ. Mutations in PIEZO2 cause Gordon syndrome, Marden-Walker syndrome, and distal arthrogryposis type 5. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:734-44. [PMID: 24726473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gordon syndrome (GS), or distal arthrogryposis type 3, is a rare, autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by cleft palate and congenital contractures of the hands and feet. Exome sequencing of five GS-affected families identified mutations in piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 (PIEZO2) in each family. Sanger sequencing revealed PIEZO2 mutations in five of seven additional families studied (for a total of 10/12 [83%] individuals), and nine families had an identical c.8057G>A (p.Arg2686His) mutation. The phenotype of GS overlaps with distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5) and Marden-Walker syndrome (MWS). Using molecular inversion probes for targeted sequencing to screen PIEZO2, we found mutations in 24/29 (82%) DA5-affected families and one of two MWS-affected families. The presence of cleft palate was significantly associated with c.8057G>A (Fisher's exact test, adjusted p value < 0.0001). Collectively, although GS, DA5, and MWS have traditionally been considered separate disorders, our findings indicate that they are etiologically related and perhaps represent variable expressivity of the same condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Genetic Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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21
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Srour M, Chitayat D, Caron V, Chassaing N, Bitoun P, Patry L, Cordier MP, Capo-Chichi JM, Francannet C, Calvas P, Ragge N, Dobrzeniecka S, Hamdan F, Rouleau G, Tremblay A, Michaud J. Recessive and Dominant Mutations in Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta in Cases with Microphthalmia and Diaphragmatic Hernia. Am J Hum Genet 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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22
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Srour M, Chitayat D, Caron V, Chassaing N, Bitoun P, Patry L, Cordier MP, Capo-Chichi JM, Francannet C, Calvas P, Ragge N, Dobrzeniecka S, Hamdan FF, Rouleau GA, Tremblay A, Michaud JL. Recessive and dominant mutations in retinoic acid receptor beta in cases with microphthalmia and diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:765-72. [PMID: 24075189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia, pulmonary hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, and cardiac defects are the main features of PDAC syndrome. Recessive mutations in STRA6, encoding a membrane receptor for the retinol-binding protein, have been identified in some cases with PDAC syndrome, although many cases have remained unexplained. Using whole-exome sequencing, we found that two PDAC-syndrome-affected siblings, but not their unaffected sibling, were compound heterozygous for nonsense (c.355C>T [p.Arg119(∗)]) and frameshift (c.1201_1202insCT [p.Ile403Serfs(∗)15]) mutations in retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB). Transfection studies showed that p.Arg119(∗) and p.Ile403Serfs(∗)15 altered RARB had no transcriptional activity in response to ligands, confirming that the mutations induced a loss of function. We then sequenced RARB in 15 subjects with anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia and at least one other feature of PDAC syndrome. Surprisingly, three unrelated subjects with microphthalmia and diaphragmatic hernia showed de novo missense mutations affecting the same codon; two of the subjects had the c.1159C>T (Arg387Cys) mutation, whereas the other one carried the c.1159C>A (p.Arg387Ser) mutation. We found that compared to the wild-type receptor, p.Arg387Ser and p.Arg387Cys altered RARB induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in transcriptional activity in response to retinoic acid ligands, suggesting a gain-of-function mechanism. Our study thus suggests that both recessive and dominant mutations in RARB cause anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia and diaphragmatic hernia, providing further evidence of the crucial role of the retinoic acid pathway during eye development and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Srour
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T1C5, Canada
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23
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Thauvin-Robinet C, Auclair M, Duplomb L, Caron-Debarle M, Avila M, St-Onge J, Le Merrer M, Le Luyer B, Héron D, Mathieu-Dramard M, Bitoun P, Petit JM, Odent S, Amiel J, Picot D, Carmignac V, Thevenon J, Callier P, Laville M, Reznik Y, Fagour C, Nunes ML, Capeau J, Lascols O, Huet F, Faivre L, Vigouroux C, Rivière JB. PIK3R1 mutations cause syndromic insulin resistance with lipoatrophy. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:141-9. [PMID: 23810378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Short stature, hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia, ocular depression, Rieger anomaly, and teething delay (SHORT) syndrome is a developmental disorder with an unknown genetic cause and hallmarks that include insulin resistance and lack of subcutaneous fat. We ascertained two unrelated individuals with SHORT syndrome, hypothesized that the observed phenotype was most likely due to de novo mutations in the same gene, and performed whole-exome sequencing in the two probands and their unaffected parents. We then confirmed our initial observations in four other subjects with SHORT syndrome from three families, as well as 14 unrelated subjects presenting with syndromic insulin resistance and/or generalized lipoatrophy associated with dysmorphic features and growth retardation. Overall, we identified in nine affected individuals from eight families de novo or inherited PIK3R1 mutations, including a mutational hotspot (c.1945C>T [p.Arg649Trp]) present in four families. PIK3R1 encodes the p85α, p55α, and p50α regulatory subunits of class IA phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases (PI3Ks), which are known to play a key role in insulin signaling. Functional data from fibroblasts derived from individuals with PIK3R1 mutations showed severe insulin resistance for both proximal and distal PI3K-dependent signaling. Our findings extend the genetic causes of severe insulin-resistance syndromes and provide important information with respect to the function of PIK3R1 in normal development and its role in human diseases, including growth delay, Rieger anomaly and other ocular affections, insulin resistance, diabetes, paucity of fat, and ovarian cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Equipe d'Accueil 4271, Génétique des Anomalies du Developpement, Université de Bourgogne, F-21079 Dijon, France.
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Delahaye A, Khung-Savatovsky S, Aboura A, Guimiot F, Drunat S, Alessandri JL, Gérard M, Bitoun P, Boumendil J, Robin S, Huel C, Guilherme R, Serero S, Gressens P, Elion J, Verloes A, Benzacken B, Delezoide AL, Pipiras E. Pre- and postnatal phenotype of 6p25 deletions involving the FOXC1 gene. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2430-8. [PMID: 22903608 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
FOXC1 deletion, duplication, and mutations are associated with Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly, and Dandy-Walker malformation spectrum. We describe the clinical history, physical findings, and available brain imaging studies in three fetuses, two children, and one adult with 6p25 deletions encompassing FOXC1. Various combinations of ocular and cerebellar malformations were found. In all three fetuses, necropsy including detailed microscopic assessments of the eyes and brains showed ocular anterior segment dysgenesis suggestive of Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. Five 6p25 deletions were terminal, including two derived from inherited reciprocal translocations; the remaining 6p25 deletion was interstitial. The size and breakpoints of these deletions were characterized using comparative genomic hybridization arrays. All six deletions included FOXC1. Our data confirm that FOXC1 haploinsufficiency plays a major role in the phenotype of patients with 6p25 deletions. Histopathological features of Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly were clearly identifiable before the beginning of the third-trimester of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Delahaye
- AP-HP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie, et Cytogénétique, Bondy, France.
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Delahaye A, Bitoun P, Drunat S, Gérard-Blanluet M, Chassaing N, Toutain A, Verloes A, Gatelais F, Legendre M, Faivre L, Passemard S, Aboura A, Kaltenbach S, Quentin S, Dupont C, Tabet AC, Amselem S, Elion J, Gressens P, Pipiras E, Benzacken B. Genomic imbalances detected by array-CGH in patients with syndromal ocular developmental anomalies. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:527-33. [PMID: 22234157 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In 65 patients, who had unexplained ocular developmental anomalies (ODAs) with at least one other birth defect and/or intellectual disability, we performed oligonucleotide comparative genome hybridisation-based microarray analysis (array-CGH; 105A or 180K, Agilent Technologies). In four patients, array-CGH identified clinically relevant deletions encompassing a gene known to be involved in ocular development (FOXC1 or OTX2). In four other patients, we found three pathogenic deletions not classically associated with abnormal ocular morphogenesis, namely, del(17)(p13.3p13.3), del(10)(p14p15.3), and del(16)(p11.2p11.2). We also detected copy number variations of uncertain pathogenicity in two other patients. Rearranged segments ranged in size from 0.04 to 5.68 Mb. These results show that array-CGH provides a high diagnostic yield (15%) in patients with syndromal ODAs and can identify previously unknown chromosomal regions associated with these conditions. In addition to their importance for diagnosis and genetic counselling, these data may help identify genes involved in ocular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrée Delahaye
- AP-HP, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Service d'Histologie, Embryologie, et Cytogénétique, Bondy, France.
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26
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Bitoun P, Pipiras E, Rigaudiere F. Congenital macular dystrophy, corpus callosum agenesis, hippocampi hypoplasia--a novel neuro-ophthalmic syndrome: case report. Ophthalmic Genet 2011; 33:39-43. [PMID: 21834622 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2011.596892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macular dystrophy is a cause of childhood and adult visual handicap and has been associated with multiple gene defects. Syndromic macular dystrophy is rare and a novel congenital form of syndromic macular dystrophy is presented. The authors report on a consanguineous family in which the 5-year-old female proband presented with nystagmus and low vision due to congenital macular dystrophy visible on fundus examination associated with complete corpus callosum agenesis, hippocampi hypoplasia and recurrent illnesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients signed informed consent forms to participate in the research. Proband was screened for 18 recessive macular dystrophy genes and ABCA4 and had a G banded karyotype on peripheral blood lymphocytes. Patients were evaluated using ocular biomicrosopy, fluorescein retinal angiograms, electroretinograms, visual evoked potentials, retinal optical coherence tomography, brain MRI and multifocal electroretinograms. RESULTS The older brother presented with subclinical findings of bilateral absence of foveal macular peak on multifocal electroretinograms and minimal corpus callosum hypoplasia. The younger sister was recently discovered to have a similar macular dystrophy. The father showed subclinical unilateral decreased foveal macular peak and the mother showed a granular-appearing fundus. No mutations were identified in the RP and macular dystrophy genes screened. DISCUSSION A review of the literature confirms that this is the first report of a congenital and possibly developmental macular dystrophy, with neurologic syndromic features and possible autosomal recessive inheritance but varying penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bitoun
- Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Jean Verdier AP-HP, C.H.U. Paris Nord, Bondy, France.
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27
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Muller J, Stoetzel C, Vincent MC, Leitch CC, Laurier V, Danse JM, Hellé S, Marion V, Bennouna-Greene V, Vicaire S, Megarbane A, Kaplan J, Drouin-Garraud V, Hamdani M, Sigaudy S, Francannet C, Roume J, Bitoun P, Goldenberg A, Philip N, Odent S, Green J, Cossée M, Davis EE, Katsanis N, Bonneau D, Verloes A, Poch O, Mandel JL, Dollfus H. Identification of 28 novel mutations in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome genes: the burden of private mutations in an extensively heterogeneous disease. Hum Genet 2010; 127:583-93. [PMID: 20177705 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), an emblematic disease in the rapidly evolving field of ciliopathies, is characterized by pleiotropic clinical features and extensive genetic heterogeneity. To date, 14 BBS genes have been identified, 3 of which have been found mutated only in a single BBS family each (BBS11/TRIM32, BBS13/MKS1 and BBS14/MKS4/NPHP6). Previous reports of systematic mutation detection in large cohorts of BBS families (n > 90) have dealt only with a single gene, or at most small subsets of the known BBS genes. Here we report extensive analysis of a cohort of 174 BBS families for 12/14 genes, leading to the identification of 28 novel mutations. Two pathogenic mutations in a single gene have been found in 117 families, and a single heterozygous mutation in 17 families (of which 8 involve the BBS1 recurrent mutation, M390R). We confirm that BBS1 and BBS10 are the most frequently mutated genes, followed by BBS12. No mutations have been found in BBS11/TRIM32, the identification of which as a BBS gene only relies on a single missense mutation in a single consanguineous family. While a third variant allele has been observed in a few families, they are in most cases missenses of uncertain pathogenicity, contrasting with the type of mutations observed as two alleles in a single gene. We discuss the various strategies for diagnostic mutation detection, including homozygosity mapping and targeted arrays for the detection of previously reported mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Muller
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, CHU Strasbourg Nouvel Hôpital Civil, 1 place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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28
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Huber C, Oulès B, Bertoli M, Chami M, Fradin M, Alanay Y, Al-Gazali LI, Ausems MG, Bitoun P, Cavalcanti DP, Krebs A, Le Merrer M, Mortier G, Shafeghati Y, Superti-Furga A, Robertson SP, Le Goff C, Muda AO, Paterlini-Bréchot P, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V. Identification of CANT1 mutations in Desbuquois dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:706-10. [PMID: 19853239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Desbuquois dysplasia is a severe condition characterized by short stature, joint laxity, scoliosis, and advanced carpal ossification with a delta phalanx. Studying nine Desbuquois families, we identified seven distinct mutations in the Calcium-Activated Nucleotidase 1 gene (CANT1), which encodes a soluble UDP-preferring nucleotidase belonging to the apyrase family. Among the seven mutations, four were nonsense mutations (Del 5' UTR and exon 1, p.P245RfsX3, p.S303AfsX20, and p.W125X), and three were missense mutations (p.R300C, p.R300H, and p.P299L) responsible for the change of conserved amino acids located in the seventh nucleotidase conserved region (NRC). The arginine substitution at position 300 was identified in five out of nine families. The specific function of CANT1 is as yet unknown, but its substrates are involved in several major signaling functions, including Ca2+ release, through activation of pyrimidinergic signaling. Importantly, using RT-PCR analysis, we observed a specific expression in chondrocytes. We also found electron-dense material within distended rough endoplasmic reticulum in the fibroblasts of Desbuquois patients. Our findings demonstrate the specific involvement of a nucleotidase in the endochondral ossification process.
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Kluijt I, van Dorp D, Kwee M, Toutain A, Keppler-Noreuil K, Warburg M, Bitoun P. Kabuki syndrome – Report of six cases and review of the literature with emphasis on ocular features. Ophthalmic Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1076/1381-6810(200003)2111-ift051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hilton E, Johnston J, Whalen S, Okamoto N, Hatsukawa Y, Nishio J, Kohara H, Hirano Y, Mizuno S, Torii C, Kosaki K, Manouvrier S, Boute O, Perveen R, Law C, Moore A, Fitzpatrick D, Lemke J, Fellmann F, Debray FG, Dastot-Le-Moal F, Gerard M, Martin J, Bitoun P, Goossens M, Verloes A, Schinzel A, Bartholdi D, Bardakjian T, Hay B, Jenny K, Johnston K, Lyons M, Belmont JW, Biesecker LG, Giurgea I, Black G. BCOR analysis in patients with OFCD and Lenz microphthalmia syndromes, mental retardation with ocular anomalies, and cardiac laterality defects. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1325-35. [PMID: 19367324 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) and Lenz microphthalmia syndromes form part of a spectrum of X-linked microphthalmia disorders characterized by ocular, dental, cardiac and skeletal anomalies and mental retardation. The two syndromes are allelic, caused by mutations in the BCL-6 corepressor gene (BCOR). To extend the series of phenotypes associated with pathogenic mutations in BCOR, we sequenced the BCOR gene in patients with (1) OFCD syndrome, (2) putative X-linked ('Lenz') microphthalmia syndrome, (3) isolated ocular defects and (4) laterality phenotypes. We present a new cohort of females with OFCD syndrome and null mutations in BCOR, supporting the hypothesis that BCOR is the sole molecular cause of this syndrome. We identify for the first time mosaic BCOR mutations in two females with OFCD syndrome and one apparently asymptomatic female. We present a female diagnosed with isolated ocular defects and identify minor features of OFCD syndrome, suggesting that OFCD syndrome may be mild and underdiagnosed. We have sequenced a cohort of males diagnosed with putative X-linked microphthalmia and found a mutation, p.P85L, in a single case, suggesting that BCOR mutations are not a major cause of X-linked microphthalmia in males. The absence of BCOR mutations in a panel of patients with non-specific laterality defects suggests that mutations in BCOR are not a major cause of isolated heart and laterality defects. Phenotypic analysis of OFCD and Lenz microphthalmia syndromes shows that in addition to the standard diagnostic criteria of congenital cataract, microphthalmia and radiculomegaly, patients should be examined for skeletal defects, particularly radioulnar synostosis, and cardiac/laterality defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Hilton
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Fuhrmann N, Alavi MV, Bitoun P, Woernle S, Auburger G, Leo-Kottler B, Yu-Wai-Man P, Chinnery P, Wissinger B. Genomic rearrangements in OPA1 are frequent in patients with autosomal dominant optic atrophy. J Med Genet 2009; 46:136-44. [PMID: 19181907 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.062570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is considered as the most common form of hereditary optic neuropathy. Although genetic linkage studies point to the OPA1 locus on chromosome 3q28-q29 as by far the most common gene locus, previous screening studies-based on sequencing of the coding exons-detected OPA1 mutations in only 32-70% of ADOA patients. We therefore hypothesised that larger deletions or duplications that remained undetected in previous screening approaches may substantially contribute to the prevalence of OPA1 mutations in ADOA. METHODS 42 independent ADOA patients were analysed for the presence of genomic rearrangements in OPA1 by means of multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA). Deletions or duplications were confirmed either by long distance polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and breakpoint sequencing or loss of heterozygosity analyses with flanking microsatellite markers. Patients underwent ophthalmological examination including visual acuity, colour vision testings, perimetry and funduscopy. RESULTS We identified genomic rearrangements in 8 of 42 patients, including single exon deletions of exon 9 and exon 24, respectively, a deletion of exons 1-5, two different deletions of the complete OPA1 gene as well as a duplication of the exons 7-9, with the latter being present in three unrelated families. Patients' phenotypes were highly variable, similar to patients with point mutation in OPA1. DISCUSSION Our findings show that gross genomic aberrations at the OPA1 gene locus are frequent in ADOA and substantially contribute to the spectrum and prevalence of OPA1 mutations in ADOA patients. They further strengthen the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency is a major pathomechanism in OPA1 associated ADOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fuhrmann
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Ophthalmology, Röntgenweg 11, Tübingen, Germany
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Andrieux J, Villenet C, Quief S, Lignon S, Geffroy S, Roumier C, de Leersnyder H, de Blois MC, Manouvrier S, Delobel B, Benzacken B, Bitoun P, Attie-Bitach T, Thomas S, Lyonnet S, Vekemans M, Kerckaert JP. Genotype phenotype correlation of 30 patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) using comparative genome hybridisation array: cleft palate in SMS is associated with larger deletions. J Med Genet 2007; 44:537-40. [PMID: 17468296 PMCID: PMC2597929 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.048736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is rare (prevalence 1 in 25 000) and is associated with psychomotor delay, a particular behavioural pattern and congenital anomalies. SMS is often due to a chromosomal deletion of <4 Mb at the 17p11.2 locus, leading to haploinsufficiency of numerous genes. Mutations of one of these gemes, RAI1, seems to be responsible for the main features found with heterozygous 17p11.2 deletions. METHODS We studied DNA from 30 patients with SMS using a 300 bp amplimers comparative genome hybridisation array encompassing 75 loci from a 22 Mb section from the short arm of chromosome 17. RESULTS Three patients had large deletions (10%). Genotype-phenotype correlation showed that two of them had cleft palate, which was not found in any of the other patients with SMS (p<0.007, Fisher's exact test). The smallest extra-deleted region associated with cleft palate in SMS is 1.4 Mb, contains <16 genes and is located at 17p11.2-17p12. Gene expression array data showed that the ubiquitin B precursor (UBB) is significantly expressed in the first branchial arch in the fourth and fifth weeks of human development. CONCLUSION These data support UBB as a good candidate gene for isolated cleft palate.
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Pasutto F, Sticht H, Hammersen G, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Fitzpatrick DR, Nürnberg G, Brasch F, Schirmer-Zimmermann H, Tolmie JL, Chitayat D, Houge G, Fernández-Martínez L, Keating S, Mortier G, Hennekam RCM, von der Wense A, Slavotinek A, Meinecke P, Bitoun P, Becker C, Nürnberg P, Reis A, Rauch A. Mutations in STRA6 cause a broad spectrum of malformations including anophthalmia, congenital heart defects, diaphragmatic hernia, alveolar capillary dysplasia, lung hypoplasia, and mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:550-60. [PMID: 17273977 PMCID: PMC1821097 DOI: 10.1086/512203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed two unrelated consanguineous families with malformation syndromes sharing anophthalmia and distinct eyebrows as common signs, but differing for alveolar capillary dysplasia or complex congenital heart defect in one and diaphragmatic hernia in the other family. Homozygosity mapping revealed linkage to a common locus on chromosome 15, and pathogenic homozygous mutations were identified in STRA6, a member of a large group of "stimulated by retinoic acid" genes encoding novel transmembrane proteins, transcription factors, and secreted signaling molecules or proteins of largely unknown function. Subsequently, homozygous STRA6 mutations were also demonstrated in 3 of 13 patients chosen on the basis of significant phenotypic overlap to the original cases. While a homozygous deletion generating a premature stop codon (p.G50AfsX22) led to absence of the immunoreactive protein in patient's fibroblast culture, structural analysis of three missense mutations (P90L, P293L, and T321P) suggested significant effects on the geometry of the loops connecting the transmembrane helices of STRA6. Two further variations in the C-terminus (T644M and R655C) alter specific functional sites, an SH2-binding motif and a phosphorylation site, respectively. STRA6 mutations thus define a pleiotropic malformation syndrome representing the first human phenotype associated with mutations in a gene from the "STRA" group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chitayat D, Sroka H, Keating S, Colby RS, Ryan G, Toi A, Blaser S, Viero S, Devisme L, Boute-Bénéjean O, Manouvrier-Hanu S, Mortier G, Loeys B, Rauch A, Bitoun P. The PDAC syndrome (pulmonary hypoplasia/agenesis, diaphragmatic hernia/eventration, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, and cardiac defect) (Spear syndrome, Matthew-Wood syndrome): Report of eight cases including a living child and further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1268-81. [PMID: 17506106 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The combination of pulmonary agenesis/dysgenesis/hypoplasia, microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and a diaphragmatic defect (agenesis or eventration) is a rare syndrome presumed to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance based on a report of affected siblings born to unaffected parents [Seller et al., 1996]. The condition is known as Spear syndrome and Matthew-Wood syndrome, although genetic heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. We report on eight patients with this condition including a living child, three sibs and three isolated cases. Most presented with fetal ultrasound findings of microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and diaphragmatic eventration/hernia and in five, cardiac abnormalities were also found. The earliest detection was at 20 weeks gestation. This is the second report of sibs affected with this condition, which supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. We present the first and only reported living patient with this condition and expand the intrafamilial, interfamilial, and ethnic variability of this condition. We suggest changing the condition's name to PDAC to reflect the most important components of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chitayat
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Albert S, Blons H, Jonard L, Feldmann D, Chauvin P, Loundon N, Sergent-Allaoui A, Houang M, Joannard A, Schmerber S, Delobel B, Leman J, Journel H, Catros H, Dollfus H, Eliot MM, David A, Calais C, Drouin-Garraud V, Obstoy MF, Tran Ba Huy P, Lacombe D, Duriez F, Francannet C, Bitoun P, Petit C, Garabédian EN, Couderc R, Marlin S, Denoyelle F. SLC26A4 gene is frequently involved in nonsyndromic hearing impairment with enlarged vestibular aqueduct in Caucasian populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:773-9. [PMID: 16570074 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most frequent sensory deficit of childhood and is of genetic origin in up to 75% of cases. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC26A4 (PDS) gene were involved in syndromic deafness characterized by congenital sensorineural hearing impairment and goitre (Pendred's syndrome), as well as in congenital isolated deafness (DFNB4). While the prevalence of SLC26A4 mutations in Pendred's syndrome is clearly established, it remains to be studied in large cohorts of patients with nonsyndromic deafness and detailed clinical informations. In this report, 109 patients from 100 unrelated families, aged from 1 to 32 years (median age: 10 years), with nonsyndromic deafness and enlarged vestibular aqueduct, were genotyped for SLC26A4 using DHPLC molecular screening and sequencing. In all, 91 allelic variants were observed in 100 unrelated families, of which 19 have never been reported. The prevalence of SLC26A4 mutations was 40% (40/100), with biallelic mutation in 24% (24/100), while six families were homozygous. All patients included in this series had documented deafness, associated with EVA and without any evidence of syndromic disease. Among patients with SLC26A4 biallelic mutations, deafness was more severe, fluctuated more than in patients with no mutation. In conclusion, the incidence of SLC26A4 mutations is high in patients with isolated deafness and enlarged vestibular aqueduct and could represent up to 4% of nonsyndromic hearing impairment. SLC26A4 could be the second most frequent gene implicated in nonsyndromic deafness after GJB2, in this Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Albert
- Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-faciale, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Verloes A, Bremond-Gignac D, Isidor B, David A, Baumann C, Leroy MA, Stevens R, Gillerot Y, Héron D, Héron B, Benzacken B, Lacombe D, Brunner H, Bitoun P. Blepharophimosis-mental retardation (BMR) syndromes: A proposed clinical classification of the so-called Ohdo syndrome, and delineation of two new BMR syndromes, one X-linked and one autosomal recessive. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1285-96. [PMID: 16700052 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on 11 patients from 8 families with a blepharophimosis and mental retardation syndrome (BMRS) phenotype. Using current nosology, five sporadic patients have Ohdo syndrome, associated with congenital hypothyroidism in two of them (thus also compatible with a diagnosis of Young-Simpson syndrome). In two affected sibs with milder phenotype, compensated hypothyroidism was demonstrated. In another family, an affected boy was born to the unaffected sister of a previously reported patient. Finally, in the last sibship, two affected boys in addition had severe microcephaly and neurological anomalies. A definitive clinical and etiologic classification of BMRS is lacking, but closer phenotypic analysis should lead to a more useful appraisal of the BMRS phenotype. We suggest discontinuing the systematic use of the term "Ohdo syndrome" when referring to patients with BMRS. We propose a classification of BMRS into five groups: (1) del(3p) syndrome, (possibly overlooked in older reports); (2) BMRS, Ohdo type, limited to the original patients of Ohdo; (3) BMRS SBBYS (Say-Barber/Biesecker/Young-Simpson) type, with distinctive dysmorphic features and inconstant anomalies including heart defect, optic atrophy, deafness, hypoplastic teeth, cleft palate, joint limitations, and hypothyroidism. BMRS type SBBYS is probably an etiologically heterogeneous phenotype, as AD and apparently AR forms exist; (4) BMRS, MKB (Maat-Kievit-Brunner) type, with coarse, triangular face, which is probably sex-linked; (5) BMRS V (Verloes) type, a probable new type with severe microcephaly, hypsarrhythmia, adducted thumbs, cleft palate, and abnormal genitalia, which is likely autosomal recessive. Types MKB and V are newly described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Verloes
- Clinical Genetics Unit, APHP Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is a common birth defect that has a complex etiology resulting from an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Few genes are known to contribute to its etiology. CHARGE syndrome is a common multiple malformation syndrome in which 20-36% of the cases have clefting. CHARGE is caused by mutations or deletions in the CHD7 gene. We analyzed the coding regions of CHD7 in nine CHARGE cases and identified five mutations, four of which were novel. We sequenced selected CHD7 exons in non-syndromic clefting cases from Iowa and Philippines populations, as well as matched controls. Variants in non-syndromic cases were found, however, the numbers were not statistically different from the controls. Association analysis of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using 878 case-parent triads from Iowa and Philippines population showed no significant overtransmission. Mutations in CHD7 are not common in isolated clefting cases and we found minimal evidence that CHD7 can act as a modifier for non-syndromic clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Têmis M Félix
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Kohl S, Varsanyi B, Antunes GA, Baumann B, Hoyng CB, Jägle H, Rosenberg T, Kellner U, Lorenz B, Salati R, Jurklies B, Farkas A, Andreasson S, Weleber RG, Jacobson SG, Rudolph G, Castellan C, Dollfus H, Legius E, Anastasi M, Bitoun P, Lev D, Sieving PA, Munier FL, Zrenner E, Sharpe LT, Cremers FPM, Wissinger B. CNGB3 mutations account for 50% of all cases with autosomal recessive achromatopsia. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:302-8. [PMID: 15657609 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromatopsia is a congenital, autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by a lack of color discrimination, low visual acuity (<0.2), photophobia, and nystagmus. Mutations in the genes for CNGA3, CNGB3, and GNAT2 have been associated with this disorder. Here, we analyzed the spectrum and prevalence of CNGB3 gene mutations in a cohort of 341 independent patients with achromatopsia. In 163 patients, CNGB3 mutations could be identified. A total of 105 achromats carried apparent homozygous mutations, 44 were compound (double) heterozygotes, and 14 patients had only a single mutant allele. The derived CNGB3 mutation spectrum comprises 28 different mutations including 12 nonsense mutations, eight insertions and/or deletions, five putative splice site mutations, and three missense mutations. Thus, the majority of mutations in the CNGB3 gene result in significantly altered and/or truncated polypeptides. Several mutations were found recurrently, in particular a 1 bp deletion, c.1148delC, which accounts for over 70% of all CNGB3 mutant alleles. In conclusion, mutations in the CNGB3 gene are responsible for approximately 50% of all patients with achromatopsia. This indicates that the CNGB3/ACHM3 locus on chromosome 8q21 is the major locus for achromatopsia in patients of European origin or descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kohl
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Germany.
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Brémond-Gignac D, Gérard-Blanluet M, Copin H, Bitoun P, Baumann C, Crolla JA, Benzacken B, Verloes A. Three patients with hallucal polydactyly and WAGR syndrome, including discordant expression of Wilms tumor in MZ twins. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 134:422-5. [PMID: 15779023 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The WAGR contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a combination of Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genito-urinary abnormalities, and growth and mental retardation which is invariably associated with an 11p13 deletion. We report two monozygotic twins and a third, unrelated patient with WAGR syndrome and additional clinical features not usually associated with WAGR. Both twins had developmental delay, growth deficiency, severe ocular involvement (nystagmus, aniridia, cataracts), atrial septal defect and two uncommon findings: agenesis of the corpus callosum and duplication of the halluces. One twin developed Wilms tumors aged 19 months while her sister remained tumor free by the age of 6.5 years. The singleton patient showed typical WAGR syndrome and preaxial hallucal polydactyly. Molecular cytogenetic studies refined the identification of the extent of the deleted segments, which were not identical in the two families. The two deletions included the PAX6 and WT1 genes as previously reported in typical WAGR patients. The unusual anomalies described in this report, may represent the expression of low penetrant traits associated with haploinsufficency of one or more of the genes present in the deletion (PAX6 is expressed in CNS) or may indicate epistatic influences of modifier genes on the expression of gene(s) present in the WAGR region.
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Hichri H, Stoetzel C, Laurier V, Caron S, Sigaudy S, Sarda P, Hamel C, Martin-Coignard D, Gilles M, Leheup B, Holder M, Kaplan J, Bitoun P, Lacombe D, Verloes A, Bonneau D, Perrin-Schmitt F, Brandt C, Besancon AF, Mandel JL, Cossée M, Dollfus H. Testing for triallelism: analysis of six BBS genes in a Bardet–Biedl syndrome family cohort. Eur J Hum Genet 2005; 13:607-16. [PMID: 15770229 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotype of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is defined by the association of retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, polydactyly, hypogenitalism, renal disease and cognitive impairement. The significant genetic heterogeneity of this condition is supported by the identification, to date, of eight genes (BBS1-8) implied with cilia assembly or function. Triallelic inheritance has recently been suggested on the basis of the identification of three mutated alleles in two different genes for the same patient. In a cohort of 27 families, six BBS genes (namely BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS6, BBS7 and BBS8) have been studied. Mutations were identified in 14 families. Two mutations within the same gene have been identified in seven families. BBS1 is most frequently implied with the common M390R substitution at the homozygous state (n=2), or associated with another mutation at BBS1 (n=3). Compound heterozygous mutations have been found in BBS2 (one family) and BBS6 (one family). In seven other families, only one heterozygous mutation has been identified (once in BBS1, twice for BBS2 and three times in BBS6). Although our study did not reveal any families with bona fide mutations in two BBS genes, consistent with a triallelic hypothesis, we have found an excess of heterozygous single mutations. This study underlines the genetic heterogeneity of the BBS and the involvement of possibly unidentified genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Hichri
- Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Verloes A, Bitoun P, Heuskin A, Amrom D, van de Broeck H, Nikkel SM, Chudley AE, Prasad AN, Rusu C, Covic M, Toutain A, Moraine C, Parisi MA, Patton M, Martin JJ, Van Thienen MN. Möbius sequence, Robin complex, and hypotonia: severe expression of brainstem disruption spectrum versus Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 127A:277-87. [PMID: 15150779 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on nine unrelated children fitting a diagnosis of Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome (CFZS). All children presented with Möbius sequence, Pierre Robin complex (6/9) or micrognathia, and hypotonia. Some had primary hypoventilation, delayed development, and acral anomalies. The neuropathological investigations performed in two patients showed a combination of dysplastic lesions (neuronal heterotopias) and encephaloclastic changes consisting of small foci of necrosis with microcalcifications. The mother of a third child had severe trauma during her 2nd month of pregnancy. Based on a review of the literature on MS and CFZS, we suggest designating as "Robin-Möbius phenotype" a distinct clinical variant of MS with extensive brainstem involvement, Robin complex, hypotonia without specific muscle disorder, clubfeet and variable acral anomalies. This condition appears to bear a higher risk of mental handicap and perhaps a higher recurrence risk than "common" MS. Neuropathology and neuroimaging are suggestive, at least in some cases, of a vascular disruption, which could be exogenous, or secondary to a genetic predisposition. Etiologic heterogeneity seems likely and, in that respect, the original CFZS family could represent a private syndrome fitting on the "Robin-Möbius" spectrum. Despite the existence of two familial reports, recurrence risk is probably much lower than 25%, although exact figures cannot be extracted from the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Verloes
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Hospital Robert Debré, Paris, France.
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42
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Marie S, Heron B, Bitoun P, Timmerman T, Van den Berghe G, Vincent MF. AICA-ribosiduria: a novel, neurologically devastating inborn error of purine biosynthesis caused by mutation of ATIC. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1276-81. [PMID: 15114530 PMCID: PMC1182092 DOI: 10.1086/421475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a female infant with dysmorphic features, severe neurological defects, and congenital blindness, a positive urinary Bratton-Marshall test led to identification of a massive excretion of 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide (AICA)-riboside, the dephosphorylated counterpart of AICAR (also termed "ZMP"), an intermediate of de novo purine biosynthesis. ZMP and its di- and triphosphate accumulated in the patient's erythrocytes. Incubation of her fibroblasts with AICA-riboside led to accumulation of AICAR, not observed in control cells, suggesting impairment of the final steps of purine biosynthesis, catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme AICAR transformylase/IMP cyclohydrolase (ATIC). AICAR transformylase was profoundly deficient, whereas the IMP cyclohydrolase level was 40% of normal. Sequencing of ATIC showed a K426R change in the transformylase region in one allele and a frameshift in the other. Recombinant protein carrying mutation K426R completely lacks AICAR transformylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marie
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Bénédicte Heron
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Thérèse Timmerman
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Georges Van den Berghe
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Vincent
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris; and Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
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43
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Rigaudière F, Roux C, Lachapelle P, Rosolen SG, Bitoun P, Gay-Duval A, Le Gargasson JF. ERGs in female carriers of incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (I-CSNB). A family report. Doc Ophthalmol 2004; 107:203-12. [PMID: 14661912 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026212318245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
ERG findings in five sisters are reported. By pedigree analysis, four of the five must be obligate carriers for I-CSNB since their sons were affected (impaired night vision, reduced visual acuity, variable ametropia, congenital nystagmus and ERG with both scotopic and photopic b-wave reduced amplitude). The fifth was childless at the time of examination and her ERG analysis was normal. Three of the four obligate carriers showed significant reduction in the sum of the OPs amplitude as previously reported as being an electrophysiological signs in female carriers: two without alteration in other ERG components and the third with association with a flicker ERG amplitude significantly increased. The fourth female carrier showed a normal sum of the OPs amplitude whereas the other b-wave ERG or flicker amplitudes were significantly decreased. These last two ERG results suggest a possible modifications of synaptic transmission at a post-receptoral site (outer plexiform layer or involvement of the bipolar pathways) in these two carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rigaudière
- Université Paris 7, UFR Lariboisière-Saint-Louis, Unité INSERM U-483, Service de Biophysique, Département Vision, Paris, France.
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44
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Faivre L, Le Merrer M, Al-Gazali LI, Ausems MGEM, Bitoun P, Bacq D, Maroteaux P, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V. Homozygosity mapping of a Desbuquois dysplasia locus to chromosome 17q25.3. J Med Genet 2003; 40:282-4. [PMID: 12676900 PMCID: PMC1735409 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.4.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Desbuquois dysplasia is a rare autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia characterised by short stature, joint laxity, facial dysmorphism, a "Swedish key" appearance of the proximal femur, advanced carpal and tarsal bone age, and hand anomalies consisting of phalangeal dislocations and an extra ossification centre distal to the second metacarpal. However, the latter changes are not consistently observed in all Desbuquois patients, defining two distinct groups, based on the presence or absence of hand anomalies. We have performed a genome wide search in four inbred Desbuquois families with typical hand anomalies originating from France, Sri-Lanka, the United Arab Emirates, and Morocco. Here, we report on the mapping of a disease gene to chromosome 17q25.3 (Zmax=4.61 at theta=0 at locus D17S1806) in the 9.5 cM interval defined by loci D17S802 and D17S1822. The present study supports the genetic homogeneity of the clinical subtype with hand anomalies and will hopefully help in identifying the Desbuquois dysplasia gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Faivre
- Département de Génétique et INSERM U393, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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45
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Toutain A, Dessay B, Ronce N, Ferrante MI, Tranchemontagne J, Newbury-Ecob R, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Burn J, Kaplan J, Rossi A, Russo S, Walpole I, Hartsfield JK, Oyen N, Nemeth A, Bitoun P, Trump D, Moraine C, Franco B. Refinement of the NHS locus on chromosome Xp22.13 and analysis of five candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:516-20. [PMID: 12173028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Revised: 05/07/2002] [Accepted: 05/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) is an X-linked condition characterised by congenital cataracts, dental abnormalities, dysmorphic features, and mental retardation in some cases. Previous studies have mapped the disease gene to a 2 cM interval on Xp22.2 between DXS43 and DXS999. We report additional linkage data resulting from the analysis of eleven independent NHS families. A maximum lod score of 9.94 (theta=0.00) was obtained at the RS1 locus and a recombination with locus DXS1195 on the telomeric side was observed in two families, thus refining the location of the gene to an interval of around 1 Mb on Xp22.13. Direct sequencing or SSCP analysis of the coding exons of five genes (SCML1, SCML2, STK9, RS1 and PPEF1), considered as candidate genes on the basis of their location in the critical interval, failed to detect any mutation in 12 unrelated NHS patients, thus making it highly unlikely that these genes are implicated in NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Bretonneau, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Tours, France.
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46
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Astuto LM, Bork JM, Weston MD, Askew JW, Fields RR, Orten DJ, Ohliger SJ, Riazuddin S, Morell RJ, Khan S, Riazuddin S, Kremer H, van Hauwe P, Moller CG, Cremers CWRJ, Ayuso C, Heckenlively JR, Rohrschneider K, Spandau U, Greenberg J, Ramesar R, Reardon W, Bitoun P, Millan J, Legge R, Friedman TB, Kimberling WJ. CDH23 mutation and phenotype heterogeneity: a profile of 107 diverse families with Usher syndrome and nonsyndromic deafness. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:262-75. [PMID: 12075507 PMCID: PMC379159 DOI: 10.1086/341558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2002] [Accepted: 05/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome type I is characterized by congenital hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and variable vestibular areflexia. Usher syndrome type ID, one of seven Usher syndrome type I genetic localizations, have been mapped to a chromosomal interval that overlaps with a nonsyndromic-deafness localization, DFNB12. Mutations in CDH23, a gene that encodes a putative cell-adhesion protein with multiple cadherin-like domains, are responsible for both Usher syndrome and DFNB12 nonsyndromic deafness. Specific CDH23 mutational defects have been identified that differentiate these two phenotypes. Only missense mutations of CDH23 have been observed in families with nonsyndromic deafness, whereas nonsense, frameshift, splice-site, and missense mutations have been identified in families with Usher syndrome. In the present study, a panel of 69 probands with Usher syndrome and 38 probands with recessive nonsyndromic deafness were screened for the presence of mutations in the entire coding region of CDH23, by heteroduplex, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and direct sequence analyses. A total of 36 different CDH23 mutations were detected in 45 families; 33 of these mutations were novel, including 18 missense, 3 nonsense, 5 splicing defects, 5 microdeletions, and 2 insertions. A total of seven mutations were common to more than one family. Numerous exonic and intronic polymorphisms also were detected. Results of ophthalmologic examinations of the patients with nonsyndromic deafness have found asymptomatic RP-like manifestations, indicating that missense mutations may have a subtle effect in the retina. Furthermore, patients with mutations in CDH23 display a wide range of hearing loss and RP phenotypes, differing in severity, age at onset, type, and the presence or absence of vestibular areflexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Astuto
- Center for the Study and Treatment of Usher Syndrome, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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47
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Wissinger B, Gamer D, Jägle H, Giorda R, Marx T, Mayer S, Tippmann S, Broghammer M, Jurklies B, Rosenberg T, Jacobson SG, Sener EC, Tatlipinar S, Hoyng CB, Castellan C, Bitoun P, Andreasson S, Rudolph G, Kellner U, Lorenz B, Wolff G, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Schwartz M, Cremers FPM, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Zrenner E, Salati R, Sharpe LT, Kohl S. CNGA3 mutations in hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:722-37. [PMID: 11536077 PMCID: PMC1226059 DOI: 10.1086/323613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2001] [Accepted: 07/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that mutations in the CNGA3 gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel cause autosomal recessive complete achromatopsia linked to chromosome 2q11. We now report the results of a first comprehensive screening for CNGA3 mutations in a cohort of 258 additional independent families with hereditary cone photoreceptor disorders. CNGA3 mutations were detected not only in patients with the complete form of achromatopsia but also in incomplete achromats with residual cone photoreceptor function and (rarely) in patients with evidence for severe progressive cone dystrophy. In total, mutations were identified in 53 independent families comprising 38 new CNGA3 mutations, in addition to the 8 mutations reported elsewhere. Apparently, both mutant alleles were identified in 47 families, including 16 families with presumed homozygous mutations and 31 families with two heterozygous mutations. Single heterozygous mutations were identified in six additional families. The majority of all known CNGA3 mutations (39/46) are amino acid substitutions compared with only four stop-codon mutations, two 1-bp insertions and one 3-bp in-frame deletion. The missense mutations mostly affect amino acids conserved among the members of the cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channel family and cluster at the cytoplasmic face of transmembrane domains (TM) S1 and S2, in TM S4, and in the cGMP-binding domain. Several mutations were identified recurrently (e.g., R277C, R283W, R436W, and F547L). These four mutations account for 41.8% of all detected mutant CNGA3 alleles. Haplotype analysis suggests that the R436W and F547L mutant alleles have multiple origins, whereas we found evidence that the R283W alleles, which are particularly frequent among patients from Scandinavia and northern Italy, have a common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Wissinger
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Daphne Gamer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Herbert Jägle
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Tim Marx
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Simone Mayer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sabine Tippmann
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Martina Broghammer
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Bernhard Jurklies
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Samuel G. Jacobson
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - E. Cumhur Sener
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sinan Tatlipinar
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Carel B. Hoyng
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Claudio Castellan
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Pierre Bitoun
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Sten Andreasson
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Günter Rudolph
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Ulrich Kellner
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Birgit Lorenz
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Gerhard Wolff
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Christine Verellen-Dumoulin
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Marianne Schwartz
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Frans P. M. Cremers
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Eckart Apfelstedt-Sylla
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Roberto Salati
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Lindsay T. Sharpe
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molekulargenetisches Labor, Psychophysisches Labor, and Universitäts-Augenklinik Tübingen, Abt. Pathophysiologie des Sehens und Neuroophthalmologie, Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy; Universitäts-Augenklinik Essen, Essen, Germany; National Eye Clinic, Copenhagen; Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia; Hacetteppe University, Ankara; Departments of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Genetische Beratungsstelle, Bozen, Italy; University Hospital Jean Verdier Paris-Nord, Bondy, France; University Eye Hospital Lund, Lund, Sweden; Universitäts-Augenklinik München, München, Germany; Augenklinik, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University, Berlin; Abteilung für Kinderophthalmologie, Strabismologie und Ophthalmogenetik, Universitäts-Augenklinik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre de Génétique Humaine, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium; and Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
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48
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Bassi MT, Bergen AA, Bitoun P, Charles SJ, Clementi M, Gosselin R, Hurst J, Lewis RA, Lorenz B, Meitinger T, Messiaen L, Ramesar RS, Ballabio A, Schiaffino MV. Diverse prevalence of large deletions within the OA1 gene in ocular albinism type 1 patients from Europe and North America. Hum Genet 2001; 108:51-4. [PMID: 11214907 DOI: 10.1007/s004390000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is an X-linked disorder mainly characterized by congenital nystagmus and photodysphoria, moderate to severe reduction of visual acuity, hypopigmentation of the retina, and the presence of macromelanosomes in the skin and eyes. We have previously isolated the gene for OA1 and characterized its protein product as melanosomal membrane glycoprotein displaying structural and functional features of G protein-coupled receptors. We and others have identified mutations of various types within the OA1 gene in patients with this disorder, including deletions and splice site, frameshift, nonsense, and missense mutations. However, different prevalences of large intragenic deletions have been reported, ranging from 10% to 50% in independent studies. To determine whether these differences might be related to the geographic origin of the OA1 families tested, we performed a further extensive mutation analysis study leading to the identification of pathogenic mutations in 30 unrelated OA1 patients mainly from Europe and North America. These results, together with our earlier mutation reports on OA1, allow us to resolve the apparent discrepancies between previous studies and point to a substantial difference in the frequency of large intragenic deletions in European (<10%) compared with North American (>50%) OA1 families. These observations and our overall refinement of point mutation distribution within the OA1 gene have important implications for the molecular diagnosis of OA1 and for the establishment of any mutation detection program for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Bassi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan, Italy
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Kluijt I, van Dorp D, Kwee M, Toutain A, Keppler-Noreuil K, Warburg M, Bitoun P. Kabuki syndrome ? Report of six cases and review of the literature with emphasis on ocular features. Ophthalmic Genet 2000. [DOI: 10.1076/1381-6810(200003)21:1;1-i;ft051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kluijt I, van Dorp DB, Kwee ML, Toutain A, Keppler-Noreuil K, Warburg M, Bitoun P. Kabuki syndrome - report of six cases and review of the literature with emphasis on ocular features. Ophthalmic Genet 2000; 21:51-61. [PMID: 10779849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Six cases of Kabuki syndrome (KS) with ocular anomalies are reported and the variety of ocular features reported in the literature for this syndrome is described. Routine ocular examinations are recommended for every patient with KS because of the high proportion of ocular anomalies found in these patients, the presence of which can hamper development if not adequately addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kluijt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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