51
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Li Z, Wu J, Zhang X, Ou C, Zhong X, Chen Y, Lu L, Liu H, Li Y, Liu X, Wu B, Wang Y, Yang P, Yan J, Chen M. CDC42 promotes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Pathol 2019; 249:461-471. [PMID: 31397884 DOI: 10.1002/path.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification is now recognised as a biological process similar to bone formation involving osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), a Rac1 family member GTPase, is essential for cartilage development during endochondral bone formation. However, whether CDC42 affects osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and vascular calcification remains unknown. In the present study, we observed a significant increase in the expression of CDC42 both in rat VSMCs and in calcified arteries during vascular calcification. Alizarin red staining and calcium content assay revealed that adenovirus-mediated CDC42 overexpression led to an apparent VSMC calcification in the presence of calcifying medium, accompanied with up-regulation of bone-related molecules including RUNX2 and BMP2. By contrast, inhibition of CDC42 by ML141 significantly blocked calcification of VSMCs in vitro and aortic rings ex vivo. Moreover, ML141 markedly attenuated vascular calcification in rats with CKD. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AKT signal was shown to block CDC42-induced VSMC calcification. These findings demonstrate for the first time that CDC42 contributes to vascular calcification through a mechanism involving AKT signalling; this uncovered a new function of CDC42 in regulating vascular calcification. This may provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular calcification in the context of CKD. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinglong Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lihe Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yining Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pingzhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianyun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sino-Japanese Cooperation Platform for Translational Research in Heart Failure, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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52
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Yang Y, Lei D, Zou H, Huang S, Yang Q, Li S, Qing FL, Ye X, You Z, Zhao Q. Hybrid electrospun rapamycin-loaded small-diameter decellularized vascular grafts effectively inhibit intimal hyperplasia. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:321-332. [PMID: 31523025 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease, renal artery stenosis and other peripheral vascular diseases, there is significant demand for small diameter (inner diameter <6 mm) vascular grafts. However, autologous grafts are not always available when the substitute vascular grafts are severely diseased. In our previous work, hybrid small-diameter vascular grafts were successfully fabricated by combining electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) and decellularized rat aorta (DRA). However, histological assessments of these grafts revealed the development of intimal hyperplasia, indicating potential negative impacts on the long-term patency of these grafts. To address this challenge, PCL nanofibers blended with rapamycin (RM) were electrospun outside the decellularized vascular graft to fabricate a RM-loaded hybrid tissue-engineered vascular graft (RM-HTEV), endowing the graft with a drug delivery function to prevent intimal hyperplasia. RM-HTEV possessed superior mechanical properties compared to DRA and exhibited a sustained drug release profile. To evaluate the applicability of RM-HTEV in vivo, abdominal aorta transplantation was performed on rats. Doppler sonography showed that the grafts were functional for up to 8 weeks in vivo. Moreover, histological analysis of explanted grafts 12 weeks postimplantation demonstrated that RM-HTEV significantly decreased neo-intimal hyperplasia compared with HTEV, without impairing reendothelialization and M2 macrophage polarization. Overall, RM-HTEV represents a promising strategy for developing small-diameter vascular grafts with great clinical translational potential. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, a new type of rapamycin-loaded hybrid tissue-engineered vascular graft (RM-HTEV) was fabricated using electrospinning technology. The unique hybrid bi-layer structure endowed the RM-HTEV with multi-functionality: the exterior rapamycin-loaded electrospun PCL nanofibrous layer enhanced the mechanical properties of the graft and possessed drug releasing property; the interior decellularized aorta layer with porous structure could facilitate cell proliferation and migration. In in vivo implantation experiment, RM-HTEV exhibited satisfying long-term patency rate and significantly inhibited intimal hyperplasia without impairing re-endothelialization and M2 macrophage polarization. This strategy is expected to be a promising strategy for developing bioactive small-diameter vascular grafts with great clinical translational potential.
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53
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Zhang DD, Wu YF, Chen WX, Xu Y, Liu SY, Luo HH, Jiang GM, Wu Y, Hu P. C-type natriuretic peptide attenuates renal osteodystrophy through inhibition of FGF-23/MAPK signaling. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-18. [PMID: 31263178 PMCID: PMC6802631 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) occurs as early as chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 2 and seems ubiquitous in almost all pediatric patients with CKD stage 5. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, a bone-derived endocrine regulator of phosphate homeostasis, is overexpressed in CKD and disturbs osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization. In contrast, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts as a potent positive regulator of bone growth. In the present study, we infused CNP into uremic rats and observed whether CNP could attenuate ROD through the inhibition of FGF-23 cascades. In uremic rats, CNP administration significantly alleviated renal dysfunction, calcium phosphate metabolic disorders, hypovitaminosis D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, the decrease in bone turnover markers and retarded bone pathological progression. More importantly, within FGF-23/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, Klotho and alternative (STAT-1/phospho-STAT-1) elements were upregulated by CNP, whereas FGF-23, RAF-1/phospho-RAF-1, and downstream (ERK/phospho-ERK and P38/phospho-P38) elements were paradoxically underexpressed in bone tissue. Therefore, CNP exerts a therapeutic effect on ROD through inhibition of FGF-23/MAPK signaling at the RAF-1 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Dong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Fang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Xia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Si Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Huang Huang Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Guang Mei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Ji-Xi Road, 230022, Hefei, China.
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54
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Zakiyanov O, Kalousová M, Zima T, Tesař V. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Renal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:298-330. [PMID: 31185475 DOI: 10.1159/000499876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases within the metzincin protein family that not only cleave extracellular matrix (ECM) components, but also process the non-ECM molecules, including various growth factors and their binding proteins. MMPs participate in cell to ECM interactions, and MMPs are known to be involved in cell proliferation mechanisms and most probably apoptosis. These proteinases are grouped into six classes: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, membrane type MMPs, and other MMPs. Various mechanisms regulate the activity of MMPs, inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases being the most important. In the kidney, intrinsic glomerular cells and tubular epithelial cells synthesize several MMPs. The measurement of circulating MMPs can provide valuable information in patients with kidney diseases. They play an important role in many renal diseases, both acute and chronic. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of MMPs in the kidney and discusses recent data from patient and animal studies with reference to specific diseases. A better understanding of the MMPs' role in renal remodeling may open the way to new interventions favoring deleterious renal changes in a number of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Zakiyanov
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia,
| | - Marta Kalousová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Zima
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Tesař
- Department of Nephrology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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55
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Voelkl J, Lang F, Eckardt KU, Amann K, Kuro-O M, Pasch A, Pieske B, Alesutan I. Signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle cell calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2077-2091. [PMID: 30887097 PMCID: PMC6502780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification has emerged as a putative key factor contributing to the excessive cardiovascular mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperphosphatemia is considered a decisive determinant of vascular calcification in CKD. A critical role in initiation and progression of vascular calcification during elevated phosphate conditions is attributed to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which are able to change their phenotype into osteo-/chondroblasts-like cells. These transdifferentiated VSMCs actively promote calcification in the medial layer of the arteries by producing a local pro-calcifying environment as well as nidus sites for precipitation of calcium and phosphate and growth of calcium phosphate crystals. Elevated extracellular phosphate induces osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs through complex intracellular signaling pathways, which are still incompletely understood. The present review addresses critical intracellular pathways controlling osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and, thus, vascular calcification during hyperphosphatemia. Elucidating these pathways holds a significant promise to open novel therapeutic opportunities counteracting the progression of vascular calcification in CKD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Phosphates/chemistry
- Calcium Phosphates/metabolism
- Cell Transdifferentiation
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Hyperphosphatemia/complications
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Osteoblasts/pathology
- RANK Ligand/genetics
- RANK Ligand/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/genetics
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Calcification/complications
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard-Karls University, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, Aarbergstrasse 5, 2560, Nidau-Biel, Switzerland
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Str. 2, 10178, Berlin, Germany
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56
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Wahart A, Hocine T, Albrecht C, Henry A, Sarazin T, Martiny L, El Btaouri H, Maurice P, Bennasroune A, Romier-Crouzet B, Blaise S, Duca L. Role of elastin peptides and elastin receptor complex in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. FEBS J 2019; 286:2980-2993. [PMID: 30946528 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Continuum describes a sequence of events from cardiovascular risk factors to end-stage heart disease. It includes conventional pathologies affecting cardiovascular functions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis or thrombosis and was traditionally considered from the metabolic point of view. This Cardiovascular Continuum, originally described by Dzau and Braunwald, was extended by O'Rourke to consider also the crucial role played by degradation of elastic fibers, occurring during aging, in the appearance of vascular stiffness, another deleterious risk factor of the continuum. However, the involvement of the elastin degradation products, named elastin-derived peptides, to the Cardiovascular Continuum progression has not been considered before. Data from our laboratory and others clearly showed that these bioactive peptides are central regulators of this continuum, thereby amplifying appearance and evolution of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes or hypertension, of vascular alterations such as atherothrombosis and calcification, but also nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The Elastin Receptor Complex has been shown to be a crucial actor in these processes. We propose here the participation of these elastin-derived peptides and of the Elastin Receptor Complex in these events, and introduce a revisited Cardiovascular Continuum based on their involvement, for which elastin-based pharmacological strategies could have a strong impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Wahart
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thinhinane Hocine
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Camille Albrecht
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Auberi Henry
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Thomas Sarazin
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Hassan El Btaouri
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Amar Bennasroune
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | | | - Sébastien Blaise
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR CNRS 7369 MEDyC, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France
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57
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Vizovišek M, Fonović M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins in extracellular matrix remodeling: Extracellular matrix degradation and beyond. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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58
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Ngai D, Lino M, Bendeck MP. Cell-Matrix Interactions and Matricrine Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:174. [PMID: 30581820 PMCID: PMC6292870 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a complex pathological process occurring in patients with atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. The extracellular matrix, via matricrine-receptor signaling plays important roles in the pathogenesis of calcification. Calcification is mediated by osteochondrocytic-like cells that arise from transdifferentiating vascular smooth muscle cells. Recent advances in our understanding of the plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cell and other cells of mesenchymal origin have furthered our understanding of how these cells transdifferentiate into osteochondrocytic-like cells in response to environmental cues. In the present review, we examine the role of the extracellular matrix in the regulation of cell behavior and differentiation in the context of vascular calcification. In pathological calcification, the extracellular matrix not only provides a scaffold for mineral deposition, but also acts as an active signaling entity. In recent years, extracellular matrix components have been shown to influence cellular signaling through matrix receptors such as the discoidin domain receptor family, integrins, and elastin receptors, all of which can modulate osteochondrocytic differentiation and calcification. Changes in extracellular matrix stiffness and composition are detected by these receptors which in turn modulate downstream signaling pathways and cytoskeletal dynamics, which are critical to osteogenic differentiation. This review will focus on recent literature that highlights the role of cell-matrix interactions and how they influence cellular behavior, and osteochondrocytic transdifferentiation in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ngai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marsel Lino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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59
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He J, Zhong X, Zhao L, Gan H. JAK2/STAT3/BMP-2 axis and NF-κB pathway are involved in erythropoietin-induced calcification in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 23:501-512. [PMID: 30406500 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, while erythropoietin (EPO) is widely used in the treatment of renal anemia in CKD patients, whether there is a link between the two is still not clear. METHODS The primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and CKD rats were treated with EPO and the calcium deposition was observed by alizarin red staining, von Kossa staining and calcium quantification. Activation of JAK2/STAT3/BMP-2 axis and NF-κB signaling pathways was investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS EPO-induced calcium deposition in VSMCs and significantly potentiated calcification in CKD rats. Furthermore, EPO activated JAK2/STAT3/BMP-2 axis, NF-κB pathway and the pro-calcification effect of EPO was partially blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor (Cryptotanshinone) or NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082), respectively, in vitro. CONCLUSION EPO could promote VSMCs calcification in vitro and in vivo and this effect may be achieved through the JAK2/STAT3/BMP-2 axis and NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Gan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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60
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Coenen AMJ, Bernaerts KV, Harings JAW, Jockenhoevel S, Ghazanfari S. Elastic materials for tissue engineering applications: Natural, synthetic, and hybrid polymers. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:60-82. [PMID: 30165203 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Elastin and collagen are the two main components of elastic tissues and provide the tissue with elasticity and mechanical strength, respectively. Whereas collagen is adequately produced in vitro, production of elastin in tissue-engineered constructs is often inadequate when engineering elastic tissues. Therefore, elasticity has to be artificially introduced into tissue-engineered scaffolds. The elasticity of scaffold materials can be attributed to either natural sources, when native elastin or recombinant techniques are used to provide natural polymers, or synthetic sources, when polymers are synthesized. While synthetic elastomers often lack the biocompatibility needed for tissue engineering applications, the production of natural materials in adequate amounts or with proper mechanical strength remains a challenge. However, combining natural and synthetic materials to create hybrid components could overcome these issues. This review explains the synthesis, mechanical properties, and structure of native elastin as well as the theories on how this extracellular matrix component provides elasticity in vivo. Furthermore, current methods, ranging from proteins and synthetic polymers to hybrid structures that are being investigated for providing elasticity to tissue engineering constructs, are comprehensively discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissue engineered scaffolds are being developed as treatment options for malfunctioning tissues throughout the body. It is essential that the scaffold is a close mimic of the native tissue with regards to both mechanical and biological functionalities. Therefore, the production of elastic scaffolds is of key importance to fabricate tissue engineered scaffolds of the elastic tissues such as heart valves and blood vessels. Combining naturally derived and synthetic materials to reach this goal proves to be an interesting area where a highly tunable material that unites mechanical and biological functionalities can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M J Coenen
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Jules A W Harings
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid & Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraβe 55, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
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Yamada S, Leaf EM, Chia JJ, Cox TC, Speer MY, Giachelli CM. PiT-2, a type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, protects against vascular calcification in mice with chronic kidney disease fed a high-phosphate diet. Kidney Int 2018; 94:716-727. [PMID: 30041812 PMCID: PMC6211801 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PiT-2, a type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, is a causative gene for the brain arteriolar calcification in people with familial basal ganglion calcification. Here we examined the effect of PiT-2 haploinsufficiency on vascular calcification in uremic mice using wild-type and global PiT-2 heterozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 haploinsufficiency enhanced the development of vascular calcification in mice with chronic kidney disease fed a high-phosphate diet. No differences were observed in the serum mineral biomarkers and kidney function between the wild-type and PiT-2 heterozygous knockout groups. Micro computed tomography analyses of femurs showed that haploinsufficiency of PiT-2 decreased trabecular bone mineral density in uremia. In vitro, sodium-dependent phosphate uptake was decreased in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from PiT-2 heterozygous knockout mice compared with those from wild-type mice. PiT-2 haploinsufficiency increased phosphate-induced calcification of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells compared to the wild-type. Furthermore, compared to wild-type vascular smooth muscle cells, PiT-2 deficient vascular smooth muscle cells had lower osteoprotegerin levels and increased matrix calcification, which was attenuated by osteoprotegerin supplementation. Thus, PiT-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells protects against phosphate-induced vascular calcification and may be a therapeutic target in the chronic kidney disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Jun Chia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Quek KJ, Ameer OZ, Phillips JK. AT1 Receptor Antagonism Improves Structural, Functional, and Biomechanical Properties in Resistance Arteries in a Rodent Chronic Kidney Disease Model. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:696-705. [PMID: 29425281 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system, in particular Angiotensin II (AngII), plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Effects of chronic AT1 receptor antagonism were investigated in a genetic hypertensive rat model of CKD, the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat. METHODS Mixed-sex LPK and Lewis control rats (total n = 31) were split between treated (valsartan 60 mg/kg/day p.o. from 4 to 18 weeks) and vehicle groups. Animals were assessed for systolic blood pressure and urine biochemistry, and after euthanasia, blood collected for urea and creatinine analysis, confirming the hypertensive and renal phenotype. Mesenteric resistance vasculature was assessed using pressure myography and histology. RESULTS Valsartan treatment improved vascular structure in LPK rats, increasing internal and external diameter values and reducing wall thickness (untreated vs. treated LPK: 53.19 ± 3.29 vs. 33.93 ± 2.17 μm) and wall-lumen ratios (untreated vs. treated LPK: 0.52 ± 0.09 vs. 0.16 ± 0.01, all P < 0.0001). Endothelium dysfunction, as measured by maximal response to acetylcholine (Rmax), was normalized with treatment (untreated vs. treated LPK: 69.56 ± 4.34 vs. 103.05 ± 4.13, P < 0.05), increasing the relative contributions of nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarization to vasorelaxation while downregulating the prostanoid contribution. Biomechanical properties also improved with treatment, as indicated by an increase in compliance, decrease in intrinsic stiffness and alterations in the artery wall composition, which included decreases in collagen density and collagen/elastin ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the importance of AngII as a driver of resistance vessel structural, functional, and biomechanical dysfunction and provide insight as to how AT1 receptor blockade exerts therapeutic efficacy in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Jin Quek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Omar Z Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacqueline K Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Scatena M, Jackson MF, Speer MY, Leaf EM, Wallingford MC, Giachelli CM. Increased Calcific Aortic Valve Disease in response to a diabetogenic, procalcific diet in the LDLr -/-ApoB 100/100 mouse model. Cardiovasc Pathol 2018; 34:28-37. [PMID: 29539583 PMCID: PMC5940574 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a major cause of aortic stenosis (AS) and cardiac insufficiency. Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at heightened risk for CAVD, and their valves have greater calcification than nondiabetic valves. No drugs to prevent or treat CAVD exist, and animal models that might help identify therapeutic targets are sorely lacking. To develop an animal model mimicking the structural and functional features of CAVD in people with T2DM, we tested a diabetogenic, procalcific diet and its effect on the incidence and severity of CAVD and AS in the, LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mouse model. RESULTS LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice fed a customized diabetogenic, procalcific diet (DB diet) developed hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, increased atherosclerosis, and obesity when compared with normal chow fed LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice, indicating the development of T2DM and metabolic syndrome. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed that LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice fed the DB diet had 77% incidence of hemodynamically significant AS, and developed thickened aortic valve leaflets and calcification in both valve leaflets and hinge regions. In comparison, normal chow (NC) fed LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 mice had 38% incidence of AS, thinner valve leaflets and very little valve and hinge calcification. Further, the DB diet fed mice with AS showed significantly impaired cardiac function as determined by reduced ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In vitro mineralization experiments demonstrated that elevated glucose in culture medium enhanced valve interstitial cell (VIC) matrix calcium deposition. CONCLUSIONS By manipulating the diet we developed a new model of CAVD in T2DM, hyperlipidemic LDLr-/-ApoB100/100 that shows several important functional, and structural features similar to CAVD found in people with T2DM and atherosclerosis including AS, cardiac dysfunction, and inflamed and calcified thickened valve cusps. Importantly, the high AS incidence of this diabetic model may be useful for mechanistic and translational studies aimed at development of novel treatments for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Scatena
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Melissa F Jackson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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Stubbe J, Skov V, Thiesson HC, Larsen KE, Hansen ML, Jensen BL, Jespersen B, Rasmussen LM. Identification of differential gene expression patterns in human arteries from patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 314:F1117-F1128. [PMID: 29412699 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00418.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uremia accelerates atherosclerosis, but little is known about affected pathways in human vasculature. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed arterial transcripts in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Global mRNA expression was estimated by microarray hybridization in iliac arteries ( n = 14) from renal transplant recipients and compared with renal arteries from healthy living kidney donors ( n = 19) in study 1. Study 2 compared nonatherosclerotic internal mammary arteries (IMA) from five patients with elevated plasma creatinine levels and age- and sex-matched controls with normal creatinine levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for selected proteins were performed on a subset of study 1 samples. Fifteen gene transcripts were significantly different between the two groups in study 1 [fold changes (FC) > 1.05 and false discovery rates (FDR) < 0.005]. Most upregulated mRNAs associated with cellular signaling, apoptosis, TNFα/NF-κB signaling, smooth muscle contraction, and 10 other pathways were significantly affected. To focus attention on genes from genuine vascular cells, which dominate in IMA, concordant deregulated genes in studies 1 and 2 were examined and included 23 downregulated and eight upregulated transcripts (settings in study 1: FC > 1.05 and FDR < 0.05; study 2: FC > 1.2 and P < 0.2). Selected deregulated gene products were investigated at the protein level, and whereas HIF3α confirmed mRNA upregulation, vimentin showed upregulation in contrast to the mRNA results. We conclude that arteries from CKD patients display change in relatively few sets of genes. Many were related to differentiated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. These identified genes may contribute to understanding the development of arterial injury among patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Stubbe
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark.,Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
| | | | - Karl Egon Larsen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Maria Lyck Hansen
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Nephrology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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Marin C, Luyten FP, Van der Schueren B, Kerckhofs G, Vandamme K. The Impact of Type 2 Diabetes on Bone Fracture Healing. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:6. [PMID: 29416527 PMCID: PMC5787540 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease known by the presence of elevated blood glucose levels. Nowadays, it is perceived as a worldwide epidemic, with a very high socioeconomic impact on public health. Many are the complications caused by this chronic disorder, including a negative impact on the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, muscle, blood vessels, and nervous system. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that T2DM also adversely affects the skeletal system, causing detrimental bone effects such as bone quality deterioration, loss of bone strength, increased fracture risk, and impaired bone healing. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms by which T2DM causes detrimental effects on bone tissue are still elusive and remain poorly studied. The aim of this review was to synthesize current knowledge on the different factors influencing the impairment of bone fracture healing under T2DM conditions. Here, we discuss new approaches used in recent studies to unveil the mechanisms and fill the existing gaps in the scientific understanding of the relationship between T2DM, bone tissue, and bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Marin
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomaterials—BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Vandamme
- Prometheus—Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Biomaterials—BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Mediates the Protective Effect of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitor on Renal Fibrosis via Reducing the Phenotypic Conversion of Renal Microvascular Cells in Monocrotaline-Treated Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1864107. [PMID: 29607314 PMCID: PMC5828432 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1864107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases are characterized by renal fibrosis with excessive matrix deposition, leading to a progressive loss of functional renal parenchyma and, eventually, renal failure. Renal microcirculation lesions, including the phenotypic conversion of vascular cells, contribute to renal fibrosis. Here, renal microcirculation lesions were established with monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg). Sitagliptin (40 mg/kg/d), a classical dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, attenuated the renal microcirculation lesions by inhibiting glomerular tuft hypertrophy, glomerular mesangial expansion, and microvascular thrombosis. These effects of sitagliptin were mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), since they were blocked by the GLP-1R antagonist exendin-3 (Ex-3, 40 ug/kg/d). The GLP-1R agonist liraglutide showed a similar renal protective effect in a dose-independent manner. In addition, sitagliptin, as well as liraglutide, alleviated the MCT-induced apoptosis of renal cells by increasing the expression of survival factor glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), which was abolished by the GLP-1R antagonist Ex-3. Sitagliptin and liraglutide also effectively ameliorated the conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from a synthetic phenotype to contractile phenotype. Moreover, sitagliptin and liraglutide inhibited endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) via downregulating transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Collectively, these findings suggest that DPP-4 inhibition can reduce microcirculation lesion-induced renal fibrosis in a GLP-1-dependent manner.
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Sena BF, Figueiredo JL, Aikawa E. Cathepsin S As an Inhibitor of Cardiovascular Inflammation and Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 4:88. [PMID: 29379789 PMCID: PMC5770806 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for the majority of deaths in the developed world. Particularly, in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the imbalance of calcium and phosphate may lead to the acceleration of both vascular and valve inflammation and calcification. One in two patients with CKD are reported as dying from cardiovascular causes due to the resulting acceleration in the development of atherosclerosis plaques. In addition, CKD patients on hemodialysis are prone to aortic valve calcification and often need valve replacement before kidney transplantation. The lysosomal proteases, cathepsins, are composed of 11 cysteine members (cathepsin B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, and Z), as well as serine proteases cathepsin A and G, which cleave peptide bonds with serine as the amino acid, and aspartyl proteases D and E, which use an activated water molecule bound to aspartate to break peptide substrate. Cysteine proteases, also known as thiol proteases, degrade protein via the deprotonation of a thiol and have been found to play a significant role in autoimmune disease, atherosclerosis, aortic valve calcification, cardiac repair, and cardiomyopathy, operating within extracellular spaces. This review sought to evaluate recent findings in this field, highlighting how among cathepsins, the inhibition of cathepsin S in particular, could play a significant role in diminishing the effects of CVD, especially for patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brena F Sena
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jose Luiz Figueiredo
- Department of Surgery, Introduction to Clinical and Surgical Techniques Division, Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Elena Aikawa
- The Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Lang F, Leibrock C, Pelzl L, Gawaz M, Pieske B, Alesutan I, Voelkl J. Therapeutic Interference With Vascular Calcification-Lessons From Klotho-Hypomorphic Mice and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:207. [PMID: 29780355 PMCID: PMC5945862 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial vascular calcification, a major pathophysiological process associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality, involves osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In chronic kidney disease (CKD), osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and, thus, vascular calcification is mainly driven by hyperphosphatemia, resulting from impaired elimination of phosphate by the diseased kidneys. Hyperphosphatemia with subsequent vascular calcification is a hallmark of klotho-hypomorphic mice, which are characterized by rapid development of multiple age-related disorders and early death. In those animals, hyperphosphatemia results from unrestrained formation of 1,25(OH)2D3 with subsequent retention of calcium and phosphate. Analysis of klotho-hypomorphic mice and mice with vitamin D3 overload uncovered several pathophysiological mechanisms participating in the orchestration of vascular calcification and several therapeutic opportunities to delay or even halt vascular calcification. The present brief review addresses the beneficial effects of bicarbonate, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, magnesium supplementation, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockage, and ammonium salts. The case is made that bicarbonate is mainly effective by decreasing intestinal phosphate absorption, and that carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to metabolic acidosis, which counteracts calcium-phosphate precipitation and VSMC transdifferentiation. Magnesium supplementation, MR blockage and ammonium salts are mainly effective by interference with osteo-/chondrogenic signaling in VSMCs. It should be pointed out that the, by far, most efficient substances are ammonium salts, which may virtually prevent vascular calcification. Future research will probably uncover further therapeutic options and, most importantly, reveal whether these observations in mice can be translated into treatment of patients suffering from vascular calcification, such as patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Florian Lang,
| | - Christina Leibrock
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
- Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Department of Physiology I, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Eberhard Karls-University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universität Medizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Partner Site Berlin, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universität Medizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Partner Site Berlin, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité-Universität Medizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Partner Site Berlin, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
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Hortells L, Sosa C, Guillén N, Lucea S, Millán Á, Sorribas V. Identifying early pathogenic events during vascular calcification in uremic rats. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1384-1394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Calcifying Matrix Vesicles and Atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7463590. [PMID: 29238720 PMCID: PMC5697392 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7463590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Artery calcification is a well-recognized predictor of late atherosclerotic complications. In the intima media, calcification starts with apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the release of calcifying matrix vesicles with diameter of 0.5–15 μm that can be observed microscopically. In complicated plaques, calcification is generally less frequent. Calcifying vesicles are released by proatherosclerotic VSMCs into the collagen-rich matrix. The vesicles can penetrate into the intima media and protrude into the arterial lumen and thereby may represent a potential cause of atherothrombosis. In calcified fibrolipid plaques, the rate of calcification is increased but is followed with healing of a lesion rupture and exhibited by further erosion and/or intimal thickening. Generally, calcification directly correlates with the apoptosis of VSMCs and macrophages accompanied by the release of osteogenic matrix vesicles. This is a hallmark of atherosclerosis-related apoptosis of VSMCs that is commonly released in plaque stabilization.
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Propensity to calcification as a pathway to renal hypoxia in chronic kidney disease and in hypertension. J Hypertens 2017; 35:1963-1965. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wanga S, Hibender S, Ridwan Y, van Roomen C, Vos M, van der Made I, van Vliet N, Franken R, van Riel LA, Groenink M, Zwinderman AH, Mulder BJ, de Vries CJ, Essers J, de Waard V. Aortic microcalcification is associated with elastin fragmentation in Marfan syndrome. J Pathol 2017; 243:294-306. [PMID: 28727149 DOI: 10.1002/path.4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder in which aortic rupture is the major cause of death. MFS patients with an aortic diameter below the advised limit for prophylactic surgery (<5 cm) may unexpectedly experience an aortic dissection or rupture, despite yearly monitoring. Hence, there is a clear need for improved prognostic markers to predict such aortic events. We hypothesize that elastin fragments play a causal role in aortic calcification in MFS, and that microcalcification serves as a marker for aortic disease severity. To address this hypothesis, we analysed MFS patient and mouse aortas. MFS patient aortic tissue showed enhanced microcalcification in areas with extensive elastic lamina fragmentation in the media. A causal relationship between medial injury and microcalcification was revealed by studies in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs); elastin peptides were shown to increase the activity of the calcification marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduce the expression of the calcification inhibitor matrix GLA protein in human SMCs. In murine Fbn1C1039G/+ MFS aortic SMCs, Alpl mRNA and activity were upregulated as compared with wild-type SMCs. The elastin peptide-induced ALP activity was prevented by incubation with lactose or a neuraminidase inhibitor, which inhibit the elastin receptor complex, and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1/2 inhibitor, indicating downstream involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Histological analyses in MFS mice revealed macrocalcification in the aortic root, whereas the ascending aorta contained microcalcification, as identified with the near-infrared fluorescent bisphosphonate probe OsteoSense-800. Significantly, microcalcification correlated strongly with aortic diameter, distensibility, elastin breaks, and phosphorylated ERK1/2. In conclusion, microcalcification co-localizes with aortic elastin degradation in MFS aortas of humans and mice, where elastin-derived peptides induce a calcification process in SMCs via the elastin receptor complex and ERK1/2 activation. We propose microcalcification as a novel imaging marker to monitor local elastin degradation and thus predict aortic events in MFS patients. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaynah Wanga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijntje Hibender
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Roomen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg van der Made
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romy Franken
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Amjg van Riel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Groenink
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Jm Mulder
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie Jm de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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73
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Jiang B, Suen R, Wang JJ, Zhang ZJ, Wertheim JA, Ameer GA. Vascular scaffolds with enhanced antioxidant activity inhibit graft calcification. Biomaterials 2017; 144:166-175. [PMID: 28841463 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for off-the-shelf, small-diameter vascular grafts that are safe and exhibit high long-term patency. Decellularized tissues can potentially be used as vascular grafts; however, thrombogenic and unpredictable remodeling properties such as intimal hyperplasia and calcification are concerns that hinder their clinical use. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term function and remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based vascular grafts composited with antioxidant poly(1, 8-octamethylene-citrate-co-cysteine) (POCC) with or without immobilized heparin. Rat aortas were decellularized to create the following vascular grafts: 1) ECM hybridized with POCC (Poly-ECM), 2) Poly-ECM subsequently functionalized with heparin (Poly-ECM-Hep), and 3) non-modified vascular ECM. Grafts were evaluated as interposition grafts in the abdominal aorta of adult rats at three months. All grafts displayed antioxidant activity, were patent, and exhibited minimal intramural cell infiltration with varying degrees of calcification. Areas of calcification co-localized with osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells, lipid peroxidation, oxidized DNA damage, and cell apoptosis, suggesting an important role for oxidative stress in the calcification of grafts. The extent of calcification within grafts was inversely proportional to their antioxidant activity: Poly-ECM-Hep > ECM > Poly-ECM. The incorporation of antioxidants into vascular grafts may be a viable strategy to inhibit degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rachel Suen
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zheng J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jason A Wertheim
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Comprehensive Transplant Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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74
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Freise C, Bobb V, Querfeld U. Collagen XIV and a related recombinant fragment protect human vascular smooth muscle cells from calcium-/phosphate-induced osteochondrocytic transdifferentiation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:242-252. [PMID: 28655510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) promotes the development of vascular calcifications such as arteriosclerosis. The aim was to investigate effects of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) components on transdifferentiation of VSMC to identify novel ECM-based therapeutic tools. Human collagens I & IV (CI, CIV) along with collagen XIV (CXIV) and a CXIV-derived fragment (CXIV-F), both of which induce differentiation, were applied in an in-vitro model of calcium-/phosphate (Ca/P)-induced osteochondrocytic transdifferentiation of human and murine VSMC. Transdifferentiation was determined by RT-PCR and calcium contents of VSMC cultures. Signaling pathways involved were determined by western-blot and luciferase reporter plasmid assays. Under normal culture conditions, CI induced VSMC proliferation and a more epithelioid/synthetic phenotype while CIV and predominantly CXIV provoked opposite effects. CIV and CXIV further blocked Ca/P-induced osteochondrocytic transdifferentiation of VSMC displayed e.g. by reduced gene expressions of Runx2, Sox9, osterix and increased expressions of αSMA and SM22α. This involved impaired activation of ERK1/2, NF-ĸB and Wnt-signaling. Similar preventive effects were achieved by applying CXIV-F. Impaired preventive effects of CXIV by co-treatment with a cluster of differentiation (CD)44 agonist propose CD44 as a CXIV-target structure on VSMC. In conclusion, CXIV and CXIV-F interfere with osteochondrocytic transdifferentiation of VSMC and should be further explored as potential therapeutic tools in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freise
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Veronika Bobb
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Campus Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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75
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Gungor O, Kocyigit I, Yilmaz MI, Sezer S. Role of vascular calcification inhibitors in preventing vascular dysfunction and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Semin Dial 2017; 31:72-81. [DOI: 10.1111/sdi.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Gungor
- Department of Nephrology; Faculty of Medicine; Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University; Kahramanmaras Turkey
| | - Ismail Kocyigit
- Department of Nephrology; Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine; Kayseri Turkey
| | | | - Siren Sezer
- Department of Nephrology; Faculty of Medicine; Baskent University; Ankara Turkey
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76
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Development of a novel chronic kidney disease mouse model to evaluate the progression of hyperphosphatemia and associated mineral bone disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2233. [PMID: 28533541 PMCID: PMC5440375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial arterial calcification (MAC) and renal osteodystrophy are complications of mineral bone disease (MBD) associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our aim was to develop a novel mouse model to investigate the clinical course of CKD-MBD. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 J male mice were assigned to the following groups: the control group, fed a standard chow for 6 or 12 weeks; the CKD-normal phosphorus (NP) group, fed a chow containing 0.2% adenine, with normal (0.8%) phosphorus, for 6 or 12 weeks; and the CKD-high phosphorus (HP) group, fed 6 weeks with the 0.2% adenine/0.8% phosphorus diet, followed by a chow with 1.8% phosphorus for 2 weeks, 4 weeks or 6 weeks. Serum phosphorus was significantly increased in the CKD-HP group, and associated with MAC formation; the volume of calcification increased with longer exposure to the high phosphorus feed. MAC was associated with upregulated expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteopontin, indicative of osteoblastic trans-differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. A significant mineral density depletion of cortical bone was observed. We describe the feasibility of developing a model of CKD-MBD and provide findings of a direct association between elevated serum phosphorus and the formation of MAC and renal osteodystrophy.
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77
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Alesutan I, Voelkl J, Feger M, Kratschmar DV, Castor T, Mia S, Sacherer M, Viereck R, Borst O, Leibrock C, Gawaz M, Kuro-O M, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Odermatt A, Pieske B, Wagner CA, Lang F. Involvement Of Vascular Aldosterone Synthase In Phosphate-Induced Osteogenic Transformation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2059. [PMID: 28515448 PMCID: PMC5435689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification resulting from hyperphosphatemia is a major determinant of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vascular calcification is driven by aldosterone-sensitive osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We show that even in absence of exogenous aldosterone, silencing and pharmacological inhibition (spironolactone, eplerenone) of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) ameliorated phosphate-induced osteo-/chondrogenic transformation of primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs). High phosphate concentrations up-regulated aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression in HAoSMCs. Silencing and deficiency of CYP11B2 in VSMCs ameliorated phosphate-induced osteogenic reprogramming and calcification. Phosphate treatment was followed by nuclear export of APEX1, a CYP11B2 transcriptional repressor. APEX1 silencing up-regulated CYP11B2 expression and stimulated osteo-/chondrogenic transformation. APEX1 overexpression blunted the phosphate-induced osteo-/chondrogenic transformation and calcification of HAoSMCs. Cyp11b2 expression was higher in aortic tissue of hyperphosphatemic klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice than in wild-type mice. In adrenalectomized kl/kl mice, spironolactone treatment still significantly ameliorated aortic osteoinductive reprogramming. Our findings suggest that VSMCs express aldosterone synthase, which is up-regulated by phosphate-induced disruption of APEX1-dependent gene suppression. Vascular CYP11B2 may contribute to stimulation of VSMCs osteo-/chondrogenic transformation during hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the National Center for Excellence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatsiana Castor
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sobuj Mia
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Sacherer
- Div. of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Translational Heart Failure Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Viereck
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Borst
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Stefan Pilz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Tomaschitz
- Div. of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Translational Heart Failure Research, Graz, Austria
- Bad Gleichenberg Clinic, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the National Center for Excellence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center Berlin (DHZB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, and the National Center for Excellence in Research NCCR Kidney, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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78
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Liu CL, Santos MM, Fernandes C, Liao M, Iamarene K, Zhang JY, Sukhova GK, Shi GP. Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:847. [PMID: 28405010 PMCID: PMC5429799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) mediates autoantigen and viral RNA-induced cytokine production. Increased TLR7 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions suggests its involvement in atherogenesis. Here we demonstrated TLR7 expression in macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells from mouse atherosclerotic lesions. To test a direct participation of TLR7 in atherosclerosis, we crossbred TLR7-deficient (Tlr7 -/-) mice with apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice and produced Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- and Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ littermates, followed by feeding them an atherogenic diet to produce atherosclerosis. Compared to Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ mice, Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice showed reduced aortic arch and sinus lesion areas. Reduced atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice did not affect lesion macrophage-positive area and CD4+ T-cell number per lesion area, but reduced lesion expression of inflammatory markers major histocompatibility complex-class II and IL6, lesion matrix-degrading proteases cathepsin S and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and systemic serum amyloid A levels. TLR7 deficiency also reduced aortic arch SMC loss and lesion intima and media cell apoptosis. However, TLR7 deficiency did not affect aortic wall elastin fragmentation and collagen contents, or plasma lipoproteins. Therefore, TLR7 contributes to atherogenesis in Apoe -/- mice by regulating lesion and systemic inflammation. A TLR7 antagonist may mitigate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcela M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cleverson Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mengyang Liao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Karine Iamarene
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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79
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Vervloet M, Cozzolino M. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease: different bricks in the wall? Kidney Int 2017; 91:808-817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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80
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Rodenbeck SD, Zarse CA, McKenney-Drake ML, Bruning RS, Sturek M, Chen NX, Moe SM. Intracellular calcium increases in vascular smooth muscle cells with progression of chronic kidney disease in a rat model. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2017; 32:450-458. [PMID: 27510531 PMCID: PMC5837609 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit phenotypic plasticity, promoting vascular calcification and increasing cardiovascular risk. Changes in VSMC intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) are a major determinant of plasticity, but little is known about changes in [Ca 2+ ] i in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have previously demonstrated such plasticity in aortas from our rat model of CKD and therefore sought to examine changes in [Ca 2+ ] i during CKD progression. Materials and Methods We examined freshly isolated VSMCs from aortas of normal rats, Cy/+ rats (CKD) with early and advanced CKD, and advanced CKD rats treated without and with 3% calcium gluconate (CKD + Ca 2+ ) to lower parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. [Ca 2+ ] i was measured with fura-2. Results Cy/+ rats developed progressive CKD, as assessed by plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23. VSMCs isolated from rats with CKD demonstrated biphasic alterations in resting [Ca 2+ ] i : VSMCs from rats with early CKD exhibited reduced resting [Ca 2+ ] i , while VSMCs from rats with advanced CKD exhibited elevated resting [Ca 2+ ] i . Caffeine-induced sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca 2+ store release was modestly increased in early CKD and was more drastically increased in advanced CKD. The advanced CKD elevation in SR Ca 2+ store release was associated with a significant increase in the activity of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA); however, SERCA2a protein expression was decreased in advanced CKD. Following SR Ca 2+ store release, recovery of [Ca 2+ ] i in the presence of caffeine and extracellular Ca 2+ was attenuated in VSMCs from rats with advanced CKD. This impairment, together with reductions in expression of the Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger, suggest a reduction in Ca 2+ extrusion capability. Finally, store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE) was assessed following SR Ca 2+ store depletion. Ca 2+ entry during recovery from caffeine-induced SR Ca 2+ store release was elevated in advanced CKD, suggesting a role for exacerbated SOCE with progressing CKD. Conclusions With progressive CKD in the Cy/+ rat there is increased resting [Ca 2+ ] i in VSMCs due, in part, to increased SOCE and impaired calcium extrusion from the cell. Such changes may predispose VSMCs to phenotypic changes that are a prerequisite to calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Dineen Rodenbeck
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chad A. Zarse
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mikaela L. McKenney-Drake
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Bruning
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Neal X. Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sharon M. Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 W. Walnut Street, R2-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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81
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Mehde AA, Mehdi WA, Yusof F, Raus RA, Zainal Abidin ZA, Ghazali H, Abd Rahman A. Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2017; 32. [PMID: 28205286 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrolithiasis is one of the causes which lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases degrading extracellular matrix which correlate with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The current study was designed to analyze the association of (R279Q, C1562T) polymorphism of MMP-9 with nephrolithiasis patients. METHODS Genotyping of MMP-9/R279Q and of MMP-9/C1562T polymorphism were carried out by PCR-based restriction digestion method. Serum level of MMP-9, oxidative stress marker, MDA, and uric acid were measured in patients and control. RESULTS Allele frequencies of the MMP-9/C1562T polymorphism for C and T allele were 71.25% and 28.75% in patients, 87.08% and 12.92% in control respectively. The homozygote TT was more frequent in the nephrolithiasis patients group, while T allele frequency was significantly higher in the nephrolithiasis patients group than in the control group. The patients with CT and TT genotype showed a significant increase in serum MMP-9, Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Oxidative Stress Index (OSI), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and uric acid when compared to CC genotype in patients with nephrolithiasis. The R279Q polymorphism site with regard to the relationship with nephrolithiasis was not significant. CONCLUSION The result indicates that patients with TT genotype had an increased risk of stones. Also, the results demonstrate that TT allele of the C1562T polymorphism in the MMP-9gene is related with an increase of oxidative stress in nephrolithiasis patients and may possibly impose a risk for cardiovascular diseases in patients with TT genotype of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atheer Awad Mehde
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Biomedical, Magnetic and Semi Conductive Materials Application and Research Center, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Wesen Adel Mehdi
- Biomedical, Magnetic and Semi Conductive Materials Application and Research Center, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Faridah Yusof
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Raha Ahmed Raus
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaima Azira Zainal Abidin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Hamid Ghazali
- Department of Urology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Abd Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Malaysia
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82
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Bird VY, Khan SR. How do stones form? Is unification of theories on stone formation possible? ARCH ESP UROL 2017; 70:12-27. [PMID: 28221139 PMCID: PMC5683182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are two basic pathways for formation of calcium based kidney stones. Most idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones are formed in association with sub-epithelial plaques of calcium phosphate (CaP), known as Randall's plaques, on renal papillary surfaces. Crystal formation and retention within the terminal collecting ducts, the ducts of Bellini, leading to the formation of Randall's plugs, is the other pathway. Both pathways require supersaturation leading to crystallization, regulated by various crystallization modulators produced in response to changing urinary conditions. High supersaturation, as a result of a variety of genetic and environmental factors, leads to crystallization in the terminal collecting ducts, eventually plugging their openings into the renal pelvis. Stasis behind the plugs may lead to the formation of attached or unattached stones in the tubular lumen. Deposition of crystals on the plug surface facing the pelvic or tubular urine may result in stone formation on the Randall's plugs. Kidneys of idiopathic stone formers may be subjected to oxidative stress as a result of increased urinary excretion of calcium/oxalate/phosphate and/or decrease in the production of functional crystallization inhibitors or in relation to co-morbidities such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, or acute kidney injury. We have proposed that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes dedifferentiation of epithelial/endothelial cells into osteoblast type cells and deposition of CaP in the basement membrane of renal tubules or vessels. Growth, aggregation and melding of CaP crystals leads to the formation of plaque which grows by further calcification of interstitial collagen and membranous vesicles. Plaque becomes exposed to pelvic urine once the covering papillary epithelium is breached. Surface layers of CaP are replaced by CaOx through direct transformation or demineralization of CaP and mineralization of CaOx. Alternatively, or in addition, CaOx crystals nucleate directly on the plaque surface. Stone growth may also depend upon supersaturation in the pelvic urine, triggering further nucleation, growth and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y. Bird
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. EE.UU
| | - Saeed R. Khan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. EE.UU
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. EE.UU
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83
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Vassalle C, Mazzone A. Bone loss and vascular calcification: A bi-directional interplay? Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 86:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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84
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Freise C, Kretzschmar N, Querfeld U. Wnt signaling contributes to vascular calcification by induction of matrix metalloproteinases. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:185. [PMID: 27716072 PMCID: PMC5045611 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcifications such as arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by a calcificiation of the tunica media, represent major comorbidities e.g. in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). An essential step during the development of arteriosclerosis is the transdifferentiation/calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) resembling osteogenesis. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 were shown to promote these VSMC calcifications and their inhibition is of therapeutic value to prevent arteriosclerosis in preclinical studies. Aiming for an understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of MMPs we here investigated, if the MMP-mediated VSMC calcification involves altered signaling of the Wnt pathway, which is known to impact osteogenesis. METHODS We used an experimental in vitro model of vascular calcification. Transdifferentiation/calcification of murine VSMC was induced by elevated calcium and phosphorus levels. Calcification was assessed by calcium and alkaline phosphatase measurements. Activation/activity of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed by conversion of fluorescence-labelled substrates. Activation of the Wnt pathway was analysed by a reporter gene assay. RESULTS Besides pro-calcifying culture conditions, also activation of Wnt signaling by a specific agonist (under normal culture conditions) stimulated VSMC-calcification accompanied by enhanced expression and secretion of the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9. Vice versa, recombinant MMP-2 and -9 induced a time-delayed activation of Wnt signaling after 72 h in VSMC but showed no direct effects after 24-48 h. These effects were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of MMPs or of Wnt signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the pro-calcifying environment in CKD induces Wnt signaling in VSMC which in turn contributes to the induction of MMPs which then foster the development of arteriosclerosis. Thus, besides MMP inhibition, the inhibition of Wnt signaling in VSMC might represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of vascular calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Freise
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nadja Kretzschmar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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85
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Lin ME, Chen TM, Wallingford MC, Nguyen NB, Yamada S, Sawangmake C, Zhang J, Speer MY, Giachelli CM. Runx2 deletion in smooth muscle cells inhibits vascular osteochondrogenesis and calcification but not atherosclerotic lesion formation. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:606-616. [PMID: 27671804 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are major precursors contributing to osteochondrogenesis and calcification in atherosclerosis. Runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) has been found essential for SMC differentiation to an osteochondrogenic phenotype and subsequent calcification in vitro. A recent study using a conditional targeting allele that produced a truncated Runx2 protein in SMCs of ApoE-/- mice showed reduced vascular calcification, likely occurring via reduction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), macrophage infiltration, and atherosclerotic lesion formation. Using an improved conditional Runx2 knockout mouse model, we have elucidated new roles for SMC-specific Runx2 in arterial intimal calcification (AIC) without effects on atherosclerotic lesion size. Methods and results We used an improved targeting construct to generate LDLr-/- mice with floxed-Runx2 alleles ( LDLr-/- :Runx2 f/f ) such that Cre-mediated recombination ( LDLr-/- :Runx2 ΔSM ) does not produce functional truncated Runx2 protein, thereby avoiding off-target effects. We found that both LDLr-/- :Runx2 f/f and LDLr-/- :Runx2 ΔSM mice fed with a high fat diet developed atherosclerosis. SMC-specific Runx2 deletion did not significantly reduce atherosclerotic lesion size, macrophage number, or expression of RANKL, MCP-1, and CCR2. However, it significantly reduced AIC by 50%. Mechanistically, Sox9 and type II collagen were unaltered in vessels of LDLr-/- :Runx2 ΔSM mice compared to LDLr-/- :Runx2 f/f counterparts, while type X collagen, MMP13 and the osteoblastic marker osteocalcin were significantly reduced. Conclusions SMC autonomous Runx2 is required for SMC differentiation towards osteoblast-like cells, SMC-derived chondrocyte maturation and AIC in atherosclerotic mice. These effects were independent of systemic lipid metabolism, RANKL expression, macrophage infiltration, and atheromatous lesion progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-En Lin
- Present address. RevMAb Biosciences, 870 Dubuque Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Ngoc B Nguyen
- Present address. University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Chenphop Sawangmake
- Present address. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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86
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Koike S, Yano S, Tanaka S, Sheikh AM, Nagai A, Sugimoto T. Advanced Glycation End-Products Induce Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: A Mechanism for Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091567. [PMID: 27649164 PMCID: PMC5037835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, especially medial artery calcification, is associated with cardiovascular death in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To determine the underlying mechanism of vascular calcification, we have demonstrated in our previous report that advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) stimulated calcium deposition in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through excessive oxidative stress and phenotypic transition into osteoblastic cells. Since AGEs can induce apoptosis, in this study we investigated its role on VSMC apoptosis, focusing mainly on the underlying mechanisms. A rat VSMC line (A7r5) was cultured, and treated with glycolaldehyde-derived AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE3-BSA). Apoptotic cells were identified by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. To quantify apoptosis, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for histone-complexed DNA fragments was employed. Real-time PCR was performed to determine the mRNA levels. Treatment of A7r5 cells with AGE3-BSA from 100 µg/mL concentration markedly increased apoptosis, which was suppressed by Nox inhibitors. AGE3-BSA significantly increased the mRNA expression of NAD(P)H oxidase components including Nox4 and p22phox, and these findings were confirmed by protein levels using immunofluorescence. Dihydroethidisum assay showed that compared with cBSA, AGE3-BSA increased reactive oxygen species level in A7r5 cells. Furthermore, AGE3-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nox4 or p22phox. Double knockdown of Nox4 and p22phox showed a similar inhibitory effect on apoptosis as single gene silencing. Thus, our results demonstrated that NAD(P)H oxidase-derived oxidative stress are involved in AGEs-induced apoptosis of VSMCs. These findings might be important to understand the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in diabetes and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Shozo Yano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Abdullah M Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshitsugu Sugimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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87
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Galal A, Fadel FI, Mokhtar E, Elshamaa MF, Elghoroury EA, Kamel S, Elsaeed GSM, Thabet EH. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 Levels in Children on Hemodialysis: Association with MMP-9 C -1562T Gene Polymorphism and Vitamin D Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2016; 12:95-104. [PMID: 27829825 PMCID: PMC5080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Data concerning the concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its functional polymorphisms in chronic kidney diseases (CKD) are conflicting. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of MMP-9in children with end stage renal diseases (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) and to explore its association with MMP-9 polymorphism and vitamin D levels as an important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). METHODS We studied 55 children with ESRD on hemodialysis and 18 healthy children served as controls. MMP-9 and vitamin D levels were measured by ELISA in serum of all patients and controls. Genotypes for MMP-9 polymorphism(C-1562T) were determined by RFLP for only 28 of the patients and all the controls. RESULTS There were insignificantly reduced MMP-9levels of patients vs. controls, however, there was significant increase in MMP-9 levels associated with CC genotypes for(C-1562T) polymorphism compared with CT genotype (p=0.01). We found that at MMP-9 base position-1562, the frequencies of the genotypes CC and CT in Children on HD were 71.4% and 28.6% respectively while all our controls were of the CC genotype. The alleles frequencies of C and T in patients were 85.7% and 14.29% as compared to 100% and 0%, respectively in the controls. Significant decrease in vitamin D was observed in children on HD versus that in controls (p=0.008). Serum MMP9 levels and age were variables that were independently associated with CVD. CONCLUSIONS MMP9 genetic polymorphism (C-1562T) affects MMP9alterations in ESRD children on HD and vitamin D deficiency is common in our HD pediatric patients who require attention in accordance with current practice guidelines. They probably require supplementation with higher doses of cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Galal
- Department of Pediatric, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Mokhtar
- Department of Pediatric, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman A. Elghoroury
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Solaf Kamel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman H. Thabet
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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88
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Ladich E, Yahagi K, Romero ME, Virmani R. Vascular diseases: aortitis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:432-41. [PMID: 27526100 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the aorta broadly include noninfectious and infectious aortitis, periaortitis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory atherosclerotic aneurysms. Aortitis is uncommon but is increasingly recognized as an important cause of aortic aneurysms and dissections. Abdominal (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) have different pathologies and etiologies. AAAs are the most common type of aortic aneurysm, and the vast majority of these are atherosclerotic. The causes of TAA vary depending on the site of involvement, but medial degeneration is a common pathologic substrate, regardless of etiology, and genetic influences play a prominent role in TAA expression. Standardized classification schemes for inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the aorta have only recently been added to the pathology literature. A brief overview of the new histopathologic classifications for aortic inflammatory and degenerative diseases has recently been published by the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology as a consensus document on the surgical pathology of the aorta. Vascular calcification is a highly regulated biologic process, and the mechanisms leading to vascular calcification are under investigation. Calcification may occur in the intima (atherosclerotic) or in the media secondary to metabolic disease. Rarely, vascular calcification may be associated with genetic disorders.
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89
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Quek KJ, Boyd R, Ameer OZ, Zangerl B, Butlin M, Murphy TV, Avolio AP, Phillips JK. Progressive vascular remodelling, endothelial dysfunction and stiffness in mesenteric resistance arteries in a rodent model of chronic kidney disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 81:42-52. [PMID: 26771067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension are co-morbid conditions both associated with altered resistance artery structure, biomechanics and function. We examined these characteristics in mesenteric artery together with renal function and systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes in the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat model of CKD. Animals were studied at early (6-weeks), intermediate (12-weeks), and late (18-weeks) time-points (n=21), relative to age-matched Lewis controls (n=29). At 12 and 18-weeks, LPK arteries exhibited eutrophic and hypertrophic inward remodelling characterised by thickened medial smooth muscle, decreased lumen diameter, and unchanged or increased media cross-sectional area, respectively. At these later time points, endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was also compromised, associated with impaired endothelium-dependent hyperpolarisation and reduced nitric oxide synthase activity. Stiffness, elastic-modulus/stress slopes and collagen/elastin ratios were increased in 6 and 18-week-old-LPK, in contrast to greater arterial compliance at 12weeks. Multiple linear regression analysis highlighted SBP as the main predictor of wall-lumen ratio (r=0.536, P<0.001 n=46 pairs). Concentration-response curves revealed increased sensitivity to phenylephrine but not potassium chloride in 18-week-LPK. Our results indicate that impairment in LPK resistance vasculature is evident at 6weeks, and worsens with hypertension and progression of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Quek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - R Boyd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - O Z Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - B Zangerl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - M Butlin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - T V Murphy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - A P Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - J K Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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90
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Salman IM. Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease: a Comprehensive Review. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 17:59. [PMID: 26071764 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-015-0571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is a major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), likely contributing to the high incidence of cardiovascular mortality in this patient population. In addition to adrenergic overdrive in affected individuals, clinical and experimental evidence now strongly indicates the presence of impaired reflex control of both sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart and vasculature. Although the principal underlying mechanisms are not completely understood, potential involvements of altered baroreceptor, cardiopulmonary, and chemoreceptor reflex function, along with factors including but not limited to increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, activation of the renal afferents and cardiovascular structural remodeling have been suggested. This review therefore analyzes potential mechanisms underpinning autonomic imbalance in CKD, covers results accumulated thus far on cardiovascular autonomic function studies in clinical and experimental renal failure, discusses the role of current interventional and therapeutic strategies in ameliorating autonomic deficits associated with chronic renal dysfunction, and identifies gaps in our knowledge of neural mechanisms driving cardiovascular disease in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Salman
- The Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,
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91
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Abstract
A hallmark of aging, and major contributor to the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), is the progressive structural and functional deterioration of the arteries and concomitant accrual of mineral. Vascular calcification (VC) was long viewed as a degenerative age-related pathology that resulted from the passive deposition of mineral in the extracellular matrix; however, since the discovery of "bone-related" protein expression in calcified atherosclerotic plaques over 20 years ago, a plethora of studies have evoked the now widely accepted view that VC is a highly regulated and principally cell-mediated phenomenon that recapitulates many features of physiologic ossification. Central to this theory are changes in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and viability, thought to be driven by chronic exposure to a number of dystrophic stimuli characteristics of the uremic state. Here, dedifferentiated synthetic VSMCs are seen to spawn calcifying matrix vesicles that actively seed mineralization of the arterial matrix. This review provides an overview of the major epidemiological, histological, and molecular aspects of VC in the context of CKD, and a counterpoint to the prevailing paradigm that emphasizes the primacy of VSMC-mediated mechanisms. Particular focus is given to the import of protein and small molecule inhibitors in regulating physiologic and pathological mineralization and the emerging role of mineral nanoparticles and their interplay with proinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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92
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Lu LC, Yang CW, Hsieh WY, Chuang WH, Lin YC, Lin CS. Decreases in plasma MMP-2/TIMP-2 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in uremic patients during hemodialysis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2015; 20:934-942. [PMID: 26711243 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-015-1221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) play important roles in the pathophysiology of renal diseases. Imbalanced MMPs/TIMPs are implicated in the vascular alterations of uremic patients on hemodialysis (HD). We have investigated the plasma levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in uremic patients and the effects of a course of HD on the changes in these factors. METHODS There were 382 uremic patients on regular HD treatment and 50 healthy controls enrolled in this study. The plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were detected by gelatin zymography, and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations were determined by ELISA assay. RESULTS Significantly higher plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 and decreased TIMP-1 in the uremic patients were detected compared with those in the controls. Therefore, there were markedly higher MMP-2/TIMP-2 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios in the uremic patients. In the course of a single HD session, the plasma MMP-2 level was significantly decreased from pre-HD to post-HD. TIMP-1 concentration was significantly increased from pre-HD to post-HD. Although the HD session did not have a significant effect on the levels of plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-2, both plasma MMP-2/TIMP-2 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were significantly decreased from pre-HD to post-HD levels. CONCLUSION HD session could decrease MMP-2 and increase TIMP-1 level in the circulation of uremic patients. The physiological significance of reduced MMPs/TIMPs ratio due to a single HD session is required to further validate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Che Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, No. 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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Sudo R, Sato F, Azechi T, Wachi H. MiR-29-mediated elastin down-regulation contributes to inorganic phosphorus-induced osteoblastic differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Genes Cells 2015; 20:1077-87. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sudo
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
| | - Fumiaki Sato
- Department of Analytical Pathophysiology; Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
| | - Takuya Azechi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wachi
- Department of Tissue Regeneration; Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; 2-4-41 Ebara Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 142-8501 Japan
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94
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Hsiao KC, Tsai JP, Yang SF, Lee WC, Huang JY, Chang SC, Hso CS, Chang HR. MMP-2 serum concentrations predict mortality in hemodialysis patients: a 5-year cohort study. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 452:161-6. [PMID: 26612771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the ability of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, myeloperoxidase, osteopontin and stromal cell-derived factor 1 to predict mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS One hundred forty HD patients were enrolled and followed from December 2007 until December 2012. At the end of this 5-year period, data were compared between the patients who were alive and those who had died. RESULTS The patients who alive were younger (56 vs. 63y), with lower frequency of diabetes mellitus (34.34% vs. 58.53%), higher concentrations of albumin (4.13 vs. 3.91mg/dl) and lower concentrations of MMP-2 (430.76 vs. 521.59ng/ml). Multivariate analysis showed that age (HR=1.03, p=0.02), diabetes mellitus (HR=2.395, p=0.012), albumin (HR=0.475, p=0.047) and MMP-2 (HR=1.003, p=0.005) were independent factors predicting mortality in HD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that albumin (AUC=0.628, p=0.027) and MMP-2 (AUC=0.643, p=0.004) had a similar ability (p=0.76) to predict survival of HD patients. CONCLUSIONS Compared with albumin, serum MMP-2 is a non-inferior prognostic marker for predicting the survival of HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Chih Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Pi Tsai
- Department of Nephrology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Yu Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chi Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shuo Hso
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Rong Chang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hecht E, Freise C, Websky KV, Nasser H, Kretzschmar N, Stawowy P, Hocher B, Querfeld U. The matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 initiate uraemic vascular calcifications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:789-97. [PMID: 26333546 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) MMP-2 and MMP-9 are physiological regulators of vascular remodelling. Their dysregulation could contribute to vascular calcification. We examined the role of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 in uraemic vascular calcification in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The impact of pharmacological MMP inhibition on the development of media calcifications was explored in an aggressive animal model of uraemic calcification. In addition, the selective effects of addition and inhibition, respectively, of MMP-2 and MMP-9 on calcium-/phosphate-induced calcifications were studied in a murine cell line of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). RESULTS High-dose calcitriol treatment of uraemic rats given a high phosphate diet induced massive calcifications, apoptosis and increased gene expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and of osteogenic transcription factors and proteins in aortic VSMC. The MMP inhibitor doxycycline prevented the VSMC transdifferentiation to osteoblastic cells, suppressed transcription of mediators of matrix remodelling and almost completely blocked aortic calcifications while further increasing apoptosis. Similarly, specific inhibitors of either MMP-2 or -9, or of both gelatinases (Ro28-2653) and a selective knockdown of MMP-2/-9 mRNA expression blocked calcification of murine VSMC induced by calcification medium (CM). In contrast to MMP inhibition, recombinant MMP-2 or MMP-9 enhanced CM-induced calcifications and the secretion of gelatinases. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that both gelatinases provide essential signals for phenotypic VSMC conversion, matrix remodelling and the initiation of vascular calcification. Their inhibition seems a promising strategy in the prevention of vascular calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hecht
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freise
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karoline V Websky
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Hamoud Nasser
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja Kretzschmar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Stawowy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Uwe Querfeld
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité-University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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96
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De Vilder EYG, Hosen MJ, Vanakker OM. The ABCC6 Transporter as a Paradigm for Networking from an Orphan Disease to Complex Disorders. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:648569. [PMID: 26356190 PMCID: PMC4555454 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic etiology of complex disorders largely results from the study of rare monogenic disorders. Often these common and rare diseases show phenotypic overlap, though monogenic diseases generally have a more extreme symptomatology. ABCC6, the gene responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an autosomal recessive ectopic mineralization disorder, can be considered a paradigm gene with relevance that reaches far beyond this enigmatic orphan disease. Indeed, common traits such as chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disorders have been linked to the ABCC6 gene. While during the last decade the awareness of the wide ramifications of ABCC6 has increased significantly, the gene itself and the transmembrane transporter it encodes have not unveiled all of the mysteries that surround them. To gain more insights, multiple approaches are being used including next-generation sequencing, computational methods, and various "omics" technologies. Much effort is made to place the vast amount of data that is gathered in an integrated system-biological network; the involvement of ABCC6 in common disorders provides a good view on the wide implications and potential of such a network. In this review, we summarize the network approaches used to study ABCC6 and the role of this gene in several complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y. G. De Vilder
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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97
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Byon CH, Chen Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: The Link between Bone and the Vasculature. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2015; 13:206-15. [PMID: 25947259 PMCID: PMC4489999 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-015-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases mortality in those patients. Impaired calcium and phosphate homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, and loss of calcification inhibitors have been linked to vascular calcification in CKD. Additionally, impaired bone may perturb serum calcium/phosphate and their key regulator, parathyroid hormone, thus contributing to increased vascular calcification in CKD. Therapeutic approaches for CKD, such as phosphate binders and bisphosphonates, have been shown to ameliorate bone loss as well as vascular calcification. The precise mechanisms responsible for vascular calcification in CKD and the contribution of bone metabolism to vascular calcification have not been elucidated. This review discusses the role of systemic uremic factors and impaired bone metabolism in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification in CKD. The regulation of the key osteogenic transcription factor Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and the emerging role of Runx2-dependent receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in vascular calcification of CKD are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Byon
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 614 Shelby Biomedical Research Bldg., 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 614 Shelby Biomedical Research Bldg., 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Pathology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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98
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A Lindera obtusiloba Extract Blocks Calcium-/Phosphate-Induced Transdifferentiation and Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Interferes with Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Metalloproteinase-9 and NF-κB. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:679238. [PMID: 26294927 PMCID: PMC4534752 DOI: 10.1155/2015/679238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcifications bear the risk for cardiovascular complications and have a high prevalence among patients with chronic kidney disease. Central mediators of vascular calcifications are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). They transdifferentiate into a synthetic/osteoblast-like phenotype, which is induced, for example, by elevated levels of calcium and phosphate (Ca/P) due to a disturbed mineral balance. An aqueous extract from Lindera obtusiloba (LOE) is known to exert antifibrotic and antitumor effects or to interfere with the differentiation of preadipocytes. Using murine and rat VSMC cell lines, we here investigated whether LOE also protects VSMC from Ca/P-induced calcification. Indeed, LOE effectively blocked Ca/P-induced calcification of VSMC as shown by decreased VSMC mineralization and secretion of alkaline phosphatase. In parallel, mRNA expression of the calcification markers osterix and osteocalcin was reduced. Vice versa, the Ca/P-induced loss of the VSMC differentiation markers alpha smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle protein 22-alpha was rescued by LOE. Further, LOE blocked Ca/P-induced mRNA expressions and secretions of matrix metalloproteinases-2/-9 and activation of NF-κB, which are known contributors to vascular calcification. In conclusion, LOE interferes with the Ca/P-induced transdifferentiation/calcification of VSMC. Thus, LOE should be further analysed regarding a potential complementary treatment option for cardiovascular diseases including vascular calcifications.
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99
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Gajjala PR, Sanati M, Jankowski J. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease with Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases as Its Comorbidities. Front Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26217336 PMCID: PMC4495338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex disorders of partly unknown genesis and mostly known progression factors. CVD and DM are the risk factors of CKD and are strongly intertwined since DM can lead to both CKD and/or CVD, and CVD can lead to kidney disease. In recent years, our knowledge of CKD, DM, and CVD has been expanded and several important experimental, clinical, and epidemiological associations have been reported. The tight cellular and molecular interactions between the renal, diabetic, and cardiovascular systems in acute or chronic disease settings are becoming increasingly evident. However, the (patho-) physiological basis of the interactions of CKD, DM, and CVD with involvement of multiple endogenous and environmental factors is highly complex and our knowledge is still at its infancy. Not only single pathways and mediators of progression of these diseases have to be considered in these processes but also the mutual interactions of these factors are essential. The recent advances in proteomics and integrative analysis technologies have allowed rapid progress in analyzing complex disorders and clearly show the opportunity for new efficient and specific therapies. More than a dozen pathways have been identified so far, including hyperactivity of the renin–angiotensin (RAS)–aldosterone system, osmotic sodium retention, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, RAS/RAF/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase pathway, modification of the purinergic system, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-dependent signaling pathways, and inflammation, all leading to histomorphological alterations of the kidney and vessels of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Since a better understanding of the common cellular and molecular mechanisms of these diseases may be a key to successful identification of new therapeutic targets, we review in this paper the current literature about cellular and molecular mechanisms of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Reddy Gajjala
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Maryam Sanati
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen , Aachen , Germany
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100
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Runx2 Expression in Smooth Muscle Cells Is Required for Arterial Medial Calcification in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1958-69. [PMID: 25987250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is a hallmark of aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) transition to an osteogenic phenotype is a common feature of AMC, and is preceded by expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a master regulator of bone development. Whether SMC-specific Runx2 expression is required for osteogenic phenotype change and AMC remains unknown. We therefore created an improved targeting construct to generate mice with floxed Runx2 alleles (Runx2(f/f)) that do not produce truncated Runx2 proteins after Cre recombination, thereby preventing potential off-target effects. SMC-specific deletion using SM22-recombinase transgenic allele mice (Runx2(ΔSM)) led to viable mice with normal bone and arterial morphology. After vitamin D overload, arterial SMCs in Runx2(f/f) mice expressed Runx2, underwent osteogenic phenotype change, and developed severe AMC. In contrast, vitamin D-treated Runx2(ΔSM) mice had no Runx2 in blood vessels, maintained SMC phenotype, and did not develop AMC. Runx2 deletion did not affect serum calcium, phosphate, fibroblast growth factor-23, or alkaline phosphatase levels. In vitro, Runx2(f/f) SMCs calcified to a much greater extent than those derived from Runx2(ΔSM) mice. These data indicate a critical role of Runx2 in SMC osteogenic phenotype change and mineral deposition in a mouse model of AMC, suggesting that Runx2 and downstream osteogenic pathways in SMCs may be useful therapeutic targets for treating or preventing AMC in high-risk patients.
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