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Lee JM, Derkinderen P, Kordower JH, Freeman R, Munoz DG, Kremer T, Zago W, Hutten SJ, Adler CH, Serrano GE, Beach TG. The Search for a Peripheral Biopsy Indicator of α-Synuclein Pathology for Parkinson Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:2-15. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Ghosh D, Mehra S, Sahay S, Singh PK, Maji SK. α-synuclein aggregation and its modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 100:37-54. [PMID: 27737778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder marked by the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions, Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) as well as the degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. The LBs and LNs in PD are mainly composed of aggregated form of a presynaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-Syn). However, the mechanisms of α-Syn aggregation and actual aggregated species responsible for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons have not yet been resolved. Despite the fact that α-Syn aggregation in LBs and LNs is crucial and mutations of α-Syn are associated with early onset PD, it is really a challenging task to establish a correlation between α-Syn aggregation rate and PD pathogenesis. Regardless of strong genetic contribution, PD is mostly sporadic and familial forms of the disease represent only a minor part (<10%) of all cases. The complexity in PD further increases due to the involvement of several cellular factors in the pathogenesis of the disease as well as the environmental factors associated with the risk of developing PD. Therefore, effect of these factors on α-Syn aggregation pathway and how these factors modulate the properties of wild type (WT) as well as mutated α-Syn should be collectively taken into account. The present review specifically provides an overview of recent research on α-Syn aggregation pathways and its modulation by several cellular factors potentially relevant to PD pathogenesis. We also briefly discuss about effect of environmental risk factors on α-Syn aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shruti Sahay
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pradeep K Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samir K Maji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Wrasidlo W, Tsigelny IF, Price DL, Dutta G, Rockenstein E, Schwarz TC, Ledolter K, Bonhaus D, Paulino A, Eleuteri S, Skjevik ÅA, Kouznetsova VL, Spencer B, Desplats P, Gonzalez-Ruelas T, Trejo-Morales M, Overk CR, Winter S, Zhu C, Chesselet MF, Meier D, Moessler H, Konrat R, Masliah E. A de novo compound targeting α-synuclein improves deficits in models of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:3217-3236. [PMID: 27679481 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation and propagation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein has been hypothesized to underlie the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. Here we report a de novo-developed compound (NPT100-18A) that reduces α-synuclein toxicity through a novel mechanism that involves displacing α-synuclein from the membrane. This compound interacts with a domain in the C-terminus of α-synuclein. The E83R mutation reduces the compound interaction with the 80-90 amino acid region of α-synuclein and prevents the effects of NPT100-18A. In vitro studies showed that NPT100-18A reduced the formation of wild-type α-synuclein oligomers in membranes, reduced the neuronal accumulation of α-synuclein, and decreased markers of cell toxicity. In vivo studies were conducted in three different α-synuclein transgenic rodent models. Treatment with NPT100-18A ameliorated motor deficits in mThy1 wild-type α-synuclein transgenic mice in a dose-dependent manner at two independent institutions. Neuropathological examination showed that NPT100-18A decreased the accumulation of proteinase K-resistant α-synuclein aggregates in the CNS and was accompanied by the normalization of neuronal and inflammatory markers. These results were confirmed in a mutant line of α-synuclein transgenic mice that is prone to generate oligomers. In vivo imaging studies of α-synuclein-GFP transgenic mice using two-photon microscopy showed that NPT100-18A reduced the cortical synaptic accumulation of α-synuclein within 1 h post-administration. Taken together, these studies support the notion that altering the interaction of α-synuclein with the membrane might be a feasible therapeutic approach for developing new disease-modifying treatments of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wrasidlo
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,2 San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Diana L Price
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Garima Dutta
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1769, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amy Paulino
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Åge A Skjevik
- 2 San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,6 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Brian Spencer
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tania Gonzalez-Ruelas
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Cassia R Overk
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Chunni Zhu
- 4 Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1769, USA
| | | | - Dieter Meier
- 3 Neuropore Therapies, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA .,9 Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Choong CJ, Mochizuki H. Gene therapy targeting mitochondrial pathway in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 124:193-207. [PMID: 27638713 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a relative selective localization of pathology to substantia nigra and well-defined motor symptoms caused by dopaminergic degeneration that makes it an ideal target for gene therapy. Parallel progress in viral vector systems enables the delivery of therapeutic genes directly into brain with reasonable safety along with sustained transgene expression. To date, gene therapy for PD that has reached clinical trial evaluation is mainly based on symptomatic approach that involves enzyme replacement strategy and restorative approach that depends on the addition of neurotrophic factors. Mitochondrial dysregulation, such as reduced complex I activity, increased mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ROS-mediated mitochondrial DNA damage, bioenergetic failure, and perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Many of mutated genes linked to familial forms of PD affect these mitochondrial features. In this review, we discuss the recent progress that has been made in preclinical development of gene therapy targeting the mitochondrial pathway as disease modifying approach for PD. This review focuses on the potential therapeutic efficacy of candidate genes, including Parkin, PINK1, alpha synuclein, PGC-1 alpha, and anti-apoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jing Choong
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Spencer B, Williams S, Rockenstein E, Valera E, Xin W, Mante M, Florio J, Adame A, Masliah E, Sierks MR. α-synuclein conformational antibodies fused to penetratin are effective in models of Lewy body disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:588-606. [PMID: 27606342 PMCID: PMC4999592 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Progressive accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy body (DLB). The mechanisms through which α‐syn leads to neurodegeneration are not completely clear; however, the formation of various oligomeric species have been proposed to play a role. Antibody therapy has shown effectiveness at reducing α‐syn accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS); however, most of these studies have been conducted utilizing antibodies that recognize both monomeric and higher molecular weight α‐syn. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of immunotherapy with single‐chain antibodies (scFVs) against specific conformational forms of α‐syn fused to a novel brain penetrating sequence. Method We screened various scFVs against α‐syn expressed from lentiviral vectors by intracerebral injections in an α‐syn tg model. The most effective scFVs were fused to the cell‐penetrating peptide penetratin to enhance transport across the blood–brain barrier, and lentiviral vectors were constructed and tested for efficacy following systemic delivery intraperitoneal into α‐syn tg mice. Result Two scFVs (D5 and 10H) selectively targeted different α‐syn oligomers and reduced the accumulation of α‐syn and ameliorated functional deficits when delivered late in disease development; however, only one of the antibodies (D5) was also effective when delivered early in disease development. These scFVs were also utilized in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay to monitor the effects of immunotherapy on α‐syn oligomers in brain and plasma. Interpretation The design and targeting of antibodies for specific species of α‐syn oligomers is crucial for therapeutic immunotherapy and might be of relevance for the treatment of Lewy body disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Stephanie Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Elvira Valera
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Michael Mante
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Jazmin Florio
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience University of California San Diego California; Department of Pathology University of California San Diego California
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
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Khairnar A, Ruda‐Kucerova J, Drazanova E, Szabó N, Latta P, Arab A, Hutter‐Paier B, Havas D, Windisch M, Sulcova A, Starcuk Z, Király A, Rektorova I. Late‐stage α‐synuclein accumulation in TNWT‐61 mouse model of Parkinson's disease detected by diffusion kurtosis imaging. J Neurochem 2016; 136:1259-1269. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khairnar
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda‐Kucerova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
- Institute of Scientific Instruments Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
| | - Nikoletta Szabó
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Albert Szent‐Györgyi Clinical Centre University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
| | - Peter Latta
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Anas Arab
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Sulcova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Brno Czech Republic
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - András Király
- Department of Neurology Faculty of Medicine Albert Szent‐Györgyi Clinical Centre University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
- Multimodal and Functional Imaging Laboratory CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group CEITEC ‐ Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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Nurr1 and Retinoid X Receptor Ligands Stimulate Ret Signaling in Dopamine Neurons and Can Alleviate α-Synuclein Disrupted Gene Expression. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14370-85. [PMID: 26490873 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1155-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED α-synuclein, a protein enriched in Lewy bodies and highly implicated in neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease, is distributed both at nerve terminals and in the cell nucleus. Here we show that a nuclear derivative of α-synuclein induces more pronounced changes at the gene expression level in mouse primary dopamine (DA) neurons compared to a derivative that is excluded from the nucleus. Moreover, by RNA sequencing we analyzed the extent of genome-wide effects on gene expression resulting from expression of human α-synuclein in primary mouse DA neurons. The results implicated the transcription factor Nurr1 as a key dysregulated target of α-synuclein toxicity. Forced Nurr1 expression restored the expression of hundreds of dysregulated genes in primary DA neurons expressing α-synuclein, and therefore prompted us to test the possibility that Nurr1 can be pharmacologically targeted by bexarotene, a ligand for the retinoid X receptor that forms heterodimers with Nurr1. Although our data demonstrated that bexarotene was ineffective in neuroprotection in rats in vivo, the results revealed that bexarotene has the capacity to coregulate subsets of Nurr1 target genes including the receptor tyrosine kinase subunit Ret. Moreover, bexarotene was able to restore dysfunctional Ret-dependent neurotrophic signaling in α-synuclein-overexpressing mouse DA neurons. These data highlight the role of the Nurr1-Ret signaling pathway as a target of α-synuclein toxicity and suggest that retinoid X receptor ligands with appropriate pharmacological properties could have therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How α-synuclein, a protein enriched in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease, is causing neuropathology in dopamine neurons remains unclear. This study elucidated how α-synuclein is influencing gene expression and how Nurr1, a transcription factor known to protect dopamine neurons against α-synuclein toxicity, can counteract these effects. Moreover, given the protective role of Nurr1, this study also investigated how Nurr1 could be pharmacologically targeted via bexarotene, a ligand of Nurr1's heterodimerization partner retinoid X receptor (RXR). The results showed that RXR ligands could increase neurotrophic signaling, but provided a mixed picture of its potential in a Parkinson's disease rat model in vivo. However, this study clearly emphasized Nurr1's neuroprotective role and indicated that other RXR ligands could have therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease.
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Spencer B, Kim C, Gonzalez T, Bisquertt A, Patrick C, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Lee SJ, Desplats P, Masliah E. α-Synuclein interferes with the ESCRT-III complex contributing to the pathogenesis of Lewy body disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1100-15. [PMID: 26740557 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) has been implicated in neurological disorders with parkinsonism, including Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy body. Recent studies have shown α-syn oligomers released from neurons can propagate from cell-to-cell in a prion-like fashion exacerbating neurodegeneration. In this study, we examined the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway on the propagation of α-syn. α-syn, which is transported via the ESCRT pathway through multivesicular bodies for degradation, can also target the degradation of the ESCRT protein-charged multivesicular body protein (CHMP2B), thus generating a roadblock of endocytosed α-syn. Disruption of the ESCRT transport system also resulted in increased exocytosis of α-syn thus potentially increasing cell-to-cell propagation of synuclein. Conversely, delivery of a lentiviral vector overexpressing CHMP2B rescued the neurodegeneration in α-syn transgenic mice. Better understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of α-syn might be important for understanding the pathogenesis and developing new treatments for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA and
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Simonsen AH, Kuiperij B, El-Agnaf OMA, Engelborghs S, Herukka SK, Parnetti L, Rektorova I, Vanmechelen E, Kapaki E, Verbeek M, Mollenhauer B. The utility of α-synuclein as biofluid marker in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review of the literature. Biomark Med 2016; 10:19-34. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of α-synuclein (α-syn) as a major component of Lewy bodies, neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies and of glial inclusions in multiple system atrophy initiated the investigation of α-syn as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Due to the involvement of the periphery in PD the quantification of α-syn in peripheral fluids such as serum, plasma and saliva has been investigated as well. We review how the development of multiple assays for the quantification of α-syn has yielded novel insights into the variety of α-syn species present in the different fluids; the optimal preanalytical conditions required for robust quantification and the potential clinical value of α-syn as biomarker. We also suggest future approaches to use of CSF α-syn in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Memory Disorders Research Group, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Omar Mukhtar Ali El-Agnaf
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamid Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, PO Box 5825 Doha, Qatar
| | - Sebastian Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp & Department of Neurology & Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Institute of Clinical Medicine – Neurology University of Eastern Finland School of Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Centro Disturbi della Memoria- Unità Valutativa Alzheimer, Clinica Neurologica, Università di Perugia, Italy
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, CEITEC MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eugeen Vanmechelen
- ADx NeuroSciences, VIB-Bioincubator, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 4, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marcel Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel & University Medical Center (Departments of Neuropathology & Neurosurgery), Georg-August University Goettingen, Germany
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Pieri L, Chafey P, Le Gall M, Clary G, Melki R, Redeker V. Cellular response of human neuroblastoma cells to α-synuclein fibrils, the main constituent of Lewy bodies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:8-19. [PMID: 26468903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils are the main constituent of Lewy bodies and a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The propagation of α-Syn assemblies from cell to cell suggests that they are involved in PD progression. We previously showed that α-Syn fibrils are toxic because of their ability to bind and permeabilize cell membranes. Here, we document the cellular response in terms of proteome changes of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to exogenous α-Syn fibrils. METHODS We compare the proteomes of cells of neuronal origin exposed or not either to oligomeric or fibrillar α-Syn using two dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Only α-Syn fibrils induce significant changes in the proteome of SH-SY5Y cells. In addition to proteins associated to apoptosis and toxicity, or proteins previously linked to neurodegenerative diseases, we report an overexpression of proteins involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking. We also report a remarkable increase in fibrillar α-Syn heterogeneity, mainly due to C-terminal truncations. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that cells of neuronal origin adapt their proteome to exogenous α-Syn fibrils and actively modify those assemblies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cells of neuronal origin adapt their proteome to exogenous toxic α-Syn fibrils and actively modify those assemblies. Our results bring insights into the cellular response and clearance events the cells implement to face the propagation of α-Syn assemblies associated to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pieri
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Chafey
- Plate-forme protéomique 3P5, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Plate-forme protéomique 3P5, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Clary
- Plate-forme protéomique 3P5, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Ronald Melki
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Schlachetzki JCM, Grimm T, Schlachetzki Z, Ben Abdallah NMB, Ettle B, Vöhringer P, Ferger B, Winner B, Nuber S, Winkler J. Dopaminergic lesioning impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis by distinct modification of α-synuclein. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:62-73. [PMID: 26451750 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonmotor symptoms of cognitive and affective nature are present in premotor and motor stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, persists throughout the mammalian life span in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis may be severely affected in the course of PD, accounting for some of the neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression and cognitive impairment. Two important PD-related pathogenic factors have separately been attributed to contribute to both PD and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: dopamine depletion and accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). In the acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model, altered neurogenesis has been linked merely to a reduced dopamine level. Here, we seek to determine whether a distinct endogenous α-syn expression pattern is associated, possibly contributing to the hippocampal neurogenic deficit. We observed a persistent reduction of striatal dopamine and a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta in contrast to a complete recovery of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic fibers within the striatum. However, dopamine levels in the hippocampus were significantly decreased. Survival of newly generated neurons was significantly reduced and paralleled by an accumulation of truncated, membrane-associated, insoluble α-syn within the hippocampus. Specifically, the presence of truncated α-syn species was accompanied by increased activity of calpain-1, a calcium-dependent protease. Our results further substantiate the broad effects of dopamine loss in PD-susceptible brain nuclei, gradually involved in the PD course. Our findings also indicate a detrimental synergistic interplay between dopamine depletion and posttranslational modification of α-syn, contributing to impaired hippocampal plasticity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Grimm
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zinayida Schlachetzki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nada M B Ben Abdallah
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ettle
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Vöhringer
- Department of CNS Diseases Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- Department of CNS Diseases Research Germany, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Junior Research Group III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Nuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Zaltieri M, Grigoletto J, Longhena F, Navarria L, Favero G, Castrezzati S, Colivicchi MA, Della Corte L, Rezzani R, Pizzi M, Benfenati F, Spillantini MG, Missale C, Spano P, Bellucci A. α-synuclein and synapsin III cooperatively regulate synaptic function in dopamine neurons. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2231-43. [PMID: 25967550 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The main neuropathological features of Parkinson's disease are dopaminergic nigrostriatal neuron degeneration, and intraneuronal and intraneuritic proteinaceous inclusions named Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, respectively, which mainly contain α-synuclein (α-syn, also known as SNCA). The neuronal phosphoprotein synapsin III (also known as SYN3), is a pivotal regulator of dopamine neuron synaptic function. Here, we show that α-syn interacts with and modulates synapsin III. The absence of α-syn causes a selective increase and redistribution of synapsin III, and changes the organization of synaptic vesicle pools in dopamine neurons. In α-syn-null mice, the alterations of synapsin III induce an increased locomotor response to the stimulation of synapsin-dependent dopamine overflow, despite this, these mice show decreased basal and depolarization-dependent striatal dopamine release. Of note, synapsin III seems to be involved in α-syn aggregation, which also coaxes its increase and redistribution. Furthermore, synapsin III accumulates in the caudate and putamen of individuals with Parkinson's disease. These findings support a reciprocal modulatory interaction of α-syn and synapsin III in the regulation of dopamine neuron synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Zaltieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Grigoletto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Navarria
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Castrezzati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Della Corte
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital (NHS-Italy), 30126, Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, 16163, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, The Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital (NHS-Italy), 30126, Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Navarria L, Zaltieri M, Longhena F, Spillantini MG, Missale C, Spano P, Bellucci A. Alpha-synuclein modulates NR2B-containing NMDA receptors and decreases their levels after rotenone exposure. Neurochem Int 2015; 85-86:14-23. [PMID: 25846226 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is the main protein component of Lewy bodies (LBs), that together with nigrostriatal dopamine neuron loss constitute typical pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD). Glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) abnormalities, peculiarly involving NR2B-containing NMDAR, have been observed in the brain of PD patients and in several experimental models of the disease. Recent findings, indicating that α-syn can modulate NMDAR trafficking and function, suggest that this protein may be a pivotal regulator of NMDAR activity. Prompted by these evidences, we used fluorescence immunocytochemistry, western blotting and ratiometric Ca(2+) measurements to investigate whether wild type (wt) or C-terminally truncated α-syn can specifically modulate NR2B-containing NMDAR levels, subcellular trafficking and function. In addition, we evaluated whether the exposure of primary cortical neurons to increasing concentrations of rotenone could differentially regulate NR2B levels and cell viability in the presence or in the absence of α-syn. Our results indicate that both wt and C-terminally truncated α-syn negatively modulate NR2B-containing NMDAR levels, membrane translocation and function. Moreover, we found that absence of α-syn abolishes the rotenone-dependent decrease of NR2B levels and reduces neuronal vulnerability in primary cortical neurons. These findings suggest that α-syn can modulate neuronal resilience by regulating NR2B-containing NMDAR, whose specific alterations could connect α-syn pathology to neuronal degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navarria
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Zaltieri
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, The Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy; IRCCS San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translation Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy.
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and α-Synuclein Synaptic Pathology in Parkinson's Disease: Who's on First? PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:108029. [PMID: 25918668 PMCID: PMC4396726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Its characteristic neuropathological features encompass the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. These are intraneuronal and intraneuritic proteinaceous insoluble aggregates whose main constituent is the synaptic protein α-synuclein. Compelling lines of evidence indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein synaptic deposition may play a primary role in the onset of this disorder. However, it is not yet clear which of these events may come first in the sequel of processes leading to neurodegeneration. Here, we reviewed data supporting either that α-synuclein synaptic deposition precedes and indirectly triggers mitochondrial damage or that mitochondrial deficits lead to neuronal dysfunction and α-synuclein synaptic accumulation. The present overview shows that it is still difficult to establish the exact temporal sequence and contribution of these events to PD.
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Dhungel N, Eleuteri S, Li LB, Kramer NJ, Chartron J, Spencer B, Kosberg K, Fields JA, Klodjan S, Adame A, Lashuel H, Frydman J, Shen K, Masliah E, Gitler AD. Parkinson's disease genes VPS35 and EIF4G1 interact genetically and converge on α-synuclein. Neuron 2015; 85:76-87. [PMID: 25533483 PMCID: PMC4289081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Functional interactions between some PD genes, like PINK1 and parkin, have been identified, but whether other ones interact remains elusive. Here we report an unexpected genetic interaction between two PD genes, VPS35 and EIF4G1. We provide evidence that EIF4G1 upregulation causes defects associated with protein misfolding. Expression of a sortilin protein rescues these defects, downstream of VPS35, suggesting a potential role for sortilins in PD. We also show interactions between VPS35, EIF4G1, and α-synuclein, a protein with a key role in PD. We extend our findings from yeast to an animal model and show that these interactions are conserved in neurons and in transgenic mice. Our studies reveal unexpected genetic and functional interactions between two seemingly unrelated PD genes and functionally connect them to α-synuclein pathobiology in yeast, worms, and mouse. Finally, we provide a resource of candidate PD genes for future interrogation. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripesh Dhungel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Ling-bo Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kramer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Justin Chartron
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Kori Kosberg
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Stafa Klodjan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: A.D.G. or E.M., Aaron D. Gitler, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-6991 (phone), 650-725-1534 (fax), , Eliezer Masliah, MTF Bldg, UCSD, 9500, La Jolla, CA 92093,
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: A.D.G. or E.M., Aaron D. Gitler, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-6991 (phone), 650-725-1534 (fax), , Eliezer Masliah, MTF Bldg, UCSD, 9500, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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66
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Allen Reish HE, Standaert DG. Role of α-synuclein in inducing innate and adaptive immunity in Parkinson disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 5:1-19. [PMID: 25588354 PMCID: PMC4405142 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-140491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Gene duplications, triplications and point mutations in SNCA1, the gene encoding α-syn, cause autosomal dominant forms of PD. Aggregated and post-translationally modified forms of α-syn are present in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in both sporadic and familial PD, and recent work has emphasized the prion-like ability of aggregated α-syn to produce spreading pathology. Accumulation of abnormal forms of α-syn is a trigger for PD, but recent evidence suggests that much of the downstream neurodegeneration may result from inflammatory responses. Components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems are activated in PD, and influencing interactions between innate and adaptive immune components has been shown to modify the pathological process in animal models of PD. Understanding the relationship between α-syn and subsequent inflammation may reveal novel targets for neuroprotective interventions. In this review, we examine the role of α-syn and modified forms of this protein in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Allen Reish
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Jose JC, Chatterjee P, Sengupta N. Cross dimerization of amyloid-β and αsynuclein proteins in aqueous environment: a molecular dynamics simulations study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106883. [PMID: 25210774 PMCID: PMC4161357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of the intrinsically unstructured proteins, amyloid beta (Aβ) and alpha synclein (αSyn), are associated with Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's and Lewy Body Diseases, respectively. Importantly, pathological overlaps between these neurodegenerative diseases, and the possibilities of interactions between Aβ and αSyn in biological milieu emerge from several recent clinical reports and in vitro studies. Nevertheless, there are very few molecular level studies that have probed the nature of spontaneous interactions between these two sequentially dissimilar proteins and key characteristics of the resulting cross complexes. In this study, we have used atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to probe the possibility of cross dimerization between αSyn1-95 and Aβ1-42, and thereby gain insights into their plausible early assembly pathways in aqueous environment. Our analyses indicate a strong probability of association between the two sequences, with inter-protein attractive electrostatic interactions playing dominant roles. Principal component analysis revealed significant heterogeneity in the strength and nature of the associations in the key interaction modes. In most, the interactions of repeating Lys residues, mainly in the imperfect repeats 'KTKEGV' present in αSyn1-95 were found to be essential for cross interactions and formation of inter-protein salt bridges. Additionally, a hydrophobicity driven interaction mode devoid of salt bridges, where the non-amyloid component (NAC) region of αSyn1-95 came in contact with the hydrophobic core of Aβ1-42 was observed. The existence of such hetero complexes, and therefore hetero assembly pathways may lead to polymorphic aggregates with variations in pathological attributes. Our results provide a perspective on development of therapeutic strategies for preventing pathogenic interactions between these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya C. Jose
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prathit Chatterjee
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neelanjana Sengupta
- Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
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68
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Reducing C-terminal-truncated alpha-synuclein by immunotherapy attenuates neurodegeneration and propagation in Parkinson's disease-like models. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9441-54. [PMID: 25009275 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5314-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are common neurodegenerative disorders of the aging population, characterized by progressive and abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent studies have shown that C-terminus (CT) truncation and propagation of α-syn play a role in the pathogenesis of PD/DLB. Therefore, we explored the effect of passive immunization against the CT of α-syn in the mThy1-α-syn transgenic (tg) mouse model, which resembles the striato-nigral and motor deficits of PD. Mice were immunized with the new monoclonal antibodies 1H7, 5C1, or 5D12, all directed against the CT of α-syn. CT α-syn antibodies attenuated synaptic and axonal pathology, reduced the accumulation of CT-truncated α-syn (CT-α-syn) in axons, rescued the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase fibers in striatum, and improved motor and memory deficits. Among them, 1H7 and 5C1 were most effective at decreasing levels of CT-α-syn and higher-molecular-weight aggregates. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that preincubation of recombinant α-syn with 1H7 and 5C1 prevented CT cleavage of α-syn. In a cell-based system, CT antibodies reduced cell-to-cell propagation of full-length α-syn, but not of the CT-α-syn that lacked the 118-126 aa recognition site needed for antibody binding. Furthermore, the results obtained after lentiviral expression of α-syn suggest that antibodies might be blocking the extracellular truncation of α-syn by calpain-1. Together, these results demonstrate that antibodies against the CT of α-syn reduce levels of CT-truncated fragments of the protein and its propagation, thus ameliorating PD-like pathology and improving behavioral and motor functions in a mouse model of this disease.
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69
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Rockenstein E, Ubhi K, Trejo M, Mante M, Patrick C, Adame A, Novak P, Jech M, Doppler E, Moessler H, Masliah E. Cerebrolysin™ efficacy in a transgenic model of tauopathy: role in regulation of mitochondrial structure. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:90. [PMID: 25047000 PMCID: PMC4122761 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Fronto temporal lobar dementia (FTLD) are common causes of dementia in the aging population for which limited therapeutical options are available. These disorders are associated with Tau accumulation. We have previously shown that CerebrolysinTM (CBL), a neuropeptide mixture with neurotrophic effects, ameliorates the behavioral deficits and neuropathological alterations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (tg) mouse model of AD by reducing hyper-phosphorylated Tau. CBL has been tested in clinical trials for AD, however it’s potential beneficial effects in FTLD are unknown. For this purpose we sought to investigate the effects of CBL in a tg model of tauopathy. Accordingly, double tg mice expressing mutant Tau under the mThy-1 promoter and GSK3β (to enhance Tau phosphorylation) were treated with CBL and evaluated neuropathologically. Results Compared to single Tau tg mice the Tau/GSK3β double tg model displayed elevated levels of Tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. CBL treatment reduced the levels of Tau phosphorylation in the dentate gyrus and the degeneration of pyramidal neurons in the temporal cortex and hippocampus of the Tau/GSK3β double tg mice. Interestingly, the Tau/GSK3β double tg mice also displayed elevated levels of Dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1), a protein that hydrolyzes GTP and is required for mitochondrial division. Ultrastructural analysis of the mitochondria in the Tau/GSK3β double tg mice demonstrated increased numbers and fragmentation of mitochondria in comparison to non-tg mice. CBL treatment normalized levels of Drp-1 and restored mitochondrial structure. Conclusions These results suggest that the ability of CBL to ameliorate neurodegenerative pathology in the tauopathy model may involve reducing accumulation of hyper-phosphorylated Tau and reducing alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis associated with Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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70
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Aldrin-Kirk P, Davidsson M, Holmqvist S, Li JY, Björklund T. Novel AAV-based rat model of forebrain synucleinopathy shows extensive pathologies and progressive loss of cholinergic interneurons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100869. [PMID: 24999658 PMCID: PMC4085060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies, characterized by intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein protein, share a number of features in pathology and disease progression. However, the vulnerable cell population differs significantly between the disorders, despite being caused by the same protein. While the vulnerability of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra to α-synuclein over-expression, and its link to Parkinson's disease, is well studied, animal models recapitulating the cortical degeneration in dementia with Lewy-bodies (DLB) are much less mature. The aim of this study was to develop a first rat model of widespread progressive synucleinopathy throughout the forebrain using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector mediated gene delivery. Through bilateral injection of an AAV6 vector expressing human wild-type α-synuclein into the forebrain of neonatal rats, we were able to achieve widespread, robust α-synuclein expression with preferential expression in the frontal cortex. These animals displayed a progressive emergence of hyper-locomotion and dysregulated response to the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine. The animals receiving the α-synuclein vector displayed significant α-synuclein pathology including intra-cellular inclusion bodies, axonal pathology and elevated levels of phosphorylated α-synuclein, accompanied by significant loss of cortical neurons and a progressive reduction in both cortical and striatal ChAT positive interneurons. Furthermore, we found evidence of α-synuclein sequestered by IBA-1 positive microglia, which was coupled with a distinct change in morphology. In areas of most prominent pathology, the total α-synuclein levels were increased to, on average, two-fold, which is similar to the levels observed in patients with SNCA gene triplication, associated with cortical Lewy body pathology. This study provides a novel rat model of progressive cortical synucleinopathy, showing for the first time that cholinergic interneurons are vulnerable to α-synuclein over-expression. This animal model provides a powerful new tool for studies of neuronal degeneration in conditions of widespread cortical α-synuclein pathology, such as DLB, as well an attractive model for the exploration of novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Aldrin-Kirk
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neuronal Plasticity and Repair, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Björklund
- Molecular Neuromodulation, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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71
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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Parkinson's disease: impact on neuronal survival and plasticity. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:454696. [PMID: 25110593 PMCID: PMC4106176 DOI: 10.1155/2014/454696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies, chronic neurodegeneration occurs within different areas of the central nervous system leading to progressive motor and nonmotor symptoms. The symptomatic treatment options that are currently available do not slow or halt disease progression. This highlights the need of a better understanding of disease mechanisms and disease models. The generation of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus and in the subventricular zone/olfactory bulb system is affected by many different regulators and possibly involved in memory processing, depression, and olfaction, symptoms which commonly occur in PD. The pathology of the adult neurogenic niches in human PD patients is still mostly elusive, but different preclinical models have shown profound alterations of adult neurogenesis. Alterations in stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival as well as neurite outgrowth and spine formation have been related to different aspects in PD pathogenesis. Therefore, neurogenesis in the adult brain provides an ideal model to study disease mechanisms and compounds. In addition, adult newborn neurons have been proposed as a source of endogenous repair. Herein, we review current knowledge about the adult neurogenic niches in PD and highlight areas of future research.
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Overk CR, Cartier A, Shaked G, Rockenstein E, Ubhi K, Spencer B, Price DL, Patrick C, Desplats P, Masliah E. Hippocampal neuronal cells that accumulate α-synuclein fragments are more vulnerable to Aβ oligomer toxicity via mGluR5--implications for dementia with Lewy bodies. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:18. [PMID: 24885390 PMCID: PMC4041038 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) abnormal interactions between α-synuclein (α-syn) and beta amyloid (Aβ) result in selective degeneration of neurons in the neocortex, limbic system and striatum. However, factors rendering these neurons selectively vulnerable have not been fully investigated. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been shown to be up regulated in DLB and might play a role as a mediator of the neurotoxic effects of Aβ and α-syn in vulnerable neuronal populations. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the role of mGluR5 as a mediator of the neurotoxic effects of α-syn and Aβ in the hippocampus. RESULTS We generated double transgenic mice over-expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) and α-syn under the mThy1 cassette and investigated the relationship between α-syn cleavage, Aβ, mGluR5 and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. We found that compared to the single tg mice, the α-syn/APP tg mice displayed greater accumulation of α-syn and mGluR5 in the CA3 region of the hippocampus compared to the CA1 and other regions. This was accompanied by loss of CA3 (but not CA1) neurons in the single and α-syn/APP tg mice and greater loss of MAP 2 and synaptophysin in the CA3 in the α-syn/APP tg. mGluR5 gene transfer using a lentiviral vector into the hippocampus CA1 region resulted in greater α-syn accumulation and neurodegeneration in the single and α-syn/APP tg mice. In contrast, silencing mGluR5 with a lenti-shRNA protected neurons in the CA3 region of tg mice. In vitro, greater toxicity was observed in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures treated with Aβ oligomers and over-expressing α-syn; this effect was attenuated by down-regulating mGluR5 with an shRNA lentiviral vector. In α-syn-expressing neuronal cells lines, Aβ oligomers promoted increased intracellular calcium levels, calpain activation and α-syn cleavage resulting in caspase-3-dependent cell death. Treatment with pharmacological mGluR5 inhibitors such as 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and 3-((2-Methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP) attenuated the toxic effects of Aβ in α-syn-expressing neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results support the possibility that vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to α-syn and Aβ might be mediated via mGluR5. Moreover, therapeutical interventions targeting mGluR5 might have a role in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia R Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anna Cartier
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gideon Shaked
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kiren Ubhi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Christina Patrick
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paula Desplats
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Nuber S, Tadros D, Fields J, Overk CR, Ettle B, Kosberg K, Mante M, Rockenstein E, Trejo M, Masliah E. Environmental neurotoxic challenge of conditional alpha-synuclein transgenic mice predicts a dopaminergic olfactory-striatal interplay in early PD. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:477-94. [PMID: 24509835 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is one of the first brain regions in Parkinson's disease (PD) to contain alpha-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions, possibly associated with nonmotor symptoms. Mechanisms underlying olfactory synucleinopathy, its contribution to progressive aggregation pathology and nigrostriatal dopaminergic loss observed at later stages, remain unclear. A second hit, such as environmental toxins, is suggestive for α-syn aggregation in olfactory neurons, potentially triggering disease progression. To address the possible pathogenic role of olfactory α-syn accumulation in early PD, we exposed mice with site-specific and inducible overexpression of familial PD-linked mutant α-syn in OB neurons to a low dose of the herbicide paraquat. Here, we found that olfactory α-syn per se elicited structural and behavioral abnormalities, characteristic of an early time point in models with widespread α-syn expression, including hyperactivity and increased striatal dopaminergic marker. Suppression of α-syn reversed the dopaminergic phenotype. In contrast, paraquat treatment synergistically induced degeneration of olfactory dopaminergic cells and opposed the higher reactive phenotype. Neither neurodegeneration nor behavioral abnormalities were detected in paraquat-treated mice with suppressed α-syn expression. By increasing calpain activity, paraquat induced a pathological cascade leading to inhibition of autophagy clearance and accumulation of calpain-cleaved truncated and insoluble α-syn, recapitulating biochemical and structural changes in human PD. Thus our results underscore the primary role of proteolytic failure in aggregation pathology. In addition, we provide novel evidence that olfactory dopaminergic neurons display an increased vulnerability toward neurotoxins in dependence to presence of human α-syn, possibly mediating an olfactory-striatal dopaminergic network dysfunction in mouse models and early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Nuber
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MTF 344, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0624, USA,
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74
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Rockenstein E, Nuber S, Overk CR, Ubhi K, Mante M, Patrick C, Adame A, Trejo-Morales M, Gerez J, Picotti P, Jensen PH, Campioni S, Riek R, Winkler J, Gage FH, Winner B, Masliah E. Accumulation of oligomer-prone α-synuclein exacerbates synaptic and neuronal degeneration in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1496-513. [PMID: 24662516 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, α-synuclein aggregates to form oligomers and fibrils; however, the precise nature of the toxic α-synuclein species remains unclear. A number of synthetic α-synuclein mutations were recently created (E57K and E35K) that produce species of α-synuclein that preferentially form oligomers and increase α-synuclein-mediated toxicity. We have shown that acute lentiviral expression of α-synuclein E57K leads to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; however, the effects of chronic expression of oligomer-prone α-synuclein in synapses throughout the brain have not been investigated. Such a study could provide insight into the possible mechanism(s) through which accumulation of α-synuclein oligomers in the synapse leads to neurodegeneration. For this purpose, we compared the patterns of neurodegeneration and synaptic damage between a newly generated mThy-1 α-synuclein E57K transgenic mouse model that is prone to forming oligomers and the mThy-1 α-synuclein wild-type mouse model (Line 61), which accumulates various forms of α-synuclein. Three lines of α-synuclein E57K (Lines 9, 16 and 54) were generated and compared with the wild-type. The α-synuclein E57K Lines 9 and 16 were higher expressings of α-synuclein, similar to α-synuclein wild-type Line 61, and Line 54 was a low expressing of α-synuclein compared to Line 61. By immunoblot analysis, the higher-expressing α-synuclein E57K transgenic mice showed abundant oligomeric, but not fibrillar, α-synuclein whereas lower-expressing mice accumulated monomeric α-synuclein. Monomers, oligomers, and fibrils were present in α-synuclein wild-type Line 61. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses demonstrated that α-synuclein accumulated in the synapses but not in the neuronal cells bodies, which was different from the α-synuclein wild-type Line 61, which accumulates α-synuclein in the soma. Compared to non-transgenic and lower-expressing mice, the higher-expressing α-synuclein E57K mice displayed synaptic and dendritic loss, reduced levels of synapsin 1 and synaptic vesicles, and behavioural deficits. Similar alterations, but to a lesser extent, were seen in the α-synuclein wild-type mice. Moreover, although the oligomer-prone α-synuclein mice displayed neurodegeneration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, the α-synuclein wild-type only displayed neuronal loss in the hippocampus. These results support the hypothesis that accumulating oligomeric α-synuclein may mediate early synaptic pathology in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies by disrupting synaptic vesicles. This oligomer-prone model might be useful for evaluating therapies directed at oligomer reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Rockenstein
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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75
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Diepenbroek M, Casadei N, Esmer H, Saido TC, Takano J, Kahle PJ, Nixon RA, Rao MV, Melki R, Pieri L, Helling S, Marcus K, Krueger R, Masliah E, Riess O, Nuber S. Overexpression of the calpain-specific inhibitor calpastatin reduces human alpha-Synuclein processing, aggregation and synaptic impairment in [A30P]αSyn transgenic mice. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3975-89. [PMID: 24619358 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies, a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), contain aggregated alpha-synuclein (αSyn), which is found in several modified forms and can be discovered phosphorylated, ubiquitinated and truncated. Aggregation-prone truncated species of αSyn caused by aberrant cleavage of this fibrillogenic protein are hypothesized to participate in its sequestration into inclusions subsequently leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Here, we investigated the role of calpain cleavage of αSyn in vivo by generating two opposing mouse models. We crossed into human [A30P]αSyn transgenic (i) mice deficient for calpastatin, a calpain-specific inhibitor, thus enhancing calpain activity (SynCAST(-)) and (ii) mice overexpressing human calpastatin leading to reduced calpain activity (SynCAST(+)). As anticipated, a reduced calpain activity led to a decreased number of αSyn-positive aggregates, whereas loss of calpastatin led to increased truncation of αSyn in SynCAST(-). Furthermore, overexpression of calpastatin decreased astrogliosis and the calpain-dependent degradation of synaptic proteins, potentially ameliorating the observed neuropathology in [A30P]αSyn and SynCAST(+) mice. Overall, our data further support a crucial role of calpains, particularly of calpain 1, in the pathogenesis of PD and in disease-associated aggregation of αSyn, indicating a therapeutic potential of calpain inhibition in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Diepenbroek
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hakan Esmer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jiro Takano
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Clinics Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Mala V Rao
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ronald Melki
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura Pieri
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Stefan Helling
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Functional Proteomics, Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Rejko Krueger
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Clinics Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92003-0624, USA
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany,
| | - Silke Nuber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany, Department of Neurosciences, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92003-0624, USA
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Next-generation active immunization approach for synucleinopathies: implications for Parkinson's disease clinical trials. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:861-79. [PMID: 24525765 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches are currently in the spotlight for their potential as disease-modifying treatments for neurodegenerative disorders. The discovery that α-synuclein (α-syn) can transmit from cell to cell in a prion-like fashion suggests that immunization might be a viable option for the treatment of synucleinopathies. This possibility has been bolstered by the development of next-generation active vaccination technology with short peptides-AFFITOPEs(®) (AFF)- that do not elicit an α-syn-specific T cell response. This approach allows for the production of long term, sustained, more specific, non-cross reacting antibodies suitable for the treatment of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In this context, we screened a large library of peptides that mimic the C-terminus region of α-syn and discovered a novel set of AFF that identified α-syn oligomers. Next, the peptide that elicited the most specific response against α-syn (AFF 1) was selected for immunizing two different transgenic (tg) mouse models of PD and Dementia with Lewy bodies, the PDGF- and the mThy1-α-syn tg mice. Vaccination with AFF 1 resulted in high antibody titers in CSF and plasma, which crossed into the CNS and recognized α-syn aggregates. Active vaccination with AFF 1 resulted in decreased accumulation of α-syn oligomers in axons and synapses, accompanied by reduced degeneration of TH fibers in the caudo-putamen nucleus and by improvements in motor and memory deficits in both in vivo models. Clearance of α-syn involved activation of microglia and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, further supporting the efficacy of this novel active vaccination approach for synucleinopathies.
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Mahul-Mellier AL, Fauvet B, Gysbers A, Dikiy I, Oueslati A, Georgeon S, Lamontanara AJ, Bisquertt A, Eliezer D, Masliah E, Halliday G, Hantschel O, Lashuel HA. c-Abl phosphorylates α-synuclein and regulates its degradation: implication for α-synuclein clearance and contribution to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2858-79. [PMID: 24412932 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase could play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. c-Abl has been shown to regulate the degradation of two proteins implicated in the pathogenesis of PD, parkin and α-synuclein (α-syn). The inhibition of parkin's neuroprotective functions is regulated by c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of parkin. However, the molecular mechanisms by which c-Abl activity regulates α-syn toxicity and clearance remain unknown. Herein, using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, in vitro enzymatic assays and cell-based studies, we established that α-syn is a bona fide substrate for c-Abl. In vitro studies demonstrate that c-Abl directly interacts with α-syn and catalyzes its phosphorylation mainly at tyrosine 39 (pY39) and to a lesser extent at tyrosine 125 (pY125). Analysis of human brain tissues showed that pY39 α-syn is detected in the brains of healthy individuals and those with PD. However, only c-Abl protein levels were found to be upregulated in PD brains. Interestingly, nilotinib, a specific inhibitor of c-Abl kinase activity, induces α-syn protein degradation via the autophagy and proteasome pathways, whereas the overexpression of α-syn in the rat midbrains enhances c-Abl expression. Together, these data suggest that changes in c-Abl expression, activation and/or c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of Y39 play a role in regulating α-syn clearance and contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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