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Effects of dietary deoxynivalenol or ochratoxin A on performance and selected health indices in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:374-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang A, Hogan NS. Performance effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on broiler chickens: Influences of timing and duration of exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:32-40. [PMID: 30899807 PMCID: PMC6407085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In commercial practice, broiler chickens may be exposed to Fusarium mycotoxins either during specific growth stages or throughout the entire production cycle. A 34-day feeding trial was conducted to identify sensitive periods for mycotoxin effects during the growth cycle of broiler chickens. A total of 420 newly-hatched Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 60 cages with 7 birds/cage. Sources of clean wheat (<0.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol [DON]) and Fusarium-contaminated wheat (11.4 mg/kg DON) were used to formulate the starter diets (0.41 and 6.62 mg/kg DON) provided from 1 to 21 d of age and the grower diets (0.54 and 7.90 mg/kg DON) provided from 22 to 34 d. Control and DON diets were provided to broilers according to treatments (control, DON 1 to 14 d, DON 15 to 21 d, DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d). Birds were monitored daily for morbidity or mortality. Broiler growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio) was measured weekly. Segments of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected at 21 and 34 d and morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth, villus width, muscularis thickness and villi:crypt ratio) were measured. Birds fed the DON starter diet during the first 14 d did not exhibit any changes in growth performance; however, growth performance was suppressed in birds fed DON-contaminated diets during the grower period (22 to 34 d). At 34 d, birds that received the DON grower diet (DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d) were lighter (1,433 vs. 1,695 g) than birds fed the control diet. Feed to gain ratio was higher in birds fed the DON grower diet from 22 to 28 d (1.77 vs. 1.56) and 28 to 34 d (2.24 vs. 1.85) compared with corresponding controls. These results suggest that providing older broiler chicks (22 to 34 d) feed contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (specifically DON) may result in production losses. Histopathological analysis of the ileum region revealed that birds provided the DON diets throughout the entire trial (1 to 34 d) had shorter villi (506 vs. 680 μm) and shallower crypt (85 vs. 115 μm) than control birds. Taken together, these results indicate that DON-induced growth suppression may be a result of adverse effects on intestinal morphology during later growth phases of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhao Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.,Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
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53
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Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China: Occurrence, detection techniques, toxicological effects and advances in mitigation technologies. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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54
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Phruksawan W, Poapolathep S, Giorgi M, Imsilp K, Sakulthaew C, Owen H, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetic profile of fusarenon-X and its metabolite nivalenol in the goat (Capra hircus). Toxicon 2018; 153:78-84. [PMID: 30172791 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicokinetic characteristics of fusarenon-X (FX) and its metabolite, nivalenol (NIV), in goats. The amounts of FX and NIV in post-mitochondrial (S-9), microsomal and cytosolic fractions of diverse tissues of the goat were also investigated. FX was intravenously (iv) or orally (po) administered to goats at dosages of 0.25 and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively. The concentrations of FX and NIV in plasma, feces and urine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The concentrations of FX in plasma were quantified up to 8 h with both routes of administration. A large amount of NIV (metabolite) was quantifiable in plasma, urine and feces after both administrations. The Cmax value of FX was 413.39 ± 206.84 ng/ml after po administration. The elimination half-life values were 1.64 ± 0.32 h and 4.69 ± 1.25 h after iv and po administration, respectively. In vitro experiments showed that the conversion FX-to-NIV mainly occurs in the liver microsomal fraction. This is the first study that evaluates the fate and metabolism of FX in ruminant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchalerm Phruksawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kanjana Imsilp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Helen Owen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Gatton, Brisbane, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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55
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Pelyhe C, Kövesi B, Zándoki E, Kovács B, Erdélyi M, Kulcsár S, Mézes M, Balogh K. Multi-trichothecene mycotoxin exposure activates glutathione-redox system in broiler chicken. Toxicon 2018; 153:53-57. [PMID: 30170167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Co-occurrence of mycotoxin contamination of feeds is a frequent problem, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) on lipid peroxidation, parameters and regulation of the glutathione redox system in broiler chickens in a sub-chronic (7 day) study. The applied doses were: low mix: 0.23 mg T-2 toxin and 4.96 mg DON/kg feed; medium mix: 1.21 mg T-2 toxin and 12.38 mg DON/kg feed; and high mix: 2.42 T-2 toxin and 24.86 mg DON/kg feed. Liver samples were taken on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7 of the feeding trial. Lipid peroxidation decreased significantly as compared to the control on days 3 and 7 as effect of low and high doses, which can be related to the activation of the antioxidant system, which is supported by the elevated glutathione peroxidase activity and reduced glutathione concentration as compared to the control on day 3 in the medium and high dose groups. Gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) elevated on day 1 in a dose dependent manner, and showed continuous elevation in the highest dose group thereafter. The results suggested that common exposure of T-2 toxin and DON induced oxidative stress in the liver of broiler chickens, which activated the enzymatic antioxidant system, and consequently decreased lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Pelyhe
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40., Hungary
| | - Benjámin Kövesi
- Szent István University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Nutrition, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1., Hungary
| | - Erika Zándoki
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40., Hungary
| | - Balázs Kovács
- Szent István University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Aquaculture, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1., Hungary
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Szent István University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Nutrition, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1., Hungary
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40., Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40., Hungary; Szent István University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Nutrition, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1., Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, H-7400 Kaposvár, Guba Sándor u. 40., Hungary; Szent István University, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Nutrition, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter Károly u. 1., Hungary
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56
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Shawk DJ, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM. Effects of sodium metabisulfite additives on nursery pig growth. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:103-112. [PMID: 32704782 PMCID: PMC7200424 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium metabisulfite (SMB)-based feed additive efficacy was evaluated in three nursery pig growth experiments where pigs were fed diets containing low deoxynivalenol (<1.5 mg/kg; DON) concentrations. Pigs were weaned at approximately 22 d of age and randomly allotted to pens with one pen of 27 gilts and one pen of 27 barrows per feeder; thus, feeder was the experimental unit. In experiment 1, a total of 2,268 pigs were used in a 35-d trial with 21 feeders per treatment. Experimental treatments included a control diet or the control with 0.50% SMB-based Product 1 (Defusion; Provimi, Brookville, OH) fed in phase 1 and 0.25% fed in phases 2 and 3, then all pigs were fed a control diet for the last week of the study. Pigs fed Product 1 had greater (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet from days 0 to 28. However, from days 28 to 35, the opposite response was observed with pigs fed the control diet having greater ADG and G:F than pigs previously fed Product 1. Despite this response, pigs fed Product 1 were heavier (P < 0.05) on day 35 than control-fed pigs. In experiment 2, a total of 4,320 pigs were used in a 42-d trial. Pigs were fed a control diet or diets with SMB-based either Product 1 or Product 2 (NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) at different concentrations and durations. Among the various treatments, Product 1 or Product 2 concentrations ranged from 0.50% initially to 0.25%, 0.15%, or none the last week of the study. Overall, pigs fed either of the additives at the highest concentrations and for the longest period of time had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, with those fed lower concentrations or shorter durations being intermediate. In experiment 3, a total of 2,808 pigs were used in a 28-d trial with 13 feeders per treatment. All pigs were fed a common diet for 7 d after weaning. Pigs were then fed either a control diet (without any SMB-containing product) or a diet containing Product 1 (0.50% and 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and 21 to 28, respectively) or SMB (0.50% and 0.25% from days 0 to 21 and 21 to 28, respectively) or 0.25% SMB from days 0 to 28. Overall, pigs fed Product 1 or high-SMB diets had greater (P < 0.05) ADG compared with pigs fed low-SMB or control diets. In conclusion, results of these experiments indicate that in diets with low DON concentrations, these SMB-based products increased ADG compared with control diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight J Shawk
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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57
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Vidal A, Mengelers M, Yang S, De Saeger S, De Boevre M. Mycotoxin Biomarkers of Exposure: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1127-1155. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Vidal
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- Dept. of Food Safety; National Inst. of Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Inst. of Apicultural Research, Chinese Acad. of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products; Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center; Ministry of Agriculture Beijing 100093 People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Dept. of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ghent Univ.; Ghent Belgium
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58
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Michiels A, Arsenakis I, Matthijs A, Boyen F, Haesaert G, Audenaert K, Eeckhout M, Croubels S, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Clinical impact of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:190. [PMID: 29914486 PMCID: PMC6006720 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is highly prevalent in cereals in moderate climates and therefore pigs are often exposed to a DON-contaminated diet. Pigs are highly susceptible to DON and intake of DON-contaminated feed may lead to an altered immune response and may influence the pathogenesis of specific bacterial diseases. Therefore, the maximum guidance level in feed is lowest in this species and has been set at 900 μg/kg feed by the European Commission. This study aimed to determine the effect of in-feed administration of a moderately high DON concentration (1514 μg/kg) on the severity of an experimental Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection in weaned piglets. Fifty M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were assigned at 30 days of age [study day (D)0] to four different groups: 1) negative control group (NCG; n = 5), 2) DON-contaminated group (DON; n = 15), 3) DON-contaminated and M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (DONMHYO; n = 15), 4) M. hyopneumoniae-inoculated group (MHYO; n = 15). The piglets were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for five weeks and were monitored during this period and euthanized at day 35 [27 days post infection (DPI)] or 36 (28 DPI). The main parameters under investigation were macroscopic lung lesions (MLL) at euthanasia, respiratory disease score (RDS) from day 8 until day 35, histopathologic lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA detected by qPCR, determined at the day of euthanasia. Results No significant difference was obtained for MLL at euthanasia, RDS (8–35), histopathologic lung lesions and log copies of M. hyopneumoniae DNA in the DONMHYO and MHYO group and consequently, no enhancement of the severity of the M. hyopneumoniae infection could be detected in the DONMHYO compared to the MHYO group. Conclusions Under present conditions, the findings imply that feed contaminated with DON (1514 μg/kg) provided to weaned pigs for five weeks did not increase the severity of an experimental M. hyopneumoniae infection. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of DON on M. hyopneumoniae infections in a multi-mycotoxin and multi-pathogen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ioannis Arsenakis
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Schoonmeersen, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yi Y, Zhao F, Wang N, Liu H, Yu L, Wang A, Jin Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in goat endometrium epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1492-1501. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Fan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Lijun Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
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Humans significantly metabolize and excrete the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its modified form deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside within 24 hours. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5255. [PMID: 29588479 PMCID: PMC5869592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, a comprehensive human intervention study was conducted to unravel the urinary excretion profile and metabolism of the fungal metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified form deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside). Twenty volunteers were restricted in consuming cereals and cereal-based foods for 4 days. At day 3, a single bolus of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON and a single bolus of 1 µg/kg body weight of DON-3-glucoside after a washing-out period of two months was administered, and a 24-h urine collection was performed. The urine was analysed for DON, DON-3-glucoside, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-glucuronide) and deoxynivalenol-15-glucuronide (DON-15-glucuronide). The urinary biomarker-analysis revealed that DON and DON-3-glucoside were rapidly absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. Sixty-four % of the administered DON and 58% of DON-3-glucoside was recovered in the urine collected within 24 h. DON-15-glucuronide was the most prominent urinary biomarker followed by free DON and DON-3-glucuronide. Moreover, correlations among the presence of DON-15-glucuronide and DON-3-glucuronide were observed (within 24 hours (r = 0.61)). The DOM-1 detected in the urine was higher after the DON-3-glucoside administration. The obtained results are imperative to construct a standardized method to estimate DON-intake by means of urinary biomarkers.
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Zhao Z, Yang X, Zhao X, Chen L, Bai B, Zhou C, Wang J. Method Development and Validation for the Analysis of Emerging and Traditional Fusarium Mycotoxins in Pepper, Potato, Tomato, and Cucumber by UPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sager M, Lucke A, Ghareeb K, Allymehr M, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:117-121. [PMID: 29313173 PMCID: PMC5891544 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known contaminant of feed, can have negative effects on gut permeability and function in poultry, which then could affect major and trace element content of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles, and ultimately reduce meat quality. To study this hypothesis, DON-contaminated diet was fed to broiler chicks. Two groups of birds were housed in metabolic cages with free access to water and feed, with or without DON (10 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, birds were dissected and samples of the breast and thigh muscles, feed and droppings were analysed for five macro (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and ten micro elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) methods. In both groups, increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of Ca Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found in thigh muscles compared with the breast, whereas the concentrations of Mg, P, and Rb were higher in the breast muscles. DON had no effect on the elemental contents of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles. In conclusion, DON at a level of 10 mg/kg feed to broiler chicken over of 5 weeks did not alter the macro or micro element composition in muscle meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Sager
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Special Investigations in Element Analysis, Spargelfeldstrassse 191A, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annegret Lucke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khaled Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Pleadin J, Frece J, Lešić T, Zadravec M, Vahčić N, Malenica Staver M, Markov K. Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in unprocessed cereals and soybean from different cultivation regions in Croatia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:268-274. [PMID: 28635371 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1345991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in unprocessed cereals and soybean sampled in 2014 and 2015 from different fields located in Croatian regions. A total of 306 samples were analysed for DON and 415 samples for ZEN concentrations using quantitative ELISA methods. In 2014, DON and ZEN were determined in all samples in the mean concentrations of 1,461 ± 2,265 µg/kg and 656 ± 853 µg/kg, respectively, while in 2015 these means were 2,687 ± 2,731 µg/kg and 1,140 ± 1,630 µg/kg, respectively. The cultivation year significantly (p < 0.05) influenced mycotoxin concentrations, whereas the influence of cultivation region was seen with ZEN for all cereals except soybean, and not seen with DON at all. A higher contamination determined during 2015 could be explained by high to extreme humidity evidenced in the period of cereals' growth and harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelka Pleadin
- a Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry , Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Jadranka Frece
- b Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Tina Lešić
- a Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry , Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Manuela Zadravec
- c Laboratory for Feed Microbiology , Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Nada Vahčić
- b Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Ksenija Markov
- b Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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Jin L, Wang W, Degroote J, Van Noten N, Yan H, Majdeddin M, Van Poucke M, Peelman L, Goderis A, Van De Mierop K, Mombaerts R, De Smet S, Michiels J. Mycotoxin binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression in gut mucosa. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 29118977 PMCID: PMC5664444 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species in the field, commonly found in cereal grains, which negatively affects performances and health of animals. Mycotoxin binders are supposed to reduce the toxicity of mycotoxins. METHOD The effect of a mycotoxin binder (containing acid-activated bentonite, clinoptilolite, yeast cell walls and organic acids) on growth performance and gut health was studied. Hundred and twenty weaning piglets were allocated to 4 treatments, with 5 pens of 6 piglets each, arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design: control diet; control diet with 1 kg/t binder; control diet with DON; and control diet with DON and 1 kg/t binder. From d0-14, the diet of DON-challenged groups was artificially contaminated with a mixture of DON (2.6 mg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (0.1 mg/kg) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (0.3 mg/kg), after which the total contamination level was reduced to 1 mg/kg, until d37. On d14, one pig from each pen was euthanized and distal small intestinal mucosa samples were collected for the assessment of intestinal permeability, and gene expression of tight junction proteins, toll-like receptor 4, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS After 37 d, there were no differences in growth performance between control and DON-challenged groups (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, groups that received diets with binder had a significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) for the first 14 d as well as for the whole period, compared to groups without binder (P ≤ 0.05). Groups with binder in the diet also exhibited lower expression of toll-like receptor 4 in distal small intestinal mucosa at d14, compared to groups without binder (P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, comparing the two DON treatments, piglets fed DON and binder had significantly higher ADFI and ADG compared to those with only DON for the first 14-d (P ≤ 0.05). Addition of binder to DON contaminated diets, also down-regulated the gene expression of toll-like receptor 4 (P ≤ 0.05) and increased mRNA level zona occludens 1 (P ≤ 0.10) as compared to DON. CONCLUSIONS The present data provide evidence that the binder improves growth rate in piglets associated with reduction of toll-like receptor-4 and increase of tight junction protein gene expression. However, the current study does not allow to assess whether the effects of the binder are mediated by alterations in the toxicokinetics of the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Jin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Noémie Van Noten
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Honglin Yan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maryam Majdeddin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mario Van Poucke
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Peelman
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lucke A, Doupovec B, Paulsen P, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Effects of low to moderate levels of deoxynivalenol on feed and water intake, weight gain, and slaughtering traits of broiler chickens. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:261-271. [PMID: 28687998 PMCID: PMC5644695 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of low to moderate oral exposure to the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON; derived from culture material) on performance, water intake, and carcass parameters of broilers during early and late developmental phases. A total of 160 Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four different feeding groups (n = 40/group) including 0 (control), 2.5, 5, and 10 mg DON/kg wheat-soybean meal-based feed. Three consecutive replicates of the experiment were performed. Half of the broilers were slaughtered in week 3 of the trial whereas the other half were slaughtered in week 5. Dry matter intake (DMI) and water intake (WI) were recorded on a daily basis and the body weight (BW) and BW gain (BWG) were determined weekly. The following carcass traits were recorded and calculated in absolute and relative data: dressed carcass weight, breast muscle weight, leg weight, and liver weight. Data showed that BW (P < 0.001), BWG (P = 0.005), and DMI (P < 0.001) were reduced by DON-feeding during the entire feeding period. The ratio of DMI to body weight gain (DMI/BWG) was not affected by the treatment. However, the ratio of water to DMI (WI/DMI) increased in DON-treated birds (P = 0.021). Contrast analysis showed that DON tendentially reduced slaughter weight (P = 0.082) and decreased leg yield (P = 0.037) in DON-fed chickens in week 5 of the experiment. Liver organ weight decreased in the 3-week-old DON-fed broilers compared to that in the control-fed birds (P = 0.037). In conclusion, the study suggests that DMI and BW were negatively affected under the experimental conditions at DON levels lower than the current guidance value in the European Union of 5 mg/kg feed. The study also indicates that broilers fed on low to moderate level DON-contaminated diets showed increased WI/DMI ratio which might have negative influence on wet litter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lucke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Doupovec
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - P Paulsen
- Institute of Meat Hygiene, Meat Technology and Food Science, Department for Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Q Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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66
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Chen SS, Li YH, Lin MF. Chronic Exposure to the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol: Impact on Performance, Immune Organ, and Intestinal Integrity of Slow-Growing Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E334. [PMID: 29053594 PMCID: PMC5666380 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) consumption on avian growth performance, on the proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage of spleen cells, and on intestinal integrity. Two hundred and eight 5-day-old black-feathered Taiwan country chickens were fed diets containing 0, 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg of DON for 16 weeks. Body weight gain of male birds in the 2 mg/kg group was significantly lower than that in the 5 mg/kg group. At the end of trial, feeding DON-contaminated diets of 5 mg/kg resulted in heavier spleens. Moreover, the increase in DON induced cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage signals in the spleen, the exception being female birds fed 10 mg/kg of DON showing reduced proliferation. Expression of claudin-5 was increased in jejunum of female birds fed 2 and 5 mg/kg of DON, whereas decreased expression levels were found in male birds. In conclusion, our results verified that DON may cause a disturbance to the immune system and alter the intestinal barrier in Taiwan country chickens, and may also lead to discrepancies in growth performances in a dose- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fong Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
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Zhang J, Jia H, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wu W, Zhang H. Role of Peptide YY3-36 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Anorexia Induction by Trichothecences T-2 Toxin, HT-2 Toxin, Diacetoxyscirpenol, and Neosolaniol. Toxicol Sci 2017; 159:203-210. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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Frobose HL, Erceg JA, Fowler SQ, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Goodband RD. The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:3746-3759. [PMID: 27898884 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to characterize the progression of deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced growth suppression and to investigate algae-modified montmorillonite clay (AMMC) as a means to alleviate the effects of DON in nursery pigs. In both experiments, naturally DON-contaminated wheat was used to produce diets with desired DON levels. In Exp. 1, 280 barrows and gilts (10.0 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 28-d experiment arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design with 8 replicates per treatment. The 5 treatments consisted of 2 positive control (PC) diets with DON below detection limits and with or without 0 or 0.50% AMMC and 3 negative control (NC) diets with 5 mg/kg of DON and containing 0, 0.25, or 0.50% AMMC. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. Overall, pigs fed DON had decreased ( < 0.001) ADG and final BW regardless of AMMC addition. Feeding DON-contaminated diets elicited the most severe depression ( < 0.001) in ADFI and G:F from d 0 to 3, remaining poorer overall ( < 0.01) but lessening in severity as exposure time increased. Pigs fed DON diets had greater ( < 0.05) within pen BW variation (CV) on d 28. Although the addition of 0.50% AMMC to diets restored ( < 0.05) ADFI from d 14 to 21 to levels similar to the PC, no other differences were observed for AMMC inclusion. In Exp. 2, 360 barrows (11.4 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 21-d experiment with 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design with DON and AMMC inclusion as main effects. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments consisted of 3 PC diets without DON, 3 low-DON (1.5 mg/kg DON) NC diets, and 3 high-DON (3 mg/kg DON) NC diets with 0, 0.17, or 0.50% AMMC incorporated at each DON level. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. As DON level increased, ADG and final BW decreased (quadratic, < 0.05), driven by decreased (quadratic, < 0.01) ADFI and poorer (quadratic; < 0.05) G:F. At both 1.5 and 3 mg/kg DON, reductions in ADG were most marked from d 0 to 7 (15 to 22% lower) and were least distinct from d 14 to 21 (5 to 6% lower). Incorporating AMMC at increasing levels had no effect on ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. Overall, these experiments reinforce DON effects on feed intake but also indicate that the effects of DON on G:F may be more severe than previously thought. Furthermore, some pigs appear to develop tolerance to DON, as effects on ADFI and G:F lessen over time. However, the addition of AMMC did not offset the deleterious effects of DON.
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69
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Liu X, Guo P, Liu A, Wu Q, Xue X, Dai M, Hao H, Qu W, Xie S, Wang X, Yuan Z. Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated mitochondrial damage plays a critical role in T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis and growth hormone deficiency in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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70
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Kos J, Hajnal EJ, Šarić B, Jovanov P, Nedeljković N, Milovanović I, Krulj J. The influence of climate conditions on the occurrence of deoxynivalenol in maize harvested in Serbia during 2013–2015. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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71
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Ahmed Adam MA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1321-1336. [PMID: 28184933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of most of the mycotoxins makes them highly liposoluble compounds that can be absorbed from the site of exposure such as from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract to the blood stream where it can be dissimilated throughout the body and reach different organs such as the liver and kidneys. Mycotoxins have a strong tendency and ability to penetrate the human and animal cells and reach the cellular genome where it causes a major mutagenic change in the nucleotide sequence which leads to strong and permanent defects in the genome. This defect will eventually be transcribed, translated and lead to the development of cancer. In this review, the chemical and physical nature of mycotoxins, the action of mycotoxins on the cellular genome and its effect on humans, mycotoxins and their carcinogenicity and mycotoxins research gaps are discussed, and new research areas are suggested. The research review posed various questions. What are the different mycotoxins that can cause cancer, what is the role of mycotoxins in causing cancer and what types of cancers can be caused by mycotoxins? These questions have been selected due to the significant increase in the mycotoxin contamination and the cancer incidence rate in the contemporary world. By revealing and understanding the role of mycotoxins in developing cancer, measures to reduce the risks and incidents of cancer could be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowaffaq Adam Ahmed Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yasser M Tabana
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khirun Binti Musa
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Anak Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Abstract
The genus Fusarium includes numerous toxigenic species that are pathogenic to plants or humans, and are able to colonize a wide range of environments on earth. The genus comprises around 70 well-known species, identified by using a polyphasic approach, and as many as 300 putative species, according to phylogenetic species concepts; many putative species do not yet have formal names. Fusarium is one of the most economically important fungal genera because of yield loss due to plant pathogenic activity; mycotoxin contamination of food and feed products which often render them unaccep for marketing; and health impacts to humans and livestock, due to consumption of mycotoxins. Among the most important mycotoxins produced by species of Fusarium are the trichothecenes and the fumonisins. Fumonisins cause fatal livestock diseases and are considered potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins for humans, while trichothecenes are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. This chapter summarizes the main aspects of morphology, pathology, and toxigenicity of the main Fusarium species that colonize different agricultural crops and environments worldwide, and cause mycotoxin contamination of food and feed.
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73
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Righetti L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C. Group detection of DON and its modified forms by an ELISA kit. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:248-254. [PMID: 27885925 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1265671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms (3-, and 15-acetyl-DON, DON-3-glucoside) are commonly analysed by chromatographic methods. Indeed, coupled with proper extraction and clean-up, LC-MS represents the best approach for multi-mycotoxin measurements. On the other hand, immunochemistry-based methods are possibly able to detect a family of structurally related compounds, although the determination of single contributions is not possible so far. However, ELISA methods often lead to an apparent overestimation of the mycotoxins content because modified forms and matrix components can potentially cross-react with the antibodies (designed for the parent toxin). Several data about the possible cross-reactivity of commercial DON-detecting ELISA kit are reported in the literature so far. Data are commonly obtained in buffer solutions or in matrix-matched solutions, but comparison of a set of naturally incurred samples has never been reported. In the present work the accuracy of a commercial DON-detecting ELISA kit was evaluated on naturally incurred soft wheat (n = 15) and maize (n = 15), taking into account the matrix effect. Recovery was calculated considering the DON concentration found by LC-MS/MS and the total DON concentration, expressed as the sum of DON and its modified forms found by LC-MS/MS. The obtained data clearly show that, when 3-modified forms of DON occur in the sample, the ELISA kit does actually detect them, thus returning an apparent overestimation if only DON content is considered. When the ELISA recovery is calculated on the total DON content, the accuracy of the analysis increases and the variability decreases. According to our data, the ELISA kit seems to be a promising group detection tool for the accurate evaluation of DON and its modified forms, expressed as sum of DON, DON-3Glc and 3Ac-DON, for soft wheat and maize samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Righetti
- a Department of Food Science , University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - G Galaverna
- a Department of Food Science , University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - C Dall'Asta
- a Department of Food Science , University of Parma , Viale delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma , Italy
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Kovalsky P, Kos G, Nährer K, Schwab C, Jenkins T, Schatzmayr G, Sulyok M, Krska R. Co-Occurrence of Regulated, Masked and Emerging Mycotoxins and Secondary Metabolites in Finished Feed and Maize-An Extensive Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E363. [PMID: 27929415 PMCID: PMC5198557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Global trade of agricultural commodities (e.g., animal feed) requires monitoring for fungal toxins. Also, little is known about masked and emerging toxins and metabolites. 1926 samples from 52 countries were analysed for toxins and metabolites. Of 162 compounds detected, up to 68 metabolites were found in a single sample. A subset of 1113 finished feed, maize and maize silage samples containing 57 compounds from 2012 to 2015 from 44 countries was investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and fumonisins showed large increases of annual medians in Europe. Within a region, distinct trends were observed, suggesting importance of local meteorology and cultivars. In 2015, median DON concentrations increased to 1400 μ g·kg - 1 in Austria, but were stable in Germany at 350 μ g·kg - 1 . In 2014, enniatins occurred at median concentrations of 250 μ g·kg - 1 in Europe, at levels similar to DON and ZEN. The latter were frequently correlated with DON-3-glucoside and ZEN-14-sulfate. Co-occurrence of regulated toxins was frequent with e.g., enniatins, and moniliformin. Correlation was observed between DON and DON-3-glucoside and with beauvericin. Results indicate that considerably more than 25% of agricultural commodities could be contaminated with mycotoxins as suggested by FAO, although this is at least partly due to the lower limits of detection in the current survey. Observed contamination percentages ranged from 7.1 to 79% for B trichothecenes and 88% for ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0B9, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna 1180, Austria.
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Gerez JR, Desto SS, Bracarense APFRL. Deoxynivalenol induces toxic effects in the ovaries of pigs: An ex vivo approach. Theriogenology 2016; 90:94-100. [PMID: 28166994 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequently found trichothecene mycotoxin that elicits toxic effects on humans and animals. In pigs, DON induces changes in digestive and immune systems. Effects on the reproductive system are scarce and mainly based in in vitro models. The aim of this study was to evaluate, using an ex vivo model, the effects of DON on the morphology of ovaries of pigs in all stages of follicular development. Six 5-month-old pigs were used for sampling the explants. Thirty-six explants were incubated for 48 hours in culture medium (n = 18) or medium containing 10 μM of DON (n = 18). After the incubation period, the explants were submitted to histologic and immunohistochemical (proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA] expression) analysis. Histologic changes were scored, and a lesional score was established. Oocytes and follicular cells immunostained for PCNA were counted. Explants exposed to DON showed a significant increase in the lesional score (P = 0.0004) compared to control explants. The main histologic changes were degeneration of oocytes and granulosa cells, interstitial edema and pyknotic cells. DON induced a reduction in the number of normal follicles in all stages of follicular development: primordial (P = 0.005), primary (P = 0.04), and growing follicles (P = 0.04) compared to control group. Deoxynivalenol also induced a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in the number of pyknotic oocytes in all stages of follicular development; however, no significant change in PCNA expression in oocytes or follicular cells was observed. These results indicated that DON induces toxic effects on the ovaries, affecting follicular development and interfering with reproductive parameters on pigs. Also, the present data indicate that ovarian explants are an adequate model for assessing reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rubira Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stela Silva Desto
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:136-147. [PMID: 27738989 PMCID: PMC5209419 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species, which may affect the synthesis of DNA and RNA and causes various pathological processes. Till now, the influence of T-2 toxin on the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the wall of gastrointestinal tract has not been studied. On the other hand, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is one of enteric neuronal factors, whose exact functions in the intestines still remain not fully explained. The present study describes the influence of low doses of T-2 toxin on CART-positive neuronal structures in porcine stomach, duodenum, and descending colon. Distribution of CART was studied using the double immunofluorescence technique in the plexuses of the ENS, as well as in nerve fibers within the circular muscle and mucosal layers of porcine gastrointestinal tract. Generally, after T-2 toxin administration the greater number of CART-LI structures were studied, but intensity of changes depended on part of the ENS and digestive tract fragment studied. The obtained results show that even low doses of T-2 toxin may change the expression of CART in the ENS.
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Wang X, Zuo Z, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Peng G, Cao S, Hu Y, Yu S, Zhong Z, Deng J, Ren Z. Protective role of selenium in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in piglet splenic lymphocytes exposed to deoxynivalenol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:53-61. [PMID: 27620958 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of selenium (Se) on antioxidant enzymes of piglet splenic lymphocytes exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON). We measured cell viability, the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We found that DON exposure increased the concentrations of LDH, MDA, and H2O2 in all experimental groups in a dose-dependent manner, while the concentrations of other antioxidant enzymes were decreased. In Se-pretreated DON-exposed cells, damage to antioxidant enzymes was reduced, especially in the lower-dose DON groups over longer exposure times. These results may indicate that in piglet splenic lymphocytes, Se can alleviate DON-induced damage to antioxidant enzymes by improving glutathione peroxidase activity. Se may function as a potential antioxidative agent to alleviate DON-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Chuanping Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Guangneng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Yanchun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Shumin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Junliang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhihua Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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78
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He M, Li Y, Pi F, Ji J, He X, Zhang Y, Sun X. A novel detoxifying agent: Using rice husk carriers to immobilize zearalenone-degrading enzyme from Aspergillus niger FS10. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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79
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Payros D, Alassane-Kpembi I, Pierron A, Loiseau N, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2931-2957. [PMID: 27663890 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most frequently occurring natural contaminants in human and animal diet. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Fusarium, is one of the most prevalent and thus represents an important health risk. Recent detection methods revealed new mycotoxins and new molecules derivated from the "native" mycotoxins. The main derivates of DON are the acetylated forms produced by the fungi (3- and 15-acetyl-DON), the biologically "modified" forms produced by the plant (deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside), or after bacteria transformation (de-epoxy DON, 3-epi-DON and 3-keto-DON) as well as the chemically "modified" forms (norDON A-C and DON-sulfonates). High proportions of acetylated and modified forms of DON co-occur with DON, increasing the exposure and the health risk. DON and its acetylated and modified forms are rapidly absorbed following ingestion. At the molecular level, DON binds to the ribosome, induces a ribotoxic stress leading to the activation of MAP kinases, cellular cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The toxic effects of DON include emesis and anorexia, alteration of intestinal and immune functions, reduced absorption of the nutrients as well as increased susceptibility to infection and chronic diseases. In contrast to DON, very little information exists concerning the acetylated and modified forms; some can be converted back to DON, their ability to bind to the ribosome and to induce cellular effects varies according to the toxin. Except for the acetylated forms, their toxicity and impact on human and animal health are poorly documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Payros
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Pierron
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.,BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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80
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Pierron A, Alassane-Kpembi I, Oswald IP. Impact of two mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and fumonisin on pig intestinal health. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:21. [PMID: 28405447 PMCID: PMC5382503 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that grow on a variety of substrates. Due to their high consumption of cereals and their sensitivity, pigs are highly impacted by the presence of mycotoxins. At the European level, regulations and recommendations exist for several mycotoxins in pig feed. Among these toxins, fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) have a great impact on the intestine and the immune system. Indeed, the intestine is the first barrier to food contaminants and can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated feed. FB1 and DON alter the intestinal barrier, impair the immune response, reduce feed intake and weight gain. Their presence in feed increases the translocation of bacteria; mycotoxins can also impair the immune response and enhance the susceptibility to infectious diseases. In conclusion, because of their effect on the intestine, FB1 and DON are a major threat to pig health, welfare and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France.,BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- ToxAlim Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR 1331, ENVT, INP Purpan, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027 Toulouse, Cedex 03 France
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81
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Golder HM, Moss N, Rogers G, Jackson B, Gannon N, Wong P, Lean IJ. Acute photosensitisation and mortality in a herd of dairy cattle in Tasmania. N Z Vet J 2016; 65:39-45. [PMID: 27593392 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2016.1232181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A herd of Holstein, Jersey, or Holstein-Jersey cross lactating cattle of mixed ages presented with a sudden drop in milk yield in 94/678 cows on 3 October 2014 (Day 0). The herd was located in Gretna in the Derwent Valley (Tasmania, Australia) and had been grazing dryland pasture. CLINICAL FINDINGS On Day 0 the cows variably showed recumbency, peracute photosensitisation, inflamed coronary bands, conjunctival erythema, periauricular oedema, distress indicated by kicking at the flank, bruxism, discomfort, weight shifting, vocalisation indicating pain and depression. Blood samples collected on Day 4 from five clinically affected cows showed high activities of aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Morbidity, based on the number of treated cases within 72 hours of clinical onset, was estimated at 165/678 cows (24.3%). Mortality over the first 30 days was 19/678 cows (2.8%). PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS Necropsies of two cows on Day 4 showed marked distension of the gall bladder and extensive icterus. Necropsies of another two cows on Day 5 showed enlarged livers with severe damage and oedema of the distal abomasum. Severe ulcerative abomasal gastritis was present in both cows. Hepatic histopathology was consistent with chronic cholangiohepatitis. MYCOTOXICOLOGY Fifty-five different mycotoxins were detected from a barley grass (Hordeum murinum) sample from the presumably contaminated pasture. Concentrations of B-trichothecenes, fumonisins, and zearalenone metabolites from this sample were remarkably high. The leaf smut, Jamesdicksonia dactylidis, that has not been previously reported in Tasmania, was identified from the sample of barley grass, but it is not known whether the smut can produce toxins. DIAGNOSIS Probably an undescribed peracute mycotoxicosis associated with the ingestion of contaminated dryland pasture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A definitive diagnosis could not be reached in this case of acute photosensitisation and mortality in dairy cattle grazing possibly contaminated dryland pasture. The findings differed from both facial eczema and acute bovine liver disease, suggesting an undescribed mycotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Golder
- a Scibus , 2 Broughton St, PO Box 660, Camden , NSW 2570 , Australia
| | - N Moss
- a Scibus , 2 Broughton St, PO Box 660, Camden , NSW 2570 , Australia
| | - G Rogers
- b Dairy Systems , 6745 Lyell Highway, Ouse 7140 , TAS , Australia
| | - B Jackson
- c Department of Primary Industries Parks Water and Environment , Biosecurity Tasmania , PO Box 46, Kings Meadows , TAS , Australia
| | - N Gannon
- d Biomin Australia Pty Ltd , Level 4, 56 Clarence St, Sydney 2000 , NSW , Australia
| | - Ptw Wong
- e Plant Breeding Institute , The University of Sydney , 107 Cobbitty Rd, Cobbitty 2570 , NSW , Australia
| | - I J Lean
- a Scibus , 2 Broughton St, PO Box 660, Camden , NSW 2570 , Australia
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82
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Susceptibility of Broiler Chickens to Coccidiosis When Fed Subclinical Doses of Deoxynivalenol and Fumonisins-Special Emphasis on the Immunological Response and the Mycotoxin Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080231. [PMID: 27472362 PMCID: PMC4999847 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) are the most frequently encountered mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species in livestock diets. The effect of subclinical doses of mycotoxins in chickens is largely unknown, and in particular the susceptibility of birds to pathogenic challenge when fed these fungal metabolites. Therefore, the present study reports the effects of DON and FB on chickens challenged with Eimeria spp, responsible for coccidiosis. Broilers were fed diets from hatch to day 20, containing no mycotoxins, 1.5 mg DON/kg, 20 mg FB/kg, or both toxins (12 pens/diet; 7 birds/pen). At day 14, six pens of birds per diet (half of the birds) were challenged with a 25×-recommended dose of coccidial vaccine, and all birds (challenged and unchallenged) were sampled 6 days later. As expected, performance of birds was strongly affected by the coccidial challenge. Ingestion of mycotoxins did not further affect the growth but repartitioned the rate of reduction (between the fraction due to the change in maintenance and feed efficiency), and reduced apparent nitrogen digestibility. Intestinal lesions and number of oocysts in the jejunal mucosa and feces of challenged birds were more frequent and intense in the birds fed mycotoxins than in birds fed control feed. The upregulation of cytokines (interleukin (IL) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) following coccidial infection was higher in the jejunum of birds fed mycotoxins. Further, the higher intestinal immune response was associated with a higher percentage of T lymphocytes CD4+CD25+, also called Tregs, observed in the cecal tonsils of challenged birds fed mycotoxins. Interestingly, the increase in FB biomarker of exposure (sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in serum and liver) suggested a higher absorption and bioavailability of FB in challenged birds. The interaction of DON and FB was very dependent on the endpoint assessed, with three endpoints reporting antagonism, nine additivity, and two synergism. In conclusion, subclinical doses of DON and FB showed little effects in unchallenged chickens, but seem to result in metabolic and immunologic disturbances that amplify the severity of coccidiosis.
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83
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Boedi S, Berger H, Sieber C, Münsterkötter M, Maloku I, Warth B, Sulyok M, Lemmens M, Schuhmacher R, Güldener U, Strauss J. Comparison of Fusarium graminearum Transcriptomes on Living or Dead Wheat Differentiates Substrate-Responsive and Defense-Responsive Genes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1113. [PMID: 27507961 PMCID: PMC4960244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an opportunistic pathogen of cereals where it causes severe yield losses and concomitant mycotoxin contamination of the grains. The pathogen has mixed biotrophic and necrotrophic (saprophytic) growth phases during infection and the regulatory networks associated with these phases have so far always been analyzed together. In this study we compared the transcriptomes of fungal cells infecting a living, actively defending plant representing the mixed live style (pathogenic growth on living flowering wheat heads) to the response of the fungus infecting identical, but dead plant tissues (cold-killed flowering wheat heads) representing strictly saprophytic conditions. We found that the living plant actively suppressed fungal growth and promoted much higher toxin production in comparison to the identical plant tissue without metabolism suggesting that molecules signaling secondary metabolite induction are not pre-existing or not stable in the plant in sufficient amounts before infection. Differential gene expression analysis was used to define gene sets responding to the active or the passive plant as main impact factor and driver for gene expression. We correlated our results to the published F. graminearum transcriptomes, proteomes, and secretomes and found that only a limited number of in planta- expressed genes require the living plant for induction but the majority uses simply the plant tissue as signal. Many secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters show a heterogeneous expression pattern within the cluster indicating that different genetic or epigenetic signals govern the expression of individual genes within a physically linked cluster. Our bioinformatic approach also identified fungal genes which were actively repressed by signals derived from the active plant and may thus represent direct targets of the plant defense against the invading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Boedi
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, University and Research Centre TullnTulln, Austria
| | - Harald Berger
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, University and Research Centre TullnTulln, Austria
- Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHTulln, Austria
| | - Christian Sieber
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und UmweltNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Imer Maloku
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU UniversityTulln, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU UniversityTulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU UniversityTulln, Austria
| | - Marc Lemmens
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU UniversityTulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), BOKU UniversityTulln, Austria
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Genome-oriented Bioinformatics, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenMünchen, Germany
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Division of Microbial Genetics and Pathogen Interactions, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU University, University and Research Centre TullnTulln, Austria
- Bioresources, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbHTulln, Austria
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84
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Development and Validation of an Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Type B Trichothecenes and Masked Deoxynivalenol in Various Feed Products. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060747. [PMID: 27338321 PMCID: PMC6273731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive analytical method was developed for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol(DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), fusarenon X (FUS-X), and masked deoxynivalenol (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, D3G) in formula feed, concentrated feed, and premixed feed products. The method was based on an improved sample pretreatment with the commercially available HLB cartridges used for sample purification and enrichment followed by analysis using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Several key parameters including the extraction solvents, the positions of sample loading solvents, washing and elution solvents for HLB cartridges were carefully optimized to achieve optimal extraction and purification efficiencies. The established method was extensively validated by determining the linearity (R² ≥ 0.99), sensitivity (limit of quantification in the range of 0.08-4.85 μg/kg), recovery (79.3%-108.1%), precision (Intra-day RSDs ≤ 13.5% and Inter-day RSDs ≤ 14.9%), and then was successfully applied to determine the four type B trichothecenes and D3G in a total of 31 feed samples. Among them, 26 were contaminated with various mycotoxins at the levels of 2.1-864.5 μg/kg, and D3G has also been detected in 17 samples with the concentrations in the range of 2.1-34.8 μg/kg, proving the established method to be a valuable tool for type B trichothecenes and masked DON monitoring in complex feed matrices.
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85
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Diaz G, Vargas M, Cortés A. Evaluation of the supplementation of a feed additive as a potential protector against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin on growing broiler chickens. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A trial was conducted to evaluate a feed additive containing epoxidase activity from a bacterium (Mycofix-S) as a potential protection against the adverse effects of 2.5 ppm dietary T-2 toxin in male growing broiler chickens. A total of 144 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were individually wing-banded and allotted into each of the four experimental groups. Group 1: negative control, no T-2 toxin or additive; group 2: Mycofix-S, 2.5 g/kg; group 3: positive control, 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin; group 4: 2.5 ppm T-2 toxin + 2.5 g/kg Mycofix-S. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 28 days (days 1 to 28 of age). Each experimental treatment was replicated 6 times, with 6 birds per replicate pen. Response variables included performance parameters, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amylase, relative weight of selected organs and histology of the upper digestive system. T-2 toxin at 2.5 ppm significantly (P = 0.016) decreased the 28-day body weight gain and cumulative feed intake without affecting feed conversion. The feed additive counteracted these adverse effects. Serum enzyme activities were not significantly (P>0.05) affected for the four experimental groups but when data from the groups receiving T-2 toxin was pooled and compared against the pooled data from groups without the toxin a significant decrease in amylase activity was observed in chickens receiving T-2 toxin. The histological examination of the upper digestive system revealed lesions in mouth, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and duodenum in the chickens fed T-2 toxin without the additive. Chickens fed T-2 toxin plus the additive showed lesions in the same tissues except in the duodenum. The results of the present study show that the addition of 2.5 g/kg of the feed additive tested protects against adverse effects on performance and also the integrity of the duodenal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.J. Diaz
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
| | | | - A. Cortés
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia
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86
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Vanhoutte I, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Biodegradation of Mycotoxins: Tales from Known and Unexplored Worlds. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:561. [PMID: 27199907 PMCID: PMC4843849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins, secondary metabolites produced by fungi, may infer serious risks for animal and human health and lead to economic losses. Several approaches to reduce these mycotoxins have been investigated such as chemical removal, physical binding, or microbial degradation. This review focuses on the microbial degradation or transformation of mycotoxins, with specific attention to the actual detoxification mechanisms of the mother compound. Furthermore, based on the similarities in chemical structure between groups of mycotoxins and environmentally recalcitrant compounds, known biodegradation pathways and degrading organisms which hold promise for the degradation of mycotoxins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leen De Gelder
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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87
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Effect of 4-week feeding of deoxynivalenol- or T-2-toxin-contaminated diet on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system in the hepatopancreas of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:77-83. [PMID: 26920403 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of study was to investigate the effects of T-2 toxin (4.11 mg T-2 toxin and 0.45 mg HT-2 toxin kg(-1) feed) and deoxynivalenol (5.96 and 0.33 mg 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (DON) kg(-1) feed) in 1-year-old common carp juveniles in a 4-week feeding trial. The exposure of mycotoxins resulted in increased mortality in both groups consuming mycotoxin-contaminated diet. Parameters of lipid peroxidation were not affected during the trial, and antioxidant defence also did not show response to oxidative stress; however, glutatione peroxidase activity slightly, but significantly, decreased in the T-2 toxin group. Glutathione S-transferase activity showed moderate decrease as effect of T-2 toxin, which suggests its effect on xenobiotic transformation. Reduced glutathione concentration showed moderate changes as effect of DON exposure, but T-2 toxin has no effect. Expression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) genes showed different response to mycotoxin exposure. T-2 toxin caused dual response in the expression of gpx4a (early and late downregulation and mid-term upregulation), but continuous upregulation was found as effect of deoxynivalenol. Expression of the other gene, gpx4b, was upregulated by both trichothecenes during the whole period. The results suggested that trichothecenes have some effect on free radical formation and antioxidant defence, but the changes depend on the duration of exposure and the dose applied, and in case of glutathione peroxidase, there was no correlation between expression of genes and enzyme activity.
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88
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Capcarova M, Zbynovska K, Kalafova A, Bulla J, Bielik P. Environment contamination by mycotoxins and their occurrence in food and feed: Physiological aspects and economical approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:236-244. [PMID: 26786025 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1120617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins as toxic metabolites of fungi is a risk not only for consumers resulting in various embarrassment regarding health status and well-being, but also for producers, companies and export market on the ground of economic losses and ruined stability of economic trade. As it is given in historical evidence, the contamination of food by mycotoxins is a topic as old as a history of mankind, finding some evidence even in the ancient books and records. Nowadays, the mycotoxins are used in modern biotechnological laboratories and are considered an agent for targeting the specific cells (e.g., defected cells to eliminate them). However, this promising procedure is only the beginning. More concern is focused on mycotoxins as abiotic hazard agents. The dealing with them, systematic monitoring, and development of techniques for their elimination from agricultural commodities are worldwide issues concerning all countries. They can be found alone or in co-occurrence with other mycotoxins. Thus, this review aims to provide widened information regarding mycotoxins contamination in environment with the consequences on health of animals and humans. The inevitability for more data that correctly determine the risk points linked to mycotoxins occurrence and their specific reactions in the environment is demonstrated. This review includes various symptoms in animals and humans that result from mycotoxin exposure. For better understanding of mycotoxin's impact on animals, the sensitivities of various animal species to various mycotoxins are listed. Strategies for elimination and preventing the risks of mycotoxins contamination as well as economical approach are discussed. To complete the topic, some data from past as historical evidences are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Capcarova
- a Department of Animal Physiology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Zbynovska
- a Department of Animal Physiology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Kalafova
- a Department of Animal Physiology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Jozef Bulla
- a Department of Animal Physiology , Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Bielik
- b Department of Economics , Faculty of Economics and Management, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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89
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Kongkapan J, Giorgi M, Poapolathep S, Isariyodom S, Poapolathep A. Toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of nivalenol in broiler chickens. Toxicon 2015; 111:31-6. [PMID: 26739759 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nivalenol (NIV), a type B trichothecene mycotoxin, is mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus, which naturally occurs in agricultural commodities. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and safety of NIV in food animal products. To evaluate the toxicokinetics and persistence of residues of NIV, NIV was administered intravenously (iv) or orally (po) to broiler chickens at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg body weight. The concentration of NIV in the plasma and various tissues was detected using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The plasma concentration of NIV in broilers could be measured up to 24 h and 12 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The value of elimination half-life of NIV was 5.27 ± 0.82 h and 2.51 ± 0.88 h after iv and po administration, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability was 3.98 ± 0.08%. NIV was detected in the intestine, kidney, muscle, heart and liver after po administration. Regarding tissue residues, largest quantities of NIV were found in the small intestine. These results suggest that NIV is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with low bioavailability and it has the ability to diffuse into various tissues of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamart Kongkapan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, (lato monte), San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Isariyodom
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Agricultural Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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90
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Wan D, Wang X, Wu Q, Lin P, Pan Y, Sattar A, Huang L, Ahmad I, Zhang Y, Yuan Z. Integrated Transcriptional and Proteomic Analysis of Growth Hormone Suppression Mediated by Trichothecene T-2 Toxin in Rat GH3 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:326-38. [PMID: 26141394 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to trichothecenes is known to disturb insulin-like growth factor 1 and signaling of insulin and leptin hormones and causes considerable growth retardation in animals. However, limited information was available on mechanisms underlying trichothecene-induced growth retardation. In this study, we employed an integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and RNA interference (RNAi) approach to study the molecular mechanisms underlying trichothecene cytotoxicity in rat pituitary adenoma GH3 cells. Our results showed that trichothecenes suppressed the synthesis of growth hormone 1 (Gh1) and inhibited the eukaryotic transcription and translation initiation by suppressing aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases transcription, inducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) and reducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 a. The sulfhydryl oxidases , protein disulfide isomerase,and heat shock protein 90 (were greatly reduced, which resulted in adverse regulation of protein processing and folding. Differential genes and proteins associated with a decline in energy metabolism and cell cycle arrest were also found in our study. However, use of RNAi to interfere with hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and EIF2AK2 transcriptions or use of chemical inhibitors of MAPK, p38, Ras, and JNK partially reversed the reduction of Gh1 levels induced by trichothecenes. It indicated that the activation of MAPKs, Hck, and EIF2AK2 were important for trichothecene-induced growth hormone suppression. Considering the potential hazards of exposure to trichothecenes, our findings could help to improve our understanding regarding human and animal health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wan
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Research Center of Healthy Livestock Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Wang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China; and Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pingping Lin
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Adeel Sattar
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China;
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91
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Bócsai A, Pelyhe C, Zándoki E, Ancsin Z, Szabó-Fodor J, Erdélyi M, Mézes M, Balogh K. Short-term effects of T-2 toxin exposure on some lipid peroxide and glutathione redox parameters of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:520-5. [PMID: 26412027 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of T-2 toxin exposure (3.09 mg/kg feed) on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox system of broiler chicken. A total of 54 Cobb 500 cockerels were randomly distributed to two experimental groups at 21 days of age. Samples (blood plasma, red blood cell, liver, kidney and spleen) were collected every 12 h during a 48-h period. The results showed that the initial phase of lipid peroxidation, as measured by conjugated dienes and trienes in the liver, was continuously, but not significantly higher in T-2 toxin-dosed birds than in control birds. The termination phase of lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde, was significantly higher in liver and kidney as a result of T-2 toxin exposure at the end of the experimental period (48th hour). The glutathione redox system activated shortly after starting the T-2 toxin exposure, which is supported by the significantly higher concentration of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma at 24 and 48 h, in liver at 12, 24 and 36 h, and in kidney and spleen at 24 h. These results suggest that T-2 toxin, or its metabolites, may be involved in the generation of reactive oxygen substances which causes an increase in lipid peroxidation, and consequently activates the glutathione redox system, namely synthesis of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bócsai
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Cs Pelyhe
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - E Zándoki
- 'MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain' Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zs Ancsin
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - J Szabó-Fodor
- 'MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain' Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - M Erdélyi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - M Mézes
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - K Balogh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
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92
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Ghareeb K, Awad WA, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Deoxynivalenol in chicken feed alters the vaccinal immune response and clinical biochemical serum parameters but not the intestinal and carcass characteristics. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:53-60. [PMID: 25900321 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of deoxynivalenol (DON) feeding either alone or in combination with a microbial feed additive (MFA) on the immune response to a viral vaccine and serum clinical chemical parameters. Forty 1-day-old boiler chicks were weighed and randomly divided into four groups, 10 birds in each group: (i) control group fed with basal diet; (ii) DON group fed with basal diet artificially contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed; (iii) DON + MFA group fed with basal diet contaminated with 10 mg DON/kg feed and supplemented with 2.5 kg of MFA/ton feed; and (iv) MFA group fed with basal diet supplemented with 2.5 kg of MFA/ton feed. At 35 days of age, birds were slaughtered and blood was collected for investigating the antibody titre against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and clinical chemical parameters. The results showed that DON reduced (p = 0.032) the titre against IBV, decreased (p = 0.005) the level of alanine transaminase (ALT) (4.2 ± 0.5 U/l) compared with control birds (6.4 ± 0.5 U/l), increased (p = 0.002) the serum cholesterol concentration (144 ± 6 mg/dl) compared with their control counterparts (123 ± 5 mg/dl) and increased (p = 0.074) the amount of circulating triglycerides (62.25 ± 7.50 mg/dl) compared with controls (39.55 ± 4.74). These results indicate that dietary DON altered the humoral immune response to viral vaccine and affected the serum clinical biochemistry. However, DON in combination with MFA did not affect serum IBV titre. Taken together, DON in the feed of broilers produced an impairment of the success of IBV vaccine and affected the health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ghareeb
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Animal Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - W A Awad
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Animal Hygiene, Poultry and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Q Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Böhm
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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93
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Wu L, Wang B. Evaluation on levels and conversion profiles of DON, 3-ADON, and 15-ADON during bread making process. Food Chem 2015; 185:509-16. [PMID: 25952900 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the changes and conversion profiles of DON, its conjugations 3-ADON, and 15-ADON during bread making process, by spiking targeted mycotoxin standards to Fusarium mycotoxins-free wheat flour. No significant (p < 0.05) changes of DON levels were observed during dough preparation stages, including kneading, fermentation, and proofing. A reduction of DON level ranged from 4% to 14% was observed during baking process. The main thermal degradation products of DON, namely norDON A, B, C, and F were detected in the bread crust. Regarding ADONs, decreases of 20-40% for 3-ADON and 28-60% for 15-ADON were found during fermentation stage, and further losses of ADONs were observed after proofing process. Although ADONs levels gained an increase after baking. This study demonstrated that ADONs were converted to DON, while no ADONs were detectable in DON spiked samples during bread making process. The mechanism that ADONs could be converted into DON is unclear so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bujun Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China.
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94
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Covarelli L, Beccari G, Prodi A, Generotti S, Etruschi F, Juan C, Ferrer E, Mañes J. Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of central Italy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:540-551. [PMID: 24909776 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is an important disease causing yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. The aim of the work was to detect and characterise trichothecene producing Fusarium species in durum and soft wheat cultivated in an area of central Italy in 2009 and 2010 and to determine trichothecene contamination by LC-MS/MS in the grain. RESULTS F. graminearum s. str. was the most frequent species. In 2009, the occurrence of F. avenaceum and F. poae was higher than in 2010. Among F. graminearum strains, the 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) chemotype could be found more frequently, followed by nivalenol (NIV) and 3-ADON chemotypes, while all F. culmorum isolates belonged to the 3-ADON chemotype. All F. poae strains were NIV chemotypes. In vitro trichothecene production confirmed molecular characterisation. Durum wheat was characterised by a higher average DON contamination with respect to soft wheat, NIV was always detected at appreciable levels while type-A trichothecenes were mostly found in durum wheat samples in 2009 with 6% of samples exceeding the contamination level recently recommended by the European Union. CONCLUSION Climatic conditions were confirmed to be predominant factors influencing mycotoxigenic species composition and mycotoxin contaminations. However, NIV contamination was found to occur irrespective of climatic conditions, suggesting that it may often represent an under-estimated risk to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy
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95
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Effects of Long-term Feeding of Graded Levels of T-2 Toxin-contaminated Diets on Performance, Some Lipid Peroxide and Glutathione Redox Status Parameters of Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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96
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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97
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Ghareeb K, Awad WA, Böhm J, Zebeli Q. Impacts of the feed contaminant deoxynivalenol on the intestine of monogastric animals: poultry and swine. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:327-37. [PMID: 25352520 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent cereal contaminants with major public health concerns owing to its high toxigenic potentials. Once ingested, DON first and foremost targets epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, whose proper functioning, as the first line of defence, is of paramount importance for the host's health. Emerging evidences, summarized in this article, suggest that DON produces its toxicity primarily via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signalling pathway and alteration in the expression of genes responsible for key physiological and immunological functions of the intestinal tissue of chickens and pigs. The activation of MAPKs signalling cascade results in disruption of the gut barrier function and an increase in the permeability by reducing expression of the tight junction proteins. Exposure to DON also down-regulates the expression of multiple transporter systems in the enterocytes with subsequent impairment of the absorption of key nutrients. Other major intestinal cytotoxic effects of DON described herein are modulation of mucosal immune responses, leading to immunosupression or stimulation of local immune cells and cytokine release, and also facilitation of the persistence of intestinal pathogens in the gut. Both of the last events potentiate enteric infections and local inflammation in pigs and poultry, rendering enterocytes and the host more vulnerable to luminal toxic compounds. This review highlights the cytotoxic risks associated with the intake of even low levels of DON and also identifies gaps of knowledge that need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
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98
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Wu Q, Wang X, Wan D, Li J, Yuan Z. Crosstalk of JNK1-STAT3 is critical for RAW264.7 cell survival. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2951-60. [PMID: 25269780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, a major compound of trichothecenes, inhibits protein synthesis and induces inflammation and cell apoptosis through the activation of MAPK pathway. The JAK/STAT pathway has recently been shown to be downstream targets of trichothecenes. However, whether there is any crosstalk between JNK and JAK/STAT pathways in trichothecene toxicity has not been studied. In the present study, we explored this potential in RAW264.7 cells treated with T-2 toxin. Our results revealed a crosstalk between JNK1 and STAT3 after T-2 toxin treatment, which was mediated by K-Ras. T-2 toxin treatment resulted in rapid phosphorylation, and more importantly, JNK1-STAT3 signaling pathway was shown to maintain the normal function of the mitochondria and to inhibit T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis. Therefore, this pathway was considered to be a potential cell survival pathway. Breakdown and degranulation of ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria were clearly visible after the cells had been incubated with T-2 toxin for 12h. Our data suggest that T-2 toxin had a Janus face: it induced both apoptotic and cell survival pathways. These results suggest that the crosstalk and the balance between MAPK and JAK/STAT pathway might be involved in T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dan Wan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Juan Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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99
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Szabó A, Szabó-Fodor J, Fébel H, Romvári R, Kovács M. Individual and combined haematotoxic effects of fumonisin B(1) and T-2 mycotoxins in rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:257-64. [PMID: 25092395 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Weaned rabbits were fed diets contaminated with 2 mg/kg diet T-2 toxin alone, or 10 mg/kg diet fumonisin B1 (FB1) alone, and both toxins in combination (2+10 mg/kg, resp.), as compared to a toxin free control. Samplings were performed after 2 and 4 weeks. Bodyweight of the T-2 fed group was lower after 4 weeks; the liver weight increased dramatically. Red blood cell (RBC) Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity decreased after 4 weeks in the T-2 group, it increased in the FB1 group and antagonism was found by the combined treatment. The RBC membrane fatty acid profile was modified by both toxins similarly during the entire feeding. After 4 weeks T-2 alone and in combination (with FB1) was found to increase mean cell volume (MCV). The time-dependent alterations in the T-2 group were significant for MCV (increase) and the mean cell haemoglobin (increase). The active monovalent cation transport was altered by both mycotoxins. Most probably FB1 exerts its sodium pump activity modification via an altered ceramide metabolism (behenic acid decrease in the RBC membrane), while for T-2 toxin a moderate membrane disruption and enzyme (protein) synthesis inhibition was supposed (ca. 75% decrease of the sodium pump activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szabó
- Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Development and Bioanalytics, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Judit Szabó-Fodor
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Kaposvár University "MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain" Research Group, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Hedvig Fébel
- Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, National Agricultural Research Center, Gesztenyés u. 1., 2053 Herceghalom, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Romvári
- Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Melinda Kovács
- Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Development and Bioanalytics, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Kaposvár University "MTA-KE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain" Research Group, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary; Kaposvár University, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Guba S. u. 40., 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
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Occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds obtained from the Beijing region of China. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:37. [PMID: 25101169 PMCID: PMC4123309 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study was carried out to provide a reference for the control of mycotoxin contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds for swine. Methods A total of 55 feed ingredients, including 14 corn, 13 wheat bran, 11 soybean meal and 17 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) as well as 76 complete swine feeds including 7 creep feeds, 14 starter feeds, 14 grower feeds, 18 grower-finisher feeds, 10 gestating sow feeds, and 13 lactating sow feeds were randomly collected from 15 swine farms located in the Beijing region of China from July to August 2011. Immunoaffinity clean-up, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in combination with UV or Fluorescence Detection, was used for quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the ingredients and complete feeds. Results DON and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins found. DON was detected at percentages of 93, 92, 54, 100 and 97% with a mean level of 1.01, 0.44, 0.05, 1.36 and 0.65 ppm in the samples of corn, wheat bran, soybean meal, DDGS and complete feeds, respectively. The detected percentages of ZEA were 100, 100, 54, 100 and 100 with mean levels of 109.1, 14.9, 9.2, 882.7 and 58.9 ppb in the same samples. In the wheat bran and soybean meal samples, the content of all four mycotoxins were below the maximum limits set by Chinese regulations while the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 7, 57 and 7% for corn, and 7, 14 and 3% for the complete feeds for AFB1, DON and OTA respectively. DDGS showed the most serious mycotoxin contamination and the percentage of samples that exceeded regulatory limits were 6, 88 and 41%, for AFB1, DON and ZEA, respectively. Conclusions This paper is the first to present data on the natural occurrence of AFB1, DON, ZEA and OTA in ingredients and complete feeds obtained from swine farms in China’s Beijing region. The data shows that feed ingredients and complete swine feeds obtained from these farms are most often contaminated with DON followed by contamination with AFB1 and ZEA.
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