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Estruch G, Martínez-Llorens S, Tomás-Vidal A, Monge-Ortiz R, Jover-Cerdá M, Brown PB, Peñaranda DS. Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). J Proteomics 2020; 216:103672. [PMID: 32004726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The digestive tract, particularly the intestine, represents one of the main sites of interactions with the environment, playing the gut mucosa a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and in the immune defence. Previous researches have proven that the fishmeal replacement by plant sources could have an impact on the intestinal status at both digestive and immune level, compromising relevant productive parameters, such as feed efficiency, growth or survival. In order to evaluate the long-term impact of total fishmeal replacement on intestinal mucosa, the gut mucosa proteome was analysed in fish fed with a fishmeal-based diet, against plant protein-based diets with or without alternative marine sources inclusion. Total fishmeal replacement without marine ingredients inclusion, reported a negative impact in growth and biometric parameters, further an altered gut mucosa proteome. However, the inclusion of a low percentage of marine ingredients in plant protein-based diets was able to maintain the growth, biometrics parameters and gut mucosa proteome with similar values to FM group. A total fishmeal replacement induced a big set of underrepresented proteins in relation to several biological processes such as intracellular transport, assembly of cellular macrocomplex, protein localization and protein catabolism, as well as several molecular functions, mainly related with binding to different molecules and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton structure. The set of downregulated proteins also included molecules which have a crucial role in the maintenance of the normal function of the enterocytes, and therefore, of the epithelium, including permeability, immune and inflammatory response regulation and nutritional absorption. Possibly, the amino acid imbalance presented in VM diet, in a long-term feeding, may be the main reason of these alterations, which can be prevented by the inclusion of 15% of alternative marine sources. SIGNIFICANCE: Long-term feeding with plant protein based diets may be considered as a stress factor and lead to a negative impact on digestive and immune system mechanisms at the gut, that can become apparent in a reduced fish performance. The need for fishmeal replacement by alternative ingredients such as plant sources to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture sector has led the research assessing the intestinal status of fish to be of increasing importance. This scientific work provides further knowledge about the proteins and biologic processes altered in the gut in response to plant protein based diets, suggesting the loss of part of gut mucosa functionality. Nevertheless, the inclusion of alternative marine ingredients was able to reverse these negative effects, showing as a feasible option to develop sustainable aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Estruch
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Llorens
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Tomás-Vidal
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Monge-Ortiz
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Jover-Cerdá
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul B Brown
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, 47907 West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - David S Peñaranda
- Aquaculture and Biodiversity Research Group, Institute of Science and Animal Technology, (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Could Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal Inclusion Affect the Liver and Intestinal Histological Traits and the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Siberian Sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii) Juveniles? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010155. [PMID: 31963360 PMCID: PMC7022867 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The trial investigates if a highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) at two dietary inclusion levels and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) influences the normal gut and liver histology and the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon juveniles. Fish were fed four diets: one control diet (H0) containing 70% of fishmeal (FM), two diets including 18.5% (H185) and 37.5% (H375) of highly defatted H in substitution for 25% and 50% of FM, and one vegetable protein based diet (VEG). At the end of a growth trial, 12 fish per treatment were sacrificed by over-anaesthesia to collect 12 liver and 5 distal intestine samples for histological analyses, as well as 12 liver and kidney samples for biochemical analyses. The H and VEG diets did not significantly affect the histology of liver and distal intestine, but alterations of the oxidative stress biomarkers were detected at the highest inclusion level of H (37.5%). In order to avoid unfavorable effects on the fish health, an inclusion level up to 18.5% of H is recommended for Siberian sturgeon juveniles.
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Brandon AM, El Abbadi SH, Ibekwe UA, Cho YM, Wu WM, Criddle CS. Fate of Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), A Common Flame Retardant, In Polystyrene-Degrading Mealworms: Elevated HBCD Levels in Egested Polymer but No Bioaccumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:364-371. [PMID: 31804807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As awareness of the ubiquity and magnitude of plastic pollution has increased, so has interest in the long term fate of plastics. To date, however, the fate of potentially toxic plastic additives has received comparatively little attention. In this study, we investigated the fate of the flame retardant hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in polystyrene (PS)-degrading mealworms and in mealworm-fed shrimp. Most of the commercial HBCD consumed by the mealworms was egested in frass within 24 h (1-log removal) with nearly a 3-log removal after 48 h. In mealworms fed PS containing high HBCD levels, only 0.27 ± 0.10%, of the ingested HBCD remained in the mealworm body tissue. This value did not increase over the course of the experiment, indicating little or no bioaccumulation. Additionally, no evidence of higher trophic level bioaccumulation or toxicity was observed when L. vannamei (Pacific whiteleg shrimp) were fed mealworm biomass grown with PS containing HBCD. Differences in shrimp survival were attributable to the fraction of mealworm biomass incorporated into the diet, not HBCD. We conclude that the environmental effects of PS ingestion need further evaluation as the generation of smaller, more contaminated particles is possible, and may contribute to toxicity at nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Malawi Brandon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahar H El Abbadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Uwakmfon A Ibekwe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yeo-Myoung Cho
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Craig S Criddle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Selaledi L, Mbajiorgu CA, Mabelebele M. The use of yellow mealworm (T. molitor) as alternative source of protein in poultry diets: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:7-16. [PMID: 31392553 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein sources are known to be the second largest component in the poultry sector. Traditionally, fish and soya-bean meals are known to supply very good protein; however, these are restricted in supply and more expensive than energy sources. The prices of soya-bean meal are currently high and tend to fluctuate with changes in climatic conditions and social situations in the countries where it is produced. Developing countries like South Africa have made enormous investments in soya-bean production, despite that the country still imports considerable volumes of this crop and is not self-sufficient. This then means that there is an urgent need to seek for alternative and cost-effective protein sources that can provide the same nutrients as soya-bean and fish meal for poultry production. Tenebrio molitor L. which is commonly known as yellow mealworm has a huge potential to substitute commonly used protein sources in poultry diets. Mealworms are easy to breed and do not require large area for production. Moreover, they have high nutritional value comparable to that of soya-bean and fishmeal. However, the only limiting nutrient for mealworms is calcium which can be easily supplemented in the diets. Therefore, this review sets out to explore the importance of replacing soya bean with mealworms in poultry diets. Furthermore, the life cycle of meal worms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Selaledi
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Mabelebele
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Graded Incorporation of Defatted Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Diet Improves Growth Performance and Nutrient Retention. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040187. [PMID: 31018487 PMCID: PMC6523711 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are emerging as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds. This study assessed the effect of graded incorporation levels of defatted yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) protein meal on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance, body composition, and apparent nutrient digestibility. The trial comprised five dietary treatments: control diet with 25% fishmeal, and four experimental diets with yellow mealworm protein meal at 5%, 7.5%, 15%, or 25%, which corresponded to a fishmeal replacement of 20%, 30%, 60%, or 100%, respectively. After 90 days, the graded incorporation of insect protein meal led to a significant stepwise increase in final body weight, and a significant improvement of specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio compared to the control treatment. Regardless of the incorporation level, the insect protein meal had no effects on fish whole-body composition and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, fat, phosphorus, and energy. Protein, phosphorus, and energy retention significantly increased in fish fed the diets with an insect protein meal. In conclusion, the yellow mealworm protein meal could effectively replace 100% of fishmeal in the diet of juvenile rainbow trout with positive effects on its overall zootechnical performance.
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56
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Digestibility of Insect Meals for Nile Tilapia Fingerlings. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040181. [PMID: 31010009 PMCID: PMC6523303 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects can be a source of nutrients for aquatic organisms, replacing scarce or unsustainable foods. The diversity of insect species contributes to their variable nutritional composition, which fish may digest differently. Nile tilapia is a very important fish for aquaculture, which requires great quantities of quality protein and other dietary nutrients on its initial rearing phase. Therefore, it is important to better understand the technical feasibility of using insect meal as a nutrient and energy source for Nile tilapia fingerlings. In this study, Tenebrio molitor larvae meal showed the highest apparent digestibility coefficient, being attested as a potential alternative feed for Nile tilapia fingerlings. Those findings may contribute to sustainable development of the tilapia production around the world. Abstract Insects are a valuable source of nutrients for fish, but little is known about their nutritional value for Nile tilapia fingerlings. To evaluate the nutritional value and energy apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of five insects for Nile Tilapia male fingerlings, 900 fish were distributed in 18 fiberglass conic tanks, in a completely randomized design, with six dietary treatments (control, Nauphoeta cinerea meal (NCM) (Blattodea), Zophobas morio larvae meal (ZMM) (Coleptera), Gromphadorhina portentosa meal (GPM) (Blattodea), Gryllus assimilis meal (GAM) (Orthoptera) and Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TMM) (Coleptera)) and three replicates (tanks), each containing 50 fish. The control diet had no insect meal included and the other five treatments comprised 80% commercial diet and 20% test ingredient with 0.1% chromic oxide as an inert marker. TMM presented a higher ADC for dry matter, protein, corrected protein and chitin than to other treatments (p < 0.01). GPM presented the highest ADC for lipids (p < 0.01). In general, the TMM presented better ADC of nutrients and energy and all the insect meals evaluated are potential feed for Nile tilapia fingerlings.
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Gasco L, Biasato I, Dabbou S, Schiavone A, Gai F. Animals Fed Insect-Based Diets: State-of-the-Art on Digestibility, Performance and Product Quality. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E170. [PMID: 30995783 PMCID: PMC6523619 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, the industrial compound feed production throughout the world was 1103 metric billion tons, which was an increase of 3% compared to 2017. In order to meet the needs of the increasing population, a further increment in compound feed production is necessary. Conventional protein sources are no longer suitable to completely satisfy the increment of feed production in a sustainable way. Insects are one of the most promising options, due to their valuable nutritional features. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of research on the use of insect meals and oils in aquatic, avian and other animal species diets, focusing mainly on the effects on digestibility, performance and product quality. In general, insect-derived product digestibility is affected by the insect species, the inclusion levels and by the process. Sometimes, the presence of chitin can lead to a decrease in nutrient digestibility. The same considerations are true for animal performance. As far as product quality is concerned, a dramatic effect of insect products has been recorded for the fatty acid profile, with a decrease in valuable n3 fatty acids. Sensory analyses have reported no or slight differences. Insect-derived products seem to be a good alternative to conventional feed sources and can make an important contribution to the sustainable development of the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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Roncarati A, Cappuccinelli R, Meligrana MCT, Anedda R, Uzzau S, Melotti P. Growing Trial of Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata) Juveniles Fed on Chironomid Meal as a Partial Substitution for Fish Meal. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040144. [PMID: 30987175 PMCID: PMC6523067 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In fish feeding, importance has been placed on the search for alternative ingredients to fish meal and fish oil due to the decline in fishery supplies and high fluctuations in the price of aquatic ingredients. One of the most promising alternative feedstuffs to date is insects as they are considered to be a sustainable source of amino acids and other essential nutrients. In this study, we evaluated the growth performances of gilthead sea bream that were fed two diets containing different amounts of insect meal, composed of chironomids at the larval stage, in order to reduce the protein source provided by fish meal. Chironomids were collected from aquatic environments, processed, analyzed, and included in these two feeds. We ascertained that the two feeds containing chironomid meal were well accepted. Both the replacements in the diets resulted in suitable growth performances and were not significantly different from the growth that resulted from the fish fed the control diet. We suggest that it is possible to harvest chironomids when the maximum concentration of larvae is found in the aquatic environment, or the other alternative is to culture them in ponds or natural basins. In this way, we can add the chironomid species to the list of insects that can be used for feed production in aquaculture. Abstract Insect meal derived from chironomid larvae and collected from aquatic environments was included in the feed of gilthead sea bream juveniles (75 ± 1.1 g) in a growth trial of 90 days. Three feeds, which were namely one control (L1) and two experimental diets (L2, L3), were analyzed and formulated as isonitrogenous (45%) and isolipidic (13%). In L1, the protein source was mainly soybean meal (32%), followed by fish meal (20%), wheat meal (20%), gluten corn (17%), and hemoglobin (11%). In L2, the proportion of soybean meal was increased (33.5%), followed by gluten corn (21%), wheat meal (14%), and hemoglobin (11%), whereas the fish meal source was reduced (15%) due to the inclusion of chironomids (5%). In L3, the proportion of fish meal was further reduced (8%) and that of chironomid meal was increased to 10% of the protein source. The L2 and L3 groups showed similar growth performances with respect to the L1 group. The feed conversion rate was favorable in all the groups, ranging from 1.18 (L1) to 1.22 (L3). Survival rates varied from 93.62% (L3) to 94.31% (L1). Feed palatability showed similar results for all diets. Although the inclusion of chironomid meal was used in small quantities, our results suggest a significant advantage in replacing 50% of the fish meal with the chironomid meal for growing gilthead sea bream fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Cappuccinelli
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Edificio 10 del Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, 09010 Pula, Italy.
| | - Marina C T Meligrana
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Roberto Anedda
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Edificio 10 del Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, 09010 Pula, Italy.
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Edificio 10 del Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico della Sardegna, 09010 Pula, Italy.
| | - Paolo Melotti
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Replacement of Fish Meal by Defatted Yellow Mealworm ( Tenebrio molitor) Larvae in Diet Improves Growth Performance and Disease Resistance in Red Seabream ( Pargus major). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9030100. [PMID: 30893916 PMCID: PMC6466227 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yellow mealworm is a potential novel protein source for sustainable food production, especially for aquaculture. In this study, the intake of a diet including defatted mealworm larvae was compared with a control diet containing fish meal from anchovy in a feeding trial with red seabream. As a result, the growth of red seabream fed the diet including defatted mealworm larvae with complete replacement of fish meal was higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Moreover, red seabreams fed diets including mealworm larvae gained disease resistance against pathogenic bacteria. The defatting process is thought to be important for insect-based diets, and the potential functional benefits for cultured fish from the diets, such as acquiring disease resistance, are remarkable. Abstract Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae are a potential alternative animal protein source for sustainable aquaculture. However, reports on the successful complete substitution of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae in an aquaculture diet have been limited. In this study, we conducted a feeding trial with red seabream (Pagrus major) being fed diets with partial or complete replacement of fish meal with yellow mealworm larvae defatted with a hexane–ethanol solution. Feed intake in red seabream increased in accordance with yellow mealworm larvae inclusion, and diets including 65% defatted mealworm larvae (complete replacement of fish meal) showed significant growth promotion. The addition of the oil fraction from mealworm larvae to diets resulted in growth reduction, despite meeting the nutritional requirements of red seabream. Moreover, the survival rate of red seabreams fed diets with partial replacement of fish meal with mealworm larvae was significantly higher in a challenge test with pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. The present study demonstrated that yellow mealworm larvae are not merely an alternative animal protein, but have potential as functional feed ingredients for aquaculture production.
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Gasco L, Dabbou S, Trocino A, Xiccato G, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Dezzutto D, Birolo M, Meneguz M, Schiavone A, Gai F. Effect of dietary supplementation with insect fats on growth performance, digestive efficiency and health of rabbits. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30675348 PMCID: PMC6337837 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work aimed at evaluating the effect of the dietary replacement of soybean oil (S) by two types of insect fats extracted from black soldier fly larvae (H, Hermetia illucens L.) and yellow mealworm larvae (T, Tenebrio molitor L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and health of growing rabbits. METHODS At weaning, 200 crossbred rabbits (36 days old) were allotted to five dietary treatments (40 rabbits/group): a control diet (C) containing 1.5% of soybean oil and four experimental diets where soybean oil was partially (50%) or totally (100%) substituted by H (H50 and H100) or T (T50 and T100) fats. Total tract digestibility was evaluated on 12 rabbits per treatment. The growth trial lasted 41 d and, at slaughtering (78 days old), blood samples were collected from 15 rabbits per treatment, morphometric analyses were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa, and samples of liver, spleen and kidney were submitted to histological evaluation. RESULTS No difference was observed between the control and the experimental groups fed insect fats in terms of performance, morbidity, mortality and blood variables. The addition of H and T fats did not influence apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, ether extract, fibre fractions and gross energy. Gut morphometric indices and organ histopathology were not affected by dietary inclusion of H and T fats. CONCLUSIONS H and T fats are suitable sources of lipid in rabbit diets to replace soybean oil without any detrimental effect on growth performance, apparent digestibility, gut mucosa traits and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Dezzutto
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Birolo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research on Sustainability, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10100 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Henry MA, Gai F, Enes P, Peréz-Jiménez A, Gasco L. Effect of partial dietary replacement of fishmeal by yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae meal on the innate immune response and intestinal antioxidant enzymes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:308-313. [PMID: 30219384 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of 25 and 50% dietary inclusion of yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (TM), larvae on the intestinal antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and immune system of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed for 90 days with a control diet (TM0) or with 2 test diets (TM25 and TM50) where 35 and 67% of the fishmeal was replaced by TM larvae meal respectively. At the end of the growth trial, humoral immune parameters were assessed in the sera of the fish and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were measured in intestine homogenates. The present results show a strong increase of the activity of the antioxidant intestinal enzymes and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Increased trypsin inhibition and faster antibacterial activity of the serum were also detected. These evidences could be due to the physiological similarities between the exoskeleton of parasites and insects. The present findings reinforce the previous results which revealed a positive effect of the dietary TM on rainbow trout growth and further confirm its adequacy for fishmeal partial replacement in aquafeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henry
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition and Pathology, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Aghios Kosmas, 16777, Elliniko, Greece.
| | - F Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - P Enes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Peréz-Jiménez
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - L Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Turin, Italy
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62
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Secci G, Mancini S, Iaconisi V, Gasco L, Basto A, Parisi G. Can the inclusion of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in diet affect the flesh quality/nutritional traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after freezing and cooking? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2018; 70:161-171. [PMID: 30012023 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2018.1489529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical parameters of rainbow trout fillets were tested during 120 days of frozen storage and following cooking. The fillets were obtained from rainbow trout-fed diets where dietary fishmeal was substituted with Hermetia illucens meal at 0, 25 and 50% inclusion levels, corresponding to control (C), Hi25, and Hi50 diets. Variations in quality traits of fillets emerged after 30 days of frozen storage, however they remained almost unchanged for the other 90 days. Increasing levels of H. illucens did not affect pH, shear stress, colour and water holding capacity of fillets. Saturated fatty acids were highly present in Hi50 samples, the polyunsaturated and some monounsaturated ones were higher in C than Hi50, whereas Hi25 always assumed intermediate contents in raw and cooked samples. A medium substitution at the 25% seemed to be the most practical application of insect meal in order to not modify too much the fillets characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Secci
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Simone Mancini
- b Department of Veterinary Sciences , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Valeria Iaconisi
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- c Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences , University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Ana Basto
- d Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research , University of Porto , Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões , Matosinhos , Portugal
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- a Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Sciences , University of Florence , Firenze , Italy
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63
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Zarantoniello M, Bruni L, Randazzo B, Vargas A, Gioacchini G, Truzzi C, Annibaldi A, Riolo P, Parisi G, Cardinaletti G, Tulli F, Olivotto I. Partial Dietary Inclusion of Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) Full-Fat Prepupae in Zebrafish Feed: Biometric, Histological, Biochemical, and Molecular Implications. Zebrafish 2018; 15:519-532. [PMID: 29912648 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to minimal environmental impact, compared to most conventional feed commodities, insects deserve a growing attention as candidate ingredients for aquafeeds. This study tested, for the first time during zebrafish larval rearing, the effects of an increasing replacement (0%-25%-50%) of fish meal by black soldier fly (BSF) full-fat prepupae meal. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isolipidic. A multidisciplinary approach, including biometrics, histology, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and molecular analyses, was applied to better understand the biological responses of larval zebrafish to the different partial inclusions of BSF in the feed. Generally, results are promising, but a 50% of BSF meal inclusion in the diet affected both lipid composition and accumulation in the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zarantoniello
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bruni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DISPAA), Università di Firenze , Firenze, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Arturo Vargas
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Annibaldi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente (DISPAA), Università di Firenze , Firenze, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- 4 Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- 4 Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali (Di4A), Università di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
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64
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Khan S, Khan RU, Alam W, Sultan A. Evaluating the nutritive profile of three insect meals and their effects to replace soya bean in broiler diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:e662-e668. [PMID: 29098730 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of maggot meal, silkworm meal and mealworm as dietary protein source on the production performance and some aspects of meat quality in broilers. In this regard, maggot meal was reared on chicken offal and poultry waste. Silkworm meal was obtained from silk industry, while mealworm was developed through beetles rearing. A total of 120-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups where soya bean meal (M0) was replaced with maggot meal (M1), silkworm meal (M2) and mealworm (M3) respectively. Each group was further divided into three replicates. The study was carried out for a period of 5 weeks. Diets containing mealworm significantly reduced overall feed consumption and resulted into higher weight gain (p < .05). Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for birds fed with mealworm diet (p < .05). Tenderness and juiciness of meat were higher (p < .05) in M3 compared to the control and other treatments. Mortality did not vary between the control and the treated groups. Therefore, it is concluded that insect meal is rich in essential nutrients and could be successfully used in broiler ration without compromising acceptability. In the light of this study, mealworm is the best choice in broiler ration, in comparison with maggot and silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - R U Khan
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - W Alam
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - A Sultan
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
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65
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Vargas A, Randazzo B, Riolo P, Truzzi C, Gioacchini G, Giorgini E, Loreto N, Ruschioni S, Zarantoniello M, Antonucci M, Polverini S, Cardinaletti G, Sabbatini S, Tulli F, Olivotto I. Rearing Zebrafish on Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens): Biometric, Histological, Spectroscopic, Biochemical, and Molecular Implications. Zebrafish 2018; 15:404-419. [PMID: 29589997 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2017.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A desirable goal of the aquaculture sector is to replace most of fish meal and fish oil with more sustainable, cost-effective, and environmental friendly ingredients ensuring fish health and welfare standards. Due to minimal environmental impact, compared with most conventional feed commodities, insects deserve a growing attention as candidate ingredients for aquafeeds. The present study investigated, for the first time, the possible application of a 100% insect diet in zebrafish larval rearing. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the major biological responses of fish to the new diets were assessed. Results of biometry, fatty acid composition, expression of genes involved in fish growth, stress response, lipid metabolism, chitinolytic activity, gut inflammation, and liver macromolecular composition suggested a possible application of insect larvae for zebrafish larval rearing. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the use of this insect species in the rearing of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Vargas
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Truzzi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gioacchini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giorgini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Nino Loreto
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Zarantoniello
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonucci
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Sara Polverini
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloriana Cardinaletti
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Simona Sabbatini
- 4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica , Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine , Udine, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Ancona, Italy
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66
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A novel biological recovery approach for PHA employing selective digestion of bacterial biomass in animals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2117-2127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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67
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Gasco L, Gai F, Maricchiolo G, Genovese L, Ragonese S, Bottari T, Caruso G. Fishmeal Alternative Protein Sources for Aquaculture Feeds. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77941-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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68
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Dobermann D, Swift JA, Field LM. Opportunities and hurdles of edible insects for food and feed. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Dobermann
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
- University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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69
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Borrelli L, Coretti L, Dipineto L, Bovera F, Menna F, Chiariotti L, Nizza A, Lembo F, Fioretti A. Insect-based diet, a promising nutritional source, modulates gut microbiota composition and SCFAs production in laying hens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16269. [PMID: 29176587 PMCID: PMC5701250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects could be potential nutritional sources both for humans and animals. Among these, Hermetia illucens, with good amount of chitin and proteins, represents a suitable diet replacement for laying hens. Little is known about insect diet effects on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and bacterial metabolites production. In this study we investigated the effect of H. illucens larvae meal administration on cecal microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in laying hens. 16S rDNA sequencing showed strong differences between cecal microbiota of soybean (SD) and insect diet (ID) groups both in type and relative abundance (unweighted and weighted beta diversity) of microbial species. In particular, Bacteroides plebeius, Elusimicrobium minutum, Alkaliphilus transvaalensis, Christensenella minuta, Vallitalea guaymasensis and Flavonifractor plautii represented the principal contributors of changes in gut microbiota composition of ID group (FDR p-values < 0.05). Of these, F. plautii, C. minuta and A. transvaalensis have the potential to degrade the chitin’s insect meal and correlated with the observed high levels of gut SCFAs produced in ID group. These microorganisms may thus connect the chitin degradation with high SCFAs production. Our results suggest H. illucens as a potential prebiotic by well feeding gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. .,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" IEOS, National Research Council CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Menna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Chiariotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "Gaetano Salvatore" IEOS, National Research Council CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nizza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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70
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Su J, Gong Y, Cao S, Lu F, Han D, Liu H, Jin J, Yang Y, Zhu X, Xie S. Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal on the growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:59-66. [PMID: 28807649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of diets containing mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) meal in partial substitution of fishmeal on growth performance and immune responses of juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Four diets were formulated to contain 0 (the control diet), 9, 18 and 27 g mealworm meal per 100 g diet with 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of fishmeal replacement, respectively. Yellow catfish were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates in each group. The fish in each group were fed with one of the four experimental diets for 5 weeks. Growth performance, plasma parameters (SOD, MDA, IgM, C3, lysozyme) and immune related genes (MHC II, IL-1, CypA, IgM, HE) of yellow catfish were determined at the end of the feeding trial, as well as 24 h post bacterial (Edwardsiella ictaluri) challenge. The present results showed that dietary inclusion of mealworm meal (MW) had no negative effects on the growth performance of the juvenile yellow catfish, compared to the control group. At the end of the feeding trial, plasma MDA contents of MW supplemented groups were significant lower than the control group. Plasma SOD activities increased significantly with the increasing dietary MW contents at the end of feeding trial (pre-challenge) and 24 h post challenge with E. ictaluri. Significant increase of plasma lysozyme activity was found in MW supplemented groups compared to the control group 24 h post bacterial challenge. Plasma IgM levels increased significantly with the increasing dietary MW contents at the end of feeding trial. Compared with the control group, the immune related genes of MHC II, IL-1, IgM and HE of the fish in the MW supplemented groups significantly upregulated pre-challenge or 24 h post bacterial challenge. Finally, it was observed that the survival rate of the 27% MW group was significant higher (P < 0.05) than the control group but was not significantly differed from the 18% MW group. The present results indicated that dietary inclusion level of at least 18% MW could improve the immune response and the bacterial resistance of yellow catfish without any negative growth effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Su
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yulong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shenping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
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71
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Effects of dietary replacement of fishmeal by mealworm meal on muscle quality of farmed shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Food Res Int 2017; 102:445-450. [PMID: 29195971 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the muscle quality of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed on a diet containing different proportions of mealworm meal (MW) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as a substitute for fishmeal, which is the normal diet used in shrimp commercial production. The proximate composition, fatty acid profile, colour and texture of the shrimps were evaluated. Moisture, protein, and ash content of shrimp muscle were not significantly altered when fishmeal was replaced by MW (p>0.05). However, the replacement resulted in a linear increase in lipid content (p<0.05). The fatty acid composition of the experimental diets directly mirrored the fatty acid composition of shrimp muscle. The absence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in MW composition resulted in a linear decrease in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids in shrimp muscle with increasing levels of MW in the diet. The n-3/n-6 ratio ranged from 0.50 to 0.67. Colour and firmness were unchanged between the treatments. Although the use of MW as a fishmeal substitute in L. vannamei diets has affected the lipid and fatty acid composition of shrimp muscle, from a human nutritional perspective, the lipid content of the shrimps is considered low and the n-3/n-6 ratio remained within the human dietary requirements. Therefore the use of a mealworm diet for shrimp production is a viable alternative to increasingly expensive fishmeal based diets.
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72
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Ottoboni M, Spranghers T, Pinotti L, Baldi A, De Jaeghere W, Eeckhout M. Inclusion of Hermetia Illucens larvae or prepupae in an experimental extruded feed: process optimisation and impact on in vitro digestibility. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1372698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ottoboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Spranghers
- Vakgroep Gewasbescherming, Universiteit Gent, Gent, België
- Vakgroep Dierlijke Productie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, België
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Wesley De Jaeghere
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Technologie, Universiteit Gent, Gent, België
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Vakgroep Toegepaste Biowetenschappen, Universiteit Gent, Gent, België
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73
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Liebert F. Invited review: Further progress is needed in procedures for the biological evaluation of dietary protein quality in pig and poultry feeds. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-259-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Recently, biological procedures for feed protein evaluation in pig and poultry diets have been based on the amino acid composition of feed ingredients considering the animal's losses during processes of digestion or total protein utilization in a different manner. Such a development towards individual amino acids (AAs) was inevitable according to the disadvantage of traditional protein quality measures, like biological value (BV) or net protein utilization (NPU), to be non-additive in complex animal diets. In consequence, such measures are generally not suitable for predicting the final protein quality of protein mixtures from the individual protein value of feed ingredients. Otherwise, recent measures of AA disappearance from the small intestine up to the end of the ileum (ileal AA digestibility) also do not provide a true reflection of the biological availability of individual feed AAs independent of the extent of taking into account endogenous AA losses during digestion processes. Sophisticated procedures for protein evaluation are needed considering the AA losses, both during absorption and utilization after absorption. Advantages and limitations of important developments in procedures are discussed. Accordingly, the development of an exponential modelling approach is described (the Göttingen approach), which overcomes some of the traditional disadvantages by measuring the individual AA efficiency. Connecting feed protein evaluation, the modelling of quantitative AA requirements, and improved ideal protein concepts offers different fields of application. In addition, as demonstrated by example, the modelling of nitrogen losses per unit protein deposition and the minimizing of this parameter yields a further interesting tool for lowering the nitrogen burden from protein utilization processes. Finally, it is pointed out that traditional laboratory procedures also need to be updated, adapted to current knowledge, and validated according to the increasing hurdles for animal studies from the viewpoint of animal welfare. Modelling is a procedure with the potential to reduce the number of experimental animals significantly. This development needs more attention, higher acceptance, and wider application in the future of protein evaluation.
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74
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Renna M, Schiavone A, Gai F, Dabbou S, Lussiana C, Malfatto V, Prearo M, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Biasibetti E, De Marco M, Brugiapaglia A, Zoccarato I, Gasco L. Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:57. [PMID: 28680591 PMCID: PMC5494141 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two trials were performed to evaluate a partially defatted Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal as potential feed ingredient in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. In the first trial, 360 trout (178.9 ± 9.8 g of mean initial body weight) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (4 tanks/treatment, 30 fish/tank). The fish were fed for 78 days with isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets containing increasing levels of HI, on as fed basis: 0% (HI0, control diet), 25% (HI25) and 50% (HI50) of fish meal substitution, corresponding to dietary inclusion levels of 0, 20% and 40%. In the second trial, 36 trout (4 tanks/treatment, 3 fish/tank) were used to evaluate the in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the same diets used in the first trial. RESULTS Survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, and dorsal fillet physical quality parameters were not affected by diet. The highest dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal increased dry matter and ether extract contents of trout dorsal fillet. The use of HI larvae meal induced a decrease of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even if differences were only reported at the highest level of HI inclusion. The insect meal worsened the lipids health indexes of the same muscle. Dietary inclusion of insect meal did not alter the villus height of the fish. No differences were found among treatments in relation to ADC of ether extract and gross energy, while ADC of dry matter and crude protein were higher in HI25 if compared to HI50. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results showed that a partially defatted HI larvae meal can be used as feed ingredient in trout diets up to 40% of inclusion level without impacting survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, dorsal fillet physical quality parameters, and intestinal morphology of the fish. However, further investigations on specific feeding strategies and diet formulations are needed to limit the observed negative effects of the insect meal on the FA composition of dorsal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Renna
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - A. Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - F. Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - S. Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - C. Lussiana
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - V. Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - M. Prearo
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - M. T. Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - I. Biasato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - E. Biasibetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - M. De Marco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - A. Brugiapaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - I. Zoccarato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - L. Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
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