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Chakravarty P, Cozzi G, Dejnabadi H, Léziart P, Manser M, Ozgul A, Aminian K. Seek and learn: Automated identification of microevents in animal behaviour using envelopes of acceleration data and machine learning. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Chakravarty
- School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre Kuruman River Reserve Van Zylsrus South Africa
| | | | - Pierre‐Alexandre Léziart
- School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Sciences Industrielles de l'Ingénieur Ecole Normale Supérieure de Rennes Rennes France
| | - Marta Manser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre Kuruman River Reserve Van Zylsrus South Africa
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre Kuruman River Reserve Van Zylsrus South Africa
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Hendriks SJ, Phyn CVC, Huzzey JM, Mueller KR, Turner SA, Donaghy DJ, Roche JR. Graduate Student Literature Review: Evaluating the appropriate use of wearable accelerometers in research to monitor lying behaviors of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:12140-12157. [PMID: 33069407 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, animal behavior has been studied through close and extensive observation of individual animals and has relied on subjective assessments. Wearable technologies that allow the automation of dairy cow behavior recording currently dominate the precision dairy technology market. Wearable accelerometers provide new opportunities in animal ethology using quantitative measures of dairy cow behavior. Recent research developments indicate that quantitative measures of behavior may provide new objective on-farm measures to assist producers in predicting, diagnosing, and managing disease or injury on farms and allowing producers to monitor cow comfort and estrus behavior. These recent research developments and a large increase in the availability of wearable accelerometers have led to growing interest of both researchers and producers in this technology. This review aimed to summarize the studies that have validated lying behavior derived from accelerometers and to describe the factors that should be considered when using leg-attached accelerometers and neck-worn collars to describe lying behavior (e.g., lying time and lying bouts) in dairy cows for research purposes. Specifically, we describe accelerometer technology, including the instrument properties and methods for recording motion; the raw data output from accelerometers; and methods developed for the transformation of raw data into meaningful and interpretable information. We highlight differences in validation study outcomes for researchers to consider when developing their own experimental methodology for the use of accelerometers to record lying behaviors in dairy cows. Finally, we discuss several factors that may influence the data recorded by accelerometers and highlight gaps in the literature. We conclude that researchers using accelerometers to record lying behaviors in dairy cattle should (1) select an accelerometer device that, based on device attachment and sampling rate, is appropriate to record the behavior of interest; (2) account for cow-, farm-, and management-related factors that could affect the lying behaviors recorded; (3) determine the appropriate editing criteria for the accurate interpretation of their data; (4) support their chosen method of recording, editing, and interpreting the data by referencing an appropriately designed and accurate validation study published in the literature; and (5) report, in detail, their methodology to ensure others can decipher how the data were captured and understand potential limitations of their methodology. We recommend that standardized protocols be developed for collecting, analyzing, and reporting lying behavior data recorded using wearable accelerometers for dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hendriks
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - C V C Phyn
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - J M Huzzey
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo 93407
| | - K R Mueller
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - S-A Turner
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - D J Donaghy
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - J R Roche
- DairyNZ Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Chapa JM, Maschat K, Iwersen M, Baumgartner J, Drillich M. Accelerometer systems as tools for health and welfare assessment in cattle and pigs - A review. Behav Processes 2020; 181:104262. [PMID: 33049377 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Welfare assessment has traditionally been performed by direct observation by humans, providing information at only selected points in time. Recently, this assessment method has been questioned, as 'Precision Livestock Farming' technologies may be able to deliver more valid, reliable and feasible real-time data at the individual level and serve as early monitoring systems for animal welfare. The aim of this paper is to describe how accelerometers can be used for welfare assessment based on the principles of the Welfare Quality assessment protocol. Algorithm development is based mainly on the detection of behavioural traits. So far, high accuracies have been found for movement and resting behaviours in cows and pigs, while algorithm development for feeding and drinking behaviours in pigs lag behind progress in cows where valid algorithms are already available. Welfare studies have used accelerometer technology to address the effects on behaviour of diet, daily cycle, enrichment, housing, social mixing, oestrus, lameness and disease. Additional aspects to consider before a decision is made upon its use in research and in practical applications include battery life and sensor location. While accelerometer systems for cows are already being used by farmers, application in pigs has mainly remained at the research level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Chapa
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Kristina Maschat
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; FFoQSI GmbH - Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Iwersen
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Baumgartner
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Drillich
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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55
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Validation of a tail-mounted triaxial accelerometer for measuring foals' lying and motor behavior. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The growth in wirelessly enabled sensor network technologies has enabled the low cost deployment of sensor platforms with applications in a range of sectors and communities. In the agricultural domain such sensors have been the foundation for the creation of decision support tools that enhance farm operational efficiency. This Research Reflection illustrates how these advances are assisting dairy farmers to optimise performance and illustrates where emerging sensor technology can offer additional benefits. One of the early applications for sensor technology at an individual animal level was the accurate identification of cattle entering into heat (oestrus) to increase the rate of successful pregnancies and thus optimise milk yield per animal. This was achieved through the use of activity monitoring collars and leg tags. Additional information relating to the behaviour of the cattle, namely the time spent eating and ruminating, was subsequently derived from collars giving further insights of economic value into the wellbeing of the animal, thus an enhanced range of welfare related services have been provisioned. The integration of the information from neck-mounted collars with the compositional analysis data of milk measured at a robotic milking station facilitates the early diagnosis of specific illnesses such as mastitis. The combination of different data streams also serves to eliminate the generation of false alarms, improving the decision making capability. The principle of integrating more data streams from deployed on-farm systems, for example, with feed composition data measured at the point of delivery using instrumented feeding wagons, supports the optimisation of feeding strategies and identification of the most productive animals. Optimised feeding strategies reduce operational costs and minimise waste whilst ensuring high welfare standards. These IoT-inspired solutions, made possible through Internet-enabled cloud data exchange, have the potential to make a major impact within farming practices. This paper gives illustrative examples and considers where new sensor technology from the automotive industry may also have a role.
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Gunner RM, Wilson RP, Holton MD, Scott R, Hopkins P, Duarte CM. A new direction for differentiating animal activity based on measuring angular velocity about the yaw axis. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7872-7886. [PMID: 32760571 PMCID: PMC7391348 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animal-attached data loggers to quantify animal movement has increased in popularity and application in recent years. High-resolution tri-axial acceleration and magnetometry measurements have been fundamental in elucidating fine-scale animal movements, providing information on posture, traveling speed, energy expenditure, and associated behavioral patterns. Heading is a key variable obtained from the tandem use of magnetometers and accelerometers, although few field investigations have explored fine-scale changes in heading to elucidate differences in animal activity (beyond the notable exceptions of dead-reckoning).This paper provides an overview of the value and use of animal heading and a prime derivative, angular velocity about the yaw axis, as an important element for assessing activity extent with potential to allude to behaviors, using "free-ranging" Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) as a model species.We also demonstrate the value of yaw rotation for assessing activity extent, which varies over the time scales considered and show that various scales of body rotation, particularly rate of change of yaw, can help resolve differences between fine-scale behavior-specific movements. For example, oscillating yaw movements about a central point of the body's arc implies bouts of foraging, while unusual circling behavior, indicative of conspecific interactions, could be identified from complete revolutions of the longitudinal axis.We believe this approach should help identification of behaviors and "space-state" approaches to enhance our interpretation of behavior-based movements, particularly in scenarios where acceleration metrics have limited value, such as for slow-moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Gunner
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Rory P. Wilson
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Mark D. Holton
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Rebecca Scott
- Future Ocean Cluster of ExcellenceGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
- Natural Environmental Research Council, Polaris HouseSwindonUK
| | - Phil Hopkins
- Swansea Lab for Animal Movement, BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
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Jeantet L, Planas-Bielsa V, Benhamou S, Geiger S, Martin J, Siegwalt F, Lelong P, Gresser J, Etienne D, Hiélard G, Arque A, Regis S, Lecerf N, Frouin C, Benhalilou A, Murgale C, Maillet T, Andreani L, Campistron G, Delvaux H, Guyon C, Richard S, Lefebvre F, Aubert N, Habold C, le Maho Y, Chevallier D. Behavioural inference from signal processing using animal-borne multi-sensor loggers: a novel solution to extend the knowledge of sea turtle ecology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200139. [PMID: 32537218 PMCID: PMC7277266 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of sea turtle behaviours is a prerequisite to predicting the activities and time-budget of these animals in their natural habitat over the long term. However, this is hampered by a lack of reliable methods that enable the detection and monitoring of certain key behaviours such as feeding. This study proposes a combined approach that automatically identifies the different behaviours of free-ranging sea turtles through the use of animal-borne multi-sensor recorders (accelerometer, gyroscope and time-depth recorder), validated by animal-borne video-recorder data. We show here that the combination of supervised learning algorithms and multi-signal analysis tools can provide accurate inferences of the behaviours expressed, including feeding and scratching behaviours that are of crucial ecological interest for sea turtles. Our procedure uses multi-sensor miniaturized loggers that can be deployed on free-ranging animals with minimal disturbance. It provides an easily adaptable and replicable approach for the long-term automatic identification of the different activities and determination of time-budgets in sea turtles. This approach should also be applicable to a broad range of other species and could significantly contribute to the conservation of endangered species by providing detailed knowledge of key animal activities such as feeding, travelling and resting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Jeantet
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Víctor Planas-Bielsa
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC 98000Monaco
| | - Simon Benhamou
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, CNRS, Montpellier, France & Cogitamus Lab
| | - Sebastien Geiger
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jordan Martin
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Flora Siegwalt
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Lelong
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Gresser
- DEAL Martinique, Pointe de Jaham, BP 7212, 97274 Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Denis Etienne
- DEAL Martinique, Pointe de Jaham, BP 7212, 97274 Schoelcher Cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Hiélard
- Office de l'Eau Martinique, 7 Avenue Condorcet, BP 32, 97201 Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Alexandre Arque
- Office de l'Eau Martinique, 7 Avenue Condorcet, BP 32, 97201 Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Sidney Regis
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Lecerf
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Frouin
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Céline Murgale
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse a l'âne, 97229 Les Trois Ilets, Martinique
| | - Thomas Maillet
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse a l'âne, 97229 Les Trois Ilets, Martinique
| | - Lucas Andreani
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse a l'âne, 97229 Les Trois Ilets, Martinique
| | - Guilhem Campistron
- Association POEMM, 73 lot papayers, Anse a l'âne, 97229 Les Trois Ilets, Martinique
| | - Hélène Delvaux
- DEAL Guyane, Rue Carlos Finley, CS 76003, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, France
| | - Christelle Guyon
- DEAL Guyane, Rue Carlos Finley, CS 76003, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Richard
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Centre Spatial Guyanais, BP 726, 97387 Kourou Cedex, Guyane
| | - Fabien Lefebvre
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Aubert
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon le Maho
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Département de Biologie Polaire, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC 98000Monaco
| | - Damien Chevallier
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS–Unistra, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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O'Leary N, Byrne D, O'Connor A, Shalloo L. Invited review: Cattle lameness detection with accelerometers. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3895-3911. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Phi Khanh PC, Tran DT, Duong VT, Thinh NH, Tran DN. The new design of cows' behavior classifier based on acceleration data and proposed feature set. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2020; 17:2760-2780. [PMID: 32987494 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitor and classify behavioral activities in cows is a helpful support solution for livestock based on the analysis of data from sensors attached to the animal. Accelerometers are particularly suited for monitoring cow behaviors due to small size, lightweight and high accuracy. Nevertheless, the interpretation of the data collected by such sensors when characterizing the type of behaviors still brings major challenges to developers, related to activity complexity (i.e., certain behaviors contain similar gestures). This paper presents a new design of cows' behavior classifier based on acceleration data and proposed feature set. Analysis of cow acceleration data is used to extract features for classification using machine learning algorithms. We found that with 5 features (mean, standard deviation, root mean square, median, range) and 16-second window of data (1 sample/second), classification of seven cow behaviors (including feeding, lying, standing, lying down, standing up, normal walking, active walking) achieved the overall highest performance. We validated the results with acceleration data from a public source. Performance of our proposed classifier was evaluated and compared to existing ones in terms of the sensitivity, the accuracy, the positive predictive value, and the negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Cong Phi Khanh
- VNU University of Engineering and Technology, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Tan Tran
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Van Tu Duong
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute-Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, Ward 13, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Hong Thinh
- VNU University of Engineering and Technology, 144 Xuan Thuy, Hanoi City, Vietnam
| | - Duc-Nghia Tran
- Institute of Information Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi City, Vietnam
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Identifying Sheep Activity from Tri-Axial Acceleration Signals Using a Moving Window Classification Model. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Behaviour is a useful indicator of an individual animal’s overall wellbeing. There is widespread agreement that measuring and monitoring individual behaviour autonomously can provide valuable opportunities to trigger and refine on-farm management decisions. Conventionally, this has required visual observation of animals across a set time period. Technological advancements, such as animal-borne accelerometers, are offering 24/7 monitoring capability. Accelerometers have been used in research to quantify animal behaviours for a number of years. Now, technology and software developers, and more recently decision support platform providers, are integrating to offer commercial solutions for the extensive livestock industries. For these systems to function commercially, data must be captured, processed and analysed in sync with data acquisition. Practically, this requires a continuous stream of data or a duty cycled data segment and, from an analytics perspective, the application of moving window algorithms to derive the required classification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of a ‘clean state’ moving window behaviour state classification algorithm applied to 3, 5 and 10 second duration segments of data (including behaviour transitions), to categorise data emanating from collar, leg and ear mounted accelerometers on five Merino ewes. The model was successful at categorising grazing, standing, walking and lying behaviour classes with varying sensitivity, and no significant difference in model accuracy was observed between the three moving window lengths. The accuracy in identifying behaviour classes was highest for the ear-mounted sensor (86%–95%), followed by the collar-mounted sensor (67%–88%) and leg-mounted sensor (48%–94%). Between-sheep variations in classification accuracy confirm the sensor orientation is an important source of variation in all deployment modes. This research suggests a moving window classifier is capable of segregating continuous accelerometer signals into exclusive behaviour classes and may provide an appropriate data processing framework for commercial deployments.
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Gou X, Tsunekawa A, Peng F, Zhao X, Li Y, Lian J. Method for Classifying Behavior of Livestock on Fenced Temperate Rangeland in Northern China. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235334. [PMID: 31817009 PMCID: PMC6928611 DOI: 10.3390/s19235334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Different livestock behaviors have distinct effects on grassland degradation. However, because direct observation of livestock behavior is time- and labor-intensive, an automated methodology to classify livestock behavior according to animal position and posture is necessary. We applied the Random Forest algorithm to predict livestock behaviors in the Horqin Sand Land by using Global Positioning System (GPS) and tri-axis accelerometer data and then confirmed the results through field observations. The overall accuracy of GPS models was 85% to 90% when the time interval was greater than 300–800 s, which was approximated to the tri-axis model (96%) and GPS-tri models (96%). In the GPS model, the linear backward or forward distance were the most important determinants of behavior classification, and nongrazing was less than 30% when livestock travelled more than 30–50 m over a 5-min interval. For the tri-axis accelerometer model, the anteroposterior acceleration (–3 m/s2) of neck movement was the most accurate determinant of livestock behavior classification. Using instantaneous acceleration of livestock body movement more precisely classified livestock behaviors than did GPS location-based distance metrics. When a tri-axis model is unavailable, GPS models will yield sufficiently reliable classification accuracy when an appropriate time interval is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tsunekawa
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan;
| | - Fei Peng
- International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 73000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xueyong Zhao
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Yulin Li
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jie Lian
- Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tongliao 028300, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.L.)
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Making Sense of Pharmacovigilance and Drug Adverse Event Reporting: Comparative Similarity Association Analysis Using AI Machine Learning Algorithms in Dogs and Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2019; 37:100366. [PMID: 31837760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2019.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-associated adverse events cause approximately 30 billion dollars a year of added health care expense, along with negative health outcomes including patient death. This constitutes a major public health concern. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires drug labeling to include potential adverse effects for each newly developed drug product. With the advancement in incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and potential adverse drug events, published studies have mainly concluded potential ADEs from labeling documents obtained from the FDA's preapproval clinical trials, and very few analyzed their research work based on reported ADEs after widespread use of a drug to animal subjects. The aforesaid procedure of deriving practice based on information from preapproval labeling may misrepresent or deprecate the incidence and prevalence of specific ADEs. In this study, we make the most of the recently disseminated ADE data by the FDA for animal drugs and devices used in animals to address this public and welfare concern. For this purpose, we implemented 5 different methods (Pearson distance, Spearman distance, cosine distance, Yule distance, and Euclidean distance) to determine the most efficient and robust approach to properly discover highly associated ADEs from the reported data and accurately exclude noise-induced reported events, while maintaining a high level of correlation precision. Our comparative analysis of ADEs based on an artificial intelligence (AI) approach for the 5 robust similarity methods revealed high ADE associations for 2 drugs used in dogs and cats. In addition, the described distance methods systematically analyzed and compared ADEs from the drug labeling sections with a specific emphasis on analyzing serious ADEs. Our finding showed that the cosine method significantly outperformed all the other methods by correctly detecting and validating ADEs based on the comparative similarity association analysis compared with ADEs reported by preapproval clinical trials, premarket testing, or postapproval complication experience of FDA-approved animal drugs.
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Abstract
Movement data were collected at a riding stable over seven days. The dataset comprises data from 18 individual horses and ponies with 1.2 million 2-s data samples, of which 93,303 samples have been tagged with labels (labeled data). Data from 11 subjects were labeled. The data from six subjects and six activities were labeled more extensively. Data were collected during horse riding sessions and when the horses freely roamed the pasture over seven days. Sensor devices were attached to a collar that was positioned around the neck of horses. The orientation of the sensor devices was not strictly fixed. The sensors devices contained a three-axis accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer and were sampled at 100 Hz.
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65
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Chakravarty P, Maalberg M, Cozzi G, Ozgul A, Aminian K. Behavioural compass: animal behaviour recognition using magnetometers. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2019; 7:28. [PMID: 31485331 PMCID: PMC6712732 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal-borne data loggers today often house several sensors recording simultaneously at high frequency. This offers opportunities to gain fine-scale insights into behaviour from individual-sensor as well as integrated multi-sensor data. In the context of behaviour recognition, even though accelerometers have been used extensively, magnetometers have recently been shown to detect specific behaviours that accelerometers miss. The prevalent constraint of limited training data necessitates the importance of identifying behaviours with high robustness to data from new individuals, and may require fusing data from both these sensors. However, no study yet has developed an end-to-end approach to recognise common animal behaviours such as foraging, locomotion, and resting from magnetometer data in a common classification framework capable of accommodating and comparing data from both sensors. METHODS We address this by first leveraging magnetometers' similarity to accelerometers to develop biomechanical descriptors of movement: we use the static component given by sensor tilt with respect to Earth's local magnetic field to estimate posture, and the dynamic component given by change in sensor tilt with time to characterise movement intensity and periodicity. We use these descriptors within an existing hybrid scheme that combines biomechanics and machine learning to recognise behaviour. We showcase the utility of our method on triaxial magnetometer data collected on ten wild Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), with annotated video recordings of each individual serving as groundtruth. Finally, we compare our results with accelerometer-based behaviour recognition. RESULTS The overall recognition accuracy of > 94% obtained with magnetometer data was found to be comparable to that achieved using accelerometer data. Interestingly, higher robustness to inter-individual variability in dynamic behaviour was achieved with the magnetometer, while the accelerometer was better at estimating posture. CONCLUSIONS Magnetometers were found to accurately identify common behaviours, and were particularly robust to dynamic behaviour recognition. The use of biomechanical considerations to summarise magnetometer data makes the hybrid scheme capable of accommodating data from either or both sensors within the same framework according to each sensor's strengths. This provides future studies with a method to assess the added benefit of using magnetometers for behaviour recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritish Chakravarty
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maiki Maalberg
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Gabriele Cozzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Kuruman River Reserve, Van Zylsrus, 8467 South Africa
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kalahari Research Centre, Kuruman River Reserve, Van Zylsrus, 8467 South Africa
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Rast W, Barthel LMF, Berger A. Music Festival Makes Hedgehogs Move: How Individuals Cope Behaviorally in Response to Human-Induced Stressors. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9070455. [PMID: 31323837 PMCID: PMC6680799 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mega-events like concerts or festivals can still impact wildlife even when protective measures are taken. We remotely observed eight hedgehogs in a Berlin city park before and during a music festival using measuring devices attached to their bodies. While the actual festival only lasted two days (with about 70,000 visitors each day), setting the area up and removing the stages and stalls took 17 days in total. Construction work continued around the clock, causing an increase in light, noise and human presence throughout the night. In response, the hedgehogs showed clear changes in their behavior in comparison to the 19-day period just before the festival. We found, however, that different individuals responded differently to these changes in their environment. This individuality and behavioral flexibility could be one reason why hedgehogs are able to live in big cities. Abstract Understanding the impact of human activities on wildlife behavior and fitness can improve their sustainability. In a pilot study, we wanted to identify behavioral responses to anthropogenic stress in an urban species during a semi-experimental field study. We equipped eight urban hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus; four per sex) with bio-loggers to record their behavior before and during a mega music festival (2 × 19 days) in Treptower Park, Berlin. We used GPS (Global Positioning System) to monitor spatial behavior, VHF (Very High Frequency)-loggers to quantify daily nest utilization, and accelerometers to distinguish between different behaviors at a high resolution and to calculate daily disturbance (using Degrees of Functional Coupling). The hedgehogs showed clear behavioral differences between the pre-festival and festival phases. We found evidence supporting highly individual strategies, varying between spatial and temporal evasion of the disturbance. Averaging the responses of the individual animals or only examining one behavioral parameter masked these potentially different individual coping strategies. Using a meaningful combination of different minimal-invasive bio-logger types, we were able to show high inter-individual behavioral variance of urban hedgehogs in response to an anthropogenic disturbance, which might be a precondition to persist successfully in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanja Rast
- Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leon M F Barthel
- Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Berger
- Department Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Muminov A, Na D, Lee C, Kang HK, Jeon HS. Modern Virtual Fencing Application: Monitoring and Controlling Behavior of Goats Using GPS Collars and Warning Signals. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19071598. [PMID: 30987020 PMCID: PMC6480636 DOI: 10.3390/s19071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes our virtual fence system for goats. The present invention is a method of controlling goats without visible physical fences and monitoring their condition. Control occurs through affecting goats, using one or more sound signals and electric shocks when they attempt to enter a restricted zone. One of the best Machine Learning (ML) classifications named Support Vector Machines (SVM) is used to observe the condition. A virtual fence boundary can be of any geometrical shape. A smart collar on goats’ necks can be detected by using a virtual fence application. Each smart collar consists of a global positioning system (GPS), an XBee communication module, an mp3 player, and an electrical shocker. Stimuli and classification results are presented from on-farm experiments with a goat equipped with smart collar. Using the proposed stimuli methods, we showed that the probability of a goat receiving an electrical stimulus following an audio cue (dog and emergency sounds) was low (20%) and declined over the testing period. Besides, the RBF kernel-based SVM classification model classified lying behavior with an extremely high classification accuracy (F-score of 1), whilst grazing, running, walking, and standing behaviors were also classified with a high accuracy (F-score of 0.95, 0.97, 0.81, and 0.8, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azamjon Muminov
- Department of Computer Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Daeyoung Na
- Global Leadership School, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea.
| | - Cheolwon Lee
- Department of Computer Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Hyun Kyu Kang
- Department of Computer Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
| | - Heung Seok Jeon
- Department of Computer Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea.
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Minegishi K, Heins B, Pereira G. Peri-estrus activity and rumination time and its application to estrus prediction: Evidence from dairy herds under organic grazing and low-input conventional production. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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69
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New method to automatically evaluate the sexual activity of the ram based on accelerometer records. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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70
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Tamura T, Okubo Y, Deguchi Y, Koshikawa S, Takahashi M, Chida Y, Okada K. Dairy cattle behavior classifications based on decision tree learning using 3-axis neck-mounted accelerometers. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:589-596. [PMID: 30773740 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Demand has been increasing recently for an automated monitoring system of animal behavior as a tool for the management of livestock animals. This study investigated the association between the behavior of dairy cattle and the acceleration data collected using three-axis neck-mounted accelerometers, as well as the feasibility of improving the precision of behavior classifications through machine learning. In total 38 Holstein dairy cows were used, and kept in four different farms. A logger was mounted to each collar to obtain acceleration data for calculating the activity level and variations. At the same time the behavior of the cattle was observed visually. Characteristic acceleration waves were recorded for eating, rumination, and lying, respectively; and the activity level and variations were significantly different among these behaviors (p < 0.01). Decision tree learning was performed on the data set from Farm A and validated its precision; which proved to be 99.2% in cross-validation, and 100% in test data sets from Farms B to D. This study showed that highly precise classifications for eating, rumination, and lying is possible by using decision tree learning to calculate the activity level and variations of cattle based on the data obtained by three-axis accelerometers mounted to a collar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tamura
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Iwate Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yuki Okubo
- Cooperate Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.,Iwate Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Shizu Koshikawa
- Animal Industry Research Institute, Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Takizawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takahashi
- Cooperate Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Keiji Okada
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Cooperate Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Stevenson R, Dalton HA, Erasmus M. Validity of Micro-Data Loggers to Determine Walking Activity of Turkeys and Effects on Turkey Gait. Front Vet Sci 2019; 5:319. [PMID: 30766875 PMCID: PMC6365412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometers have the potential to provide objective, non-invasive methods for detecting changes in animal behavior and health. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the effects of micro-acceleration data loggers (accelerometers) and habituation to accelerometers on turkey gait and health status, (2) determine age-related changes in gait and health status, and (3) assess the validity and reliability of the accelerometers. Thirty-six male commercial turkeys were randomly assigned to one of five groups: accelerometer and habituation period (AH), accelerometer and no habituation period (AN), VetRap bandage (no accelerometer) and habituation period (VH), bandage (no accelerometer) and no habituation period (VN), and nothing on either leg (C). Health status and body condition were assessed prior to video-recording birds as they walked across a Tekscan® pressure pad at 8, 12, and 16 weeks to determine effects of treatment on number of steps, cadence, gait time, gait distance, gait velocity, impulse, gait cycle time, maximum force, peak vertical pressure, single support time, contact time, step length, step time, step velocity, stride length, total double support time, and duty factor. Accelerometer validity and reliability were determined by comparing the number of steps detected by the accelerometer to the number of steps determined from video recordings. Several age-related changes in turkey gait were found regardless of habituation including a slower cadence at 16 weeks, shorter gait distance at 8 weeks, and slower gait velocity at 16 weeks. When comparing bandaged vs. unbandaged limbs, both treatment and age-treatment interactions were found depending on the gait parameter. Accelerometer validity and reliability were affected by both age and treatment. False discovery rate increased, while accuracy and specificity decreased with age. Validity and reliability were lowest for non-habituated birds (AN and VN). Results demonstrated that micro-data loggers do not adversely affect turkey health status, but habituation to wearing accelerometers greatly affects accelerometer reliability and validity. Accelerometer validity and turkey gait are also greatly affected by the age of the turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stevenson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hillary A Dalton
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Erasmus
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Benaissa S, Tuyttens FA, Plets D, Cattrysse H, Martens L, Vandaele L, Joseph W, Sonck B. Classification of ingestive-related cow behaviours using RumiWatch halter and neck-mounted accelerometers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Alsaaod M, Fadul M, Steiner A. Automatic lameness detection in cattle. Vet J 2019; 246:35-44. [PMID: 30902187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for health and welfare monitoring in modern dairy farming. The development of various innovative techniques aims at improving animal behaviour monitoring and thus animal welfare indicators on-farm. Automated lameness detection systems have to be valid, reliable and practicable to be applied in veterinary practice or under farm conditions. The objective of this literature review was to describe the current automated systems for detection of lameness in cattle, which have been recently developed and investigated for application in dairy research and practice. The automatic methods of lameness detection broadly fall into three categories: kinematic, kinetic and indirect methods. The performance of the methods were compared with the reference standard (locomotion score and/or lesion score) and evaluated based on level-based scheme defining the degree of development (level I, sensor technique; level II, validation of algorithm; level III, performance for detection of lameness and/or lesion; level IV, decision support with early warning system). Many scientific studies have been performed on levels I-III, but there are no studies of level IV technology. The adoption rate of automated lameness detection systems by herd managers mainly yields returns on investment by the early identification of lame cows. Long-term studies, using validated automated lameness detection systems aiming at early lameness detection, are still needed in order to improve welfare and production under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Alsaaod
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Mahmoud Fadul
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Switzerland
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75
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Williams LR, Bishop-Hurley GJ, Anderson AE, Swain DL. Application of accelerometers to record drinking behaviour of beef cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometers have been used to record many cattle postures and behaviours including standing, lying, walking, grazing and ruminating but not cattle drinking behaviour. This study explores whether neck-mounted triaxial accelerometers can identify drinking and whether head-neck position and activity can be used to record drinking. Over three consecutive days, data were collected from 12 yearling Brahman cattle each fitted with a collar containing an accelerometer. Each day the cattle were herded into a small yard containing a water trough and allowed 5 min to drink. Drinking, standing (head up), walking and standing (head down) were recorded. Examination of the accelerometer data showed that drinking events were characterised by a unique signature compared with the other behaviours. A linear mixed-effects model identified two variables that reflected differences in head-neck position and activity between drinking and the other behaviours: mean of the z- (front-to-back) axis and variance of the x- (vertical) axis (P < 0.05). Threshold values, derived from Kernel density plots, were applied to classify drinking from the other behaviours using these two variables. The method accurately classified drinking from standing (head up) with 100% accuracy, from walking with 92% accuracy and from standing (head down) with 79% accuracy. The study shows that accelerometers have the potential to record cattle drinking behaviour. Further development of a classification method for drinking is required to allow accelerometer-derived data to be used to improve our understanding of cattle drinking behaviour and ensure that their water intake needs are met.
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Tatler J, Cassey P, Prowse TAA. High accuracy at low frequency: detailed behavioural classification from accelerometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.184085. [PMID: 30322979 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometers are a valuable tool for studying animal behaviour and physiology where direct observation is unfeasible. However, giving biological meaning to multivariate acceleration data is challenging. Here, we describe a method that reliably classifies a large number of behaviours using tri-axial accelerometer data collected at the low sampling frequency of 1 Hz, using the dingo (Canis dingo) as an example. We used out-of-sample validation to compare the predictive performance of four commonly used classification models (random forest, k-nearest neighbour, support vector machine, and naïve Bayes). We tested the importance of predictor variable selection and moving window size for the classification of each behaviour and overall model performance. Random forests produced the highest out-of-sample classification accuracy, with our best-performing model predicting 14 behaviours with a mean accuracy of 87%. We also investigated the relationship between overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) and the activity level of each behaviour, given the increasing use of ODBA in ecophysiology as a proxy for energy expenditure. ODBA values for our four 'high activity' behaviours were significantly greater than all other behaviours, with an overall positive trend between ODBA and intensity of movement. We show that a random forest model of relatively low complexity can mitigate some major challenges associated with establishing meaningful ecological conclusions from acceleration data. Our approach has broad applicability to free-ranging terrestrial quadrupeds of comparable size. Our use of a low sampling frequency shows potential for deploying accelerometers over extended time periods, enabling the capture of invaluable behavioural and physiological data across different ontogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Tatler
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Applied Conservation Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Applied Conservation Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas A A Prowse
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Halachmi I, Guarino M, Bewley J, Pastell M. Smart Animal Agriculture: Application of Real-Time Sensors to Improve Animal Well-Being and Production. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2018; 7:403-425. [PMID: 30485756 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-114851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs in first-world countries has leveled off, but it is rising precipitously in developing countries. Agriculture will have to increase its output to meet demand, opening the door to increased automation and technological innovation; intensified, sustainable farming; and precision livestock farming (PLF) applications. Early indicators of medical problems, which use sensors to alert cattle farmers early concerning individual animals that need special care, are proliferating. Wearable technologies dominate the market. In less-value-per-animal systems like sheep, goat, pig, poultry, and fish, one sensor, like a camera or robot per herd/flock/school, rather than one sensor per animal, will become common. PLF sensors generate huge amounts of data, and many actors benefit from PLF data. No standards currently exist for sharing sensor-generated data, limiting the use of commercial sensors. Technologies providing accurate data can enhance a well-managed farm. Development of methods to turn the data into actionable solutions is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Halachmi
- Laboratory for Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Centre, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Marcella Guarino
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Matti Pastell
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
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Feature Selection and Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms in Classification of Grazing and Rumination Behaviour in Sheep. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18103532. [PMID: 30347653 PMCID: PMC6210268 DOI: 10.3390/s18103532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Grazing and ruminating are the most important behaviours for ruminants, as they spend most of their daily time budget performing these. Continuous surveillance of eating behaviour is an important means for monitoring ruminant health, productivity and welfare. However, surveillance performed by human operators is prone to human variance, time-consuming and costly, especially on animals kept at pasture or free-ranging. The use of sensors to automatically acquire data, and software to classify and identify behaviours, offers significant potential in addressing such issues. In this work, data collected from sheep by means of an accelerometer/gyroscope sensor attached to the ear and collar, sampled at 16 Hz, were used to develop classifiers for grazing and ruminating behaviour using various machine learning algorithms: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), k nearest neighbour (kNN) and adaptive boosting (Adaboost). Multiple features extracted from the signals were ranked on their importance for classification. Several performance indicators were considered when comparing classifiers as a function of algorithm used, sensor localisation and number of used features. Random forest yielded the highest overall accuracies: 92% for collar and 91% for ear. Gyroscope-based features were shown to have the greatest relative importance for eating behaviours. The optimum number of feature characteristics to be incorporated into the model was 39, from both ear and collar data. The findings suggest that one can successfully classify eating behaviours in sheep with very high accuracy; this could be used to develop a device for automatic monitoring of feed intake in the sheep sector to monitor health and welfare.
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Development and validation of an ensemble classifier for real-time recognition of cow behavior patterns from accelerometer data and location data. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203546. [PMID: 30192834 PMCID: PMC6128579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors are important indicators for assessing the health and well-being of dairy cows. The aim of this study is to develop and validate an ensemble classifier for automatically measuring and distinguishing several behavior patterns of dairy cows from accelerometer data and location data. The ensemble classifier consists of two parts, our new Multi-BP-AdaBoost algorithm and a data fusion method based on D-S evidence theory. We identify seven behavior patterns: feeding, lying, standing, lying down, standing up, normal walking, and active walking. Accuracy, sensitivity, and precision were used to validate classification performance. The Multi-BP-AdaBoost algorithm performed well when identifying lying (92% accuracy, 93% sensitivity, 82% precision), lying down (99%, 82%, 86%), standing up (99%, 74%, 85%), normal walking (97%, 92%, 86%), and active walking (99%, 94%, 89%). Its results were poor for feeding (80%, 52%, 55%) and standing (80%, 46%, 58%), which are difficult to differentiate using a leg-mounted sensor. Position data made it possible to differentiate feeding and standing. The D-S evidence fusion method for combining accelerometer data and location data in classification was used to fuse two pieces of basic behavior-related evidence into a single estimation model. With this addition, the sensitivity and precision of the two difficult behaviors increased by approximately 20 percentage points. In conclusion, the classification results indicate that the ensemble classifier effectively recognizes various behavior patterns in dairy cows. However, further work is needed to study the robustness of the feature and model by increasing the number of cows enrolled in the trial.
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Wilson RP, Holton MD, Virgilio A, Williams H, Shepard ELC, Lambertucci S, Quintana F, Sala JE, Balaji B, Lee ES, Srivastava M, Scantlebury DM, Duarte CM. Give the machine a hand: A Boolean time‐based decision‐tree template for rapidly finding animal behaviours in multisensor data. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory P. Wilson
- Department of BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea University Swansea UK
| | - Mark D. Holton
- Department of Computing ScienceCollege of ScienceSwansea University Swansea UK
| | - Agustina Virgilio
- Grupo de Biología de la ConservaciónLaboratorio EcotonoINIBIOMA (CONICET‐Universidad Nacional del Comahue) Bariloche Argentina
- Grupo de Ecología CuantitativaINIBIOMA (CONICET‐Universidad Nacional del Comahue) Bariloche Argentina
| | - Hannah Williams
- Department of BiosciencesCollege of ScienceSwansea University Swansea UK
| | | | - Sergio Lambertucci
- Grupo de Biología de la ConservaciónLaboratorio EcotonoINIBIOMA (CONICET‐Universidad Nacional del Comahue) Bariloche Argentina
| | - Flavio Quintana
- Instituto de Biologia de Organismos Marinos IBIOMAR‐CONICET (9120) Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
| | - Juan E. Sala
- Instituto de Biologia de Organismos Marinos IBIOMAR‐CONICET (9120) Puerto Madryn Chubut Argentina
| | - Bharathan Balaji
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Eun Sun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - Mani Srivastava
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles California
| | - D. Michael Scantlebury
- School of Biological SciencesInstitute for Global Food SecurityQueen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research CentreKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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Barker Z, Vázquez Diosdado J, Codling E, Bell N, Hodges H, Croft D, Amory J. Use of novel sensors combining local positioning and acceleration to measure feeding behavior differences associated with lameness in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6310-6321. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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di Virgilio A, Morales JM, Lambertucci SA, Shepard EL, Wilson RP. Multi-dimensional Precision Livestock Farming: a potential toolbox for sustainable rangeland management. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4867. [PMID: 29868276 PMCID: PMC5984589 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is a promising approach to minimize the conflicts between socio-economic activities and landscape conservation. However, its application on extensive systems of livestock production can be challenging. The main difficulties arise because animals graze on large natural pastures where they are exposed to competition with wild herbivores for heterogeneous and scarce resources, predation risk, adverse weather, and complex topography. Considering that the 91% of the world's surface devoted to livestock production is composed of extensive systems (i.e., rangelands), our general aim was to develop a PLF methodology that quantifies: (i) detailed behavioural patterns, (ii) feeding rate, and (iii) costs associated with different behaviours and landscape traits. METHODS For this, we used Merino sheep in Patagonian rangelands as a case study. We combined data from an animal-attached multi-sensor tag (tri-axial acceleration, tri-axial magnetometry, temperature sensor and Global Positioning System) with landscape layers from a Geographical Information System to acquire data. Then, we used high accuracy decision trees, dead reckoning methods and spatial data processing techniques to show how this combination of tools could be used to assess energy balance, predation risk and competition experienced by livestock through time and space. RESULTS The combination of methods proposed here are a useful tool to assess livestock behaviour and the different factors that influence extensive livestock production, such as topography, environmental temperature, predation risk and competition for heterogeneous resources. We were able to quantify feeding rate continuously through time and space with high accuracy and show how it could be used to estimate animal production and the intensity of grazing on the landscape. We also assessed the effects of resource heterogeneity (inferred through search times), and the potential costs associated with predation risk, competition, thermoregulation and movement on complex topography. DISCUSSION The quantification of feeding rate and behavioural costs provided by our approach could be used to estimate energy balance and to predict individual growth, survival and reproduction. Finally, we discussed how the information provided by this combination of methods can be used to develop wildlife-friendly strategies that also maximize animal welfare, quality and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina di Virgilio
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNCO, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNCO, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNCO, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sergio A. Lambertucci
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA, CONICET-UNCO, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | - Rory P. Wilson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Wales, Swansea, United Kingdom
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83
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Khosravifard S, Venus V, Skidmore AK, Bouten W, Muñoz AR, Toxopeus AG. Identification of Griffon Vulture's Flight Types Using High-Resolution Tracking Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 12:313-325. [PMID: 31007688 PMCID: PMC6445529 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-018-0093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the most frequently killed raptors by collision with wind turbines, little is known about the Griffon vulture's flight strategies and behaviour in a fine scale. In this study, we used high-resolution tracking data to differentiate between the most frequently observed flight types of the Griffon, and evaluated the performance of our proposed approach by an independent observation during a period of 4 weeks of fieldwork. Five passive flight types including three types of soaring and two types of gliding were discriminated using the patterns of measured GPS locations. Of all flight patterns, gliding was classified precisely (precision = 88%), followed by linear and thermal soaring with precision of 83 and 75%, respectively. The overall accuracy of our classification was 70%. Our study contributes a baseline technique using high-resolution tracking data for the classification of flight types, and is one step forward towards the collision management of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khosravifard
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (IT1C), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valentijn Venus
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (IT1C), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew K. Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (IT1C), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Bouten
- Computational Geo-Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio R. Muñoz
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Research Team, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Albertus G. Toxopeus
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (IT1C), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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84
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Validation of accelerometer use to measure suckling behaviour in Northern Australian beef calves. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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85
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Thiebault A, Dubroca L, Mullers RH, Tremblay Y, Pistorius PA. “
m
2
b
” package in
r
: Deriving multiple variables from movement data to predict behavioural states with random forests. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Thiebault
- Department of ZoologyNelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa
| | - Laurent Dubroca
- Datacall Response Unit (CREDO)IFREMER Port‐en‐Bessin‐Huppain France
| | - Ralf H.E. Mullers
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Limpopo Sovenga South Africa
| | - Yann Tremblay
- Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementUMR MARBEC 248: Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation Sète France
| | - Pierre A. Pistorius
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the Percy FitzPatrick InstituteDepartment of ZoologyNelson Mandela University Port Elizabeth South Africa
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86
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Sánchez-González B, Barja I, Piñeiro A, Hernández-González MC, Silván G, Illera JC, Latorre R. Support vector machines for explaining physiological stress response in Wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Sci Rep 2018; 8:2562. [PMID: 29416078 PMCID: PMC5803235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological stress response is a crucial adaptive mechanism for prey species survival. This paper aims to identify the main environmental and/or individual factors better explaining the stress response in Wood mice, Apodemus sylvaticus. We analyzed alterations in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FCM) concentration - extensively used as an accurate measure of the physiological stress response - of wild mice fecal samples seasonally collected during three years. Then, support vector machines were built to predict said concentration according to different stressors. These statistical tools appear to be particularly suitable for small datasets with substantial number of dimensions, corroborating that the stress response is an extremely complex process in which multiple factors can simultaneously partake in a context-dependent manner, i.e., the role of each potential stressor varies in time depending on other stressors. However, air-humidity, temperature and body-weight allowed us to explain the FCM fluctuation in 98% of our samples. The relevance of air-humidity and temperature altering FCM level could be linked to the presence of an abundant vegetation cover and, therefore, to food availability and predation risk perception. Body-weight might be related to the stress produced by reproduction and other intraspecific relationships such as social dominance or territorial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sánchez-González
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barja
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Piñeiro
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M Carmen Hernández-González
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Zoología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin 2, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Silván
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Latorre
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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87
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Walton E, Casey C, Mitsch J, Vázquez-Diosdado JA, Yan J, Dottorini T, Ellis KA, Winterlich A, Kaler J. Evaluation of sampling frequency, window size and sensor position for classification of sheep behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171442. [PMID: 29515862 PMCID: PMC5830751 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Automated behavioural classification and identification through sensors has the potential to improve health and welfare of the animals. Position of a sensor, sampling frequency and window size of segmented signal data has a major impact on classification accuracy in activity recognition and energy needs for the sensor, yet, there are no studies in precision livestock farming that have evaluated the effect of all these factors simultaneously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of position (ear and collar), sampling frequency (8, 16 and 32 Hz) of a triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope sensor and window size (3, 5 and 7 s) on the classification of important behaviours in sheep such as lying, standing and walking. Behaviours were classified using a random forest approach with 44 feature characteristics. The best performance for walking, standing and lying classification in sheep (accuracy 95%, F-score 91%-97%) was obtained using combination of 32 Hz, 7 s and 32 Hz, 5 s for both ear and collar sensors, although, results obtained with 16 Hz and 7 s window were comparable with accuracy of 91%-93% and F-score 88%-95%. Energy efficiency was best at a 7 s window. This suggests that sampling at 16 Hz with 7 s window will offer benefits in a real-time behavioural monitoring system for sheep due to reduced energy needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Walton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christy Casey
- DXC Technology, Ballybrit Business Park, Galway City H91 WP08, Ireland
| | - Jurgen Mitsch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre (ADAC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jorge A. Vázquez-Diosdado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Juan Yan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tania Dottorini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre (ADAC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Keith A. Ellis
- Internet of Things Systems Research, Intel Labs, Leixlip W23 CX68, Ireland
| | | | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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88
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Barwick J, Lamb D, Dobos R, Schneider D, Welch M, Trotter M. Predicting Lameness in Sheep Activity Using Tri-Axial Acceleration Signals. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8010012. [PMID: 29324700 PMCID: PMC5789307 DOI: 10.3390/ani8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Monitoring livestock farmed under extensive conditions is challenging and this is particularly difficult when observing animal behaviour at an individual level. Lameness is a disease symptom that has traditionally relied on visual inspection to detect those animals with an abnormal walking pattern. More recently, accelerometer sensors have been used in other livestock industries to detect lame animals. These devices are able to record changes in activity intensity, allowing us to differentiate between a grazing, walking, and resting animal. Using these on-animal sensors, grazing, standing, walking, and lame walking were accurately detected from an ear attached sensor. With further development, this classification algorithm could be linked with an automatic livestock monitoring system to provide real time information on individual health status, something that is practically not possible under current extensive livestock production systems. Abstract Lameness is a clinical symptom associated with a number of sheep diseases around the world, having adverse effects on weight gain, fertility, and lamb birth weight, and increasing the risk of secondary diseases. Current methods to identify lame animals rely on labour intensive visual inspection. The aim of this current study was to determine the ability of a collar, leg, and ear attached tri-axial accelerometer to discriminate between sound and lame gait movement in sheep. Data were separated into 10 s mutually exclusive behaviour epochs and subjected to Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA). Initial analysis showed the high misclassification of lame grazing events with sound grazing and standing from all deployment modes. The final classification model, which included lame walking and all sound activity classes, yielded a prediction accuracy for lame locomotion of 82%, 35%, and 87% for the ear, collar, and leg deployments, respectively. Misclassification of sound walking with lame walking within the leg accelerometer dataset highlights the superiority of an ear mode of attachment for the classification of lame gait characteristics based on time series accelerometer data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Barwick
- Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
- Sheep Cooperative Research Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - David Lamb
- Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Robin Dobos
- Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Livestock Industries Centre, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Derek Schneider
- Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Welch
- Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Mark Trotter
- Formerly Precision Agriculture Research Group, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, School of Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia.
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89
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Brewster LR, Dale JJ, Guttridge TL, Gruber SH, Hansell AC, Elliott M, Cowx IG, Whitney NM, Gleiss AC. Development and application of a machine learning algorithm for classification of elasmobranch behaviour from accelerometry data. MARINE BIOLOGY 2018; 165:62. [PMID: 29563648 PMCID: PMC5842499 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-018-3318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Discerning behaviours of free-ranging animals allows for quantification of their activity budget, providing important insight into ecology. Over recent years, accelerometers have been used to unveil the cryptic lives of animals. The increased ability of accelerometers to store large quantities of high resolution data has prompted a need for automated behavioural classification. We assessed the performance of several machine learning (ML) classifiers to discern five behaviours performed by accelerometer-equipped juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) at Bimini, Bahamas (25°44'N, 79°16'W). The sharks were observed to exhibit chafing, burst swimming, headshaking, resting and swimming in a semi-captive environment and these observations were used to ground-truth data for ML training and testing. ML methods included logistic regression, an artificial neural network, two random forest models, a gradient boosting model and a voting ensemble (VE) model, which combined the predictions of all other (base) models to improve classifier performance. The macro-averaged F-measure, an indicator of classifier performance, showed that the VE model improved overall classification (F-measure 0.88) above the strongest base learner model, gradient boosting (0.86). To test whether the VE model provided biologically meaningful results when applied to accelerometer data obtained from wild sharks, we investigated headshaking behaviour, as a proxy for prey capture, in relation to the variables: time of day, tidal phase and season. All variables were significant in predicting prey capture, with predations most likely to occur during early evening and less frequently during the dry season and high tides. These findings support previous hypotheses from sporadic visual observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Brewster
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
- Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - J. J. Dale
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
| | - T. L. Guttridge
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
| | - S. H. Gruber
- Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, South Bimini, Bahamas
- Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA
| | - A. C. Hansell
- Department of Fisheries Oceanography, School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 836 South Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02719 USA
| | - M. Elliott
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - I. G. Cowx
- Hull International Fisheries Institute, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK
| | - N. M. Whitney
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110 USA
| | - A. C. Gleiss
- Centre For Fish and Fisheries Research, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Perth, WA 6150 Australia
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90
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Browning E, Bolton M, Owen E, Shoji A, Guilford T, Freeman R. Predicting animal behaviour using deep learning:
GPS
data alone accurately predict diving in seabirds. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella Browning
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment ResearchUniversity College London London UK
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of London London UK
| | - Mark Bolton
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science Sandy Bedfordshire UK
| | - Ellie Owen
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science Inverness UK
| | - Akiko Shoji
- Department of ZoologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Tim Guilford
- Department of ZoologyOxford University Oxford UK
| | - Robin Freeman
- Institute of ZoologyZoological Society of London London UK
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91
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Benaissa S, Tuyttens FAM, Plets D, de Pessemier T, Trogh J, Tanghe E, Martens L, Vandaele L, Van Nuffel A, Joseph W, Sonck B. On the use of on-cow accelerometers for the classification of behaviours in dairy barns. Res Vet Sci 2017; 125:425-433. [PMID: 29174287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysing behaviours can provide insight into the health and overall well-being of dairy cows. Automatic monitoring systems using e.g., accelerometers are becoming increasingly important to accurately quantify cows' behaviours as the herd size increases. The aim of this study is to automatically classify cows' behaviours by comparing leg- and neck-mounted accelerometers, and to study the effect of the sampling rate and the number of accelerometer axes logged on the classification performances. Lying, standing, and feeding behaviours of 16 different lactating dairy cows were logged for 6h with 3D-accelerometers. The behaviours were simultaneously recorded using visual observation and video recordings as a reference. Different features were extracted from the raw data and machine learning algorithms were used for the classification. The classification models using combined data of the neck- and the leg-mounted accelerometers have classified the three behaviours with high precision (80-99%) and sensitivity (87-99%). For the leg-mounted accelerometer, lying behaviour was classified with high precision (99%) and sensitivity (98%). Feeding was classified more accurately by the neck-mounted versus the leg-mounted accelerometer (precision 92% versus 80%; sensitivity 97% versus 88%). Standing was the most difficult behaviour to classify when only one accelerometer was used. In addition, the classification performances were not highly influenced when only X, X and Z, or Z and Y axes were used for the classification instead of three axes, especially for the neck-mounted accelerometer. Moreover, the accuracy of the models decreased with about 20% when the sampling rate was decreased from 1Hz to 0.05Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Benaissa
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Frank A M Tuyttens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Laboratory for Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, D8, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - David Plets
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon de Pessemier
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Trogh
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmeric Tanghe
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Martens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Vandaele
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Van Nuffel
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Burgemeester van Gansberghelaan 115 bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, iGent-Technologiepark 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Sonck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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92
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Miwa M, Oishi K, Anzai H, Kumagai H, Ieiri S, Hirooka H. Estimation of the energy expenditure of grazing ruminants by incorporating dynamic body acceleration into a conventional energy requirement system. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:901-909. [PMID: 28380599 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimation of energy expenditure (EE) of grazing animals is of great importance for efficient animal management on pasture. In the present study, a method is proposed to estimate EE in grazing animals based on measurements of body acceleration of animals in combination with the conventional Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) energy requirement system. Three-dimensional body acceleration and heart rate were recorded for tested animals under both grazing and housing management. An acceleration index, vectorial dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA), was used to calculate activity allowance (AC) during grazing and then incorporate it into the AFRC system to estimate the EE (EE derived from VeDBA [EE]) of the grazing animals. The method was applied to 3 farm ruminant species (7 cattle, 6 goats, and 4 sheep). Energy expenditure based on heart rate (EE) was also estimated as a reference. The result showed that larger VeDBA and heart rate values were obtained under grazing management, resulting in greater EE and EE under grazing management than under housing management. There were large differences between the EE estimated from the 2 methods, where EE values were greater than EE (averages of 163.4 and 142.5% for housing and grazing management, respectively); the EE was lower than the EE, whereas the increase in EE under grazing in comparison with housing conditions was larger than that in EE. These differences may have been due to the use of an equation for estimating EE derived under laboratory conditions and due to the presence of the effects of physiological, psychological, and environmental factors in addition to physical activity being included in measurements for the heart rate method. The present method allowed us to separate activity-specific EE (i.e., AC) from overall EE, and, in fact, AC under grazing management were about twice times as large as those under housing management for farm ruminant animals. There is evidence that the conventional energy system can predict fasting metabolism and the AC of housed animals based on accumulated research on energy metabolism and that VeDBA can quantify physical activity separately from other factors in animals on pasture. Therefore, the use of the VeDBA appears to be a precise way to predict activity-specific EE under grazing conditions, and the method incorporating acceleration index data with a conventional energy system can be a simple and useful method for estimation of EE in farm ruminants on pastures.
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94
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Pagano AM, Rode KD, Cutting A, Owen MA, Jensen S, Ware JV, Robbins CT, Durner GM, Atwood TC, Obbard ME, Middel KR, Thiemann GW, Williams TM. Using tri-axial accelerometers to identify wild polar bear behaviors. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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95
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Ladds MA, Thompson AP, Slip DJ, Hocking DP, Harcourt RG. Seeing It All: Evaluating Supervised Machine Learning Methods for the Classification of Diverse Otariid Behaviours. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166898. [PMID: 28002450 PMCID: PMC5176164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing activity budgets for marine animals when they are at sea and cannot be directly observed is challenging, but recent advances in bio-logging technology offer solutions to this problem. Accelerometers can potentially identify a wide range of behaviours for animals based on unique patterns of acceleration. However, when analysing data derived from accelerometers, there are many statistical techniques available which when applied to different data sets produce different classification accuracies. We investigated a selection of supervised machine learning methods for interpreting behavioural data from captive otariids (fur seals and sea lions). We conducted controlled experiments with 12 seals, where their behaviours were filmed while they were wearing 3-axis accelerometers. From video we identified 26 behaviours that could be grouped into one of four categories (foraging, resting, travelling and grooming) representing key behaviour states for wild seals. We used data from 10 seals to train four predictive classification models: stochastic gradient boosting (GBM), random forests, support vector machine using four different kernels and a baseline model: penalised logistic regression. We then took the best parameters from each model and cross-validated the results on the two seals unseen so far. We also investigated the influence of feature statistics (describing some characteristic of the seal), testing the models both with and without these. Cross-validation accuracies were lower than training accuracy, but the SVM with a polynomial kernel was still able to classify seal behaviour with high accuracy (>70%). Adding feature statistics improved accuracies across all models tested. Most categories of behaviour -resting, grooming and feeding—were all predicted with reasonable accuracy (52–81%) by the SVM while travelling was poorly categorised (31–41%). These results show that model selection is important when classifying behaviour and that by using animal characteristics we can strengthen the overall accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique A. Ladds
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam P. Thompson
- Digital Network, Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David J. Slip
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Bradley's Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David P. Hocking
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert G. Harcourt
- Marine Predator Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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96
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Leos‐Barajas V, Photopoulou T, Langrock R, Patterson TA, Watanabe YY, Murgatroyd M, Papastamatiou YP. Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vianey Leos‐Barajas
- Department of Statistics Iowa State University Snedecor Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Theoni Photopoulou
- Department of Statistical Sciences Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
- Department of Zoology Institute for Coastal and Marine Research Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
| | - Roland Langrock
- Department of Business Administration and Economics Bielefeld University Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Yuuki Y. Watanabe
- National Institute of Polar Research 10‐3, Midori‐cho Tachikawa Tokyo 190‐8518 Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies) 10‐3, Midori‐cho Tachikawa Tokyo 190‐8518 Japan
| | - Megan Murgatroyd
- Animal Demography Unit Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town Rondebosch 7701 South Africa
| | - Yannis P. Papastamatiou
- School of Biology Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 8LB UK
- Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 3000 NE 151st, MSB 350 North Miami FL 33181 USA
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97
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Clemente CJ, Cooper CE, Withers PC, Freakley C, Singh S, Terrill P. The private life of echidnas: using accelerometry and GPS to examine field biomechanics and assess the ecological impact of a widespread, semi-fossorial monotreme. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3271-3283. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.143867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is a monotreme and therefore provides a unique combination of phylogenetic history, morphological differentiation and ecological specialisation for a mammal. The echidna has a unique appendicular skeleton, a highly specialised myrmecophagous lifestyle and a mode of locomotion that is neither typically mammalian nor reptilian, but has aspects of both lineages. We therefore were interested in the interactions of locomotor biomechanics, ecology and movements for wild, free-living short-beaked echidnas. To assess locomotion in its complex natural environment, we attached both GPS and accelerometer loggers to the back of echidnas in both spring and summer. We found that the locomotor biomechanics of echidnas is unique, with lower stride length and stride frequency than reported for similar-sized mammals. Speed modulation is primarily accomplished through changes in stride frequency, with a mean of 1.39 Hz and a maximum of 2.31 Hz. Daily activity period was linked to ambient air temperature, which restricted daytime activity during the hotter summer months. Echidnas had longer activity periods and longer digging bouts in spring compared with summer. In summer, echidnas had higher walking speeds than in spring, perhaps because of the shorter time suitable for activity. Echidnas spent, on average, 12% of their time digging, which indicates their potential to excavate up to 204 m3 of soil a year. This information highlights the important contribution towards ecosystem health, via bioturbation, of this widespread Australian monotreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer J. Clemente
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christine E. Cooper
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Zoology, School of Animal Biology M092, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Philip C. Withers
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Zoology, School of Animal Biology M092, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Craig Freakley
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Surya Singh
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Philip Terrill
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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98
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Hammond TT, Springthorpe D, Walsh RE, Berg-Kirkpatrick T. Using accelerometers to remotely and automatically characterize behavior in small animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1618-24. [PMID: 26994177 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activity budgets in wild animals are challenging to measure via direct observation because data collection is time consuming and observer effects are potentially confounding. Although tri-axial accelerometers are increasingly employed for this purpose, their application in small-bodied animals has been limited by weight restrictions. Additionally, accelerometers engender novel complications, as a system is needed to reliably map acceleration to behaviors. In this study, we describe newly developed, tiny acceleration-logging devices (1.5-2.5 g) and use them to characterize behavior in two chipmunk species. We collected paired accelerometer readings and behavioral observations from captive individuals. We then employed techniques from machine learning to develop an automatic system for coding accelerometer readings into behavioral categories. Finally, we deployed and recovered accelerometers from free-living, wild chipmunks. This is the first time to our knowledge that accelerometers have been used to generate behavioral data for small-bodied (<100 g), free-living mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA
| | - Dwight Springthorpe
- Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA
| | - Rachel E Walsh
- Department of Integrative Biology, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3160, USA
| | - Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick
- Language Technologies Institute, 5000 Forbes Ave., Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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99
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Barbuti R, Chessa S, Micheli A, Pucci R. Localizing Tortoise Nests by Neural Networks. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151168. [PMID: 26985660 PMCID: PMC4795789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research is to recognize the nest digging activity of tortoises using a device mounted atop the tortoise carapace. The device classifies tortoise movements in order to discriminate between nest digging, and non-digging activity (specifically walking and eating). Accelerometer data was collected from devices attached to the carapace of a number of tortoises during their two-month nesting period. Our system uses an accelerometer and an activity recognition system (ARS) which is modularly structured using an artificial neural network and an output filter. For the purpose of experiment and comparison, and with the aim of minimizing the computational cost, the artificial neural network has been modelled according to three different architectures based on the input delay neural network (IDNN). We show that the ARS can achieve very high accuracy on segments of data sequences, with an extremely small neural network that can be embedded in programmable low power devices. Given that digging is typically a long activity (up to two hours), the application of ARS on data segments can be repeated over time to set up a reliable and efficient system, called Tortoise@, for digging activity recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Barbuti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Chessa
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Micheli
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rita Pucci
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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100
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Dalton HA, Wood BJ, Dickey JP, Torrey S. Validation of HOBO Pendant ® data loggers for automated step detection in two age classes of male turkeys: growers and finishers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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