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Amado LL, Garcia ML, Pereira TCB, Yunes JS, Bogo MR, Monserrat JM. Chemoprotection of lipoic acid against microcystin-induced toxicosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Cyprinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:146-53. [PMID: 21586338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper evaluated the chemoprotective effect of lipoic acid (LA) against microcystin (MC) toxicity in carp Cyprinus carpio. To determine the LA dose and the time necessary for the induction of three different classes (alpha, mu and pi) of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene transcription, carp were i.p. injected with 40mg/kg lipoic acid solution. A group was killed 24h after the first i.p. injection (condition 1); another group received two i.p. injections with a 24h of interval between each one and was killed 48h after the first injection (condition 2) and a third group received one i.p. injection and was killed 48h latter (condition 3). Results showed that LA was effective in promoting an increase in GSTs gene transcription in liver only in the condition 2. A second experiment was done, where carp pre-treated with LA (condition 2) were gavaged twice with a 24h interval with 50μg MC/kg. Ninety-six hours after experiment beginning, carp were killed, and organs were dissected. Results of GST activity in liver and brain suggest that LA can be a useful chemoprotection agent against MC induced toxicity, stimulating detoxification through the increment of GST activity (brain) or through reversion of GST inhibition (liver).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian L Amado
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, FURG, Cx. P. 474, CEP 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Qu X, Zhang K, Cui Z, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Feng L, Liu Q. Construction and analysis of liver suppression subtractive hybridization library of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) intraperitoneally injected with microcystin-LR. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:151-156. [PMID: 21718658 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most frequently studied cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. The toxin accumulates rapidly in the liver where it exerts most of its damage, but the molecular mechanisms behind its toxicity remain unclear. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to identify alterations in gene transcription of the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) after exposure to MC-LR. After hybridization and cloning, the forward and reverse subtractive cDNA libraries were obtained. At random, 150 positive clones (70 forward and 80 reverse) were selected and sequenced from the subtractive libraries, which gave a total of 88 gene fragment sequences (48 forward and 40 reverse). Sequencing analysis and homology searches showed that these ESTs represented 75 unique genes and 13 duplicates. Of the 75 unique genes, 38 shared high homology with fish genes of known functions, including immune-related genes, transporters and some involved in cell metabolism. Four sequenced genes (Fs59, Fs70, Rs2 and Rs15) were analyzed further using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The genes from the forward library (Fs59 and Fs70) were found to be transcriptionally upregulated, while the genes from the reverse library (Rs2 and Rs15) were found to be transcriptionally downregulated. These results confirmed the successful construction of the subtractive cDNA library that was enriched for genes that were differentially transcribed in the silver carp liver challenged with MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiancheng Qu
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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53
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Sun H, Yang W, Chen Y, Yang Z. Effect of purified microcystin on oxidative stress of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix larvae under different ammonia concentrations. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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54
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Li G, Chen J, Xie P, Jiang Y, Wu L, Zhang X. Protein expression profiling in the zebrafish (Danio rerio
) embryos exposed to the microcystin-LR. Proteomics 2011; 11:2003-18. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li G, Xie P, Li H, Hao L, Xiong Q, Qiu T, Liu Y. Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of 14 glutathione S-transferase isoforms in Wistar rat. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:187-194. [PMID: 19790251 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) play important roles in the detoxification of microcystins (MCs). For better understanding of the responses of GST isforms to MCs exposure, informations about the effects of MCs on GSTs are necessary. In this experiment, we cloned the full length cDNA of 14 GST isoforms (GST alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, theta, zeta, and microsomal GST) from Wistar rat. The mRNA abundance of each rat GST isoform in the liver, kidney, and testis was analyzed by real time quantitative PCR. Multiple GST isoforms were constitutively expressed in all examined organs, but some isoforms were expressed at higher level in one organ than in others. The relative changes of the mRNA abundance in the liver, kidney, and testis of Wiatar rat i.v. injected with crude MCs extract at dose of 1LD(50) were also analyzed. Generally, the expression of most GSTs in the liver and testis was suppressed while that in kidney was induced after being injected with MCs. It is suggested that the transcription of GST isoforms varied in different ways within an organ and between organs of Wistar rat exposed to MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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56
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Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Prieto AI, Pichardo S, Jos A, Miguel-Carrasco JL, Vazquez CM, Cameán AM. Subchronic effects of cyanobacterial cells on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:479-490. [PMID: 21279735 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic water bodies is nowadays of worldwide concern due to their ability to produce toxins such as microcystins (MCs). These cyanobacterial toxins have been shown to affect aquatic organisms such as fish, resulting in oxidative stress. Among the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and soluble glutathione-S-transferases (sGST) play an important role in the detoxification of MCs. In the present work tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were orally exposed to cyanobacterial cells containing MCs and non-containing MCs for 21 days. The activity and relative mRNA expression by real-time PCR of both enzymes and the GST protein abundance by Western blot analysis were evaluated in liver and kidney. Also the induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was assayed. MCs containing cyanobacterial cells induced an increase of LPO products in both organs, and MCs containing and MCs non-containing cyanobacterial cells altered the activity, gene expression and protein abundance of the enzymes, indicating the importance of GPx and sGST in MCs detoxification. Moreover, liver, the main organ involved in biodegradation and biotransformation, experienced an adaptative response to the toxic insult. These results show for the first time that the subchronic exposure to cyanobacterial cells causes changes in antioxidant and detoxification enzymes and that GPx and GST gene expression are good markers of these alterations in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Profesor García González 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
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Zhang X, Ji W, Zhang H, Zhang W, Xie P. Studies on the toxic effects of microcystin-LR on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) under different temperatures. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 31:561-7. [PMID: 21089159 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that fish have stronger tolerance than mammals to microcystin (MC) exposure, and such a difference is attributed to their different core body temperatures. However, no in vivo study has been conducted to investigate the effects of temperature on MC-induced toxicity in fish, a typical poikilotherm. Tolerance and detoxification response of zebrafish treated with MC-LR were investigated under three temperatures. The LD50 values evidently increased with a decline of the temperature (547, 260 and 176 µg kg⁻¹ at 12, 22 and 32 °C, respectively), indicating stronger tolerance of the fish at lower temperatures. Changes in the transcription of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoforms in the fish were observed, and their sensitivity of response in the transcription of GST mRNA was on the order of 12 > 32 > 22°C. We screened out several GST genes which were more delicate to solve the MC-LR exposure at different temperatures, i.e. GST rho1, al, p1 and theta1 in the 12 °C group, and GST zeta1 and p2 in the 22 and 32 °C groups. Our findings partly validate the hypothesis that high temperature enhances toxic effects of MCs on poikilotherms. Our studies also indicate that temperature-dependent toxic effects should be taken into account for field toxic assessment of microcystins in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhang
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University; Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Xing H, Han Y, Li S, Wang J, Wang X, Xu S. Alterations in mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in brain and muscle of common carp exposed to atrazine and chlorpyrifos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1666-1670. [PMID: 20696475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The uses of pesticides and herbicides have become an integral part of modern agricultural systems. The intensive use of pesticides chlorpyrifos (CPF) and herbicides atrazine (ATR) has resulted in serious environmental problems. Herein, we have developed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) mRNA. The levels of AChE mRNA were evaluated in brain and muscle collected from common carp by treatment of ATR, CPF, and their mixture. The decreased transcription of AChE was detected in both tissues at different doses of the toxicants in the end of exposure tests, and the changes were improved in the end of recovery tests in varying degrees. It is suggested that transcription inhibition of AChE might be significant in long-playing single or associated exposure of ATR and CPF in common carp. Alteration in transcription of AChE caused by ATR, CPF, and their mixture could reveal the toxic mechanisms related to cholinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
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59
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Amado LL, Monserrat JM. Oxidative stress generation by microcystins in aquatic animals: why and how. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 36:226-235. [PMID: 19962762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MICs) are potent toxins produced worldwide by cyanobacteria during bloom events. Phosphatases inhibition is a well recognized effect of this kind of toxins as well as oxidative stress. However, it is not fully understood why and how MICs exposure can lead to an excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that culminate in oxidative damage. Some evidences suggest a close connection between cellular hyperphosphorylation state and oxidative stress generation induced by MICs exposure. It is shown, based on literature data, that MICs incorporation per se can be the first event that triggers glutathione depletion and the consequent increase in ROS concentration. Also, literature data suggest that hyperphosphorylated cellular environment induced by MICs exposure can modulate antioxidant enzymes, contributing to the generation of oxidative damage. This review summarizes information on MICs toxicity in aquatic animals, focusing on mechanistic aspects, and rise questions that in our opinion needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Amado
- Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Cx. P. 474, CEP 96.201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Molecular mechanisms of microcystin toxicity in animal cells. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:268-287. [PMID: 20162015 PMCID: PMC2821003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are potent hepatotoxins produced by the cyanobacteria of the genera Planktothrix, Microcystis, Aphanizomenon, Nostoc and Anabaena. These cyclic heptapeptides have strong affinity to serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs) thereby acting as an inhibitor of this group of enzymes. Through this interaction a cascade of events responsible for the MC cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in animal cells may take place. Moreover MC induces oxidative stress in animal cells and together with the inhibition of PPs, this pathway is considered to be one of the main mechanisms of MC toxicity. In recent years new insights on the key enzymes involved in the signal-transduction and toxicity have been reported demonstrating the complexity of the interaction of these toxins with animal cells. Key proteins involved in MC up-take, biotransformation and excretion have been identified, demonstrating the ability of aquatic animals to metabolize and excrete the toxin. MC have shown to interact with the mitochondria. The consequences are the dysfunction of the organelle, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis. MC activity leads to the differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and protein kinases involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation and tumor promotion activity. This activity may result from the direct inhibition of the protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. This review aims to summarize the increasing data regarding the molecular mechanisms of MC toxicity in animal systems, reporting for direct MC interacting proteins and key enzymes in the process of toxicity biotransformation/excretion of these cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +351-223-401-813; Fax: +351-223-390-608
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
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Qiu T, Xie P, Liu Y, Li G, Xiong Q, Hao L, Li H. The profound effects of microcystin on cardiac antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial function and cardiac toxicity in rat. Toxicology 2008; 257:86-94. [PMID: 19135122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Deaths from microcystin toxication have widely been attributed to hypovolemic shock due to hepatic interstitial hemorrhage, while some recent studies suggest that cardiogenic complication is also involved. So far, information on cardiotoxic effects of MC has been rare and the underlying mechanism is still puzzling. The present study examined toxic effects of microcystins on heart muscle of rats intravenously injected with extracted MC at two doses, 0.16LD(50) (14 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight) and 1LD(50) (87 microg MC-LReq kg(-1) body weight). In the dead rats, both TTC staining and maximum elevations of troponin I levels confirmed myocardial infarction after MC exposure, besides a serious interstitial hemorrhage in liver. In the 1LD(50) dose group, the coincident falls in heart rate and blood pressure were related to mitochondria dysfunction in heart, while increases in creatine kinase and troponin I levels indicated cardiac cell injury. The corresponding pathological alterations were mainly characterized as loss of adherence between cardiac myocytes and swollen or ruptured mitochondria at the ultrastructural level. MC administration at a dose of 1LD(50) not only enhanced activities and up-regulated mRNA transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes, but also increased GSH content. At both doses, level of lipid peroxides increased obviously, suggesting serious oxidative stress in mitochondria. Simultaneously, complex I and III were significantly inhibited, indicating blocks in electron flow along the mitochondrial respiratory chain in heart. In conclusion, the findings of this study implicate a role for MC-induced cardiotoxicity as a potential factor that should be considered when evaluating the mechanisms of death associated with microcystin intoxication in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qiu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Hao L, Xie P, Fu J, Li G, Xiong Q, Li H. The effect of cyanobacterial crude extract on the transcription of GST mu, GST kappa and GST rho in different organs of goldfish (Carassius auratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:1-7. [PMID: 18760847 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases play important roles in the detoxification of microcystin. Core-sequences of three classes of GST (mu, kappa and rho) were cloned from goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) i.p. injected with cyanobacterial crude extract at two doses (50 and 200 microg MC-LReq kg(-1)BW). The relative changes of the mRNA abundance in liver, kidney and intestine were analyzed by real-time PCR. The transcription of GST mu was inhibited in intestine at both doses and the transcription of GST kappa was inhibited from 12 to 48h in kidney at both doses. The decreased transcription of GST rho was detected in all three organs at the high dose. It is suggested that transcription inhibition of GST rho might be significant in MCs toxicity at higher toxin concentration in omnivorous freshwater fish. Alteration in transcription of GSTs stimulated by MCs implicates an increased health risk to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Hao
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road 7, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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