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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation has been shown to be central to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Despite detailed understanding of its central role and the cellular dynamics, which contribute to atherosclerotic inflammation, there has been slow progress in finding suitable agents to treat it. The recent CANTOS trial showed that the interleukin-1β inhibitor canakinumab can improve outcomes after acute coronary syndromes. Being a monoclonal antibody, it is expensive and inconvenient to administer for long-term treatment. This review summarizes recent work in finding effective, affordable alternatives to canakinumab. RECENT FINDINGS Statin drugs have anti-inflammatory properties but separating their LDL lowering effect from their anti-inflammatory effect has been difficult. Drugs acting on targets outside of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pathway have been tested without finding a suitable candidate. Following the proof of principle provided by the success of canakinumab, other candidates targeting the IL-1β pathway are undergoing detailed evaluation. The most likely candidates are low-dose methotrexate and low-dose colchicine. The potential mechanisms and ongoing clinical trials are described. SUMMARY Targeting the IL-1β pathway has already been successful with canakinumab but its expense and inconvenience of administration may limit its widespread uptake for controlling inflammation in atherosclerosis. Low-dose methotrexate and low-dose colchicine are affordable and more accessible alternatives, currently undergoing detailed evaluation for safety and efficacy in large randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Thompson
- Heart Research Institute, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia
- GenesisCare, Perth, Australia
| | - S Mark Nidorf
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research
- GenesisCare, Perth, Australia
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Liu B, Pjanic M, Wang T, Nguyen T, Gloudemans M, Rao A, Castano VG, Nurnberg S, Rader DJ, Elwyn S, Ingelsson E, Montgomery SB, Miller CL, Quertermous T. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms of Smooth Muscle Cells Map to Coronary Artery Disease Risk Loci. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:377-388. [PMID: 30146127 PMCID: PMC6128252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death globally. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified more than 95 independent loci that influence CAD risk, most of which reside in non-coding regions of the genome. To interpret these loci, we generated transcriptome and whole-genome datasets using human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) from 52 unrelated donors, as well as epigenomic datasets using ATAC-seq on a subset of 8 donors. Through systematic comparison with publicly available datasets from GTEx and ENCODE projects, we identified transcriptomic, epigenetic, and genetic regulatory mechanisms specific to HCASMCs. We assessed the relevance of HCASMCs to CAD risk using transcriptomic and epigenomic level analyses. By jointly modeling eQTL and GWAS datasets, we identified five genes (SIPA1, TCF21, SMAD3, FES, and PDGFRA) that may modulate CAD risk through HCASMCs, all of which have relevant functional roles in vascular remodeling. Comparison with GTEx data suggests that SIPA1 and PDGFRA influence CAD risk predominantly through HCASMCs, while other annotated genes may have multiple cell and tissue targets. Together, these results provide tissue-specific and mechanistic insights into the regulation of a critical vascular cell type associated with CAD in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxiang Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Gloudemans
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abhiram Rao
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor G Castano
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sylvia Nurnberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susannah Elwyn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Clint L Miller
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Biochemistry and Genetics, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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53
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Cavusoglu E, Kassotis JT, Anwar A, Marmur JD, Hussain SW, Yanamadala S, Hegde S, Parpas A, Eng C, Zhang M. Usefulness of Complement C1q to Predict 10-Year Mortality in Men With Diabetes Mellitus Referred for Coronary Angiography. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122:33-38. [PMID: 29703440 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The complement system consists of a family of proteins that play a critical role in the innate immune system. Complement activation has been implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, a number of experimental studies have highlighted a beneficial role of component C1q in early atherosclerosis and in diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite these data, there have been no studies that have specifically examined the utility of plasma complement C1q as a clinical biomarker in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. In this study, baseline plasma complement C1q levels were measured in 159 men with DM who were referred for coronary angiography and who were followed up prospectively for the development of all-cause mortality for 10 years. After adjustment for baseline clinical, angiographic, and laboratory parameters, reduced plasma complement C1q levels were an independent predictor of all-cause mortality at 10 years (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 0.84, p = 0.0006). In additional multivariate models that adjusted for a variety of biomarkers with established prognostic efficacy, complement C1q remained an independent predictor of all-cause mortality at 10 years. In conclusion, reduced levels of complement C1q are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality at 10 years in patients with DM referred for coronary angiography. Furthermore, this association is independent of a variety of clinical, angiographic, laboratory variables, including biomarkers with established prognostic efficacy in the prediction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Cavusoglu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.
| | - John T Kassotis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ayesha Anwar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jonathan D Marmur
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Syed Wasif Hussain
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sunitha Yanamadala
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Sudhanva Hegde
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Alexander Parpas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Calvin Eng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Anesthesiology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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54
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation markers have been associated with cardiovascular diseases including atrial fibrillation. This arrhythmia is the most frequent, with an incidence of 38/1000 person-years. PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aims of this study are to discuss the association between inflammation, atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation and its clinical implications. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease and inflammation is a triggering factor of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In addition to coronary artery disease, clinical conditions identified as risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) are also associated with the inflammatory state such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, metabolic syndrome and sedentary lifestyle. Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and myocardial necrosis have been identified in patients with atrial fibrillation and these traditional risk factors. Some markers of inflammation were identified as predictors of recurrence of this arrhythmia, subsequent myocardial infarction, stroke by embolism, and death. Thus, approaches to manipulate the inflammatory pathways may be therapeutic interventions, benefiting patients with AF and increased inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190, room 246, Centro, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang P, Shao L, Ma J. Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Predict New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients. Int Heart J 2018; 59:64-70. [PMID: 29375116 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.17-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) can cause new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) due to cardiac remodeling. As a recent study has shown, inflammatory factors are closely tied to cell death and survival in myocardial ischemia injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to participate in the process of myocardial infarction as innate immune factors.The subjects were divided into 3 groups: healthy controls (n = 82), MI patients (n = 84), and AFMI (new-onset atrial fibrillation after myocardial infarction) patients (n = 85). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) TLR mRNA expression was detected by rt-PCR. Western blot was used to analyze PBMC TLRs and their downstream signal protein expression. PBMCs were presented as TLR2 expression or TLR4 expression using flow cytometry.From mRNA to protein detection, PBMC TLR2 and TLR4 were significantly higher in the AFMI group than in the control group and MI group. A similar tendency was also observed in the expression of downstream signaling proteins. When further analyzed with TLR2 and TLR4 antibodies by flow cytometry, PBMC levels also appeared to be higher in AFMI patients than those in MI patients and the healthy control group.In our study, PBMC TLRs and their downstream signaling proteins were significantly higher in the acute myocardial infarction patients with new-onset atrial fibrillation compared with healthy people and acute myocardial infarction patients without new-onset atrial fibrillation. They have the potential to be novel biomarkers for new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics & Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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Maestro de la Calle G, Fernández-Ruiz M, López-Medrano F, Polanco N, González E, San Juan R, Ruiz-Merlo T, Origüen J, Paz-Artal E, Andrés A, Aguado JM. Post-transplant hypocomplementemia: A novel marker of cardiovascular risk in kidney transplant recipients? Atherosclerosis 2018; 269:204-210. [PMID: 29407595 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality after kidney transplantation (KT). The potential role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of post-transplant CVD remains unexplored. METHODS Serum complement (C3 and C4) levels were measured at baseline and post-transplant months 1 and 6 in 447 kT recipients. The study outcome was post-transplant atherothrombotic event (PAE), a composite of acute coronary syndrome, critical peripheral arterial disease, stroke and/or transient ischemic attack. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.2 years, 48 PAEs occurred in 43 patients (cumulative incidence: 9.6%; incidence rate: 2.6 events per 100 transplant-years). No differences were found in C3 and C4 levels at baseline or month 1 between patients with or without PAE. However, C3 levels at month 6 were significantly lower in patients developing PAE beyond that point (i.e., late PAE) (96.9 ± 22.3 vs. 109.6 ± 24.0 mg/dL; p = 0.013). The presence of C3 hypocomplementemia at month 6 was associated with a lower PAE-free survival (p = 0.002). After adjusting for conventional CVD risk factors and acute graft rejection, C3 hypocomplementemia at month 6 remained as an independent risk factor for late PAE in all the exploratory models (minimum hazard ratio: 3.24; p = 0.011). With respect to a model exclusively based on clinical variables, the inclusion of C3 levels at month 6 improved predictive capacity (areas under ROC curves: 0.788 and 0.812, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Post-transplant monitoring of serum C3 levels might be useful to identify KT recipients at increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Maestro de la Calle
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Polanco
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Origüen
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Hospital "12 de Octubre" (i+12), School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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57
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Buss LA, Dachs GU. Voluntary exercise slows breast tumor establishment and reduces tumor hypoxia in ApoE -/- mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:938-949. [PMID: 29357514 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00738.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise reduces the risk of breast cancer development and improves survival in breast cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of this protective effect remain to be fully elucidated, and it is unclear whether exercise can attenuate the protumor effects of obesity and related hyperlipidemia on breast cancer growth and development. We hypothesized that exercise attenuates the negative effect of hyperlipidemia through normalization of the tumor microenvironment and improved T cell infiltrate. Hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice with orthotopic EO771 breast tumors were randomly assigned to one of two voluntary running groups or sedentary controls, and muscular cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV) expression was used as a biomarker for the level of exercise. Tumors from mice with high muscular COX-IV expression took significantly longer to reach 100 mm3 ( P = 0.008), but showed no difference in growth rate once the tumor was established. Wheel running appeared to reduce internal metastases, but did not affect T cell infiltrate or the proportion of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells within the tumor. Serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased by tumor burden ( P = 0.02) and correlated with spleen weight ( P < 0.0001, R = 0.65). Furthermore, tumor hypoxia was significantly decreased in mice with high muscular COX-IV expression ( P = 0.01). Taken together, these results indicate that wheel running can slow the establishment of primary and secondary EO771 breast tumors and induce beneficial changes in the breast tumor microenvironment in ApoE-/- mice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this first study to investigate the effect of exercise on tumor behavior in a hyperlipidemic model, we hypothesized that wheel running would counteract the protumorigenic environment generated by hyperlipidemia. Wheel running slowed establishment of primary and secondary tumors and reduced tumor hypoxia but did not affect exponential tumor growth in ApoE-/- mice. Overall, voluntary wheel running induced favorable microenvironmental changes in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Buss
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Gabi U Dachs
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Schliefsteiner C, Hirschmugl B, Kopp S, Curcic S, Bernhart EM, Marsche G, Lang U, Desoye G, Wadsack C. Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus increases placental and foetal lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 which might exert protective functions against oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12628. [PMID: 28974763 PMCID: PMC5626711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased Lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) has been associated with inflammatory pathologies, including Type 2 Diabetes. Studies on LpPLA2 and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) are rare, and have focused mostly on maternal outcome. In the present study, we investigated whether LpPLA2 activity on foetal lipoproteins is altered by maternal GDM and/or obesity (a major risk factor for GDM), thereby contributing to changes in lipoprotein functionality. We identified HDL as the major carrier of LpPLA2 activity in the foetus, which is in contrast to adults. We observed marked expression of LpPLA2 in placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells; HBCs) and found that LpPLA2 activity in these cells was increased by insulin, leptin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These regulators were also increased in plasma of children born from GDM pregnancies. Our results suggest that insulin, leptin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are positive regulators of LpPLA2 activity in the foeto-placental unit. Of particular interest, functional assays using a specific LpPLA2 inhibitor suggest that high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated LpPLA2 exerts anti-oxidative, athero-protective functions on placental endothelium and foetus. Our results therefore raise the possibility that foetal HDL-associated LpPLA2 might act as an anti-inflammatory enzyme improving vascular barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgit Hirschmugl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne Kopp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Curcic
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Bernhart
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Uwe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Cui X, Zhang X, Bu H, Liu N, Li H, Guan X, Yan H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Ding Y, Cheng M. Shear stress-mediated changes in the expression of complement regulatory protein CD59 on human endothelial progenitor cells by ECM-integrinα Vβ 3-F-actin pathway in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:416-421. [PMID: 28943429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane regulatory proteins, such as CD46, CD55, and CD59, prevent excess complement activation and to protect cells from damage. Previous investigations confirmed that shear stress in the physiological range was more favorable for endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to repair injured vascular endothelial cells and operates mainly in atheroprotective actions. However, detailed events that contribute to shear stress-induced protection in EPCs, particularly the mechanisms of signal transduction, remain poorly understood. In this study, we observed shear stress-mediated changes in the expression of complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55, and CD59 on human EPCs and focused on the mechanical transmission mechanism in transformed cells in response to the ECM-F-actin pathway in vitro. Shear stress was observed to promote the expression of complement regulatory protein CD59, but not CD46 or CD55, on EPCs. In addition, the shear stress-induced CD59 expression was confirmed to be associated with the ECM components and was alleviated in EPCs pretreated with GRGDSP, which inhibits ECM components-integrin interaction. Furthermore, shear stress also promotes the rearrangement and polymerization of F-actin. However, shear stress-induced CD59 expression was reduced when the F-actin stress fiber formation process was delayed by Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro (GRGDSP) or destroyed by cytochalasin D (Cyto D), while Jasplakinolide (JAS) reversed the expression of CD59 through promotion of F-actin polymerization and its stabilizing capacities. Our results indicates that shear stress is an important mediator in EPC expression of CD59 regulated by the ECM-F-actin pathway, which is a key factor in preventing membrane attack complex (MAC) -mediated cell autolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cui
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Hongnan Bu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The 89 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Weifang, Shandong, 261021, China
| | - Na Liu
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Xiumei Guan
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Medical Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The 89 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Weifang, Shandong, 261021, China
| | - Yuzhen Ding
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China
| | - Min Cheng
- Clinical Medical School, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China.
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Jose SS, Bendickova K, Kepak T, Krenova Z, Fric J. Chronic Inflammation in Immune Aging: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptor Crosstalk with the Telomere Complex? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1078. [PMID: 28928745 PMCID: PMC5591428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in immunity is characterized by stem cell exhaustion, telomere shortening, and disruption of cell-to-cell communication, leading to increased patient risk of disease. Recent data have demonstrated that chronic inflammation exerts a strong influence on immune aging and is closely correlated with telomere length in a range of major pathologies. The current review discusses the impact of inflammation on immune aging, the likely molecular mediators of this process, and the various disease states that have been linked with immunosenescence. Emerging findings implicate NF-κB, the major driver of inflammatory signaling, in several processes that regulate telomere maintenance and/or telomerase activity. While prolonged triggering of pattern recognition receptors is now known to promote immunosenescence, it remains unclear how this process is linked with the telomere complex or telomerase activity. Indeed, enzymatic control of telomere length has been studied for many decades, but alternative roles of telomerase and potential influences on inflammatory responses are only now beginning to emerge. Crosstalk between these pathways may prove to be a key molecular mechanism of immunosenescence. Understanding how components of immune aging interact and modify host protection against pathogens and tumors will be essential for the design of new vaccines and therapies for a wide range of clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sushama Jose
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Czechia
| | - Kamila Bendickova
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Kepak
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenka Krenova
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Fric
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. More than complementing Tolls: complement-Toll-like receptor synergy and crosstalk in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:233-244. [PMID: 27782328 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in the host immune response and are swiftly activated by infection or other types of immunological stress. This review focuses on the capacity of complement and TLRs to engage in signaling crosstalk, ostensibly to coordinate immune and inflammatory responses through synergistic or antagonistic (regulatory) interactions. However, overactivation or dysregulation of either system may lead-often synergistically-to exaggerated inflammation and host tissue injury. Intriguingly, moreover, certain pathogens can manipulate complement-TLR crosstalk pathways in ways that undermine host immunity and favor their persistence. In the setting of polymicrobial inflammatory disease, subversion of complement-TLR crosstalk by keystone pathogens can promote dysbiosis. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying complement-TLR crosstalk pathways can, therefore, be used productively for tailored therapeutic approaches, such as, to enhance host immunity, mitigate destructive inflammation, or counteract microbial subversion of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liu HY, Zhou J, Tong H, Tang Y, Wang XF, Zhou QC. Quantitative evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques and intraplaque neovascularization using contrast-enhanced ultrasound after treatment with atorvastatin in rabbits. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:277-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Systemic delivery of siRNA by aminated poly( α )glutamate for the treatment of solid tumors. J Control Release 2017; 257:132-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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The Controversial C5a Receptor C5aR2: Its Role in Health and Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8193932. [PMID: 28706957 PMCID: PMC5494583 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8193932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
After the discovery of the C5a receptor C5aR1, C5aR2 is the second receptor found to bind C5a and its des-arginine form. As a heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor but devoid of the intracellular Gα signal, C5aR2 is special and confusing. Ramifications and controversies about C5aR2 are under debate since its identification, from putative ligands and cellular localization to intracellular signals and pathological roles in inflammation and immunity. The ruleless and even conflicting pro- or anti-inflammatory role of C5aR2 in animal models of diverse diseases makes one bewildered. This review summarizes reports on C5aR2, tries to clear up available evidence on these four controversial aspects, and delineates C5aR2 function(s). It also summarizes available toolboxes for C5aR2 study.
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Liu CL, Santos MM, Fernandes C, Liao M, Iamarene K, Zhang JY, Sukhova GK, Shi GP. Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:847. [PMID: 28405010 PMCID: PMC5429799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) mediates autoantigen and viral RNA-induced cytokine production. Increased TLR7 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions suggests its involvement in atherogenesis. Here we demonstrated TLR7 expression in macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells from mouse atherosclerotic lesions. To test a direct participation of TLR7 in atherosclerosis, we crossbred TLR7-deficient (Tlr7 -/-) mice with apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice and produced Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- and Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ littermates, followed by feeding them an atherogenic diet to produce atherosclerosis. Compared to Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ mice, Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice showed reduced aortic arch and sinus lesion areas. Reduced atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice did not affect lesion macrophage-positive area and CD4+ T-cell number per lesion area, but reduced lesion expression of inflammatory markers major histocompatibility complex-class II and IL6, lesion matrix-degrading proteases cathepsin S and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and systemic serum amyloid A levels. TLR7 deficiency also reduced aortic arch SMC loss and lesion intima and media cell apoptosis. However, TLR7 deficiency did not affect aortic wall elastin fragmentation and collagen contents, or plasma lipoproteins. Therefore, TLR7 contributes to atherogenesis in Apoe -/- mice by regulating lesion and systemic inflammation. A TLR7 antagonist may mitigate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcela M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cleverson Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mengyang Liao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Karine Iamarene
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Bos S, Phillips M, Watts GF, Verhoeven AJM, Sijbrands EJG, Ward NC. Novel protein biomarkers associated with coronary artery disease in statin-treated patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:682-693. [PMID: 28434814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common and serious monogenic disorder of lipid metabolism. The incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) varies among both treated and untreated FH patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to utilize proteomics to identify novel protein biomarkers that differentiate genetically confirmed heterozygous patients with FH at high CAD risk from those at low CAD risk. METHODS Sixty genetically confirmed FH patients were recruited and stratified into (1) asymptomatic FH with low atherosclerotic burden (FH, n = 20); (2) asymptomatic FH with high atherosclerotic burden (FH + Ca, n = 20); and (3) FH with previously confirmed symptomatic CAD (FH + CAD, n = 20). RESULTS Six new potential proteins were identified; leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3, complement C4-B (C4B), complement C1q subcomponent subunit B (C1QB), monocyte differentiation antigen (CD14), and histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG). There were significant associations between gender and C4B (Z = 2.31, P = .021), C1QB (Z = 2.49, P = .013), CD14 (Z = 2.17, P = .03), and HRG (Z = 2.14, P = .033). There were significant associations between smoking and LRG1 (χ22 = 6.59, P = .037), CB4 (χ22 = 7.85, P = .02), and HRG (χ22 = 6.11, P = .047). All the peptides were significantly associated with advanced CAD stages, independently of age and smoking. However, the absence of the proteins was the strongest marker. The most accurate association with CAD was HRG (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.922), whereas LRG1, C4B, and C1QB were also associated with CAD (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve >0.9). For either coronary atherosclerosis or CAD, LRG1, C4B, C1QB, and HRG were relatively well associated. CONCLUSIONS The present study has identified 6 novel protein biomarkers that are associated with more advanced stages of atherosclerotic disease and subsequent coronary events in patients with heterozygous FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bos
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Phillips
- Harry Perkins Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Australia; Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Adrie J M Verhoeven
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Section of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie C Ward
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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Wang L, Huang Z, Huang W, Chen X, Shan P, Zhong P, Khan Z, Wang J, Fang Q, Liang G, Wang Y. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor attenuates atherosclerosis via decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 8:45917. [PMID: 28374780 PMCID: PMC5379239 DOI: 10.1038/srep45917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease leading to loss of vascular homeostasis and entails fibrosis, macrophage foam cell formation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Recent studies have reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved vascular pathophysiology and in the regulation of oxidative stress in macrophages. Although, oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis, the underlying mechanisms are complex and not completely understood. In the present study, we have elucidated the role of EGFR in high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E null mice. We show increased EGFR phosphorylation and activity in atherosclerotic lesion development. EGFR inhibition prevented oxidative stress, macrophage infiltration, induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and SMC proliferation within the lesions. We further show that EGFR is activated through toll-like receptor 4. Disruption of toll-like receptor 4 or the EGFR pathway led to reduced inflammatory activity and foam cell formation. These studies provide evidence that EGFR plays a key role on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and suggests that EGFR may be a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhouqing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peiren Shan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Peng Zhong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zia Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qilu Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
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Dietary intake alters gene expression in colon tissue: possible underlying mechanism for the influence of diet on disease. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2017; 26:294-306. [PMID: 26959716 PMCID: PMC4853256 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background Although the association between diet and disease is well documented, the biologic mechanisms involved have not been entirely elucidated. In this study, we evaluate how dietary intake influences gene expression to better understand the underlying mechanisms through which diet operates. Methods We used data from 144 individuals who had comprehensive dietary intake and gene expression data from RNAseq using normal colonic mucosa. Using the DESeq2 statistical package, we identified genes that showed statistically significant differences in expression between individuals in high-intake and low-intake categories for several dietary variables of interest adjusting for age and sex. We examined total calories, total fats, vegetable protein, animal protein, carbohydrates, trans-fatty acids, mutagen index, red meat, processed meat, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, fiber, folate, dairy products, calcium, and prudent and western dietary patterns. Results Using a false discovery rate of less than 0.1, meat-related foods were statistically associated with 68 dysregulated genes, calcium with three dysregulated genes, folate with four dysregulated genes, and nonmeat-related foods with 65 dysregulated genes. With a more stringent false discovery rate of less than 0.05, there were nine meat-related dysregulated genes and 23 nonmeat-related genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified three major networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to meat-related dietary variables and three networks among genes identified as dysregulated with respect to nonmeat-related variables. The top networks (Ingenuity Pathway Analysis network score >30) associated with meat-related genes were (i) cancer, organismal injury, and abnormalities, tumor morphology, and (ii) cellular function and maintenance, cellular movement, cell death, and survival. Among genes related to nonmeat consumption variables, the top networks were (i) hematological system development and function, nervous system development and function, tissue morphology and (ii) connective tissue disorders, organismal injury, and abnormalities. Conclusion Several dietary factors were associated with gene expression in our data. These findings provide insight into the possible mechanisms by which diet may influence disease processes.
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Fumagalli S, Perego C, Zangari R, De Blasio D, Oggioni M, De Nigris F, Snider F, Garred P, Ferrante AMR, De Simoni MG. Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation Is Associated with Vulnerability of Atherosclerotic Plaques. Front Immunol 2017; 8:288. [PMID: 28360913 PMCID: PMC5352714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. By using a novel histology-based method to quantify plaque instability here, we assess whether lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation, a major inflammation arm, could represent an index of plaque instability. Plaques from 42 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the lipid core, cholesterol clefts, hemorrhagic content, thickness of tunica media, and intima, including or not infiltration of cellular debris and cholesterol, were determined. The presence of ficolin-1, -2, and -3 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), LP initiators, was assessed in the plaques by immunofluorescence and in plasma by ELISA. LP activation was assessed in plasma by functional in vitro assays. Patients presenting low stenosis (≤75%) had higher hemorrhagic content than those with high stenosis (>75%), indicating increased erosion. Increased hemorrhagic content and tunica media thickness, as well as decreased lipid core and infiltrated content were associated with vulnerable plaques and therefore used to establish a plaque vulnerability score that allowed to classify patients according to plaque vulnerability. Ficolins and MBL were found both in plaques’ necrotic core and tunica media. Patients with vulnerable plaques showed decreased plasma levels and intraplaque deposition of ficolin-2. Symptomatic patients experiencing a transient ischemic attack had lower plasma levels of ficolin-1. We show that the LP initiators are present within the plaques and their circulating levels change in atherosclerotic patients. In particular, we show that decreased ficolin-2 levels are associated with rupture-prone vulnerable plaques, indicating its potential use as marker for cardiovascular risk assessment in atherosclerotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Rosalia Zangari
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Daiana De Blasio
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesca De Nigris
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart Medical School "A. Gemelli University Hospital" Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Snider
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart Medical School "A. Gemelli University Hospital" Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Angela M R Ferrante
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Catholic University of Sacred Heart Medical School "A. Gemelli University Hospital" Foundation , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri , Milan , Italy
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Vengen IT, Enger TB, Videm V, Garred P. Pentraxin 3, ficolin-2 and lectin pathway associated serine protease MASP-3 as early predictors of myocardial infarction - the HUNT2 study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43045. [PMID: 28216633 PMCID: PMC5316974 DOI: 10.1038/srep43045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lectin complement pathway is suggested to play a role in atherogenesis. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), ficolin-1, ficolin-2, ficolin-3, MBL/ficolin/collectin-associated serine protease-3 (MASP-3) and MBL/ficolin/collectin-associated protein-1 (MAP-1) are molecules related to activation of the lectin complement pathway. We hypothesized that serum levels of these molecules may be associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). In a Norwegian population-based cohort (HUNT2) where young to middle-aged relatively healthy Caucasians were followed up for a first-time MI from 1995-1997 through 2008, the 370 youngest MI patients were matched by age (range 29-62 years) and gender to 370 controls. After adjustments for traditional risk factors, the two highest tertiles of PTX3 and the highest tertiles of ficolin-2 and MASP-3 were associated with MI, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 1.65 (1.10-2.47) and 2.79 (1.83-4.24) for PTX3, 1.55 (1.04-2.30) for ficolin-2, and 0.63 (0.043-0.94) for MASP-3. Ficolin-1, ficolin-3 and MAP-1 were not associated with MI. In a multimarker analysis of all associated biomarkers, only PTX3 and MASP-3 remained significant. PTX-3 and MASP-3 enhanced prediction of MI compared to the traditional Framingham risk score alone (AUC increased from 0.64 to 0.68, p = 0.006). These results support the role of complement-dependent inflammation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Thorsen Vengen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tone Bull Enger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vibeke Videm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Sect. 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Trondheim, Norway
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Pulanco MC, Cosman J, Ho MM, Huynh J, Fing K, Turcu J, Fraser DA. Complement Protein C1q Enhances Macrophage Foam Cell Survival and Efferocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:472-480. [PMID: 27895181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the atherosclerotic lesion, macrophages ingest high levels of damaged modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), generating macrophage foam cells. Foam cells undergo apoptosis and, if not efficiently cleared by efferocytosis, can undergo secondary necrosis, leading to plaque instability and rupture. As a component of the innate immune complement cascade, C1q recognizes and opsonizes modified forms of LDL, such as oxidized or acetylated LDL, and promotes ingestion by macrophages in vitro. C1q was shown to be protective in an atherosclerosis model in vivo. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether ingestion of modified LDL in the presence of C1q alters macrophage foam cell survival or function. In an unbiased transcriptome analysis, C1q was shown to modulate expression of clusters of genes involved in cell death and apoptosis pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophages ingesting modified LDL; this was validated by quantitative PCR in human and murine macrophages. C1q downregulated levels and activity of active caspase-3 and PARP-1 in human and mouse macrophages during ingestion of modified LDL. This led to a measurable increase in survival and decrease in cell death, as measured by alamarBlue and propidium iodide assays, respectively. C1q opsonization also increased phagocytosis and efferocytosis in macrophage foam cells. These data suggest that C1q promotes macrophage survival during ingestion of excess cholesterol, as well as improves foam cell efferocytic function. This may be important in slowing disease progression and provides insight into the protective role of C1q in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jason Cosman
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Minh-Minh Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jessica Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Karina Fing
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Jacqueline Turcu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Deborah A Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
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Fumagalli S, De Simoni MG. Lectin Complement Pathway and Its Bloody Interactions in Brain Ischemia. Stroke 2016; 47:3067-3073. [PMID: 27811336 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- From the Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- From the Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Lappegård KT, Enebakk T, Thunhaug H, Ludviksen JK, Mollnes TE, Hovland A. LDL apheresis activates the complement system and the cytokine network, whereas PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab induces no inflammatory response. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1481-1487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Xu XR, Carrim N, Neves MAD, McKeown T, Stratton TW, Coelho RMP, Lei X, Chen P, Xu J, Dai X, Li BX, Ni H. Platelets and platelet adhesion molecules: novel mechanisms of thrombosis and anti-thrombotic therapies. Thromb J 2016; 14:29. [PMID: 27766055 PMCID: PMC5056500 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-016-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are central mediators of thrombosis and hemostasis. At the site of vascular injury, platelet accumulation (i.e. adhesion and aggregation) constitutes the first wave of hemostasis. Blood coagulation, initiated by the coagulation cascades, is the second wave of thrombin generation and enhance phosphatidylserine exposure, can markedly potentiate cell-based thrombin generation and enhance blood coagulation. Recently, deposition of plasma fibronectin and other proteins onto the injured vessel wall has been identified as a new "protein wave of hemostasis" that occurs prior to platelet accumulation (i.e. the classical first wave of hemostasis). These three waves of hemostasis, in the event of atherosclerotic plaque rupture, may turn pathogenic, and cause uncontrolled vessel occlusion and thrombotic disorders (e.g. heart attack and stroke). Current anti-platelet therapies have significantly reduced cardiovascular mortality, however, on-treatment thrombotic events, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding complications are still major concerns that continue to motivate innovation and drive therapeutic advances. Emerging evidence has brought platelet adhesion molecules back into the spotlight as targets for the development of novel anti-thrombotic agents. These potential antiplatelet targets mainly include the platelet receptors glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex, β3 integrins (αIIb subunit and PSI domain of β3 subunit) and GPVI. Numerous efforts have been made aiming to balance the efficacy of inhibiting thrombosis without compromising hemostasis. This mini-review will update the mechanisms of thrombosis and the current state of antiplatelet therapies, and will focus on platelet adhesion molecules and the novel anti-thrombotic therapies that target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ruby Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Naadiya Carrim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Miguel Antonio Dias Neves
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Thomas McKeown
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tyler W. Stratton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Rodrigo Matos Pinto Coelho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Xi Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pingguo Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jianhua Xu
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Xiangrong Dai
- Lee’s Pharmaceutical holdings limited, Shatin Hong Kong, China
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical co. limited, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Benjamin Xiaoyi Li
- Lee’s Pharmaceutical holdings limited, Shatin Hong Kong, China
- Zhaoke Pharmaceutical co. limited, Hefei, Anhui China
- Hong Kong University of Science and technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Toronto, ON Canada
- CCOA Therapeutics Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
- Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Ma S, Zhang D, Lou H, Sun L, Ji J. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza var. alba roots in THP-1 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 188:193-199. [PMID: 27178632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza var. alba roots are used as the Chinese traditional medicine Danshen for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in local clinical practice. Tanshinones are the major effective constituents of S. miltiorrhiza var. alba roots, but only tanshinone IIA, tanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, and 15,16-dihydrotanshinone have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven known compounds were isolated from S. miltiorrhiza var. alba roots, and the structures of all compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and comparisons with reported data. Immune anti-inflammatory activities were assessed by the ability to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and interleukin (IL)-8 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was also used to compare the inhibitory effects of the compounds on TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 mRNA expression with that of tanshinone IIA in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. RESULTS All tanshinones, except for compound 5, significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, and their anti-inflammatory activities were stronger than that of tanshinone IIA. Compound 9 (5μM) showed the highest inhibitory effects for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, at 56.3%, 67.6%, and 51.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ten of the 11 tanshinones were shown to have anti-inflammatory properties superior to those of TSIIA, and which significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8. The present results provided a referential basis for explaining the use of S. miltiorrhiza var. alba root as a Chinese folk medicine for treating cardiovascular diseases associated with inflammation, and show the importance of trace constituents of this herb.
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Key Words
- 1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6- trimethyl-3,11-dioxanaphtho [2,1-e] azulene-10,12-dione (PubChem CID: 14609845)
- 2-isopropyl-8-methylphenanthrene-3,4-dione (PubChem CID: 135872)
- Anti-inflammatory activity
- Atherosclerosis
- Bioactivity evaluation
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Tanshinones
- arucadiol (PubChem CID: 11011966)
- danshenol A (PubChem CID: 3083514)
- sugiol (PubChem CID: 275529)
- tanshindiol C (PubChem CID: 5321620)
- tanshinone IIA (PubChem CID: 164676)
- tanshinone IIB (PubChem CID: 318797)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Ma
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Longru Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
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76
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Proinflammatory proteins in female and male patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome: preliminary data. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:2477-83. [PMID: 27370963 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The latest classification criteria for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS, an autoimmune disease characterized by thromboses, miscarriages and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (Abs)) emphasized that thrombotic manifestations of APS should be without any signs of an inflammatory process. However, atherosclerosis (a chronic inflammatory response to the accumulation of lipoproteins in the walls of arteries) and APS are characterized by some similar features. We evaluated whether proinflammatory proteins were associated with the features of the primary APS (PAPS). PAPS patients without obstetric complications and with impaired lipid profile were included in the study. Antiphospholipid antibodies, TNF-alpha, and apo(a) were determined by ELISA. Complement components and hsCRP were measured by immunonephelometry. Decreased C3c was observed in female patients with increased titers of IgG anti-β2gpI (χ(2) = 3.939, P = 0.047) and in male patients with increased IgM anticardiolipin Abs (χ(2) = 4.286, P = 0.038). Pulmonary emboli were associated with interleukin (IL)-6 in male (χ(2) = 6.519, P = 0.011) and in female (χ(2) = 10.405, P = 0.001) patients. Cerebrovascular insults were associated with LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.05, 95 % CI: 1.003 - 12.739) in female and with apo(a) (P = 0.016, 95 % CI: 0.000-0.003) in male patients. Older female patients had increased LDL-cholesterol levels and frequency of myocardial infarctions. Proinflammatory proteins were associated with features of primary APS. No real gender differences in regard to proinflammatory protein levels were observed. Premenopausal state of female PAPS patients confers lower cardiovascular risk.
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77
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Kaplan M, Yuksel M, Ates I, Kilic ZMY, Kilic H, Kuzu UB, Kayacetin E. Is ischemia modified albumin a disease activity marker for inflammatory bowel diseases? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1120-5. [PMID: 26642816 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We aimed to identify ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and IBD subgroups, and to examine its relation with disease activity index. METHODS Sixty-eight patients with IBD (35 ulcerative colitis [UC] and 33 crohn disease [CD]) and 65 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Rachmilewitz scoring system (endoscopic activity index [EAI]) was used to determine UC activity, and as for CD activity, CD activity index (CDAI) scoring was used. IMA measurement was performed with ELISA kit. RESULTS Ischemia-modified albumin levels in IBD, UC, and CD groups were comparably higher than the control group (37.7 ng/mL vs 42.4 ng/mL vs 36.4 ng/mL vs 21.8 ng/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). In IBD group, a positive correlation was identified between IMA level and CRP (r = 0.325, P = 0.011), EAI(r = 0.302, P = 0.020), and CDAI (r = 0.311, P = 0.013). In stepwise regression model; it was identified that IMA(OR = 1.496; P = 0.016) and CRP(OR = 3.457; P = 0.015) are predictors of IBD in comparison with the control group. In linear regression model, it was identified that risk factors such as log(IMA) and log(CRP) were independent predictors of log(CDAI) and log(EAI) levels. CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that IMA levels in IBD were determined higher in comparison with the control group. Moreover, IMA being a predictor for IBD and being positively correlated with disease activity indexes were determined for the first time in the study. In accordance with these results, it is possible to say that IMA in IBD might be related with the pathogenesis of disease and correlated with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kaplan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Yuksel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeki Mesut Yalın Kilic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kilic
- Department of Microbiology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Barıs Kuzu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kayacetin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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78
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Ricklin D, Lambris JD. New milestones ahead in complement-targeted therapy. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:208-22. [PMID: 27321574 PMCID: PMC5404743 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a powerful effector arm of innate immunity that typically confers protection from microbial intruders and accumulating debris. In many clinical situations, however, the defensive functions of complement can turn against host cells and induce or exacerbate immune, inflammatory, and degenerative conditions. Although the value of inhibiting complement in a therapeutic context has long been recognized, bringing complement-targeted drugs into clinical use has proved challenging. This important milestone was finally reached a decade ago, yet the clinical availability of complement inhibitors has remained limited. Still, the positive long-term experience with complement drugs and their proven effectiveness in various diseases has reinvigorated interest and confidence in this approach. Indeed, a broad variety of clinical candidates that act at almost any level of the complement activation cascade are currently in clinical development, with several of them being evaluated in phase 2 and phase 3 trials. With antibody-related drugs dominating the panel of clinical candidates, the emergence of novel small-molecule, peptide, protein, and oligonucleotide-based inhibitors offers new options for drug targeting and administration. Whereas all the currently approved and many of the proposed indications for complement-targeted inhibitors belong to the rare disease spectrum, these drugs are increasingly being evaluated for more prevalent conditions. Fortunately, the growing experience from preclinical and clinical use of therapeutic complement inhibitors has enabled a more evidence-based assessment of suitable targets and rewarding indications as well as related technical and safety considerations. This review highlights recent concepts and developments in complement-targeted drug discovery, provides an overview of current and emerging treatment options, and discusses the new milestones ahead on the way to the next generation of clinically available complement therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Ricklin D, Reis ES, Lambris JD. Complement in disease: a defence system turning offensive. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:383-401. [PMID: 27211870 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the complement system is primarily perceived as a host defence system, a more versatile, yet potentially more harmful side of this innate immune pathway as an inflammatory mediator also exists. The activities that define the ability of the complement system to control microbial threats and eliminate cellular debris - such as sensing molecular danger patterns, generating immediate effectors, and extensively coordinating with other defence pathways - can quickly turn complement from a defence system to an aggressor that drives immune and inflammatory diseases. These host-offensive actions become more pronounced with age and are exacerbated by a variety of genetic factors and autoimmune responses. Complement can also be activated inappropriately, for example in response to biomaterials or transplants. A wealth of research over the past two decades has led to an increasingly finely tuned understanding of complement activation, identified tipping points between physiological and pathological behaviour, and revealed avenues for therapeutic intervention. This Review summarizes our current view of the key activating, regulatory, and effector mechanisms of the complement system, highlighting important crosstalk connections, and, with an emphasis on kidney disease and transplantation, discusses the involvement of complement in clinical conditions and promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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The Neuroprotective Effect of Rapamycin as a Modulator of the mTOR-NF-κB Axis during Retinal Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146517. [PMID: 26771918 PMCID: PMC4714903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The determination of the molecular mechanism underlying retinal pathogenesis and visual dysfunction during innate inflammation, and the treatment effect of rapamycin thereon. Methods The endotoxin-induced uveitis and retinitis mouse model was established by injecting lipopolysaccharide. The mice were subsequently treated with rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. The rhodopsin mRNA and protein expression level in the retina and the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) length in immunohistochemical stainings were measured, and visual function was recorded by electroretinography. Inflammatory cytokines, their related molecules, mTOR, and LC3 levels were measured by real-time PCR and/or immunoblotting. Leukocyte adhesion during inflammation was analyzed using concanavalin A lectin. Results The post-transcriptional reduction in the visual pigment of rod photoreceptor cells, rhodopsin, OS shortening, and rod photoreceptor cell dysfunction during inflammation were suppressed by rapamycin. Activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and induction of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the activation of the downstream signaling protein, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which reduces rhodopsin in the retina during inflammation, were attenuated by rapamycin. Increased leukocyte adhesion was also attenuated by rapamycin. Interestingly, although mTOR activation was observed after NF-κB activation, mTOR inhibition suppressed NF-κB activation at the early phase, indicating that the basal level of activated mTOR was sufficient to activate NF-κB in the retina. In addition, the inhibition of NF-κB suppressed mTOR activation, suggesting a positive feedback loop of mTOR and NF-κB during inflammation. The ratio of LC3II to LC3I, which reflects autophagy induction, was not changed by inflammation but was increased by rapamycin. Conclusions Our results propose the potential use of rapamycin as a neuroprotective therapy to suppress local activated mTOR levels, related inflammatory molecules, and the subsequent visual dysfunction during retinal inflammation.
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Efficacy and Safety of Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon for the Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis in High-Risk Patients. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:1690-4. [PMID: 26428021 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a major cause of failure of percutaneous coronary intervention. The efficacy and safety of drug-coated balloon (DCB) in patients with high-risk clinical features are largely unknown. We enrolled 82 consecutive patients at high risk of bleeding with angiographically significant (diameter stenosis ≥ 50%) ISR of bare metal stent (BMS) or drug-eluting stent (DES), treated with paclitaxel-coated balloon. All patients presented at least one of the following criteria: high bleeding risk, neoplasm, chronic inflammatory disease, and need for noncardiac surgery. Dual antiplatelet therapy was indicated for 4 weeks after the procedure. At angiographic follow-up, overall late lumen loss was 0.24 ± 0.32 mm, with no significant difference between BMS-ISR and DES-ISR (0.25 ± 0.35 vs 0.22 ± 0.30 mm, p = 0.714). The Kaplan-Meier estimate for major adverse clinical events-free survival at 3 years was 81.4% (82.3% in BMS-ISR vs 79.4% in DES-ISR, log-rank p = 0.866). No stent thrombosis has been recorded. In conclusion, the use of paclitaxel-coated balloon seems to be associated with favorable outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for BMS-ISR or DES-ISR in patients with high-risk clinical features and could be considered as a reasonable option in the presence of systemic co-morbidities and contraindications to long-term dual antiplatelet therapy.
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