51
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Wang ZG, Ying XG, Wang YF, Yu XW, Luo HY. Structural Analysis and Activity Evaluation of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptides from Minced Meat of Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2019.1683927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xiao-Guo Ying
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yi-Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Xin-Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hong-Yu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
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Gruenbaum SE, Chen EC, Sandhu MRS, Deshpande K, Dhaher R, Hersey D, Eid T. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Seizures: A Systematic Review of the Literature. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:755-770. [PMID: 31313139 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 40% of patients with epilepsy experience seizures despite treatment with antiepileptic drugs; however, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has shown promise in treating refractory epilepsy. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate all published studies that investigated the effects of BCAAs on seizures, emphasizing therapeutic efficacy and possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS On 31 January, 2017, the following databases were searched for relevant studies: MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), Scopus (Elsevier), the Cochrane Library, and the unindexed material in PubMed (National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health). The searches were repeated in all databases on 18 February, 2019. We only included full-length preclinical and clinical studies that were published in the English language that examined the effects of BCAA administration on seizures. RESULTS Eleven of 2045 studies met our inclusion criteria: ten studies were conducted in animal models and one study in human subjects. Seven seizure models were investigated: the strychnine (one study), pentylenetetrazole (two studies), flurothyl (one study), picrotoxin (two studies), genetic absence epilepsy in rats (one study), kainic acid (two studies), and methionine sulfoximine (one study) paradigms. Three studies investigated the effect of a BCAA mixture whereas the other studies explored the effects of individual BCAAs on seizures. In most animal models and in humans, BCAAs had potent anti-seizure effects. However, in the methionine sulfoximine model, long-term BCAA supplementation worsened seizure propagation and caused neuron loss, and in the genetic absence epilepsy in rats model, BCAAs exhibited pro-seizure effects. CONCLUSIONS The contradictory effects of BCAAs on seizure activity likely reflect differences in the complex mechanisms that underlie seizure disorders. Some of these mechanisms are likely mediated by BCAA's effects on glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and ammonia metabolism, activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, and their effects on aromatic amino acid transport and neurotransmitter synthesis. We propose that a better understanding of mechanisms by which BCAAs affect seizures and neuronal viability is needed to advance the field of BCAA supplementation in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Eric C Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ketaki Deshpande
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Denise Hersey
- Lewis Science Library, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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53
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Li X, Dai Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Liu D, Gu X, Yu D, Ma Y, Zhang C. Treatment Mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus and Its Carbonized Product Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31333466 PMCID: PMC6616308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (GF) and carbonized GF (GFC) have been shown to exert a gastrointestinal protective effect and are frequently used in clinical practice for the treatment of hemorrhage and brown stool. In this study, we employed a combination of pharmacological methods and metabolomics in a rat model of ethanol-induced acute stomach ulcer to investigate the gastroprotective effect of GF and GFC water extracts and the potential mechanism involved in this process. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the plasma of rats were determined. The results showed that both GF and GFC reduced the ethanol-induced gastric lesions and expression of NO and IL-6 in these rats. Of note, 16 and 11 feature metabolites were filtered and identified in the GF and GFC groups, respectively. Both GF and GFC act by restoring the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, and the metabolism of glycerophospholipids. Moreover, histological evaluation revealed that heat processing of GF to create GFC enhanced the gastric mucosa protective effect. Furthermore, heat processing converted the main pathway from alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, associated with GF, to histidine metabolism, associated with GFC. GF and GFC ameliorated gastric mucosa lesions in rats via reductions in NO production and inflammatory cytokine secretion, and the induction of prostaglandin E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yejia Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qinghao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Depeng Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xuezhu Gu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinlian Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Kumru B, Oztürk Hismi B. Investigation of L - Carnitine Concentrations in Treated Patients with Maple Syrup Urine Disease. J Pediatr Genet 2019; 8:133-136. [PMID: 31406618 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1691789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), also known as branched-chain α ketoaciduria, is a metabolic disorder caused by an inborn deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Severe neurological damage occurs in most patients with MSUD although the exact mechanism of neurotoxicity still remains unknown. Studies have suggested that neuropathology in patients with MSUD may be related to oxidative stress. L - carnitine mediates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria that are required for β-oxidation and ATP production. Along with the important roles it plays in lipid metabolism, L-carnitine also protects tissues from oxidative damage through its antioxidant properties. The study included a total of 15 patients with MSUD who attended regular follow-up visits, and 15 age-matched healthy control subjects, and aimed to investigate L - carnitine levels in treated patients with MSUD and healthy control subjects. L - carnitine levels were found to be significantly lower in the patient group than in the healthy controls. No significant correlation was identified between the plasma branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, valine, and L - carnitine levels. Patients with MSUD can be treated with adjuvant therapy with L - carnitine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Kumru
- Division of Nutrition and Diet, Gaziantep Cengiz Gökçek Maternity and Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Burcu Oztürk Hismi
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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55
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Wahl D, Solon-Biet SM, Cogger VC, Fontana L, Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG, Ribeiro RV. Aging, lifestyle and dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104481. [PMID: 31136814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for most diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. There is emerging evidence that interventions that improve metabolic health with aging may also be effective for brain health. The most robust interventions are non-pharmacological and include limiting calorie or protein intake, increasing aerobic exercise, or environmental enrichment. In humans, dietary patterns including the Mediterranean, Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) and Okinawan diets are associated with improved age-related health and may reduce neurodegenerative disease including dementia. Rapamycin, metformin and resveratrol act on nutrient sensing pathways that improve cardiometabolic health and decrease the risk for age-associated disease. There is some evidence that they may reduce the risk for dementia in rodents. There is a growing recognition that improving metabolic function may be an effective way to optimize brain health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia.
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Rosilene V Ribeiro
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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56
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Li S, Dai Y, Li X, Wang Q, Wang G, Ma Y, Gu X, Zhang C. The Potential Antipyretic Mechanism of Gardeniae Fructus and Its Heat-Processed Products With Plasma Metabolomics Using Rats With Yeast-Induced Fever. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:491. [PMID: 31143120 PMCID: PMC6521858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gardeniae Fructus (GF), prepared GF (GFP), and carbonized GF (GFC) are widely used in China for the treatment of fever. However, the involved antipyretic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, rectal temperature and pyrogenic cytokines were used to evaluate the antipyretic effect of raw and processed GF in rats with dry-yeast-induced pyrexia. Reverse phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to acquire the metabolomics profile of GF, GFP, and GFC in rats with pyrexia. The results showed that the rectal temperature of rats treated with GF, GFP, and GFC was suppressed after 6 h (P < 0.05), compared with that observed in pyrexia model rats. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 were suppressed by GF, GFP, and GFC. Moreover, GFC suppressed the expression of interleukin 6 significantly (P < 0.01). Of note, 11, 15, and 25 feature metabolites were identified in the GF, GFP, and GFC groups. Pathway analysis showed that GF mainly regulated the biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Notably, GFP was involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, while GFC was linked to glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism. These results suggested that GF, GFP, and GFC maintained their antipyretic effect despite heat processing. However, heat processing altered endogenous feature metabolites and certain pathways of GF, GFP, and GFC in rats with yeast-induced pyrexia to exert an antipyretic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yejia Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinghao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinlian Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhu Gu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Paolicelli RC, Angiari S. Microglia immunometabolism: From metabolic disorders to single cell metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:129-137. [PMID: 30954657 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the observation that obesity-associated low-grade chronic inflammation is a crucial driver for the onset of systemic metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, a number of studies have highlighted the role of both the innate and the adaptive immune system in such pathologies. Moreover, researchers have recently demonstrated that immune cells can modulate their intracellular metabolic profile to control their activation and effector functions. These discoveries represent the foundations of a research area known as "immunometabolism", an emerging field of investigation that may lead to the development of new-generation therapies for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Most of the studies in the field have focused their attention on both circulating white blood cells and leukocytes residing within metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue, liver and pancreas. However, immunometabolism of immune cells in non-metabolic tissues, including central nervous system microglia, have long been neglected. In this review, we highlight the most recent findings suggesting that microglial cells play a central role in metabolic disorders and that interfering with the metabolic profile of microglia can modulate their functionality and pathogenicity in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, D02 R590, Dublin, Ireland.
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58
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Increased FUS levels in astrocytes leads to astrocyte and microglia activation and neuronal death. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4572. [PMID: 30872738 PMCID: PMC6418113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of Fused in sarcoma (FUS), a ribonucleoprotein involved in RNA metabolism, have been found associated with both familial and sporadic cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Notably, besides mutations in the coding sequence, also mutations into the 3′ untranslated region, leading to increased levels of the wild-type protein, have been associated with neuronal death and ALS pathology, in ALS models and patients. The mechanistic link between altered FUS levels and ALS-related neurodegeneration is far to be elucidated, as well as the consequences of elevated FUS levels in the modulation of the inflammatory response sustained by glial cells, a well-recognized player in ALS progression. Here, we studied the effect of wild-type FUS overexpression on the responsiveness of mouse and human neural progenitor-derived astrocytes to a pro-inflammatory stimulus (IL1β) used to mimic an inflammatory environment. We found that astrocytes with increased FUS levels were more sensitive to IL1β, as shown by their enhanced expression of inflammatory genes, compared with control astrocytes. Moreover, astrocytes overexpressing FUS promoted neuronal cell death and pro-inflammatory microglia activation. We conclude that overexpression of wild-type FUS intrinsically affects astrocyte reactivity and drives their properties toward pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic functions, suggesting that a non-cell autonomous mechanism can support neurodegeneration in FUS-mutated animals and patients.
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59
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van Sadelhoff JHJ, Perez Pardo P, Wu J, Garssen J, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Hogenkamp A, Hartog A, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders; A Focus on Amino Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:247. [PMID: 31057483 PMCID: PMC6477881 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental conditions that affect communication and social behavior. Besides social deficits, systemic inflammation, gastrointestinal immune-related problems, and changes in the gut microbiota composition are characteristic for people with ASD. Animal models showed that these characteristics can induce ASD-associated behavior, suggesting an intimate relationship between the microbiota, gut, immune system and the brain in ASD. Multiple factors can contribute to the development of ASD, but mutations leading to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are reported frequently. Hyperactivation of mTOR leads to deficits in the communication between neurons in the brain and to immune impairments. Hence, mTOR might be a critical factor linking the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR is shown to improve ASD-associated behavior and immune functions, however, the clinical use is limited due to severe side reactions. Interestingly, studies have shown that mTOR activation can also be modified by nutritional stimuli, in particular by amino acids. Moreover, specific amino acids are demonstrated to inhibit inflammation, improve gut barrier function and to modify the microbiota composition. In this review we will discuss the gut-brain-immune axis in ASD and explore the potential of amino acids as a treatment option for ASD, either via modification of mTOR activity, the immune system or the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris H. J. van Sadelhoff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jiangbo Wu
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Bergenhenegouwen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hogenkamp
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anita Hartog
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Veterinary Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aletta D. Kraneveld
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Gautam A, Muhie S, Chakraborty N, Hoke A, Donohue D, Miller SA, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Metabolomic analyses reveal lipid abnormalities and hepatic dysfunction in non-human primate model for Yersinia pestis. Metabolomics 2018; 15:2. [PMID: 30830480 PMCID: PMC6311182 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pneumonic plague is caused by the aerosolized form of Yersinia pestis and is a highly virulent infection with complex clinical consequences, and without treatment, the fatality rate approaches 100%. The exact mechanisms of disease progression are unclear, with limited work done using metabolite profiling to study disease progression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this pilot study was to profile the plasma metabolomics in an animal model of Y. pestis infection. METHODS In this study, African Green monkeys were challenged with the highly virulent, aerosolized Y. pestis strain CO92, and untargeted metabolomics profiling of plasma was performed using liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. RESULTS At early time points post-exposure, we found significant increases in polyunsaturated, long chain fatty acid metabolites with p values ranging from as low as 0.000001 (ratio = 1.94) for the metabolite eicosapentaenoate to 0.04 (ratio = 1.36) for the metabolite adrenate when compared to time-matched controls. Multiple acyl carnitines metabolites were increased at earlier time points and could be a result of fatty acid oxidation defects with p values ranging from as low as 0.00001 (ratio = 2.95) for the metabolite octanoylcarnitine to 0.04 (ratio = 1.33) for metabolite deoxycarnitine when compared to time-matched controls. Dicarboxylic acids are important metabolic products of fatty acids oxidation, and when compared to time matched controls, were higher at earlier time points where metabolite tetradecanedioate has a ratio of 4.09 with significant p value of 0.000002 and adipate with a ratio of 1.12 and p value of 0.004. The metabolites from lysolipids (with significant p values ranging from 0.00006 for 1-oleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine to 0.04 for 1-stearoylglycerophosphoethanolamine and a ratio of 0.47 and 0.78, respectively) and bile acid metabolism (with significant p values ranging from 0.02 for cholate to 0.04 for deoxycholate and a ratio of 0.39 and 0.66, respectively) pathways were significantly lower compared to their time-matched controls during the entire course of infection. Metabolite levels from amino acid pathways were disrupted, and a few from the leucine, isoleucine and valine pathway were significantly higher (p values ranging from 0.002 to 0.04 and ratios ranging from 1.3 to 1.5, respectively), whereas metabolites from the urea cycle, arginine and proline pathways were significantly lower (p values ranging from 0.00008 to 0.02 and ratios ranging from 0.5 to 0.7, respectively) during the course of infection. CONCLUSIONS The involvement of several lipid pathways post-infection suggested activation of pathways linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolite data further showed increased energy demand, and multiple metabolites indicated potential hepatic dysfunction. Integration of blood metabolomics and transcriptomics data identified linoleate as a core metabolite with cross-talk with multiple genes from various time points. Collectively, the data from this study provided new insights into the mechanisms of Y. pestis pathogenesis that may aid in development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Seid Muhie
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Allison Hoke
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Duncan Donohue
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Stacy Ann Miller
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- The Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, 568 Doughten Drive, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
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61
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Ma N, Ma X. Dietary Amino Acids and the Gut-Microbiome-Immune Axis: Physiological Metabolism and Therapeutic Prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:221-242. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural Univ.; Beijing 100193 China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology; China Agricultural Univ.; Beijing 100193 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology; Shihezi Univ.; Xinjiang 832003 China
- Dept. of Internal Medicine; Dept. of Biochemistry; Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX 75390 USA
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62
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Chakraborty A, Boer JC, Selomulya C, Plebanski M, Royce SG. Insights into endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation and future treatment strategies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2018; 12:941-955. [PMID: 30221563 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1523009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway inflammatory disorders are prevalent diseases in need of better management and new therapeutics. Immunotherapies offer a solution to the problem of corticosteroid resistance. Areas covered: The current review focuses on lipopolysaccharide (Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin)-mediated inflammation in the lung and the animal models used to study related diseases. Endotoxin-induced lung pathology is usually initiated by antigen presenting cells (APC). We will discuss different subsets of APC including lung dendritic cells and macrophages, and their role in responding to endotoxin and environmental challenges. Expert commentary: The pharmacotherapeutic considerations to combat airway inflammation should cost-effectively improve quality of life with sustainable and safe strategies. Selectively targeting APCs in the lung offer the potential for a promising new strategy for the better management and treatment of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Chakraborty
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Australia.,b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Cordelia Selomulya
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,c School of Health and Biomedical Sciences and Enabling Capability platforms, Biomedical and Health Innovation , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Simon G Royce
- d Central Clinical School , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,e Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
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63
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Dato S, Hoxha E, Crocco P, Iannone F, Passarino G, Rose G. Amino acids and amino acid sensing: implication for aging and diseases. Biogerontology 2018; 20:17-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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64
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Huynh TG, Cheng AC, Chi CC, Chiu KH, Liu CH. A synbiotic improves the immunity of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Metabolomic analysis reveal compelling evidence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:284-293. [PMID: 29778843 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the synergistic effects of a diet-administered synbiotic comprising galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 7-40 on immune responses, immune-related gene expressions, and disease resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. To unravel the regulatory role of the synbiotic in activating the immune system of shrimp, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic analysis were used to investigate hepatopancreas metabolites, then significantly altered metabolites were confirmed in both the hepatopancreas and plasma by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and spectrophotometric analysis. Shrimp were fed four experimental diets for 60 days, including a basal diet with no GOS or probiotic (control), 0.4% GOS (PRE), probiotic (PRO), and 0.4% GOS in combination with the probiotic (SYN). Results showed that the SYN diet significantly increased survival of L. vannamei 24 h after a V. alginolyticus injection. Immune parameters such as phenoloxidase activity, respiratory bursts, phagocytic activity and gene expressions, including prophenoloxidase I, serine proteinase, and peroxinectin, of shrimp fed the SYN diet significantly increased, compared to the other treatments and control. In addition, results from the 1H NMR analysis revealed that 22 hepatopancreas metabolites were matched and identified between the SYN and control groups, among which three metabolites, i.e., inosine monophosphate (IMP), valine, and betaine, significantly increased in the SYN group. Confirmation using RP-HPLC and spectrophotometric methods showed that IMP presented high amounts in the hepatopancreas, but not in the plasma of shrimp; in contrast, valine and betaine metabolites were in high concentrations in both the hepatopancreas and plasma. Our results suggested that GOS and the probiotic had a synergistic effect on enhancing immunity and disease resistance of L. vannamei against V. alginolyticus infection through inducing syntheses of a nucleotide (IMP), a branched amino acid (valine), and a methyl group donor (betaine) in the hepatopancreas, which were then released into the plasma and directly taken up by hemocytes, resulting in a triggering of melanization and phagocytosis processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Ann-Chang Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chi
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
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65
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Zhenyukh O, González-Amor M, Rodrigues-Diez RR, Esteban V, Ruiz-Ortega M, Salaices M, Mas S, Briones AM, Egido J. Branched-chain amino acids promote endothelial dysfunction through increased reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4948-4962. [PMID: 30063118 PMCID: PMC6156282 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential amino acids implicated in glucose metabolism and maintenance of correct brain function. Elevated BCAA levels can promote an inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, there are no studies analysing the direct effects of BCAA on endothelial cells (ECs) and its possible modulation of vascular function. In vitro and ex vivo studies were performed in human ECs and aorta from male C57BL/6J mice, respectively. In ECs, BCAA (6 mmol/L) increased eNOS expression, reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria and NADPH oxidases, peroxynitrite formation and nitrotyrosine expression. Moreover, BCAA induced pro‐inflammatory responses through the transcription factor NF‐κB that resulted in the release of intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 and E‐selectin conferring endothelial activation and adhesion capacity to inflammatory cells. Pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 intracellular signalling pathway decreased BCAA‐induced pro‐oxidant and pro‐inflammatory effects in ECs. In isolated murine aorta, BCAA elicited vasoconstrictor responses, particularly in pre‐contracted vessels and after NO synthase blockade, and triggered endothelial dysfunction, effects that were inhibited by different antioxidants, further demonstrating the potential of BCAA to induce oxidative stress with functional impact. In summary, we demonstrate that elevated BCAA levels generate inflammation and oxidative stress in ECs, thereby facilitating inflammatory cells adhesion and endothelial dysfunction. This might contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk observed in patients with elevated BCAA blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Zhenyukh
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria González-Amor
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul R Rodrigues-Diez
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Esteban
- Laboratory of Immunoallergy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Mas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, Spain.,Ciber de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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66
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Ji DY, Park SH, Park SJ, Kim KH, Ku CR, Shin DY, Yoon JS, Lee DY, Lee EJ. Comparative assessment of Graves' disease and main extrathyroidal manifestation, Graves' ophthalmopathy, by non-targeted metabolite profiling of blood and orbital tissue. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9262. [PMID: 29915201 PMCID: PMC6006143 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder that causes the overproduction of thyroid hormones and consequent cascade of systemic metabolism dysfunction. Moreover, Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is the main extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease (GD). The goal of the study was to identify metabolic signatures in association with diagnostic biomarkers of GD without GO and GO, respectively. Ninety metabolites were profiled and analyzed based on a non-targeted primary metabolite profiling from plasma samples of 21 GD patients without GO, 26 subjects with GO, and 32 healthy subjects. Multivariate statistics showed a clear discrimination between healthy controls and disease group (R2Y = 0.518, Q2 = 0.478) and suggested a biomarker panel consisting of 10 metabolites. Among them, most of metabolites showed the positive association with the levels of thyrotropin receptor antibodies. With combination of proline and 1,5-anhydroglucitol, which were identified as GO-specific modulators, the re-constructed biomarker model greatly improved the statistical power and also facilitated simultaneous discrimination among healthy control, GO, and GD without GO groups (AUC = 0.845-0.935). Finally, the comparative analysis of tissue metabolite profiles from GO patients proposed putative metabolic linkage between orbital adipose/connective tissues and the biofluidic consequences, in which fumarate, proline, phenylalanine, and glycerol were coordinately altered with the blood metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yoon Ji
- The Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hee Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- The Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- The Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Ryong Ku
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeob Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- The Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Program, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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67
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Scaini G, Tonon T, Moura de Souza CF, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Quevedo J, Neto JS, Amorim T, Camelo JS, Margutti AVB, Hencke Tresbach R, Sperb-Ludwig F, Boy R, de Medeiros PFV, Schwartz IVD, Streck EL. Evaluation of plasma biomarkers of inflammation in patients with maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:10.1007/s10545-018-0188-x. [PMID: 29740775 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that affects branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism and is associated with acute and chronic brain dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that inflammation may be involved in the neuropathology of MSUD. However, these studies have mainly focused on single or small subsets of proteins or molecules. Here we performed a case-control study, including 12 treated-MSUD patients, in order to investigate the plasmatic biomarkers of inflammation, to help to establish a possible relationship between these biomarkers and the disease. Our results showed that MSUD patients in treatment with restricted protein diets have high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6] and cell adhesion molecules [sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1] compared to the control group. However, no significant alterations were found in the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-10 between healthy controls and MSUD patients. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between number of metabolic crisis and IL-1β levels and sICAM-1 in MSUD patients. In conclusion, our findings in plasma of patients with MSUD suggest that inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MSUD, although this process is not directly associated with BCAA blood levels. Overall, data reported here are consistent with the working hypothesis that inflammation may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the brain damage observed in MSUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Tássia Tonon
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Amorim
- Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jose S Camelo
- Pediatrics Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Hencke Tresbach
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sperb-Ludwig
- BRAIN Laboratory (Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Raquel Boy
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula F V de Medeiros
- Unidade Acadêmica de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Alcides Carneiro, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Ida Vanessa D Schwartz
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
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68
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Serum metabolomics study in a group of Parkinson's disease patients from northern India. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:214-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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69
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Kim HS, Yu HS, Lee JH, Lee GW, Choi SJ, Chang PS, Paik HD. Application of stabilizer improves stability of nanosuspended branched-chain amino acids and anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:451-459. [PMID: 30263769 PMCID: PMC6049625 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the use of polyglyceryl esters (PGE) as stabilizer in improving stability and anti-inflammatory activity of nanosuspended branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). BCAAs nanosuspended with stabilizer (BS) exhibited improved stability at concentration of 5% saturation level during storage as compared to BCAAs nanosuspended with aqueous solution (BA). Additionally, anti-inflammatory activity of BS was found to be greater than that of BA. Nitric oxide scavenging activity was found to be dose-dependent, with activity of BS in sodium nitroprusside system being significantly higher than that of BA (p < 0.05) at 2.5-20 mg/mL. BS also possesses greater inhibitory activity on production of pro-inflammatory factors including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells through suppressed phosphorylation of p65 subunit of NF-κB at 0.5, 2, 8 mg/mL. These results suggest that PGE used as stabilizer improves solubility and biological activity of nanosuspended BCAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Gyu Whan Lee
- R&D Center, Daesang Corporation, Icheon, Gyoenggi-do 17384 Korea
| | - Seung Jun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Korea
| | - Pahn-Shick Chang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Korea
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70
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Nie C, He T, Zhang W, Zhang G, Ma X. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E954. [PMID: 29570613 PMCID: PMC5979320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val), play critical roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, nutrition metabolism, gut health, immunity and disease in humans and animals. As the most abundant of essential amino acids (EAAs), BCAAs are not only the substrates for synthesis of nitrogenous compounds, they also serve as signaling molecules regulating metabolism of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis, intestinal health, and immunity via special signaling network, especially phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signal pathway. Current evidence supports BCAAs and their derivatives as the potential biomarkers of diseases such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). These diseases are closely associated with catabolism and balance of BCAAs. Hence, optimizing dietary BCAA levels should have a positive effect on the parameters associated with health and diseases. This review focuses on recent findings of BCAAs in metabolic pathways and regulation, and underlying the relationship of BCAAs to related disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunxi Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, No. 221. Beisi Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Ting He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wenju Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, No. 221. Beisi Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2. Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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71
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Zhou H, Yu B, Gao J, Htoo JK, Chen D. Regulation of intestinal health by branched-chain amino acids. Anim Sci J 2017; 89:3-11. [PMID: 29164733 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Besides its primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the intestine also interacts with a complex external milieu, and is the first defense line against noxious pathogens and antigens. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrients, which are the essential substrates for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence showed that BCAAs are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with BCAAs promotes intestinal development, enhances enterocyte proliferation, increases intestinal absorption of amino acids (AA) and glucose, and improves the immune defenses of piglets. The underlying mechanism of these effects is mediated by regulating expression of genes and proteins associate with various signaling pathways. In addition, BCAAs promote the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of mice. Compelling evidence supports the notion that BCAAs play important roles in both nutrition and intestinal health. Therefore, as functional amino acids with various physiological effects, BCAAs hold key roles in promoting intestinal development and health in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Evonik Degussa (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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72
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Singh K, Trivedi R, Verma A, D'souza MM, Koundal S, Rana P, Baishya B, Khushu S. Altered metabolites of the rat hippocampus after mild and moderate traumatic brain injury - a combined in vivo and in vitro 1 H-MRS study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3764. [PMID: 28759166 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been shown to affect hippocampus-associated learning, memory and higher cognitive functions, which may be a consequence of metabolic alterations. Hippocampus-associated disorders may vary depending on the severity of injury [mild TBI (miTBI) and moderate TBI (moTBI)] and time since injury. The underlying hippocampal metabolic irregularities may provide an insight into the pathological process following TBI. In this study, in vivo and in vitro proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) data were acquired from the hippocampus region of controls and TBI groups (miTBI and moTBI) at D0 (pre-injury), 4 h, Day 1 and Day 5 post-injury (PI). In vitro MRS results indicated trauma-induced changes in both miTBI and moTBI; however, in vivo MRS showed metabolic alterations in moTBI only. miTBI and moTBI showed elevated levels of osmolytes indicating injury-induced edema. Altered levels of citric acid cycle intermediates, glutamine/glutamate and amino acid metabolism indicated injury-induced aberrant bioenergetics, excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. An overall similar pattern of pathological process was observed in both miTBI and moTBI, with the distinction of depleted N-acetylaspartate levels (indicating neuronal loss) at 4 h and Day 1 and enhanced lactate production (indicating heightened energy depletion leading to the commencement of the anaerobic pathway) at Day 5 in moTBI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the hippocampus metabolic profile in miTBI and moTBI simultaneously using in vivo and in vitro MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Singh
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Richa Trivedi
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Verma
- Centre for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Maria M D'souza
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Koundal
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Rana
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Bikash Baishya
- Centre for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subash Khushu
- NMR Research Centre, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Pakula MM, Maier TJ, Vorup-Jensen T. Insight on the impacts of free amino acids and their metabolites on the immune system from a perspective of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:611-626. [PMID: 28441889 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1323879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amino acids (AAs) support a broad range of functions in living organisms, including several that affect the immune system. The functions of the immune system are affected when free AAs are depleted or in excess because of external factors, such as starvation, or because of genetic factors, such as inborn errors of metabolism. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the current insights into how free AAs affect immune responses. When possible, we make comparisons to known disease states resulting from inborn errors of metabolism, in which changed levels of AAs or AA metabolites provide insight into the impact of AAs on the human immune system in vivo. We also explore the literature describing how changes in AA levels might provide pharmaceutical targets for safe immunomodulatory treatment. Expert opinion: The impact of free AAs on the immune system is a neglected topic in most immunology textbooks. That neglect is undeserved, because free AAs have both direct and indirect effects on the immune system. Consistent choices of pre-clinical models and better strategies for creating formulations are required to gain clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- a Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Center for Neurodegenerative Inflammation Prevention (NEURODIN) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,c Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,d The Lundbeck Foundation Nanomedicine Center for Individualized Management of Tissue Damage and Regeneration (LUNA) , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,e MEMBRANES Research center , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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74
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Zhenyukh O, Civantos E, Ruiz-Ortega M, Sánchez MS, Vázquez C, Peiró C, Egido J, Mas S. High concentration of branched-chain amino acids promotes oxidative stress, inflammation and migration of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells via mTORC1 activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 104:165-177. [PMID: 28089725 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential aminoacids termed branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) due to its aliphatic side-chain. In several pathological and physiological conditions increased BCAA plasma concentrations have been described. Elevated BCAA levels predict insulin resistance development. Moreover, BCAA levels higher than 2mmol/L are neurotoxic by inducing microglial activation in maple syrup urine disease. However, there are no studies about the direct effects of BCAA in circulating cells. We have explored whether BCAA could promote oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy donors. In cultured PBMCs, 10mmol/L BCAA increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via both NADPH oxidase and the mitochondria, and activated Akt-mTOR signalling. By using several inhibitors and activators of these molecular pathways we have described that mTOR activation by BCAA is linked to ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. BCAA stimulated the activation of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB, which resulted in the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD40L, and the migration of PBMCs. In conclusion, elevated BCAA blood levels can promote the activation of circulating PBMCs, by a mechanism that involving ROS production and NF-κB pathway activation. These data suggest that high concentrations of BCAA could exert deleterious effects on circulating blood cells and therefore contribute to the pro-inflammatory and oxidative status observed in several pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Zhenyukh
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Esther Civantos
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | | | - Clotilde Vázquez
- Division of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
| | - Sebastián Mas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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75
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Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Di Pietro V, Signoretti S, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Tavazzi B. Severity of experimental traumatic brain injury modulates changes in concentrations of cerebral free amino acids. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:530-542. [PMID: 27696676 PMCID: PMC5323875 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) and amino group containing compounds (AGCC) following graded diffuse traumatic brain injury (mild TBI, mTBI; severe TBI, sTBI) were evaluated. After 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hr aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), asparagine (Asn), serine (Ser), glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), glycine (Gly), threonine (Thr), citrulline (Cit), arginine (Arg), alanine (Ala), taurine (Tau), γ‐aminobutyrate (GABA), tyrosine (Tyr), S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), l‐cystathionine (l‐Cystat), valine (Val), methionine (Met), tryptophane (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), ornithine (Orn), lysine (Lys), plus N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) were determined in whole brain extracts (n = 6 rats at each time for both TBI levels). Sham‐operated animals (n = 6) were used as controls. Results demonstrated that mTBI caused modest, transient changes in NAA, Asp, GABA, Gly, Arg. Following sTBI, animals showed profound, long‐lasting modifications of Glu, Gln, NAA, Asp, GABA, Ser, Gly, Ala, Arg, Citr, Tau, Met, SAH, l‐Cystat, Tyr and Phe. Increase in Glu and Gln, depletion of NAA and Asp increase, suggested a link between NAA hydrolysis and excitotoxicity after sTBI. Additionally, sTBI rats showed net imbalances of the Glu‐Gln/GABA cycle between neurons and astrocytes, and of the methyl‐cycle (demonstrated by decrease in Met, and increase in SAH and l‐Cystat), throughout the post‐injury period. Besides evidencing new potential targets for novel pharmacological treatments, these results suggest that the force acting on the brain tissue at the time of the impact is the main determinant of the reactions ignited and involving amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Amorini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stefano Signoretti
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences Head and Neck Surgery, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology group, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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76
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Villani GRD, Gallo G, Scolamiero E, Salvatore F, Ruoppolo M. “Classical organic acidurias”: diagnosis and pathogenesis. Clin Exp Med 2016; 17:305-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-016-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Ormstad H, Dahl J, Verkerk R, Andreassen OA, Maes M. Increased plasma levels of competing amino acids, rather than lowered plasma tryptophan levels, are associated with a non-response to treatment in major depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1286-96. [PMID: 27237997 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lowered plasma tryptophan (TRP) and TRP/competing amino acid (CAA) ratio may be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression (MDD). Increased cortisol and immune-inflammatory mediators in MDD may affect the availability of TRP to the brain. We investigated whether baseline or post-treatment TRP, CAAs and TRP/CAA ratio are associated with a treatment response in MDD and whether these effects may be mediated by cortisol or immune biomarkers. We included 50 medication-free MDD patients with a depressive episode (DSM diagnosis) and assessed symptom severity with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) before and after treatment as usual for 12 weeks (endpoint). Plasma levels of TRP, CAAs, the ratio, cortisol, CRP and 6 selected cytokines were assayed. The primary outcome was a 50% reduction in the IDS, while the secondary was a remission of the depressive episode. In IDS non-responders, CAAs increased and the TRP/CAA ratio decreased, while in IDS responders CAAs decreased and the TRP/CAA ratio increased from baseline to endpoint. In patients who were still depressed at endpoint TRP and CAAs levels had increased from baseline, while in remitted patients no such effects were found. Increases in CAAs were inversely correlated with changes in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist levels. The results show that increased CAA levels from baseline to endpoint are associated with a non-response to treatment in MDD patients. This suggests that the mechanism underpinning the CAA-related treatment resistance may be related to changes in immune pathways. CAA levels and amino acid metabolism may be new drug targets in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Ormstad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University College of Southeast Norway, Drammen, Norway.
| | - Johan Dahl
- Ringerike Psychiatric Center, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; IMPACT Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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78
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Bioactivity of Polyphenols: Preventive and Adjuvant Strategies toward Reducing Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-Promises, Perspectives, and Pitfalls. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9346470. [PMID: 27478535 PMCID: PMC4958438 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9346470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by autoimmune and inflammation-related complications of the large intestine (ulcerative colitis) and additional parts of the digestive tract (Crohn's disease). Complications include pain, diarrhoea, chronic inflammation, and cancer. IBD prevalence has increased during the past decades, especially in Westernized countries, being as high as 1%. As prognosis is poor and medication often ineffective or causing side effects, additional preventive/adjuvant strategies are sought. A possible approach is via diets rich in protective constituents. Polyphenols, the most abundant phytochemicals, have been associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic properties. Locally reducing oxidative stress, they can further act on cellular targets, altering gene expression related to inflammation, including NF-κB, Nrf-2, Jak/STAT, and MAPKs, suppressing downstream cytokine formation (e.g., IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α), and boosting the bodies' own antioxidant status (HO-1, SOD, and GPx). Moreover, they may promote, as prebiotics, healthy microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia), short-chain fatty acid formation, and reduced gut permeability/improved tight junction stability. However, potential adverse effects such as acting as prooxidants, or perturbations of efflux transporters and phase I/II metabolizing enzymes, with increased uptake of undesired xenobiotics, should also be considered. In this review, we summarize current knowledge around preventive and arbitrary actions of polyphenols targeting IBD.
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79
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Ajmone-Cat MA, D'Urso MC, di Blasio G, Brignone MS, De Simone R, Minghetti L. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is part of the molecular machinery regulating the adaptive response to LPS stimulation in microglial cells. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 55:225-235. [PMID: 26593276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated stimulation of TLR4 signaling by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in microglia induces a state of tolerance/sensitization consisting in the reprogramming of the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in favor of anti-inflammatory ones. The molecular mechanisms underlying this adaptive response are far to be elucidated. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) has emerged as crucial regulator of TLR signaling, mediating the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory functions in both periphery and central nervous system. The present study extends this notion identifying GSK3 as part of the molecular machinery regulating the LPS-adaptive response in microglial cells, by using primary microglial cultures and organotypic hippocampal slices (OHSCs). We found that lithium chloride (LiCl), a widely used GSK3 inhibitor and the mainstay treatment for bipolar disorder, reinforced the LPS adaptive response by enhancing both downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α), and upregulation of genes typically associated to anti-inflammatory functions (interleukin 10 and MRC1). The effects of GSK3 inhibition were mimicked by Wnt3a, added exogenously, and reversed by Inhibitor of Wnt-Response-1-endo, a pharmacological disruptor of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and GW9662, a selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ antagonist, suggesting that these two pathways are involved in the regulation of LPS-tolerance/sensitization by GSK. Finally, LiCl treatment of OHSCs enhanced the protective functional consequences of the microglial adaptive response to LPS on oligodendrocyte maturation, as indicated by MBP mRNA upregulation. These results further indicate GSK3 as key component in the orchestration of neuroinflammation and target for neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cristina D'Urso
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia di Blasio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta De Simone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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80
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Duan Y, Duan Y, Li F, Li Y, Guo Q, Ji Y, Tan B, Li T, Yin Y. Effects of supplementation with branched-chain amino acids to low-protein diets on expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2131-44. [PMID: 27156063 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), including leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), and valine (Val), play critical roles in energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism in addition to their other functions, such as in protein metabolism. This study investigated the effects of different dietary BCAA ratios on the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid composition in different location of skeletal muscles, including the longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), and psoas major (PM) muscles of growing pigs, and also examined the mRNA expression levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism in these muscle tissues. The experiment was performed on 40 growing pigs (Large White × Landrace) with a similar initial weight (9.85 ± 0.35 kg). The pigs were randomly assigned to one of five diets: diet A was a positive control and contained 20 % crude protein (CP) with a Leu:Ile:Val ratio of 1:0.51:0.63 according to the recommendation of the National Research Council (NRC); for diets B to E, the CP level was reduced to 17 %, and the Leu:Ile:Val ratios were 1:1:1, 1:0.75:0.75, 1:0.51:0.63, and 1:0.25:0.25, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the average feed intake and feed efficiency of the pigs fed the low protein diet (17 % CP) with BCAA treatments relative to the positive control. However, there was a tendency for increased feed efficiency of the 1:0.75:0.75 group compared with the 1:1:1 group (P = 0.09). The BCAA ratio of 1:0.75:0.75 (17 % CP) increased the IMF content of BF muscle (P < 0.01). Moreover, varied dietary BCAA supplementation with a reduced protein level had different effects on the fatty acid composition of the LD, BF, and PM muscles. The BCAA ratio of 1:0.51:0.63-1:0.75:0.75 (17 % CP) significantly lowered the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in these muscles compared with the positive control group (20 % CP). This effect was associated with an increase in mRNA expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid transport protein, and fatty acid binding protein 4 in the muscles (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the reduced protein diet (17 % CP) with the BCAA ratio within 1:0.25:0.25-1:0.75:0.75 could increase the IMF content in BF muscle and significantly improve the fatty acid composition in different skeletal muscles accompanied by changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, compared with those in the pigs that received adequate dietary protein (20 %), which might result in improved eating quality and nutritional value of the meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yangmiao Duan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.,Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yujiao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety (CICAPS), Changsha, 410125, China.,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Research Center for Healthy Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center for Animal and Poultry Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, No. 644 Yuanda Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, 410128, China. .,School of Biology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410018, China.
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81
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Eid T, Gruenbaum SE, Dhaher R, Lee TSW, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle in Epilepsy. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:351-400. [PMID: 27885637 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and an increased incidence of comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, and sudden unexpected death. About 70 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from epilepsy, and up to one-third of all people with epilepsy are expected to be refractory to current medications. Development of more effective and specific antiepileptic interventions is therefore requisite. Perturbations in the brain's glutamate-glutamine cycle, such as increased extracellular levels of glutamate, loss of astroglial glutamine synthetase, and changes in glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase, are frequently encountered in patients with epilepsy. Hence, manipulations of discrete glutamate-glutamine cycle components may represent novel approaches to treat the disease. The goal of his review is to discuss some of the glutamate-glutamine cycle components that are altered in epilepsy, particularly neurotransmitters and metabolites, enzymes, amino acid transporters, and glutamate receptors. We will also review approaches that potentially could be used in humans to target the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Examples of such approaches are treatment with glutamate receptor blockers, glutamate scavenging, dietary intervention, and hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA.
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, 208035, New Haven, CT, 06520-8035, USA
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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82
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Rosa L, Scaini G, Furlanetto CB, Galant LS, Vuolo F, Dall'Igna DM, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Administration of branched-chain amino acids alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 48:24-30. [PMID: 26608891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leucine intoxication and neurologic deterioration can develop rapidly at any age as a result of net protein degradation precipitated by infection or psychological stress in patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Here, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic Hyper-BCAA (H-BCAA) administration on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brains of rats. For acute administration, Wistar rats (10 and 30 days) received three injections of BCAA pool (15.8 μL/g at 1-h intervals) or saline, subcutaneously. For chronic administration, Wistar rats (7 days) received of BCAA pool or saline twice a day for 21 days, subcutaneously. Our results showed that acute administration of H-BCAA increased IL-1β (∼ 78%; p ≤ 0.009) and TNF-α (∼ 155%; p ≤ 0.026) levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of infant rats. Moreover, IL-6 levels were increased in the hippocampus (∼ 135%; p ≤ 0.009) and cerebral cortex (∼ 417%; p ≤ 0.008), whereas IL-10 levels were decreased only in the hippocampus (∼ 42%; p ≤ 0.009). However, repeated administration of H-BCAA decreased IL-1β (∼ 59%; p ≤ 0.047), IL-6 (∼ 70%; p ≤ 0.009) and IFN-γ (∼ 70%; p ≤ 0.008) levels in the cerebral cortex, whereas the IL-6 (∼ 67%; p ≤ 0.009), IL-10 (∼ 58%; p ≤ 0.01) and IFN-γ (∼ 67%; p ≤ 0.009) levels were decreased in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that a better understanding of the inflammatory response in MSUD patients may be useful to develop therapeutic strategies to modulate the hyperinflammatory/hypoinflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rosa
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila B Furlanetto
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Galant
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Francieli Vuolo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Dhébora M Dall'Igna
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia F Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Núcleo de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina (NENASC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ren M, Zhang SH, Zeng XF, Liu H, Qiao SY. Branched-chain Amino Acids are Beneficial to Maintain Growth Performance and Intestinal Immune-related Function in Weaned Piglets Fed Protein Restricted Diet. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1742-50. [PMID: 26580442 PMCID: PMC4647083 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a novel approach for disease control and prevention, nutritional modulation of the intestinal health has been proved. However, It is still unknown whether branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is needed to maintain intestinal immune-related function. The objective of this study was to determine whether BCAA supplementation in protein restricted diet affects growth performance, intestinal barrier function and modulates post-weaning gut disorders. One hundred and eight weaned piglets (7.96±0.26 kg) were randomly fed one of the three diets including a control diet (21% crude protein [CP], CON), a protein restricted diet (17% CP, PR) and a BCAA diet (BCAA supplementation in the PR diet) for 14 d. The growth performance, plasma amino acid concentrations, small intestinal morphology and intestinal immunoglobulins were tested. First, average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05) of weaned pigs in PR group were lower, while gain:feed ratio was lower than the CON group (p<0.05). Compared with PR group, BCAA group improved ADG (p<0.05), ADFI (p<0.05) and feed:gain ratio (p<0.05) of piglets. The growth performance data between CON and BCAA groups was not different (p>0.05). The PR and BCAA treatments had a higher (p<0.05) plasma concentration of methionine and threonine than the CON treatment. The level of some essential and functional amino acids (such as arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, glutamine etc.) in plasma of the PR group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the CON group. Compared with CON group, BCAA supplementation significantly increased BCAA concentrations (p<0.01) and decreased urea concentration (p<0.01) in pig plasma indicating that the efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization was increased. Compared with CON group, the small intestine of piglets fed PR diet showed villous atrophy, increasing of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) number (p<0.05) and declining of the immunoglobulin concentration, including jejunal immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p = 0.04), secreted IgA (sIgA) (p = 0.03) and immunoglobulin M (p = 0.08), and ileal IgA (p = 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (p = 0.08). The BCAA supplementation increased villous height in the duodenum (p<0.01), reversed the trend of an increasing IELs number. Notably, BCAA supplementation increased levels of jejunal and ileal immunoglobulin mentioned above. In conclusion, BCAA supplementation to protein restricted diet improved intestinal immune defense function by protecting villous morphology and by increasing levels of intestinal immunoglobulins in weaned piglets. Our finding has the important implication that BCAA may be used to reduce the negative effects of a protein restricted diet on growth performance and intestinal immunity in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China ; Animal Science College, Anhui Science and Technology University, Anhui 233100, China
| | - S H Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X F Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S Y Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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84
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Xiao W, Chen P, Liu X, Zhao L. The Impaired Function of Macrophages Induced by Strenuous Exercise Could Not Be Ameliorated by BCAA Supplementation. Nutrients 2015; 7:8645-56. [PMID: 26506374 PMCID: PMC4632445 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise on the functions of peritoneal macrophages in rats and to test the hypothesis that branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation will be beneficial to the macrophages of rats from strenuous exercise. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: (C) Control, E) Exercise, (E1) Exercise with one week to recover, (ES) Exercise + Supplementation and (ES1) Exercise + Supplementation with 1 week to recover. All rats except those of the sedentary control were subjected to four weeks of strenuous exercise. Blood hemoglobin, serum testosterone and BCAA levels were tested. Peritoneal macrophages functions were also determined at the same time. The data showed that hemoglobin, testosterone, BCAA levels, and body weight in group E decreased significantly as compared with that of group C. Meanwhile, phagocytosis capacity (decreased by 17.07%, p = 0.031), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (decreased by 26%, p = 0.003) and MHC II mRNA (decreased by 22%, p = 0.041) of macrophages decreased in the strenuous exercise group as compared with group C. However, the chemotaxis of macrophages did not change significantly. In addition, BCAA supplementation could slightly increase the serum BCAA levels of rats from strenuous exercise (increased by 6.70%, p > 0.05). Moreover, the body weight, the blood hemoglobin, the serum testosterone and the function of peritoneal macrophages in group ES did not change significantly as compared with group E. These results suggest that long-term intensive exercise impairs the function of macrophages, which is essential for microbicidal capability. This may represent a novel mechanism of immunosuppression induced by strenuous exercise. Moreover, the impaired function of macrophage induced by strenuous exercise could not be ameliorated by BCAA supplementation in the dosing and timing used for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xiao
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Peijie Chen
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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85
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Mescka CP, Guerreiro G, Donida B, Marchetti D, Wayhs CAY, Ribas GS, Coitinho AS, Wajner M, Dutra-Filho CS, Vargas CR. Investigation of inflammatory profile in MSUD patients: benefit of L-carnitine supplementation. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1167-74. [PMID: 26002427 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a metabolic disorder caused by a severe deficiency of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity which leads to the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine (Leu), isoleucine and valine and their respective α-keto-acids in body fluids. The main symptomatology presented by MSUD patients includes ketoacidosis, failure to thrive, poor feeding, apnea, ataxia, seizures, coma, psychomotor delay and mental retardation, but, the neurological pathophysiologic mechanisms are poorly understood. The treatment consists of a low protein diet and a semi-synthetic formula restricted in BCAA and supplemented with essential amino acids. It was verified that MSUD patients present L-carnitine (L-car) deficiency and this compound has demonstrated an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role in metabolic diseases. Since there are no studies in the literature reporting the inflammatory profile of MSUD patients and the L-car role on the inflammatory response in this disorder, the present study evaluates the effect of L-car supplementation on plasma inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (INF-ɣ), and a correlation with malondialdehyde (MDA), as a marker of oxidative damage, and with free L-car plasma levels in treated MSUD patients. Significant increases of IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-ɣ were observed before the treatment with L-car. Moreover, there is a negative correlation between all cytokines tested and L-car concentrations and a positive correlation among the MDA content and IL-1β and IL-6 values. Our data show that L-car supplementation can improve cellular defense against inflammation and oxidative stress in MSUD patients and may represent an additional therapeutic approach to the patients affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Paula Mescka
- Serviço de Genética Médica, HCPA, UFRGS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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86
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Antioxidative and nitric oxide scavenging activity of branched-chain amino acids. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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87
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De Simone R, Ajmone-Cat MA, Pandolfi M, Bernardo A, De Nuccio C, Minghetti L, Visentin S. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is a master regulator of both M1 and M2 microglial responses. J Neurochem 2015; 135:147-56. [PMID: 26173855 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is a dynamic process, central to neuroinflammation, which can have beneficial or pathogenic effects to human health. Mitochondria are key players in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, common to most brain diseases. To the best of our knowledge on the role of mitochondria in the modulation of neuroinflammation, we focused on the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), known to control mitochondrial functions and to be implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In primary microglial cultures, the M1 stimulus lipopolysaccharide induced an early and transitory decrease in UCP2 levels. The initial UCP2 down-regulation was paralleled by mitochondrial inner membrane potential (mMP) depolarization and increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. The key role of UCP2 in controlling mMP and reactive oxygen species production was confirmed by both pharmacological inhibition and down-regulation by RNA interference. Additionally, UCP2-silenced microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide showed an enhanced inflammatory response, characterized by a greater production of nitric oxide and interleukin-6. UCP2 was differently regulated by M2 stimuli, as indicated by its persistent up-regulation by interleukin-4. In UCP2-silenced microglia, interleukin-4 failed to induce M2 genes (mannose receptor 1 and interleukin-10) and to reduce M1 genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumour necrosis factor-α). Our findings indicate that UCP2 is central to the process of microglial activation, with opposite regulation of M1 and M2 responses, and point to UCP2 manipulation as a potential strategy for redirecting microglial response towards protective phenotypes in several brain diseases where neuroinflammation is recognized to contribute to neurodegeneration. We show that the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is central to the process of microglial activation, with opposite regulation of M1 and M2 responses. In UCP2-silenced microglia, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers an enhanced inflammatory response characterized by a greater expression of M1 genes, whereas interleukin-4 (IL-4) fails in inducing M2 genes and reducing M1 genes. We propose UCP2 manipulation as a potential strategy for redirecting microglial response towards protective phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Simone
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ajmone-Cat
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Pandolfi
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Bernardo
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara De Nuccio
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Minghetti
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Visentin
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Bai J, Greene E, Li W, Kidd MT, Dridi S. Branched-chain amino acids modulate the expression of hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related genes in female broiler chickens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1171-81. [PMID: 25787688 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The effects and roles of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in hepatic fat metabolism are still unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we used broiler chickens, in which lipogenesis occurs essentially in the liver as in human, to investigate the effects of three levels of BCAAs (control "C," low "L" and exogenous supplemented diet "L+S") on growth, carcass traits, immunity, and hepatic fat metabolism. Despite the same productive performance, immunity, and plasma BCAA levels between all groups, low BCAA levels significantly downregulated the hepatic expression of lipogenic genes particularly acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCα) and stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 (p = 0.0036 and p = 0.0008, respectively) and upregulated the hepatic expression of mitochondrial β-oxidation- (uncoupling protein and NRF-1, p < 0.05) and dynamic-related genes (DNM1, p < 0.05). Concomitant with these changes, low BCAA levels increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α(Thr172), ACCα(Ser79), and forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1(Ser256)) and decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR(Ser2481) and P70 S6 kinase (Thr389). The mRNA abundance of the transcription factors SREBP1/2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha/beta, and FoxO1 were also increased in the liver of L group compared to the control. CONCLUSION Together our data indicate that low BCAA levels inhibit fatty acid synthesis and enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver of female broiler chickens and these effects were probably mediated through AMPK-mTOR-FoxO1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michael T Kidd
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Metformin promotes lifespan through mitohormesis via the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2501-9. [PMID: 24889636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1321776111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiglycemic drug metformin, widely prescribed as first-line treatment of type II diabetes mellitus, has lifespan-extending properties. Precisely how this is achieved remains unclear. Via a quantitative proteomics approach using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we gained molecular understanding of the physiological changes elicited by metformin exposure, including changes in branched-chain amino acid catabolism and cuticle maintenance. We show that metformin extends lifespan through the process of mitohormesis and propose a signaling cascade in which metformin-induced production of reactive oxygen species increases overall life expectancy. We further address an important issue in aging research, wherein so far, the key molecular link that translates the reactive oxygen species signal into a prolongevity cue remained elusive. We show that this beneficial signal of the mitohormetic pathway is propagated by the peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Because of its evolutionary conservation, peroxiredoxin signaling might underlie a general principle of prolongevity signaling.
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90
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Scaini G, Morais MOS, Galant LS, Vuolo F, Dall’Igna DM, Pasquali MAB, Ramos VM, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Soriano FG, Dal-Pizzol F, Streck EL. Coadministration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Lipopolysaccharide Causes Matrix Metalloproteinase Activation and Blood–Brain Barrier Breakdown. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:358-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lisi L, Tramutola A, Navarra P, Dello Russo C. Antiretroviral agents increase NO production in gp120/IFNγ-stimulated cultures of rat microglia via an arginase-dependent mechanism. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 266:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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92
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McPherson CA, Merrick BA, Harry GJ. In vivo molecular markers for pro-inflammatory cytokine M1 stage and resident microglia in trimethyltin-induced hippocampal injury. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:45-56. [PMID: 24002884 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglia polarization to the classical M1 activation state is characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, a full profile has not been generated in the early stages of a sterile inflammatory response recruiting only resident microglia. We characterized the initial M1 state in a hippocampal injury model dependent upon tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling for dentate granule cell death. Twenty-one-day-old CD1 male mice were injected with trimethyltin (TMT 2.3 mg/kg, i.p.) and the hippocampus was examined at an early stage (24-h post-dosing) of neuronal death. Glia activation was assessed using a custom quantitative nuclease protection assay. We report elevated mRNA levels for glia response such as ionizing calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap); Fas, hypoxia inducible factor alpha, complement component 1qb, TNF-related genes (Tnf, Tnfaip3, Tnfrsfla); interleukin-1 alpha, Cd44, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl)2, Cc14, integrin alpha M, lipocalin (Lcn2), and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1). These changes occurred in the absence of changes in matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 12, neural cell adhesion molecule, metabotropic glutamate receptor (Grm)3, and Ly6/neurotoxin 1 (Lynx1), as well as, a decrease in neurotrophin 3, glutamate receptor subunit epsilon (Grin)-2b, and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor, type 3. The M2 anti-inflammatory marker, transforming growth factor beta-1 (Tgfb1) was elevated. mRNAs associated with early stage of injury-induced neurogenesis including fibroblast growth factor 21 and Mki67 were elevated. In the "non-injured" temporal cortex receiving projections from the hippocampus, Lynx1, Grm3, and Grin2b were decreased and Gfap increased. Formalin fixed-paraffin-embedded tissue did not generate a comparable profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A McPherson
- Neurotoxicology Group, Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD E1-07, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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