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Hicks JA, Hatzidis A, Arruda NL, Gelineau RR, De Pina IM, Adams KW, Seggio JA. Voluntary wheel-running attenuates insulin and weight gain and affects anxiety-like behaviors in C57BL6/J mice exposed to a high-fat diet. Behav Brain Res 2016; 310:1-10. [PMID: 27154535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that lifestyle plays a crucial role on the quality of life in individuals, particularly in western societies where poor diet is correlated to alterations in behavior and the increased possibility of developing type-2 diabetes. While exercising is known to produce improvements to overall health, there is conflicting evidence on how much of an effect exercise has staving off the development of type-2 diabetes or counteracting the effects of diet on anxiety. Thus, this study investigated the effects of voluntary wheel-running access on the progression of diabetes-like symptoms and open field and light-dark box behaviors in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. C57BL/6J mice were placed into either running-wheel cages or cages without a running-wheel, given either regular chow or a high-fat diet, and their body mass, food consumption, glucose tolerance, insulin and c-peptide levels were measured. Mice were also exposed to the open field and light-dark box tests for anxiety-like behaviors. Access to a running-wheel partially attenuated the obesity and hyperinsulinemia associated with high-fat diet consumption in these mice, but did not affect glucose tolerance or c-peptide levels. Wheel-running strongly increased anxiety-like and decreased explorative-like behaviors in the open field and light-dark box, while high-fat diet consumption produced smaller increases in anxiety. These results suggest that voluntary wheel-running can assuage some, but not all, of the physiological problems associated with high-fat diet consumption, and can modify anxiety-like behaviors regardless of diet consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin A Hicks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Aikaterini Hatzidis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Nicole L Arruda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Rachel R Gelineau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Isabella Monteiro De Pina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Kenneth W Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
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The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:23-43. [PMID: 26989000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition. Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e., an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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O'Connor KA, Feustel PJ, Ramirez-Zamora A, Molho E, Pilitsis JG, Shin DS. Investigation of diazepam efficacy on anxiety-like behavior in hemiparkinsonian rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 301:226-37. [PMID: 26748254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that anxiety disorders have a greater impact on quality of life in Parkinson's disease than motor symptoms. Yet, little is known about the pathophysiology underlying this non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease which poses a considerable barrier in developing effective treatment strategies. Here, we administered diazepam to hemiparkinsonian and non-parkinsonian rats and assessed its efficacy in three anxiety behavioral tests. At present, no information about this exists in preclinical research with sparse data in the clinical literature. Moreover, diazepam is an acute anxiolytic which makes this drug a suitable research tool to unmask differences in anxiety-like behavior. Using the unilateral, medial forebrain bundle 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease, we noted that hemiparkinsonian rats had more baseline anxiety-like behavior with 60% of them exhibiting high anxiety (HA) behavior in the elevated plus maze. In contrast, 41% of sham-lesioned rats and 8% of naïve rats exhibited HA behavior. Next, we employed the elevated plus maze and noted that diazepam (1.5mg/kg) was anxiolytic in low anxiety (LA) sham-lesioned (p=0.006) and HA sham-lesioned rats (p=0.016). Interestingly, diazepam was anxiolytic for LA hemiparkinsonian rats (p=0.017), but not for HA hemiparkinsonian rats (p=0.174) despite both groups having similar motor impairment and parkinsonian phenotype. Overall, diazepam administration unmasked differences in anxiolytic efficacy between HA hemiparkinsonian rats, LA hemiparkinsonian rats and non-parkinsonian rats. Our data suggests that neuro-circuits involved in anxiety-like behavior may differ within these groups and posits that diazepam may have reduced efficacy in certain individuals with PD anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A O'Connor
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J Feustel
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Clinic, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Eric Molho
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Clinic, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Damian S Shin
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Zhang X, Song D, Gu L, Ren Y, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Decrease of gene expression of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors parallels development of depressive phenotype in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:388. [PMID: 26500493 PMCID: PMC4594497 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depression. Stimulation of astroglial 5-HT2B receptors transactivates epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and regulates gene expression. Previously we reported that expression of 5-HT2B receptors in cortical astrocytes is down-regulated in animals, which developed anhedonia in response to chronic stress; moreover this down-regulation as well as anhedonia, are reversed by chronic treatment with fluoxetine. In this study we have investigated whether astrocytic 5-HT2B receptor is involved in anhedonia in C57BL/6 mice model of Parkinson' disease (PD) induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 days. The MPTP treatment induced anhendonia in 66.7% of animals. The appearance of depressive behavior was accompanied with motor deficiency and decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. Expression of mRNA and protein of 5-HT2B receptor in animals that became anhedonic decreased to 77.3 and 79.3% of control groups, respectively; in animals that received MPTP but did not develop anhedonia the expression of 5-HT2B receptor did not change. Experiments with FACS-sorted isolated cells demonstrated that decrease in 5-HT2B receptor expression was confined to astrocytes, and did not occur in neurons. Fluoxetine corrected MPTP-induced decrease of 5-HT2B receptor expression and depressive behavior. Our findings indicate that regulation of gene expression of 5-HT2B receptors in astroglia may be associated with pathophysiological evolution of PD-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xique Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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Zhao TT, Shin KS, Choi HS, Lee MK. Ameliorating effects of gypenosides on chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders in mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:323. [PMID: 26370834 PMCID: PMC4570649 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP) shows anti-stress and anxiolytic functions in mice, and also protects dopamine neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. In addition, gypenosides (the gypenoside-enriched components of GP, GPS) have a protective effect on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. In this study, the ameliorating effects of GPS on chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders in mice were investigated. METHODS Mice were orally treated with GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) once a day for 10 days, followed by exposure to electric footshock (EF) stress (0.6 mA, 1 s every 5 s, 3 min). After the final administration of either GPS, water extract of GP (GP-WX) or ethanol extract of GP (GP-EX, positive control), the behavioral tests such as elevated plus-maze, marble burying and locomotor activity tests, and the biochemical parameters including dopamine, serotonin and corticosterone levels, and c-Fos expression were examined. RESULTS Treatment with GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) increased the number of open arm entries and the time spent on open arms in elevated plus-maze which were reduced by chronic EF stress. GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the number of marbles buried which increased by chronic EF stress. In these states, the brain levels of dopamine and serotonin decreased by chronic EF stress and they were recovered by GPS. The serum levels of corticosterone increased by chronic EF stress were also reduced by GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg). Finally, chronic EF stress-induced c-Fos expression was markedly reduced by GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) in the brain. GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) also showed an equivalent efficacy on anxiolytic functions, as compared with GP-EX (50 mg/kg). However, GP-WX (50 mg/kg) showed a less effect on anxiety disorders than GP-EX (50 mg/kg) and GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg). CONCLUSION These results suggest that GPS (100 and 200 mg/kg) has anxiolytic effects on chronic EF stress-induced anxiety disorders by modulating dopamine and serotonin neuronal activities, c-Fos expression and corticosterone levels. GPS may serve as a phytonutrient in chronic stress-induced anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ting Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Sung Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Sook Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungcheong University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28171, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Rauf S, Soejono SK, Partadiredja G. Effects of treadmill exercise training on cerebellar estrogen and estrogen receptors, serum estrogen, and motor coordination performance of ovariectomized rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:587-92. [PMID: 26221482 PMCID: PMC4509954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims at examining the motor coordination performance, serum and cerebellar estrogen, as well as ERβ levels, of ovariectomized rats (as menopausal model) following regular exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten female Sprague Dawley rats aged 12 weeks old were randomly divided into two groups; all of which underwent ovariectomy. The first group was treated with regular exercise of moderate intensity, in which the rats were trained to run on a treadmill for 60 min per day for 12 weeks. The second group served as control. Rotarod test was carried out before and after exercise treatment. All rats were euthanized thereafter, and blood and cerebellums of the rats were collected. The serum and cerebellar estrogen as well as cerebellar ERβ levels were measured using ELISA assays. RESULTS The number of falls in the rotarod task of the exercise group was significantly lower than that of control group. The cerebellar estrogen level of the exercise group was significantly higher than that of control group. Accordingly, there was a significantly negative correlation between the number of falls and cerebellar estrogen level in the exercise group. CONCLUSION The present study shows that a lengthy period of regular exercise improves the cerebellar estrogen level and motor coordination performance in ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidah Rauf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Masohi Nursing Study Program, Health Polytechnic Maluku, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia
| | - Sri Kadarsih Soejono
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ginus Partadiredja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Sconce MD, Churchill MJ, Greene RE, Meshul CK. Intervention with exercise restores motor deficits but not nigrostriatal loss in a progressive MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 299:156-74. [PMID: 25943481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have investigated exercise therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have shown benefits in improving motor deficits. However, exercise does not slow down the progression of the disease or induce the revival of lost nigrostriatal neurons. To examine the dichotomy of behavioral improvement without the slowing or recovery of dopaminergic cell or terminal loss, we tested exercise therapy in an intervention paradigm where voluntary running wheels were installed half-way through our progressive PD mouse model. In our model, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is administered over 4 weeks with increased doses each week (8, 16, 24, 32-kg/mg). We found that after 4 weeks of MPTP treatment, mice that volunteered to exercise had behavioral recovery in several measures despite the loss of 73% and 53% tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) within the dorsolateral (DL) striatum and the substantia nigra (SN), respectively which was equivalent to the loss seen in the mice that did not exercise but were also administered MPTP for 4 weeks. Mice treated with 4 weeks of MPTP showed a 41% loss of vesicular monoamine transporter II (VMAT2), a 71% increase in the ratio of glycosylated/non-glycosylated dopamine transporter (DAT), and significant increases in glutamate transporters including VGLUT1, GLT-1, and excitatory amino acid carrier 1. MPTP mice that exercised showed recovery of all these biomarkers back to the levels seen in the vehicle group and showed less inflammation compared to the mice treated with MPTP for 4 weeks. Even though we did not measure tissue dopamine (DA) concentration, our data suggest that exercise does not alleviate motor deficits by sparing nigrostriatal neurons, but perhaps by stabilizing the extraneuronal neurotransmitters, as evident by a recovery of DA and glutamate transporters. However, suppressing inflammation could be another mechanism of this locomotor recovery. Although exercise will not be a successful treatment alone, it could supplement other pharmaceutical approaches to PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Sconce
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, Mail Code: RD-29, Research Services, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - M J Churchill
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, Mail Code: RD-29, Research Services, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - R E Greene
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, Mail Code: RD-29, Research Services, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - C K Meshul
- Research Services, VA Medical Center/Portland, Mail Code: RD-29, Research Services, 3710 SW Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.
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59
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Neuroprotection of Dopaminergic Neurons by Herbal Acupuncture in and Models of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by MPP+/MPTP Toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.13045/acupunct.2015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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60
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McDonald MP. Methods and Models of the Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson Disease. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Ossowska K, Lorenc-Koci E. Depression in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1545-57. [PMID: 24553003 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a frequent comorbid disorder of Parkinson's disease; however, little is known about its pathomechanisms. Although depression is an important factor negatively affecting the quality of life of parkinsonian patients, it often remains undiagnosed and therefore untreated. Furthermore, antidepressant therapy is problematic because of the need to combine antidepressant drugs with antiparkinsonian treatments. The present paper gives an overview of characteristic features of Parkinson's disease-associated depression, experimental studies on its animal models, potential mechanisms involved in its occurrence and possible strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Berghauzen-Maciejewska K, Kuter K, Kolasiewicz W, Głowacka U, Dziubina A, Ossowska K, Wardas J. Pramipexole but not imipramine or fluoxetine reverses the "depressive-like" behaviour in a rat model of preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:343-53. [PMID: 24956561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a frequent comorbid disorder in Parkinson's disease and may antedate its motor symptoms. However, mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease-associated depression are unknown and its current medication is insufficient. The aim of the present study was to compare antidepressant-like effects of imipramine, fluoxetine and pramipexole in a model of preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease in rats. 6-Hydroxydopamine was bilaterally injected into the ventrolateral region of the caudate-putamen in rats. This treatment induced moderate decreases in the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex and reduced the density of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. The lesion increased immobility measured in the forced swimming test without influencing locomotor activity. Chronic (13 days) administration of pramipexole (1mg/kg sc/twice a day) reversed prolongation of the immobility time in lesioned animals but did not stimulate their locomotion. Chronic pramipexole activated dopaminergic transmission in the brain structures which might contribute to its effectiveness in the forced swimming test. In contrast, the 13-day administration of imipramine (10mg/kg ip/day) and fluoxetine (10mg/kg ip/day) did not shorten the immobility time in lesioned rats but reduced their locomotion. The present study indicates that already a moderate lesion of dopaminergic neurons induces "depressive-like" behaviour in animals which is reversed by chronic administration of the antiparkinsonian drug, pramipexole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemencja Berghauzen-Maciejewska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuter
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wacław Kolasiewicz
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Dziubina
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krystyna Ossowska
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wardas
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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63
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Shin KS, Zhao TT, Choi HS, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Effects of gypenosides on anxiety disorders in MPTP-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson׳s disease. Brain Res 2014; 1567:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Liu Y, Yuan YH, Sun JD, Li J, Li ZP, Chen NH. Nigrostriatal dynein changes in A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice. F1000Res 2014; 3:68. [PMID: 25210616 PMCID: PMC4156029 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.3507.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded a-synuclein is mechanistically linked to neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other alpha-synucleinopathies. However, how alpha-synuclein causes neurodegeneration is unresolved. Several studies have supported the involvement of dynein, the major motor for retrograde axonal transport in alpha-synuclein-dependent neurodegeneration, especially in the nigrostriatal system. Therefore, we examined the nigrostriatal dyneins in transgenic mice that overexpress human A53T alpha-synuclein and recapitulate key features of a PD-like neuronal synucleinopathy. Age-matched nontransgenic littermates were used as controls. The results demonstrated that the protein level of dynein was decreased in the striatum, whereas it was elevated in the substantia nigra. Double immunostaining results revealed that the reduction in dynein level was associated with aggregation of A53T a-synuclein in the striatum. Furthermore, we performed a quantitative analysis of motor behaviors in A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice and controls using a modified open field test. We demonstrated that the protein level of dynein in the striatum was significantly correlated with the motor behaviors. Together, our data indicate that dynein changes in the nigrostriatal system of A53T alpha-synuclein transgenic mice may contribute to their severe movement disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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Bortolotto JW, Cognato GP, Christoff RR, Roesler LN, Leite CE, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Vianna MR, Bonan CD. Long-term exposure to paraquat alters behavioral parameters and dopamine levels in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2014; 11:142-53. [PMID: 24568596 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2013.0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to paraquat (Pq), a toxic herbicide, can result in Parkinsonian symptoms. This study evaluated the effect of the systemic administration of Pq on locomotion, learning and memory, social interaction, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels, and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expression in zebrafish. Adult zebrafish received an i.p. injection of either 10 mg/kg (Pq10) or 20 mg/kg (Pq20) of Pq every 3 days for a total of six injections. Locomotion and distance traveled decreased at 24 h after each injection in both treatment doses. In addition, both Pq10- and Pq20-treated animals exhibited differential effects on the absolute turn angle. Nonmotor behaviors were also evaluated, and no changes were observed in anxiety-related behaviors or social interactions in Pq-treated zebrafish. However, Pq-treated animals demonstrated impaired acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory in the Y-maze task. Interestingly, dopamine levels increased while DOPAC levels decreased in the zebrafish brain after both treatments. However, DAT expression decreased in the Pq10-treated group, and there was no change in the Pq20-treated group. The amount of TH protein showed no significant difference in the treated group. Our study establishes a new model to study Parkinson-associated symptoms in zebrafish that have been chronically treated with Pq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane W Bortolotto
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Murray DK, Sacheli MA, Eng JJ, Stoessl AJ. The effects of exercise on cognition in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Transl Neurodegener 2014; 3:5. [PMID: 24559472 PMCID: PMC3936925 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can substantially affect a patient’s quality of life. These impairments remain difficult to manage with current clinical therapies, but exercise has been identified as a possible treatment. The objective of this systematic review was to accumulate and analyze evidence for the effects of exercise on cognition in both animal models of PD and human disease. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Fourteen original reports were identified, including six pre-clinical animal studies and eight human clinical studies. These studies used various exercise interventions and evaluated many different outcome measures; therefore, only a qualitative synthesis was performed. The evidence from animal studies supports the role of exercise to improve cognition in humans through the promotion of neuronal proliferation, neuroprotection and neurogenesis. These findings warrant more research to determine what roles these neural mechanisms play in clinical populations. The reports on cognitive changes in clinical studies demonstrate that a range of exercise programs can improve cognition in humans. While each clinical study demonstrated improvements in a marker of cognition, there were limitations in each study, including non-randomized designs and risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used and the quality of the evidence for human studies were rated from “low” to “moderate” and the strength of the recommendations were rated from “weak” to “strong”. Studies that assessed executive function, compared to general cognitive abilities, received a higher GRADE rating. Overall, this systematic review found that in animal models exercise results in behavioral and corresponding neurobiological changes in the basal ganglia related to cognition. The clinical studies showed that various types of exercise, including aerobic, resistance and dance can improve cognitive function, although the optimal type, amount, mechanisms, and duration of exercise are unclear. With growing support for exercise to improve not only motor symptoms, but also cognitive impairments in PD, health care providers and policy makers should recommend exercise as part of routine management and neurorehabilitation for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle K Murray
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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Nguyen JCD, Killcross AS, Jenkins TA. Effect of low-intensity treadmill exercise on behavioural measures and hippocampal parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:598-601. [PMID: 24035878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been demonstrated to have positive effects on both the body and brain. The present study aimed to determine the behavioural and morphological consequence of low-intensity running. Rats were exercised on a treadmill for a total of 30 days, 30 min/day. Social interaction, locomotor activity and behaviour on an elevated plus maze were assessed post-treatment. Exercised animals demonstrated more passive interaction and less time not interacting than control animals that were not exercised. Conversely, locomotor and anxiety measures showed no effect of exercise. Analysis of brains demonstrated an increase in expression of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus localised to the CA1 and CA2/3 regions. These results demonstrate that low-intensity exercise leads to changes in social behaviour as well as neuroplastic morphological changes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C D Nguyen
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Eddy MC, Rifken KM, Toufexis DJ, Green JT. Gonadal hormones and voluntary exercise interact to improve discrimination ability in a set-shift task. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:744-54. [PMID: 23978149 DOI: 10.1037/a0033728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been demonstrated to improve multiple facets of health, including cognitive function. Rodent studies have suggested that exercise has robust effects on the hippocampus and on tasks that require the hippocampus. However, studies of the effects of exercise in humans often focus on the benefits to cognitive processes that engage areas outside of the hippocampus, such as executive function. Additionally, when exercise's cognitive benefits are examined, consideration of both males and females, and gonadal hormones, is rarely made. Here we looked at the interaction of gonadal hormones and exercise in terms of the ability of male and female rats to learn to discriminate rewarded from unrewarded arms in a T maze based on either brightness (white vs. black) or texture (rough vs. smooth) and then to set-shift (a measure of executive function), where this required discrimination is based on the opposite dimension. Gonadectomized or intact males and females had access to running wheels for 2 weeks before being tested. Intact males and females given access to unlocked running wheels performed better at the initial discrimination (Set 1) compared with intact males and females with locked running wheels but not at the set shift (Set 2). No advantage of exercise was observed in gonadectomized rats.
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The yeast product Milmed enhances the effect of physical exercise on motor performance and dopamine neurochemistry recovery in MPTP-lesioned mice. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:393-406. [PMID: 23893731 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Both clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated that different types of physical exercise may alleviate Parkinsonism yet evidence for complete restoration of motor function and biomarker integrity are difficult to identify. MPTP (1 × 30 mg/kg, s.c., 4 groups) or saline (vehicle 1 × 5 ml/kg, s.c., 1 group) were administered in a single dose regime over three consecutive weeks on Fridays. Three MPTP groups were given four 30-min periods/week (Mondays to Thursdays), of these two groups, MPTP + Exer + M(i) and MPTP + Exer + M(ii); the former were introduced to exercise and Milmed (oral injection) on the week following the 1st MPTP injection and the latter on the Monday prior to the 1st injection of MPTP onwards. One MPTP group, MPTP + Exer, was given access to exercise (running wheels) from the week following the 1st MPTP injection onwards. The fourth MPTP group, MPTP-NoEx, and the Vehicle group were only given access to exercise on a single day each week (Wednesdays, exercise test) from the week following the 1st MPTP injection onwards. The exercise/exercise + Milmed regime was maintained for a further 9 weeks. It was observed that exercise by itself ameliorated MPTP-induced deficits regarding motor function and dopamine loss only partially whereas in the groups combining exercise with twice weekly dosages of Milmed the MPTP-induced deficits were abolished by the 10th week of the intervention. The three main conclusions that were drawn from correlational analyses of individual mice were: (i) that DA integrity was observed to be a direct function of ability to express running exercise in a treadmill wheel-running arrangement, and (ii) that DA integrity was observed to be a direct function of the capacity for motor performance as measured by spontaneous motor activity and subthreshold L-Dopa (5 mg/kg) induced activity in the motor activity test chambers, and (iii) that the extent to which running exercise in a running wheel was predictive of later motor performance in the activity test chambers was highly convincing.
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Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu J, Charoenphandhu N. Beneficial effects of fluoxetine, reboxetine, venlafaxine, and voluntary running exercise in stressed male rats with anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:316-25. [PMID: 23707245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodents exposed to mild but repetitive stress may develop anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Whether this stress response could be alleviated by pharmacological treatments or exercise interventions, such as wheel running, was unknown. Herein, we determined anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in restraint stressed rats (2h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) subjected to acute diazepam treatment (30min prior to behavioral test), chronic treatment with fluoxetine, reboxetine or venlafaxine (10mg/kg/day for 4 weeks), and/or 4-week voluntary wheel running. In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and forced swimming tests (FST), stressed rats spent less time in the open arms and had less swimming duration than the control rats, respectively, indicating the presence of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Stressed rats also developed learned fear as evaluated by elevated T-maze test (ETM). Although wheel running could reduce anxiety-like behaviors in both EPM and ETM, only diazepam was effective in the EPM, while fluoxetine, reboxetine, and venlafaxine were effective in the ETM. Fluoxetine, reboxetine, and wheel running, but not diazepam and venlafaxine, also reduced depression-like behavior in FST. Combined pharmacological treatment and exercise did not further reduce anxiety-like behavior in stressed rats. However, stressed rats treated with wheel running plus reboxetine or venlafaxine showed an increase in climbing duration in FST. In conclusion, regular exercise (voluntary wheel running) and pharmacological treatments, especially fluoxetine and reboxetine, could alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in stressed male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Lapmanee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Ayton S, George JL, Adlard PA, Bush AI, Cherny RA, Finkelstein DI. The effect of dopamine on MPTP-induced rotarod disability. Neurosci Lett 2013; 543:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Moriello G, Denio C, Abraham M, DeFrancesco D, Townsley J. Incorporating yoga into an intense physical therapy program in someone with Parkinson's disease: a case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013; 17:408-17. [PMID: 24138996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this case report was to document outcomes following an intense exercise program integrating yoga with physical therapy exercise in a male with Parkinson's disease. METHOD The participant performed an intense 1½-hour program (Phase A) incorporating strengthening, balance, agility and yoga exercises twice weekly for 12 weeks. He then completed a new home exercise program developed by the researchers (Phase B) for 12 weeks. RESULTS His score on the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire improved 16 points while his score on the High Level Mobility Assessment tool improved 11 points. There were also improvements in muscle length of several lower extremity muscles, in upper and lower extremity muscle strength, in dynamic balance and he continues to work full time 29 months later. There were no improvements in thoracic posture or aerobic power. DISCUSSION This intense program was an effective dose of exercise for someone with Parkinson's disease and allowed him to continue to participate in work, leisure, and community activities.
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73
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Choi HS, Zhao TT, Shin KS, Kim SH, Hwang BY, Lee CK, Lee MK. Anxiolytic effects of herbal ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum in mice after exposure to chronic stress. Molecules 2013; 18:4342-56. [PMID: 23584055 PMCID: PMC6269700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of herbal ethanol extracts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP-EX), on chronic electric footshock (EF) stress-induced anxiety disorders were investigated in mice, which were orally treated with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) once a day for 14 days, followed by exposure to EF stress (2 mA, with an interval and duration of 10 s for 3 min). After the final exposure to EF stress, the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests were performed, and the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, the serum levels of corticosterone, and the expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were determined. Treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) significantly recovered the number of entries into open arms and time spent on open arms, which was reduced by chronic EF stress. GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) also reduced the number of marbles buried, which was increased by chronic EF stress. In addition, electric EF stress significantly decreased the levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which was recovered by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). The serum levels of corticosterone, which were markedly increased by chronic EF stress, were reduced by treatment with GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg). Chronic EF stress-induced increases in c-Fos expression were also markedly reduced by GP-EX (30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) in the PVN. These results suggest that GP-EX shows anxiolytic functions, determined by the elevated plus-maze and marble burying tests, which are mediated by modulating the activity of dopamine and serotonin neurons as well as the expression of c-Fos in the brain, and the serum levels of corticosterone. Clinical trials of herbal GP-EX and its bioactive components need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sook Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Ting Ting Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Keon Sung Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Institute of Sports Science, College of Physical Education, Kyunghee University, Youngin 449-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
| | - Myung Koo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Bioresource and Health, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea; E-Mails: (H.S.C); (T.T.Z); (K.S.S); (B.Y.H); (C.K.L)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-43-261-2822; Fax: +82-43-276-2754
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Adeosun SO, Hou X, Jiao Y, Zheng B, Henry S, Hill R, He Z, Pani A, Kyle P, Ou X, Mosley T, Farley JM, Stockmeier C, Paul I, Bigler S, Brinton RD, Smeyne R, Wang JM. Allopregnanolone reinstates tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons and motor performance in an MPTP-lesioned mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50040. [PMID: 23209637 PMCID: PMC3510204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Restorative/protective therapies to restore dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) are greatly needed to effectively change the debilitating course of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of a neurogenic neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, in the restoration of the components of the nigrostriatal pathway in MPTP-lesioned mice by measuring striatal dopamine levels, total and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neuron numbers and BrdU-positive cells in the SNpc. An acute treatment (once/week for two weeks) with allopregnanolone restored the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and total cell numbers in the SNpc of MPTP-lesioned mice, even though this did not increase striatal dopamine. It was also noted that MPTP treated mice to which allopregnanolone was administered had an increase in BrdU-positive cells in the SNpc. The effects of allopregnanolone in MPTP-lesioned mice were more apparent in mice that underwent behavioral tests. Interestingly, mice treated with allopregnanolone after MPTP lesion were able to perform at levels similar to that of non-lesioned control mice in a rotarod test. These data demonstrate that allopregnanolone promotes the restoration of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons and total cells in the nigrostriatal tract, improves the motor performance in MPTP-treated mice, and may serve as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Adeosun
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xu Hou
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yun Jiao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Sherry Henry
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Rosanne Hill
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Zhi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Amar Pani
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Patrick Kyle
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mosley
- The Memory Impairment Neurodegenerative Dementia Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Jerry M. Farley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Craig Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Ian Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Steven Bigler
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jun Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- The Memory Impairment Neurodegenerative Dementia Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang XH, Lu G, Hu X, Tsang KS, Kwong WH, Wu FX, Meng HW, Jiang S, Liu SW, Ng HK, Poon WS. Quantitative assessment of gait and neurochemical correlation in a classical murine model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:142. [PMID: 23151254 PMCID: PMC3507899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait deficits are important clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, existing behavioral tests for the detection of motor impairments in rodents with systemic dopamine depletion only measure akinesia and dyskinesia, and data focusing on gait are scarce. We evaluated gait changes in the methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced C57BL/6 murine model of PD by using a computer-assisted CatWalk system. Correlations of gait parameters with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels in the substantia nigra (SN) were also investigated. Results The gait readouts, including the walking duration, variation of walking speed, step cycle, duty cycle, stance, initial dual stance, terminal dual stance, three- and four-point supports, and the base of support between hind limbs was noted to increase significantly one week after MPTP injection. In contrast, values of the stride length, cadence, swing speed, and diagonal dual support decreased substantially following MPTP treatment (p < 0.05). All of these changes lasted for three weeks after the last MPTP administration. Except for the stance in the fore limbs and the swing speed in the hind limbs, the gait variability in the PD mice showed a closer correlation with the protein levels of TH in the SN than the walking distances in the conventional open field test. Coordination parameters of the regularity index and step pattern were not affected in mice treated with MPTP. Conclusion Data of the study suggest that the computer-assisted CatWalk system can provide reliable and objective criteria to stratify gait changes arising from MPTP-induced bilateral lesions in C57/BL6 mice. The extent of gait changes was noted to correlate with the expression of the biomarker for dopaminergic neurons. This novel analytical method may hold promise in the study of disease progression and new drug screening in a murine PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hong Wang
- Research Center for Sectional and Imaging Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
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Lindgren HS, Dunnett SB. Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Parkinson's disease: what can be learned from rodent models? Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1894-907. [PMID: 22708601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has for decades been considered a pure motor disorder and its cardinal motor symptoms have been attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to nigral Lewy body pathology. However, there has more recently been a shift in the conceptualization of the disease, and its pathological features have now been recognized as involving several other areas of the brain and indeed even outside the central nervous system. There are a corresponding variety of intrinsic non-motor symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances and neuropsychiatric problems, which cannot be explained exclusively by nigral pathology. In this review, we will focus on cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in PD, and we will consider whether, and how, these deficits can best be modelled in rodent models of the disorder. As only a few of the non-motor symptoms respond to standard DA replacement therapies, the quest for a broader therapeutic approach remains a major research effort, and success in this area in particular will be strongly dependent on appropriate rodent models. In addition, better understanding of the different models, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available behavioural tasks, will result in better tools for evaluating new treatment strategies for PD patients suffering from these neuropsychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Lindgren
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Sciolino NR, Holmes PV. Exercise offers anxiolytic potential: a role for stress and brain noradrenergic-galaninergic mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1965-84. [PMID: 22771334 PMCID: PMC4815919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although physical activity reduces anxiety in humans, the neural basis for this response is unclear. Rodent models are essential to understand the mechanisms that underlie the benefits of exercise. However, it is controversial whether exercise exerts anxiolytic-like potential in rodents. Evidence is reviewed to evaluate the effects of wheel running, an experimental mode of exercise in rodents, on behavior in tests of anxiety and on norepinephrine and galanin systems in neural circuits that regulate stress. Stress is proposed to account for mixed behavioral findings in this literature. Indeed, running promotes an adaptive response to stress and alters anxiety-like behaviors in a manner dependent on stress. Running amplifies galanin expression in noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) and suppresses stress-induced activity of the LC and norepinephrine output in LC-target regions. Thus, enhanced galanin-mediated suppression of brain norepinephrine in runners is supported by current literature as a mechanism that may contribute to the stress-protective effects of exercise. These data support the use of rodents to study the emotional and neurobiological consequences of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R. Sciolino
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Philip V. Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Morais LH, Lima MM, Martynhak BJ, Santiago R, Takahashi TT, Ariza D, Barbiero JK, Andreatini R, Vital MA. Characterization of motor, depressive-like and neurochemical alterations induced by a short-term rotenone administration. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1081-90. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sciolino NR, Dishman RK, Holmes PV. Voluntary exercise offers anxiolytic potential and amplifies galanin gene expression in the locus coeruleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:191-200. [PMID: 22580167 PMCID: PMC3409590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although exercise improves anxiety in humans, it is controversial whether exercise is anxiolytic in rodents. We tested the hypothesis that stress influences the effect of exercise on anxiety-like and defensive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise, we also examined whether exercise alters gene expression for the stress-related peptide galanin. Rats were housed in the presence or absence of a running wheel for 21 d. A subset of these rats were (1) not injected or received a single high, dose of the β-carboline FG7142 (inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor site) immediately prior to testing or (2) were injected repeatedly with vehicle or FG7142 during the last 10d of exercise. On day 22, anxiety-like and defensive behaviors were measured in the elevated plus maze, shock probe defensive burying, and defensive withdrawal tests. Locus coeruleus prepro-galanin mRNA was measured by in situ hybridization. Exercise and sedentary rats that were not injected exhibited similar behavior in all tests, whereas FG7142 injected immediately prior to the test battery produced intense avoidance and immobility consistent with an anxiety-like response. However, exercise produced anxiolytic-like and active defensive behaviors in the test battery relative to the sedentary condition in rats injected repeatedly with vehicle or FG7142. Exercise also increased prepro-galanin mRNA in the locus coeruleus relative to sedentary controls. These data suggest that the emergence of enhanced adaptive behavior after chronic voluntary exercise is influenced by stress. Our data support a role for galanin in the beneficial consequences of wheel running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale R. Sciolino
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia
| | | | - Philip V. Holmes
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
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80
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Long-term voluntary exercise, representing habitual exercise, lowers visceral fat and alters plasma amino acid levels in mice. Environ Health Prev Med 2011; 17:275-84. [PMID: 22052204 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-011-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of long-term voluntary exercise, representing habitual exercise for the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases, on glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism in mice. METHODS Twenty-four mice aged 6 weeks were divided into three groups. Two groups (16 mice) were housed individually in either cages equipped with a running wheel (8 mice, exercising, Ex-mice) or without (8 mice, sedentary, Se-mice) for 24 weeks. The remaining group (8 mice) was sacrificed at 6 weeks of age. Biomarkers related to glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism were examined. RESULTS Ex-mice ran voluntarily, predominantly in the dark. The distance per day peaked at 4 weeks and then decreased until 12 weeks to around the level seen at the beginning of the experimental period, and was maintained at 4.9 ± 0.2 km/day from 12 to 24 weeks. Ex-mice showed a similar adrenal weight and vitamin C content to Se-mice but had a significantly lower body weight and higher food intake. Ex-mice also showed a higher skeletal muscle weight, a lower white adipose tissue and liver weight, associated with lower plasma leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels, and a lower hepatic triglyceride content. Analysis of plasma amino acids showed that Ex-mice had significantly higher phenylalanine, tyrosine, and glutamine levels, resulting in a significantly lower Fischer's ratio. CONCLUSIONS We present an animal model of long-term voluntary exercise under low stress. Findings related to the effects of long-term voluntary exercise on lipid, and amino acid metabolism in our mouse model indicate that such an exercise regimen may affect pathophysiological states related to appetite and behavior.
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O'Dell SJ, Galvez BA, Ball AJ, Marshall JF. Running wheel exercise ameliorates methamphetamine-induced damage to dopamine and serotonin terminals. Synapse 2011; 66:71-80. [PMID: 21953518 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Repeated administration of methamphetamine (mAMPH) to rodents in a single-day "binge" produces long-lasting damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. Because previous research has demonstrated that physical activity can ameliorate nigrostriatal injury, this study investigated whether voluntary exercise in rats can alter the monoaminergic damage resulting from a neurotoxic mAMPH binge. Adult male rats were allowed constant access to running wheels or kept in nonwheel cages for three weeks, then given a binge dosing regimen of mAMPH or saline. The rats were returned to their original environments for three additional weeks post-mAMPH. [(125) I]RTI-55 binding and autoradiography was used to quantify dopamine transporters (DAT), and radioimmunocytochemistry was used to quantify striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Binge mAMPH treatment significantly reduced striatal DAT and TH in a regionally specific pattern; with greatest effects in ventral caudate-putamen (CP) and relative sparing of the nucleus accumbens septi (NAc). The effects of mAMPH on striatal DAT and TH were ameliorated in the running, compared to the sedentary, animals. Also, mAMPH was found to reduce [(125) I]RTI-55 binding to serotonin transporters (SERT) in frontoparietal cortex, and this too was significantly attenuated by exercise. Additional correlational analyses showed that the post-mAMPH running of individual animals predicted the amelioration of striatal DAT and TH as well as frontoparietal SERT. Overall, voluntary exercise significantly diminished mAMPH-induced forebrain monoaminergic damage. The significant correlations between post-mAMPH exercise and markers of monoaminergic terminal integrity provide novel evidence that voluntary exercise may exert beneficial effects on behavior in recovering mAMPH addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J O'Dell
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4550, USA.
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82
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Ridgel AL, Muller MD, Kim CH, Fickes EJ, Mera TO. Acute effects of passive leg cycling on upper extremity tremor and bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2011; 39:83-93. [PMID: 22030944 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2011.09.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that single bouts of high-rate active cycling (> 80 rpm) improve upper extremity motor function in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is unknown if passive leg cycling produces a similar effect on upper extremity function. This article examines whether passive leg cycling can promote immediate changes in upper tremor and bradykinesia in PD and if pedaling rates have variable effects. METHODS Twenty individuals with mild-to-moderate idiopathic PD completed 4 sessions, with each session taking place 1 week apart. In the second to fourth sessions, a motorized bicycle was set to passively rotate the subjects' legs at rates of 60, 70, or 80 rpm for 30 minutes. Quantitative upper extremity motor assessments were completed immediately before and after each session. RESULTS Passive leg cycling was shown to reduce tremor and bradykinesia in PD. However, the rate of passive cycling did not affect the degree of improvement in bradykinesia or tremor. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that lower extremity passive cycling can promote changes in upper extremity motor function in individuals with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Ridgel
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
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83
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Prediger RDS, Matheus FC, Schwarzbold ML, Lima MMS, Vital MABF. Anxiety in Parkinson's disease: a critical review of experimental and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:115-24. [PMID: 21903105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting about 1% of the population older than 60 years. Classically, PD is considered as a movement disorder, and its diagnosis is based on the presence of a set of cardinal motor signs that are the consequence of a pronounced death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. There is now considerable evidence showing that the neurodegenerative processes leading to sporadic PD begin many years before the appearance of the characteristic motor symptoms, and that additional neuronal fields and neurotransmitter systems are also involved in PD, including olfactory structures, amygdala, caudal raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, and hippocampus. Accordingly, adrenergic and serotonergic neurons are also lost, which seems to contribute to the anxiety in PD. Non-motor features of PD usually do not respond to dopaminergic medication and probably form the major current challenge in the clinical management of PD. Additionally, most studies performed with animal models of PD have investigated their ability to induce motor alterations associated with advanced phases of PD, and some studies begin to assess non-motor behavioral features of the disease. The present review attempts to examine results obtained from clinical and experimental studies to provide a comprehensive picture of the neurobiology and current and potential treatments for anxiety in PD. The data reviewed here indicate that, despite their high prevalence and impact on the quality of life, anxiety disorders are often under-diagnosed and under-treated in PD patients. Moreover, there are currently few clinical and pre-clinical studies underway to investigate new pharmacological agents for relieving these symptoms, and we hope that this article may inspire clinicians and researchers devote to the studies on anxiety in PD to change this scenario. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88049-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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84
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Pang RD, Wang Z, Klosinski LP, Guo Y, Herman DH, Celikel T, Dong HW, Holschneider DP. Mapping functional brain activation using [14C]-iodoantipyrine in male serotonin transporter knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23869. [PMID: 21886833 PMCID: PMC3160305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serotonin transporter knockout mice have been a powerful tool in understanding the role played by the serotonin transporter in modulating physiological function and behavior. However, little work has examined brain function in this mouse model. We tested the hypothesis that male knockout mice show exaggerated limbic activation during exposure to an emotional stressor, similar to human subjects with genetically reduced transcription of the serotonin transporter. Methodology/Principal Findings Functional brain mapping using [14C]-iodoantipyrine was performed during recall of a fear conditioned tone. Regional cerebral blood flow was analyzed by statistical parametric mapping from autoradiographs of the three-dimensionally reconstructed brains. During recall, knockout mice compared to wild-type mice showed increased freezing, increased regional cerebral blood flow of the amygdala, insula, and barrel field somatosensory cortex, decreased regional cerebral blood flow of the ventral hippocampus, and conditioning-dependent alterations in regional cerebral blood flow in the medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic, infralimbic, and cingulate). Anxiety tests relying on sensorimotor exploration showed a small (open field) or paradoxical effect (marble burying) of loss of the serotonin transporter on anxiety behavior, which may reflect known abnormalities in the knockout animal's sensory system. Experiments evaluating whisker function showed that knockout mice displayed impaired whisker sensation in the spontaneous gap crossing task and appetitive gap cross training. Conclusions This study is the first to demonstrate altered functional activation in the serotonin transporter knockout mice of critical nodes of the fear conditioning circuit. Alterations in whisker sensation and functional activation of barrel field somatosensory cortex extend earlier reports of barrel field abnormalities, which may confound behavioral measures relying on sensorimotor exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina D. Pang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren P. Klosinski
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yumei Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David H. Herman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Wei Dong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Holschneider
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Delayed Exercise-Induced Functional and Neurochemical Partial Restoration Following MPTP. Neurotox Res 2011; 21:210-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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86
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MPTP-meditated hippocampal dopamine deprivation modulates synaptic transmission and activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:332-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Petzinger GM, Fisher BE, Akopian G, Holschneider DP, Wood R, Walsh JP, Lund B, Meshul C, Vuckovic M, Jakowec MW. The role of exercise in facilitating basal ganglia function in Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2011; 1:157-170. [PMID: 23805167 PMCID: PMC3691073 DOI: 10.2217/nmt.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that exercise is beneficial for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Through research in normal (noninjured) animals, neuroscientists have begun to understand the mechanisms in the brain by which behavioral training and exercise facilitates improvement in motor behavior through modulation of neuronal function and structure, called experience-dependent neuroplasticity. Recent studies are beginning to reveal molecules and downstream signaling pathways that are regulated during exercise and motor learning in animal models of PD and that are important in driving protective and/or adaptive changes in neuronal connections of the basal ganglia and related circuitry. These molecules include the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate (and their respective receptors) as well as neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). In parallel, human exercise studies have been important in revealing 'proof of concept' including examining the types and parameters of exercise that are important for behavioral/functional improvements and brain changes; the feasibility of incorporating and maintaining an exercise program in individuals with motor disability; and, importantly, the translation and investigation of exercise effects observed in animal studies to exercise effects on brain and behavior in individuals with PD. In this article we highlight findings from both animal and human exercise studies that provide insight into brain changes of the basal ganglia and its related circuitry and that support potentially key parameters of exercise that may lead to long-term benefit and disease modification in PD. In addition, we discuss the current and future impact on patient care and point out gaps in our knowledge where continuing research is needed. Elucidation of exercise parameters important in driving neuroplasticity, as well as the accompanying mechanisms that underlie experience-dependent neuroplasticity may also provide insights towards new therapeutic targets, including neurorestorative and/or neuroprotective agents, for individuals with PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Petzinger
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Garnik Akopian
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ruth Wood
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John P Walsh
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brett Lund
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Charles Meshul
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University/ VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, CA, USA
| | - Marta Vuckovic
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- The George & MaryLou Boone Center for Parkinson’s Disease Research, Department of Neurology, MCA-241, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell & Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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