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Chen C, Ma Q, Chen X, Zhong M, Deng P, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang Z, Zhang K, Guo L, Wang L, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Thyroid Hormone-Otx2 Signaling Is Required for Embryonic Ventral Midbrain Neural Stem Cells Differentiated into Dopamine Neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1751-65. [PMID: 25867707 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are essential for maintaining multiple brain functions. These neurons have also been implicated in relation with diverse neurological disorders. However, how these neurons are developed from neuronal stem cells (NSCs) remains largely unknown. In this study, we provide both in vivo and in vitro evidence that the thyroid hormone, an important physiological factor for brain development, promotes DA neuron differentiation from embryonic ventral midbrain (VM) NSCs. We find that thyroid hormone deficiency during development reduces the midbrain DA neuron number, downregulates the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the dopamine transporter (DAT), and impairs the DA neuron-dependent motor behavior. In addition, thyroid hormone treatment during VM NSC differentiation in vitro increases the production of DA neurons and upregulates the expression of TH and DAT. We also found that the thyroid hormone enhances the expression of Otx2, an important determinant of DA neurogenesis, during DA neuron differentiation. Our in vitro gene silencing experiments indicate that Otx2 is required for thyroid hormone-dependent DA neuron differentiation from embryonic VM NSCs. Finally, we revealed both in vivo and in vitro that the thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 is expressed in embryonic VM NSCs. Furthermore, it participates in the effects of thyroid hormone-induced Otx2 upregulation and DA neuron differentiation. These data demonstrate the role and molecular mechanisms of how the thyroid hormone regulates DA neuron differentiation from embryonic VM NSCs, particularly providing new mechanisms and a potential strategy for generating dopamine neurons from NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglong Ma
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- 2 Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- 2 Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- 2 Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Guo
- 3 Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Liting Wang
- 4 Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- 1 Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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52
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Li MY, Wang YY, Cao R, Hou XH, Zhang L, Yang RH, Wang F. Dietary fish oil inhibits mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in diabetic rats by blocking nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1147-55. [PMID: 26118694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common complications of early-onset diabetes mellitus is peripheral diabetic neuropathy, which is manifested either by loss of nociception or by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease in human beings with characteristic symptoms of hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown anti-inflammatory role in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the inflammation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the allodynia and hyperalgesia were also evaluated. Dietary fish oil effectively attenuated both allodynia and hyperalgesia induce by STZ injection. Along with the behavioral findings, DRG from fish oil-treated diabetic rats displayed a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) compared with untreated diabetic rats. Fish oil supplementation also increased the phosphorylation of AKT in DRG of diabetic rats. These results suggested that dietary fish oil-inhibited allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic rats may stem from its anti-inflammatory potential by regulating NF-κB and AKT. Fish oil might be useful as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Hong Hou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China.
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Trépanier MO, Hopperton KE, Orr SK, Bazinet RP. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:187-206. [PMID: 26036964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a characteristic of a multitude of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Modulating inflammatory pathways offers a potential therapeutic target in these disorders. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties in the periphery, however, their effect on neuroinflammation is less studied. This review summarizes 61 animal studies that tested the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neuroinflammatory outcomes in vivo in various models including stroke, spinal cord injury, aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, lipopolysaccharide and IL-1β injections, diabetes, neuropathic pain, traumatic brain injury, depression, surgically induced cognitive decline, whole body irradiation, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitotoxicity and lupus. The evidence presented in this review suggests anti-neuroinflammatory properties of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, however, it is not clear by which mechanism omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids exert their effect. Future research should aim to isolate the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neuroinflammatory signaling in vivo and elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Olivier Trépanier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Sarah K Orr
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2.
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Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 25954194 PMCID: PMC4404917 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University Bournemouth, UK
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55
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Pisanu A, Lecca D, Mulas G, Wardas J, Simbula G, Spiga S, Carta AR. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in microglia after PPAR-γ agonist neuroprotective treatment in the MPTPp mouse model of progressive Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:280-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Antunes MS, Goes AT, Boeira SP, Prigol M, Jesse CR. Protective effect of hesperidin in a model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in aged mice. Nutrition 2014; 30:1415-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gastrodin prevents motor deficits and oxidative stress in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: involvement of ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2014; 114:77-85. [PMID: 25132361 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Current no effective therapy is available to halt the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiology of PD. The present study evaluates the hypothesis that prevention of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced motor deficits by gastrodin might mainly result from its antioxidant property via interrupting extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (ERK) 1/2-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. MAIN METHODS Pretreatment of mouse model of PD is established by treating C57BL/6 mice with 4 doses of MPTP (30 mg/kg per day, i.p.), with gastrodin (60 mg/kg per day) administered by daily intraperitoneal injection for 2 weeks. Motor behavior of mice was monitored by open-field test and rotarod test. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of genes. KEY FINDINGS MPTP-induced motor deficits were partially and significantly forestalled by gastrodin. Gastrodin treatment prevented MPTP-induced oxidative stress, as measured by malondialdehyde in midbrain. Interestingly, MPTP-intoxicated mice treated with gastrodin robustly increased heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in striatum of MPTP-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, results herein suggest that the antioxidant pathway activated by gastrodin involves ERK1/2 phosphorylation. SIGNIFICANCE Gastrodin protects midbrain of MPTP-intoxicated mice against oxidative stress, in part, through interrupting ERK1/2-Nrf2 pathway mechanism, which will give us an insight into the potential of gastrodin in terms of opening up new therapeutic avenues for PD.
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58
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IL-17 and related cytokines involved in the pathology and immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: Current and future developments. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:403-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Joffre C, Nadjar A, Lebbadi M, Calon F, Laye S. n-3 LCPUFA improves cognition: the young, the old and the sick. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:1-20. [PMID: 24908517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to the implication of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth and to its high incorporation into the brain, this n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) is considered as crucial in the development and maintenance of the learning memory performance throughout life. In the present chapter we aimed at reviewing data investigating the relation between DHA and cognition during the perinatal period, young adult- and adulthood and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD). In Humans, dietary DHA supplementation from the perinatal period to adulthood does not reveal a clear and consistent memory improvement whereas it is the case in animal studies. The positive effects observed in animal models may have been enhanced by using n-3 PUFA deficient animal models as controls. In animal models of AD, a general consensus on the beneficial effects of n-3 LCPUFA in attenuating cognitive impairment was established. These studies make DHA a potential suitable micronutrient for the maintenance of cognitive performance at all periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joffre
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - A Nadjar
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - M Lebbadi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - F Calon
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Axe Neurosciences, T2-05, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2.
| | - S Laye
- Université Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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60
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Yoon YJ, Lee BH. Effects of balance and gait training on the recovery of the motor function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:905-8. [PMID: 25013293 PMCID: PMC4085218 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of balance and gait
training on the recovery of the motor function in a Parkinson’s disease animal models.
[Subjects and Methods] A total of 40 mice were randomly classified into four groups with
10 in each group: Group I-Normal; Group II-Parkinson’s disease and no training; Group
III-Parkinson’s disease and balance training was performed; and Group IV-Parkinson’s
disease and gait training. Parkinson’s disease was induced by administration of MPTP to
animals in Groups II–IV. Groups III and IV did training once a day, five days a week, for
four weeks. Neurobehavioral evaluation was performed through the pole and open-field
tests. Immunological evaluation was performed via TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) protein
expression, using western blot analysis. [Results] In the result of the pole test, Groups
III and IV showed significantly greater motor function recovery than to Group II. The
results of the open-field test also showed that Groups III and IV had significantly
greater motor function recovery than to Group II, and Group IV showed significantly
greater motor function recovery than to Group III. Using western blot analysis, we
determined that the expression of TH protein in the corpus striatum was greatest in group
I, followed by Groups III and IV, and that Group II had the lowest TH protein expression
in the corpus striatum. [Conclusion] The results of this study showed that balance and
gait training were effective at recovering the motor functions of a Parkinson’s disease
animal models induced by MPTP, and that gait training was more effective than balance
training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jeoi Yoon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Honam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- Group of Industry-Academy Cooperation, Chunnam Techno University, Republic of Korea
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61
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Ramsey CP, Tansey MG. A survey from 2012 of evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in neurotoxin animal models of Parkinson's disease and potential molecular targets. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:126-32. [PMID: 23726958 PMCID: PMC3823748 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that results from the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The specific molecular events that cause PD are currently not known; however, progress to better understand PD pathogenesis has been made using various animal models of the disease. In this review, we have highlighted reports from 2012 in which neurochemical/neurotoxins have been used in rodents to specifically address the role of neuroinflammation in the development and/or progression of PD-like pathology and in particular nigral degeneration. A number of studies have been summarized in which plausible pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or therapeutic agents targeting inflammatory pathways were introduced and/or investigated by various groups for neuroprotective effects. From these studies, it is clear that neuroinflammation acts to exacerbate the toxic outcomes that are set in motion within neurons following exposure to neurotoxins. Additionally, it is noted that future work is still needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms mediating the neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic phenotypes reported in rodent models of PD-like pathology to maximize the translation potential of these interventions to the clinic to prevent and/or delay PD onset and/or progression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenere P Ramsey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Yang RH, Lin J, Hou XH, Cao R, Yu F, Liu HQ, Ji AL, Xu XN, Zhang L, Wang F. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on hippocampal neurons in high-glucose condition: involvement of PI3K/AKT/nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Neuroscience 2014; 274:218-28. [PMID: 24881575 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggested that hyperglycemia played a critical role in hippocampus dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, the multifactorial pathogenesis of hyperglycemia-induced impairments of hippocampal neurons has not been fully elucidated. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to enhance learning and memory and affect neural function in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of DHA on the lipid peroxidation, the level of inflammatory cytokines and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampal neurons in high-glucose condition. High-glucose administration increased the level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-6, induced oxidative stress and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in vitro. DHA treatment reduced oxidative stress and TNF-α expression, protected the hippocampal neurons by increasing AKT phosphorylation and decreasing caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression. These results suggested that high-glucose exposure induced injury of hippocampal neurons in vitro, and the principle mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective effect of DHA were its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic potential. DHA may thus be of use in preventing or treating neuron-degeneration resulting from hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-H Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - J Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - X-H Hou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - R Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - F Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - H-Q Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - A-L Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - X-N Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - F Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Seidl SE, Santiago JA, Bilyk H, Potashkin JA. The emerging role of nutrition in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:36. [PMID: 24639650 PMCID: PMC3945400 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in ageing individuals. It is now clear that genetic susceptibility and environmental factors play a role in disease etiology and progression. Because environmental factors are involved with the majority of the cases of PD, it is important to understand the role nutrition plays in both neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent epidemiological studies have revealed the promise of some nutrients in reducing the risk of PD. In contrast, other nutrients may be involved with the etiology of neurodegeneration or exacerbate disease progression. This review summarizes the studies that have addressed these issues and describes in detail the nutrients and their putative mechanisms of action in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey E Seidl
- The Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose A Santiago
- The Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hope Bilyk
- The Nutrition Department, The College of Health Professions, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- The Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science North Chicago, IL, USA
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64
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Jia D, Heng LJ, Yang RH, Gao GD. Fish oil improves learning impairments of diabetic rats by blocking PI3K/AKT/nuclear factor-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 258:228-37. [PMID: 24252320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that diabetes induces learning and memory deficits. However, the mechanism of memory impairment induced by diabetes is poorly understood. Dietary fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been shown to enhance learning and memory and prevent memory deficits in various experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effects of fish oil supplementation on the lipid peroxidation, inflammation and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The effects of diabetes and fish oil treatment on the spatial learning and memory were also evaluated using the Morris Water Maze. STZ-induced diabetes impaired spatial learning and memory of rats, which was associated with the inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Fish oil administration ameliorated cognitive deficit, reduced oxidative stress and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), protected the hippocampal neurons by increasing Protein Kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and decreasing caspase-9 expression. These results suggested that the principle mechanisms involved in the antidiabetic and neuroprotective effect of fish oil were its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis potential, supporting a potential role for fish oil as an adjuvant therapy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - L-J Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - R-H Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
| | - G-D Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China.
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65
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Hussain G, Schmitt F, Loeffler JP, Gonzalez de Aguilar JL. Fatting the brain: a brief of recent research. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:144. [PMID: 24058332 PMCID: PMC3766822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are of paramount importance to all cells, since they provide energy, function as signaling molecules, and sustain structural integrity of cellular membranes. In the nervous system, where fatty acids are found in huge amounts, they participate in its development and maintenance throughout life. Growing evidence strongly indicates that fatty acids in their own right are also implicated in pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, mental disorders, stroke, and trauma. In this review, we focus on recent studies that demonstrate the relationships between fatty acids and function and dysfunction of the nervous system. Fatty acids stimulate gene expression and neuronal activity, boost synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, and prevent neuroinflammation and apoptosis. By doing so, they promote brain development, ameliorate cognitive functions, serve as anti-depressants and anti-convulsants, bestow protection against traumatic insults, and enhance repairing processes. On the other hand, unbalance between different fatty acid families or excess of some of them generate deleterious side effects, which limit the translatability of successful results in experimental settings into effective therapeutic strategies for humans. Despite these constraints, there exists realistic evidence to consider that nutritional therapies based on fatty acids can be of benefit to several currently incurable nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- UMR_S 1118, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France ; Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, U1118, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
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66
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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation improves neurologic recovery and attenuates white matter injury after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1474-84. [PMID: 23801244 PMCID: PMC3764381 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids is a safe, economical mean of preventive medicine that has shown protection against several neurologic disorders. The present study tested the hypothesis that this method is protective against controlled cortical impact (CCI). Indeed, mice fed with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diet for 2 months exhibited attenuated short and long-term behavioral deficits due to CCI. Although ω-3 PUFAs did not decrease cortical lesion volume, these fatty acids did protect against hippocampal neuronal loss after CCI and reduced pro-inflammatory response. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs prevented the loss of myelin basic protein (MPB), preserved the integrity of the myelin sheath, and maintained the nerve fiber conductivity in the CCI model. ω-3 PUFAs also directly protected oligodendrocyte cultures from excitotoxicity and blunted the microglial activation-induced death of oligodendrocytes in microglia/oligodendrocyte cocultures. In sum, ω-3 PUFAs elicit multifaceted protection against behavioral dysfunction, hippocampal neuronal loss, inflammation, and loss of myelination and impulse conductivity. The present report is the first demonstration that ω-3 PUFAs protect against white matter injury in vivo and in vitro. The protective impact of ω-3 PUFAs supports the clinical use of this dietary supplement as a prophylaxis against traumatic brain injury and other nervous system disorders.
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67
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Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in dark agouti rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1645-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Taylor JM, Main BS, Crack PJ. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress: Co-conspirators in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:803-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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69
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Luchtman DW, Meng Q, Wang X, Shao D, Song C. ω-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates MPP+-induced neurodegeneration in fully differentiated human SH-SY5Y and primary mesencephalic cells. J Neurochem 2013; 124:855-68. [PMID: 23106698 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a neuroactive omega-3 fatty acid, has been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the cellular mechanisms of protection are unknown. Here, we studied the effects of EPA in fully differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells and primary mesencephalic neurons treated with MPP(+) . In both in-vitro models of PD, EPA attenuated an MPP(+) -induced reduction in cell viability. EPA also prevented the presence of electron-dense cytoplasmic inclusions in SH-SY5Y cells. Then, possible mechanisms of the neuroprotection were studied. In primary neurons, EPA attenuated an MPP(+) -induced increase in Tyrosine-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors. In SH-SY5Y cells, EPA down-regulated reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. This antioxidant effect of EPA may have been mediated by its inhibition of neuronal NADPH oxidase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), as MPP(+) increased the expression of these enzymes. Furthermore, EPA prevented an increase in cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme linked with COX-2 in the potentially pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid cascade. Lastly, EPA attenuated an increase in the bax:bcl-2 ratio, and cytochrome c release. However, EPA did not prevent mitochondrial enlargement or a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. This study demonstrated cellular mechanisms by which EPA provided neuroprotective effects in experimental PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Luchtman
- National Research Institute for Nutrisciences and Health and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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70
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Eckert GP, Lipka U, Muller WE. Omega-3 fatty acids in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on mitochondria. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:105-14. [PMID: 22727983 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a common early pathological event in brain aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, e.g., in Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), as well as in ischemic stroke. In vivo and ex vivo experiments using animal models of aging and AD, PD, and HD mainly showed improvement of mitochondrial function after treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Thereby, PUFA are particular beneficial in animals treated with mitochondria targeting toxins. However, DHA showed adverse effects in a transgenic PD mouse model and it is not clear if a diet high or low in PUFA might provide neuroprotective effects in PD. Post-treatment with PUFA revealed conflicting results in ischemic animal models, but intravenous administered DHA provided neuroprotective efficacy after acute occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In summary, the majority of preclinical data indicate beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas most controlled clinical trials did not meet the expectations. Because of the high half-life of DHA in the human brain clinical studies may have to be initiated much earlier and have to last much longer to be more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Campus Riedberg, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Biocentre Geb. N260, R.1.09, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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71
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Orr SK, Trépanier MO, Bazinet RP. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:97-103. [PMID: 22770766 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is present in the majority of acute and chronic neurological disorders. Excess or prolonged inflammation in the brain is thought to exacerbate neuronal damage and loss. Identifying modulators of neuroinflammation is an active area of study since it may lead to novel therapies. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are anti-inflammatory in many non-neural tissues; their role in neuroinflammation is less studied. This review summarizes the relationship between n-3 PUFA and brain inflammation in animal models of brain injury and aging. Evidence by and large shows protective effects of n-3 PUFA in models of sickness behavior, stroke, aging, depression, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and cytokine- and irradiation-induced cognitive impairments. However, rigorous studies that test the direct effects of n-3 PUFA in neuroinflammation in vivo are lacking. Future research in this area is necessary to determine if, and if so which, n-3 PUFA directly target brain inflammatory pathways. n-3 PUFA bioactive metabolites may provide novel therapeutic targets for neurological disorders with a neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Orr
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E2
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72
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Lindgren HS, Dunnett SB. Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Parkinson's disease: what can be learned from rodent models? Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1894-907. [PMID: 22708601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has for decades been considered a pure motor disorder and its cardinal motor symptoms have been attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to nigral Lewy body pathology. However, there has more recently been a shift in the conceptualization of the disease, and its pathological features have now been recognized as involving several other areas of the brain and indeed even outside the central nervous system. There are a corresponding variety of intrinsic non-motor symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances and neuropsychiatric problems, which cannot be explained exclusively by nigral pathology. In this review, we will focus on cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in PD, and we will consider whether, and how, these deficits can best be modelled in rodent models of the disorder. As only a few of the non-motor symptoms respond to standard DA replacement therapies, the quest for a broader therapeutic approach remains a major research effort, and success in this area in particular will be strongly dependent on appropriate rodent models. In addition, better understanding of the different models, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available behavioural tasks, will result in better tools for evaluating new treatment strategies for PD patients suffering from these neuropsychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S Lindgren
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Life Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, UK.
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73
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Pienaar IS, Lu B, Schallert T. Closing the gap between clinic and cage: sensori-motor and cognitive behavioural testing regimens in neurotoxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2305-24. [PMID: 22910679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that make use of chemical toxins to adversely affect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway of rodents and primates have contributed significantly towards the development of symptomatic therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Although their use in developing neuro-therapeutic and -regenerative compounds remains to be ascertained, toxin-based mammalian and a range of non-mammalian models of PD are important tools in the identification and validation of candidate biomarkers for earlier diagnosis, as well as in the development of novel treatments that are currently working their way into the clinic. Toxin models of PD have and continue to be important models to use for understanding the consequences of nigrostriatal dopamine cell loss. Functional assessment of these models is also a critical component for eventual translational success. Sensitive behavioural testing regimens for assessing the extent of dysfunction exhibited in the toxin models, the degree of protection or improvement afforded by potential treatment modalities, and the correlation of these findings with what is observed clinically in PD patients, ultimately determines whether a potential treatment moves to clinical trials. Here, we review existing published work that describes the use of such behavioural outcome measures associated with toxin models of parkinsonism. In particular, we focus on tests assessing sensorimotor and cognitive function, both of which are significantly and progressively impaired in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse S Pienaar
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Department of Neurology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Cognitive enhancement by omega-3 fatty acids from child-hood to old age: findings from animal and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:550-65. [PMID: 22841917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are major components of neuronal membranes and have a wide range of functions, from modulating synaptic plasticity and neurochemistry, to neuroimmune-modulation and neuroprotection. Thus, it is not surprising that n-3 PUFA are widely acknowledged to have cognitive-enhancing effects. Although clinical evidence is somewhat conflicting, probably in large part due to methodological issues, animal studies have consistently demonstrated that n-3 PUFA are indispensable for proper brain development, may enhance cognitive function in healthy, adult individuals and attenuate cognitive impairment in aging and age-related disorders, such as dementia. This review discusses and integrates up to date evidence from clinical and animal studies investigating the cognitive-enhancing effects of n-3 PUFA during development, child- and adult-hood, as well as old-age with associated neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, we cover the major underlying biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA mediate these effects on cognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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75
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Short-term long chain omega3 diet protects from neuroinflammatory processes and memory impairment in aged mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36861. [PMID: 22662127 PMCID: PMC3360741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular consumption of food enriched in omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs) has been shown to reduce risk of cognitive decline in elderly, and possibly development of Alzheimer's disease. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are the most likely active components of ω3-rich PUFAs diets in the brain. We therefore hypothesized that exposing mice to a DHA and EPA enriched diet may reduce neuroinflammation and protect against memory impairment in aged mice. For this purpose, mice were exposed to a control diet throughout life and were further submitted to a diet enriched in EPA and DHA during 2 additional months. Cytokine expression together with a thorough analysis of astrocytes morphology assessed by a 3D reconstruction was measured in the hippocampus of young (3-month-old) and aged (22-month-old) mice. In addition, the effects of EPA and DHA on spatial memory and associated Fos activation in the hippocampus were assessed. We showed that a 2-month EPA/DHA treatment increased these long-chain ω3 PUFAs in the brain, prevented cytokines expression and astrocytes morphology changes in the hippocampus and restored spatial memory deficits and Fos-associated activation in the hippocampus of aged mice. Collectively, these data indicated that diet-induced accumulation of EPA and DHA in the brain protects against neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment linked to aging, further reinforcing the idea that increased EPA and DHA intake may provide protection to the brain of aged subjects.
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