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Xu C, Dolby GA, Drake KK, Esque TC, Kusumi K. Immune and sex-biased gene expression in the threatened Mojave desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238202. [PMID: 32846428 PMCID: PMC7449761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of ectotherms, particularly non-avian reptiles, remains poorly characterized regarding the genes involved in immune function, and their function in wild populations. We used RNA-Seq to explore the systemic response of Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) gene expression to three levels of Mycoplasma infection to better understand the host response to this bacterial pathogen. We found over an order of magnitude more genes differentially expressed between male and female tortoises (1,037 genes) than differentially expressed among immune groups (40 genes). There were 8 genes differentially expressed among both variables that can be considered sex-biased immune genes in this tortoise. Among experimental immune groups we find enriched GO biological processes for cysteine catabolism, regulation of type 1 interferon production, and regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response. Sex-biased transcription involves iron ion transport, iron ion homeostasis, and regulation of interferon-beta production to be enriched. More detailed work is needed to assess the seasonal response of the candidate genes found here. How seasonal fluctuation of testosterone and corticosterone modulate the immunosuppression of males and their susceptibility to Mycoplasma infection also warrants further investigation, as well as the importance of iron in the immune function and sex-biased differences of this species. Finally, future transcriptional studies should avoid drawing blood from tortoises via subcarapacial venipuncture as the variable aspiration of lymphatic fluid will confound the differential expression of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Greer A. Dolby
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - K. Kristina Drake
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Henderson, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Todd C. Esque
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Henderson, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Spiegler V, Gierlikowska B, Saenger T, Addotey JN, Sendker J, Jose J, Kiss AK, Hensel A. Root Extracts From Ononis spinosa Inhibit IL-8 Release via Interactions With Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Lipopolysaccharide. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:889. [PMID: 32595508 PMCID: PMC7304261 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts from the roots of Ononis spinosa L. (restharrow roots) are traditionally used for the treatment of patients with urinary tract infections due to its mild diuretic activity, caused by the inhibition of renal human hyaluronidase-1 by isoflavonoids. Preliminary studies also indicated anti-inflammatory effects. The following study aimed at investigating potential anti-inflammatory effects of restharrow extracts, prepared with solvents of different polarity. A dichloromethane extract (OS1), mainly composed of isoflavonoids and triterpenes as characterized by LC-MS, showed a concentration-dependent (25–100 μg/ml) inhibition of IL-8 and TNF-α release from LPS-stimulated human neutrophils. Significant inhibition was also found for the triterpene α-onocerin and the norneolignan clitorienolactone B, isolated from OS1. Further, OS1 and both compounds significantly decreased the expression of the adhesion molecules CD11b/CD18 and conversely increased the expression of CD62L in LPS-stimulated human neutrophils. This finding corresponds to a reduced inflammatory response by the inhibition of adhesion and migration of immune cells. As all of the observed effects are potentially mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, TLR4 transfected HEK293 cells were incubated with OS1. LPS-induced IL-8 secretion was significantly inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, confirming TLR4 antagonism. This inhibition, however, was in part caused by an interaction of OS1 with LPS. In addition, also an aqueous extract containing high amounts of isoflavonoid glycosides and saponins from the roots of O. spinosa showed anti-inflammatory effects by interacting with the TLR4 signaling pathway. This study rationalizes the traditional use of extracts from O. spinosa for therapy of urinary tract infections, due to its potential anti-inflammatory effects that are mediated via TLR4 receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Spiegler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thorsten Saenger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John N Addotey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jandirk Sendker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Glaser T, Baiocchi L, Zhou T, Francis H, Lenci I, Grassi G, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Glaser S, Alpini G, Meng F. Pro-inflammatory signalling and gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis: Differences and similarities along the path. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5955-5965. [PMID: 32314869 PMCID: PMC7294142 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a spectrum of injury, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In humans, in fact, fatty changes in the liver, possibly leading to end-stage disease, were observed after chronic alcohol intake or in conditions of metabolic impairment. In this article, we examined the features and the pro-inflammatory pathways leading to non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. The involvement of several events (hits) and multiple inter-related pathways in the pathogenesis of these diseases suggest that a single therapeutic agent is unlikely to be an effective treatment strategy. Hence, a combination treatment towards multiple pro-inflammatory targets would eventually be required. Gut-liver crosstalk is involved not only in the impairment of lipid and glucose homoeostasis leading to steatogenesis, but also in the initiation of inflammation and fibrogenesis in both NAFLD and ALD. Modulation of the gut-liver axis has been suggested as a possible therapeutic approach since gut-derived components are likely to be involved in both the onset and the progression of liver damage. This review summarizes the translational mechanisms underlying pro-inflammatory signalling and gut-liver axis in non-alcoholic and alcoholic steatohepatitis. With a multitude of people being affected by liver diseases, identification of possible treatments and the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms are elements of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton Glaser
- Texas A&M University College of MedicineCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Heather Francis
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Ilaria Lenci
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe Grassi
- Liver UnitDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | | | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical PhysiologyTexas A&M University College of MedicineBryanTXUSA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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Abstract
Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes following the use of biologics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA), infectious diseases, e.g., influenza, and solid tumor cancers. Females tend to experience more adverse reactions than males following the use of a class of biologics referred to as immunotherapies. For immunotherapies aimed at stimulating an immune response, e.g., influenza vaccines, females develop greater responses and may experience greater efficacy than males. In contrast, for immunotherapies that repress an immune response, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for RA or checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma, the efficacy is reportedly greater for males than females. Despite these differences, discrepancies in reporting differences between females and males exist, with females have been historically excluded from biomedical and clinical studies. There is a critical need for research that addresses the biological (i.e., sex) as well as sociocultural (i.e., gender) causes of male-female disparities in immunotherapy responses, toxicities, and outcomes. One-size-fits-all approaches to immunotherapies will not work, and sex/gender may contribute to variable treatment success, including adherence, in clinical settings.
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55
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Yi Y, Zhou L, Zuo S, Yin W, Li D, Wang J. Gender-specific association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and arterial stiffness in an apparently healthy population undergoing a health examination. Vascular 2019; 27:668-676. [PMID: 31260380 DOI: 10.1177/1708538119840557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) value has emerged as a cardiovascular prognostic marker. Although several recent studies suggested NLR was associated with arterial stiffness, it was still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between NLR and arterial stiffness by measuring of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in an apparently healthy population. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 5612 participants during the health examinations from 1 October 2007 to 30 September 2011. Arterial stiffness was measured by baPWV. NLR was calculated as the ratio of the absolute neutrophil count to the absolute lymphocyte count in peripheral blood. According to the quartiles of NLR, the patients were categorized into four groups in males and females, respectively. Associations between NLR and baPWV were evaluated using partial correlation and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Both female and male subjects with increased arterial stiffness (baPWV ≥ 1400 cm/s) were likely to be older (females: P < 0.001, males: P < 0.001) and have higher systolic blood pressure (females: P < 0.001, males: P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (females: P < 0.001, males: P < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (females: P < 0.001, males: P < 0.001), serum total cholesterol (females: P < 0.001, males: P = 0.028), triglyceride (females: P < 0.001, males: P = 0.031), urea nitrogen (females: P < 0.001, males: P < 0.001) than those without increased arterial stiffness. In addition, compared to those without increased arterial stiffness, body mass index ( P < 0.001), waist circumference ( P < 0.001), low-density lipoproteins cholesterol ( P < 0.001), creatinine ( P < 0.001), uric acid ( P < 0.001) and lymphocytes ( P = 0.001) were higher in females with increased arterial stiffness. However, males with increased arterial stiffness had higher NLR value (2.0 ± 0.7 vs. 2.1 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) and neutrophils (4.3 ± 1.4 vs. 4.5 ± 1.5, P < 0.001) than those without increased arterial stiffness, while the difference was not found in females. ANCOVA showed that males with quartile 3 and quartile 4 of NLR had greater levels of baPWV. NLR was correlated to baPWV in males by partial correlation analysis (r = 0.110, P < 0.001), but not in females. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the quartile 4 of NLR was positively associated with increased arterial stiffness in males (OR = 1.43, 95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.12–1.82, P = 0.004), but there was no obvious correlation in females. Conclusions Our findings suggest that there is a gender difference in the relationship between arterial stiffness and NLR. After adjusting for other confounders, the risk of increased arterial stiffness in apparently healthy adult males (rather than females) is independently associated with the highest quartile of NLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihu Yi
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Shanru Zuo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Daiyang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Jianglin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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56
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Nguyen L, Castro O, De Dios R, Sandoval J, McKenna S, Wright CJ. Sex-differences in LPS-induced neonatal lung injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8514. [PMID: 31186497 PMCID: PMC6560218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Being of the male sex has been identified as a risk factor for multiple morbidities associated with preterm birth, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Exposure to inflammatory stress is a well-recognized risk factor for developing BPD. Whether there is a sex difference in pulmonary innate immune TLR4 signaling, lung injury and subsequent abnormal lung development is unknown. Neonatal (P0) male and female mice (ICR) were exposed to systemic LPS (5 mg/kg, IP) and innate immune signaling, and the transcriptional response were assessed (1 and 5 hours), along with lung development (P7). Male and female mice demonstrated a similar degree of impaired lung development with decreased radial alveolar counts, increased surface area, increased airspace area and increased mean linear intercept. We found no differences between male and female mice in the baseline pulmonary expression of key components of TLR4-NFκB signaling, or in the LPS-induced pulmonary expression of key mediators of neonatal lung injury. Finally, we found no difference in the kinetics of LPS-induced pulmonary NFκB activation between male and female mice. Together, these data support the conclusion that the innate immune response to early postnatal LPS exposure and resulting pulmonary sequelae is similar in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Odalis Castro
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Robyn De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jeryl Sandoval
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Lefèvre N, Corazza F, Valsamis J, Delbaere A, De Maertelaer V, Duchateau J, Casimir G. The Number of X Chromosomes Influences Inflammatory Cytokine Production Following Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1052. [PMID: 31143188 PMCID: PMC6521177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences are observed in the evolution of numerous inflammatory conditions. Women exhibit better clinical courses compared to men in acute inflammatory processes, yet worse prognosis in several chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory markers are significantly different between prepubertal boys and girls, whose sex steroid levels are very low, suggesting genetics play a role. To evaluate the potential influence of the X chromosome, we studied cytokine production and protein phosphorylation following Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in whole blood and purified neutrophils and monocytes of healthy adults of both sexes as well as subjects with Klinefelter syndrome. We recorded higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in men compared to both women and patients with Klinefelter syndrome following whole blood stimulation. In purified monocytes, production of inflammatory cytokines was also higher in men compared to women, while Klinefelter subjects expressed the same pattern of cytokine production as males, in contrast with whole blood analyses. These differences remained after adjusting for sex steroid levels. Our study revealed higher cytokine inflammatory responses in men than women, yet also compared to subjects with Klinefelter syndrome, who carry two copies of the X chromosome, like women, and thus potentially benefit from the cellular mosaicism of X-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lefèvre
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Cystic Fibrosis, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Translational Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph Valsamis
- Laboratory of Hormonology, Hôpital Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Delbaere
- Fertility Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viviane De Maertelaer
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Computing, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Duchateau
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Casimir
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Cystic Fibrosis, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Souza ACP, Souza CM, Amaral CL, Lemes SF, Santucci LF, Milanski M, Torsoni AS, Torsoni MA. Short-Term High-Fat Diet Consumption Reduces Hypothalamic Expression of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α7 Subunit (α7nAChR) and Affects the Anti-inflammatory Response in a Mouse Model of Sepsis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:565. [PMID: 30967878 PMCID: PMC6438922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in hospitalized patients and the chronic and low-grade inflammation observed in obesity seems to worsen susceptibility and morbidity of infections. However, little is known with respect to a short-term high-fat diet (HFD) and its role in the development of sepsis. Here, we show for the first time, that short-term HFD consumption impairs early nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit (α7nAChR)- mediated signaling, one of the major components of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, with a focus on hypothalamic inflammation and innate immune response. Mice were randomized to a HFD or standard chow (SC) for 3 days, and sepsis was subsequently induced by a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. In a separate experiment, both groups received LPS (i.p.) or LPS (i.p.) in conjunction with the selective α7nAChR agonist, PNU-282987 (i.p. or intracerebroventricular; i.c.v.), and were sacrificed 2 h after the challenge. Short-term HFD consumption significantly reduced the α7nAChR mRNA and protein levels in the hypothalamus and liver (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated lower cholinergic receptor nicotinic α7 subunit (α7nAChR)+ cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) (α7nAChR+ cells in SC = 216 and HFD = 84) and increased F4/80+ cells in the ARC (2.6-fold) and median eminence (ME) (1.6-fold), which can contribute to neuronal damage. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ cells and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)+ cells were also increased following consumption of HFD. The HFD-fed mice died quickly after a lethal dose of LPS or following CLP surgery (2-fold compared with SC). The LPS challenge raised most cytokine levels in both groups; however, higher levels of TNF-α (Spleen and liver), IL-1β and IL-6 (in all tissues evaluated) were observed in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, PNU-282987 administration (i.p. or i.c.v.) reduced the levels of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus following LPS injection. Nevertheless, when the i.c.v. injection of PNU-282987 was performed the anti-inflammatory effect was much smaller in HFD-fed mice than SC-fed mice. Here, we provide evidence that a short-term HFD impairs early α7nAChR expression in central and peripheral tissues, contributing to a higher probability of death in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Cristina Parras Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Camilla Mendes Souza
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Camila Libardi Amaral
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Simone Ferreira Lemes
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Leticia Foglia Santucci
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
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Puhl SL, Steffens S. Neutrophils in Post-myocardial Infarction Inflammation: Damage vs. Resolution? Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:25. [PMID: 30937305 PMCID: PMC6431642 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation not only plays a crucial role in acute ischemic cardiac injury, but also contributes to post-infarction repair and remodeling. Traditionally, neutrophils have been merely considered as detrimental in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction. However, recently published studies demonstrated that neutrophils might also play an important role in cardiac repair by regulating reparative processes. An emerging concept is that different neutrophil subsets exist, which might exhibit separate functional properties. In support of the existence of distinct neutrophil subsets in the ischemic heart, transcriptional changes in cardiac neutrophils have been reported within the first few days after myocardial infarction. In addition, there is an increasing awareness of sex-specific differences in many physiological and pathophysiological responses, including cardiovascular parameters and inflammation. Of particular interest in this context are recent experimental data dissecting sex-specific differences in neutrophil signaling after myocardial infarction. Unraveling the distinct and possibly stage-dependent properties of neutrophils in cardiac repair may provide new therapeutic strategies in order to improve the clinical outcome for myocardial infarction patients. This review will briefly discuss recent advances in our understanding of the neutrophil functional repertoire and emerging insights of sex-specific differences in post-myocardial infarction inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Lena Puhl
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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60
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Warden AS, Azzam M, DaCosta A, Mason S, Blednov YA, Messing RO, Mayfield RD, Harris RA. Toll-like receptor 3 dynamics in female C57BL/6J mice: Regulation of alcohol intake. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 77:66-76. [PMID: 30550930 PMCID: PMC6399033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are sex differences in the effects of alcohol on immune responses, it is unclear if sex differences in immune response can influence drinking behavior. Activation of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) produced a rapid proinflammatory response in males that increased alcohol intake over time (Warden et al., 2019). Poly(I:C) produced a delayed and prolonged innate immune response in females. We hypothesized that the timecourse of innate immune activation could regulate drinking behavior in females. Therefore, we chose to test the effect of two time points in the innate immune activation timecourse on every-other-day two-bottle-choice drinking: (1) peak activation; (2) descending limb of activation. Poly(I:C) reduced ethanol consumption when alcohol access occurred during peak activation. Poly(I:C) did not change ethanol consumption when alcohol access occurred on the descending limb of activation. Decreased levels of MyD88-dependent pathway correlated with decreased alcohol intake and increased levels of TRIF-dependent pathway correlated with increased alcohol intake in females. To validate the effects of poly(I:C) were mediated through MyD88, we tested female mice lacking Myd88. Poly(I:C) did not change alcohol intake in Myd88 knockouts, indicating that poly(I:C)-induced changes in alcohol intake are dependent on MyD88 in females. We next determined if the innate immune timecourse also regulated drinking behavior in males. Poly(I:C) reduced ethanol consumption in males when alcohol was presented at peak activation. Therefore, the timecourse of innate immune activation regulates drinking behavior and sex-specific dynamics of innate immune response must be considered when designing therapeutics to treat excessive drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Warden
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Moatasem Azzam
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adriana DaCosta
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sonia Mason
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Holt MR, Miles JJ, Inder WJ, Thomson RM. Exploring immunomodulation by endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:28-38. [PMID: 30697704 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) occurs with disproportionate frequency in postmenopausal women with a unique phenotype and without clinically apparent predisposing factors. Dubbed 'Lady Windermere syndrome', the phenotype includes low body mass index (BMI), tall stature and higher than normal prevalence of scoliosis, pectus excavatum and mitral valve prolapse. Although the pathomechanism for susceptibility to NTM lung disease in these patients remains uncertain, it is likely to be multi-factorial. A role for the immunomodulatory consequences of oestrogen deficiency and altered adipokine production has been postulated. Altered levels of adipokines and dehydroepiandrosterone have been demonstrated in patients with NTM lung disease. Case reports of NTM lung disease in patients with hypopituitarism support the possibility that altered endocrine function influences disease susceptibility. This paper catalogues the evidence for immunomodulatory consequences of predicted endocrine changes in Lady Windermere syndrome, with emphasis on the immune response to NTM. Collectively, the data warrant further exploration of an endocrine link to disease susceptibility in Lady Windermere syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Holt
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J J Miles
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - W J Inder
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R M Thomson
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Seddon JA, Chiang SS, Esmail H, Coussens AK. The Wonder Years: What Can Primary School Children Teach Us About Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2946. [PMID: 30619306 PMCID: PMC6300506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In high burden settings, the risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis increases throughout childhood due to cumulative exposure. However, the risk of progressing from tuberculosis (TB) infection to disease varies by age. Young children (<5 years) have high risk of disease progression following infection. The risk falls in primary school children (5 to <10 years), but rises again during puberty. TB disease phenotype also varies by age: generally, young children have intrathoracic lymph node disease or disseminated disease, while adolescents (10 to <20 years) have adult-type pulmonary disease. TB risk also exhibits a gender difference: compared to adolescent boys, adolescent girls have an earlier rise in disease progression risk and higher TB incidence until early adulthood. Understanding why primary school children, during what we term the "Wonder Years," have low TB risk has implications for vaccine development, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostics. To understand why this group is at low risk, we need a better comprehension of why younger children and adolescents have higher risks, and why risk varies by gender. Immunological response to M. tuberculosis is central to these issues. Host response at key stages in the immunopathological interaction with M. tuberculosis influences risk and disease phenotype. Cell numbers and function change dramatically with age and sexual maturation. Young children have poorly functioning innate cells and a Th2 skew. During the "Wonder Years," there is a lymphocyte predominance and a Th1 skew. During puberty, neutrophils become more central to host response, and CD4+ T cells increase in number. Sex hormones (dehydroepiandrosterone, adiponectin, leptin, oestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) profoundly affect immunity. Compared to girls, boys have a stronger Th1 profile and increased numbers of CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Girls are more Th2-skewed and elicit more enhanced inflammatory responses. Non-immunological factors (including exposure intensity, behavior, and co-infections) may impact disease. However, given the consistent patterns seen across time and geography, these factors likely are less central. Strategies to protect children and adolescents from TB may need to differ by age and sex. Further work is required to better understand the contribution of age and sex to M. tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Seddon
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Silvia S. Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hanif Esmail
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna K. Coussens
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Infection and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Division of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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63
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Zhang M, Liu W, Zhou Y, Li Y, Qin Y, Xu Y. Neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by maternal PM2.5 exposure and protective effects of quercetin and Vitamin C. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:182-196. [PMID: 30218877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that maternal exposure to PM2.5 affects the neurodevelopment of the offspring, especially the neurocognitive function. However, no relevant experimental researches have been published on toxic mechanism and diet intervention. We evaluated the effects of exposure to different doses of PM2.5 on the behavioral development of offspring via a PM2.5 exposure model established by intratracheal instillation, explored its mechanism and the protective effects of quercetin and VC intervention, and focused on the protein expression of CREB/BDNF signaling pathway. Specifically, Exposure to PM2.5 during gestation and lactation period caused maternal oxidative stress. Maternal exposure to PM2.5 changed postnatal open-field behaviors in both gender, impaired spatial learning and memory in the female offspring, increased the level of IL-1β, IL-6, down-regulated p-CREB/CREB, BDNF, TrkB, p-CaMKII/CaMKII, p-CaMKIV/CaMKIV, up-regulated p-Akt/Akt and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in the offspring. In addition, maternal supplementation with quercetin ameliorate the maternal oxidative stress, improved progeny inflammatory response, regulated BDNF, TrkB, p-Akt/Akt, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in female offspring, regulated TrkB, p-CREB/CREB and p-Akt/Akt in male offspring. Maternal supplementation with VC increased the levels of CAT in maternal mice, up-regulated BDNF in female offspring, regulated p-CREB/CREB and p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2 in male offspring. Our findings indicate that PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and lactation could impair behavioral development of offspring. Quercetin shows more protective effects than VC. The mechanism of neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by PM2.5 may be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response and modulation of the CREB/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yalin Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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64
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Valerio MS, Kirkwood KL. Sexual Dimorphism in Immunity to Oral Bacterial Diseases: Intersection of Neutrophil and Osteoclast Pathobiology. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1416-1423. [PMID: 30205018 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518798825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is a biological variable that affects immune responses to bacterial and other types of infectious agents. Males and females are known to have differential oral bacterial disease burden in periodontal and endodontic disease. Understanding that there is a contribution from both sex and gender to these oral diseases, we discuss in this review recent sex-based findings that provide a pathobiological basis for differences observed between males and females. Sexual dimorphism of immune responses with respect to neutrophil trafficking and osteoclast differentiation and formation is presented as a plausible mechanism to explain the sexual differences. We also emphasize that sex, as a biological variable, should be considered in these types of oral immunologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Valerio
- 1 Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K L Kirkwood
- 2 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,3 Department of Oral Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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65
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Jin H, Fan J, Liao K, He Z, Li W, Cui M. A propensity score matching study between ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation and conventional thyroidectomy for benign thyroid nodules treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2018; 35:232-238. [PMID: 30176761 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2018.1492028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aims to compare ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) and conventional thyroidectomy in benign thyroid nodules (BTN) treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS From December 2015 to December 2017, a total of 280 patients with at least one benign thyroid nodule were studied retrospectively, including 156 patients treated with US-guided PMWA and 124 patients treated with conventional thyroidectomy. Propensity score matching was performed to decrease the confounding bias due to retrospective assignment and to balance the pre-operation data of the two groups. A total of 106 pairs (1:1) was created. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospitalization time, serum levels of interleukin (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) 12 h after operation and postoperative complications incidence rate were compared between the two groups. The volume reduction ratio was calculated in the US-guided PMWA group at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment. Registration number: ChiCTR1800015531. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the two groups in levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α after the operation; there were significant differences between the two groups in intraoperative blood loss, operation time, postoperative hospitalization time and postoperative complications rate. The volume reduction ratio at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment was 15.2%, 47.6%, 67.2% and 79.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that US-guided PMWA is characterized by a definite therapeutic success rate, good cosmetic effect, slight injury and rapid recovery. US-guided PMWA is an effective technique for benign thyroid nodules treatment..
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jinrui Fan
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Kun Liao
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Zhuocheng He
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Wei Li
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Min Cui
- a The Second Department of General Surgery , Zhuhai City People's Hospital, Jinan University , Zhuhai City , Guangdong Province , China
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66
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Meneses G, Rosetti M, Espinosa A, Florentino A, Bautista M, Díaz G, Olvera G, Bárcena B, Fleury A, Adalid-Peralta L, Lamoyi E, Fragoso G, Sciutto E. Recovery from an acute systemic and central LPS-inflammation challenge is affected by mouse sex and genetic background. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201375. [PMID: 30133465 PMCID: PMC6104912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and sexual factors influence the prevalence and the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. In this study their relevance on the peripheral and central inflammatory status induced by a peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was evaluated. BALB/c and CD-1 male and female mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS. Spleens and brains were collected 2 and 72 hours later to study the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. Percentage of microglia and astrocytes was determined in the cortex and hippocampus. Locomotor activity was registered before and during the 72 hours after LPS-treatment. Two hours after LPS-injection, a peripheral increase of the three cytokines was found. In brains, LPS increased TNF-α only in males with higher levels in CD-1 than BALB/c. IL-1β increased only in CD-1 males. IL-6 increased in both strains with lower levels in BALB/c females. Peripheral and central levels of cytokines decline 72 hrs after LPS-treatment whilst a significantly increase of Iba-1 expression was detected. A dramatic drop of the locomotor activity was observed immediately after LPS injection. Our results show that acute systemic administration of LPS leads to peripheral and central increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation, in a strain and sex dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Meneses
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcos Rosetti
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandro Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandra Florentino
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcel Bautista
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Georgina Díaz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermo Olvera
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Brandon Bárcena
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Dr. Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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67
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Bell MR, Dryden A, Will R, Gore AC. Sex differences in effects of gestational polychlorinated biphenyl exposure on hypothalamic neuroimmune and neuromodulator systems in neonatal rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 353:55-66. [PMID: 29879404 PMCID: PMC7846971 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous in the environment and exposure to them is associated with immune, endocrine and neural dysfunction. Effects of PCBs on inflammation and immunity are best described in spleen and blood, with fewer studies on neural tissues. This is an important gap in knowledge, as molecules typically associated with neuroinflammation also serve neuromodulatory roles and interact with hormones in normal brain development. The current study used Sprague-Dawley rats to assess whether gestational PCB exposure altered hypothalamic gene expression and serum cytokine concentration in neonatal animals given an immune challenge. Dams were fed wafers containing a mixture of PCBs at an environmentally relevant dose and composition (20 μg/kg, 1:1:1 Aroclor 1242:1248:1254) or oil vehicle control throughout their pregnancy. One day old male and female offspring were treated with an inflammatory challenge (lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 50 μg/kg, sc) or saline vehicle control approximately 3.5 h prior to tissue collection. Across both basal and activated inflammatory states, PCB exposure caused greater expression of a subset of inflammatory genes in the hypothalamus and lower expression of genes involved in dopamine, serotonin, and opioid systems compared to oil controls. PCB exposure also altered reactions to inflammatory challenge: it reversed the normal decrease in Esr2 hypothalamic expression and induced an abnormal increase in IL-1b and IL-6 serum concentration in response to LPS. Many of these effects were sex specific. Given the potential long-term consequences of neuroimmune disruption, our findings demonstrate the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, United States.
| | - Ariel Dryden
- Franklin College, Franklin, IN 46131, United States.
| | - Ryan Will
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
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68
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Takeda Y, Kato T, Nemoto N, Araki A, Gazi MY, Nara H, Asao H. Augmentation of the expression of the eotaxin receptor on duodenal neutrophils by IL-21. Cytokine 2018; 110:194-203. [PMID: 29778007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation can occur via different mechanisms, such as via acute and chronic responses, on numerous occasions and function accordingly through various roles. There are more than five subsets of neutrophils; neutrophilic heterogeneity is modulated by the inflammatory condition. To understand the characteristics of inflammation, identification of atypical neutrophils is important. In this study, we found that the expression of eotaxin receptor (CD193) on atypical neutrophils in the duodenum is augmented in IL-21 isoform transgenic (Tg) mice. In a series of studies, we have established a Tg mouse strain to further investigate the functions of IL-21 in vivo. Interestingly, Tg mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were more sensitive to OVA-induced systemic anaphylaxis as compared with wild type mice with duodenal and splenic gross congestion. Further analysis conducted in the duodenum of Tg mice revealed that only the number of neutrophils migrating into the duodenum was significantly increased prior to immunization. Previous studies have shown that the gastrointestinal compartment and the spleen constantly produce eotaxin, which regulates basal levels of tissue eosinophils. Therefore, we analyzed CD193 expression on neutrophils and eosinophils. As expected, its expression by duodenal neutrophils was upregulated in Tg mice. Furthermore, the addition of IL-21 into bone marrow cell culture increased the number of CD193+ neutrophils, which easily migrated into the duodenum. These observations suggested that CD193+ neutrophils increase in number under inflammatory conditions due to chronic IL-21 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kato
- Department of Urology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Nemoto
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan; Department of Orthopaedics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akemi Araki
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mohammad Yeashin Gazi
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nara
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hironobu Asao
- Department of Immunology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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69
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Zi Xu YX, Ande SR, Mishra S. Prohibitin: A new player in immunometabolism and in linking obesity and inflammation with cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 415:208-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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70
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and soluble TNF-alpha receptor responses in young vs. middle-aged males following eccentric exercise. Exp Gerontol 2017; 100:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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71
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Estrogen decreases tight junction protein ZO-1 expression in human primary gut tissues. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:174-180. [PMID: 28867253 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Females have a higher prevalence of most autoimmune diseases; however, the mechanism is unknown. In this study, we examined the expression of tight junction protein zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and estrogen receptor (ER)-α/β in human primary gut tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and qPCR. The expression of ZO-1 and ER-β but not ER-α was present in both male and female gut tissues. There was no sex difference in ER-β expression, but ZO-1 expression was decreased in females compared to males. In vitro, estrogen treatment decreased ZO-1 mRNA and protein expression, ZO-1 promoter activity, IL-6 production, and NF-κB activation in human primary gut tissues or the Caco-2 cells, but increased the ER-β expression in Caco-2 cells. Consistently, plasma IL-6 levels in females were reduced relative to males in vivo. Our finding indicates that estrogen may play a role in gut tight junction expression and permeability.
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72
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Park HJ, Choi JM. Sex-specific regulation of immune responses by PPARs. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e364. [PMID: 28775365 PMCID: PMC5579504 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases is different for men and women owing to the respective ability of their immune systems to respond to self and foreign antigens. Although several factors, including hormones and the X-chromosome, have been suggested to contribute to such sex-specific immune responses, the underlying factors remain poorly defined. Recent studies using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands and knockout mice have identified sex-dimorphic expression of PPARs, and have shown that the inhibitory functions of PPAR in T cells are substantially affected by the sex hormones. In this review, we consider the sex-specific differences in PPARs and summarize the diverse PPAR-mediated, sex-specific properties of effector T-cell responses, such as T-cell activation, survival and differentiation, as well as their involvement in T-cell-related autoimmune diseases, including colitis, graft-versus-host disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Understanding PPAR-mediated sex differences in immune responses will provide more precise insights into the roles of PPARs in effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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73
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Flannery LE, Henry RJ, Kerr DM, Finn DP, Roche M. FAAH, but not MAGL, inhibition modulates acute TLR3-induced neuroimmune signaling in the rat, independent of sex. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:989-1001. [PMID: 28726298 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 is a key component of the innate immune response to viral infection. The present study firstly examined whether sex differences exist in TLR3-induced inflammatory, endocrine, and sickness responses. The data revealed that TLR3-induced expression of interferon- or NFkB-inducible genes (IFN-α/β, IP-10, or TNF-α), either peripherally (spleen) or centrally (hypothalamus), did not differ between male and female rats, with the exception of TLR3-induced IFN-α expression in the spleen of female, but not male, rats 8 hr post TLR3 activation. Furthermore, TLR3 activation increased plasma corticosterone levels, induced fever, and reduced locomotor activity and body weight - effects independent of sex. Thus, the acute-phase inflammatory, endocrine, and sickness responses to TLR3 activation exhibit minimal sex-related differences. A further aim of this study was to examine whether enhancing endocannabinoid tone - namely, 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) or N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), exhibited similar effects on TLR3-induced inflammatory responses in male versus female rats. Systemic administration of the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor MJN110 and subsequent increases in 2-AG levels did not alter the TLR3-induced increase in IP-10, IRF7, or TNF-α expression in the spleen or the hypothalamus of male or female rats. In contrast, the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor URB597 increased levels of AEA and related N-acylethanolamines, an effect associated with the attenuation of TLR3-induced inflammatory responses in the hypothalamus, but not the spleen, of male and female rats. These data support a role for FAAH, but not MAGL, substrates in the modulation of TLR3-induced neuroinflammatory responses, effects independent of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Flannery
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M Kerr
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David P Finn
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- NCBES Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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74
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Pace S, Sautebin L, Werz O. Sex-biased eicosanoid biology: Impact for sex differences in inflammation and consequences for pharmacotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence, severity and progression of autoimmune diseases (e.g. scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis) and certain inflammatory diseases (e.g. asthma) are sex-biased where these pathologies dominate in women. However, other immune disorders such as sepsis, post-surgery infections and gout display higher incidence and severity in men. The molecular and cellular basis underlying this sex dimorphism remains incompletely elucidated but may provide important insights for sex-specific pharmacotherapy. Nevertheless, the sex as a variable in biochemical and preclinical research on inflammation is often neglected. Thus, respective animal studies are routinely performed with males, and experiments with isolated cells rarely report the sex of the donor. However, sex differences on the cellular level do exist, in particular related to inflammatory processes that prompt for sex-specific appreciation of inflammation research. For instance, the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids is sex-biased where leukotriene (LT) formation is under control of testosterone that regulates the subcellular localization of the key enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, with possible implications for gender-tailored pharmacotherapy of LT-related disorders (i.e. asthma). Moreover, prostaglandin (PG) production is sex-biased, and sex-dependent efficacy of aspirin was evident in several clinical trials. Here, we highlight the sex bias in eicosanoid biology possibly underlying the obvious sex disparities in inflammation, stimulating scientists to take sex into account when studying the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pace
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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75
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Sakura T, Morioka T, Shioi A, Kakutani Y, Miki Y, Yamazaki Y, Motoyama K, Mori K, Fukumoto S, Shoji T, Emoto M, Inaba M. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is associated with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:62. [PMID: 28486964 PMCID: PMC5424398 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute-phase reactant that mediates immune responses triggered by LPS. Recent evidence indicates the association of circulating LBP levels with obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum LBP levels and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 196 patients with type 2 diabetes, including 101 men and 95 women, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Fasting serum LBP levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measuring the aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV). RESULTS The mean values of serum LBP and aortic PWV were 18.2 μg/mL and 1194 cm/s, respectively. Serum LBP levels were positively correlated with body mass index, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and insulin resistance index and were negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They were, however, not significantly correlated with aortic PWV in univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis revealed that serum LBP levels were independently and positively associated with aortic PWV (β = 0.135, p = 0.026) after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, albumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Further analyses revealed that the impact of serum LBP levels on aortic PWV was modified by sex, and the association between serum LBP levels and aortic PWV was found to be significant only in men. CONCLUSIONS Serum LBP levels are associated with arterial stiffness, independent of obesity and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, especially in men with type 2 diabetes. This study indicates a potential role of the LPS/LBP-induced innate immunity in the development and progression of arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakura
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Shioi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kakutani
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuya Miki
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koka Motoyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.,Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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76
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The Role of Sex and Sex Hormones in Regulating Obesity-Induced Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:65-86. [PMID: 29224091 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and non-metabolic complications due to obesity are becoming more prevalent, yet our understanding of the mechanisms driving these is not. This is due to individual risk factor variability making it difficult to predict disease outcomes such as diabetes and insulin resistance. Gender is a critical factor in obesity outcomes with women having more adiposity but reduced metabolic complications compared to men. The role of immune system activation during obesity is an emerging field that links adiposity to metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, evidence from animal models suggests that sex differences exist in immune responses and, therefore, could be a possible mechanism leading to sex differences in metabolic disease. While there is still much to learn in the area of sex-differences research, this chapter will review the current knowledge and literature detailing the role of sex and sex hormones on adiposity and metabolically induced inflammation in obesity.
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77
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Franconi F, Rosano G, Basili S, Montella A, Campesi I. Human cells involved in atherosclerosis have a sex. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:983-1001. [PMID: 27915217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex has been largely described in cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that involves many cell types such as vessel cells, immune cells and endothelial progenitor cells; however, many, if not all, studies do not report the sex of the cells. This review focuses on sex differences in human cells involved in the atherosclerotic process, emphasizing the role of sex hormones. Furthermore, we report sex differences and issues related to the processes that determine the fate of the cells such as apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms. The analysis of the data reveals that there are still many gaps in our knowledge regarding sex influences in atherosclerosis, largely for the cell types that have not been well studied, stressing the urgent need for a clear definition of experimental conditions and the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franconi
- Assessorato alle Politiche per la Persona of Basilicata Region, Potenza, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties - Research Center on Gender and Evaluation and Promotion of Quality in Medicine (CEQUAM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy.
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78
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Abstract
Males and females differ in their immunological responses to foreign and self-antigens and show distinctions in innate and adaptive immune responses. Certain immunological sex differences are present throughout life, whereas others are only apparent after puberty and before reproductive senescence, suggesting that both genes and hormones are involved. Furthermore, early environmental exposures influence the microbiome and have sex-dependent effects on immune function. Importantly, these sex-based immunological differences contribute to variations in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and malignancies, susceptibility to infectious diseases and responses to vaccines in males and females. Here, we discuss these differences and emphasize that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in immunological studies.
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79
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Campesi I, Marino M, Montella A, Pais S, Franconi F. Sex Differences in Estrogen Receptor α and β Levels and Activation Status in LPS-Stimulated Human Macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:340-345. [PMID: 27171902 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune function, inflammation, and atherosclerosis display sex differences and are influenced by 17β-estradiol through estrogen receptors subtypes ERα and ERβ. Male tissues express active ERs, but their possible involvement in inflammation in males has never been assessed. Macrophages express both ERα and ERβ and offer the opportunity to evaluate the role of ER levels and activation in inflammation. We assessed the ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to modulate, in a sex-specific way, the expression and the activation status of ERα and ERβ in blood monocytes-derived macrophages (MDMs) from men and women. MDMs were incubated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 24 h and used to evaluate ERα, ERβ, P-ERα, p38, and P-p38 expression by Western Blotting. In basal conditions, ERα and ERβ were significantly higher in female MDMs than in male MDMs. LPS up-regulated ERα and ERα phosphorylation in both sexes, with a significantly higher effect observed in male MDMs, and down-regulated ERβ level only in female MDMs. p38 and P-p38 proteins, indicative of ERβ activity, did not show sex differences both in basal conditions and after LPS treatment. Finally, ERα/ERβ and P-ERα/ERα ratios were significantly higher in male MDMs than in female ones. Our data indicate, for the first time, that LPS affects ERα but not ERβ activation status. We identify a significant role of ERα in LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in MDMs, which represents an initial step in understanding the influence of sex in the relationship between LPS and ERα. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 340-345, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. .,Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy.
| | - Maria Marino
- Cell Physiology Lab, Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Pais
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Flavia Franconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Assessorato alle Politiche per la Persona of Basilicata Region, Potenza, Italy
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80
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Brockmann K, Apel A, Schulte C, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Pont-Sunyer C, Vilas D, Ruiz-Martinez J, Langkamp M, Corvol JC, Cormier F, Knorpp T, Joos TO, Gasser T, Schüle B, Aasly JO, Foroud T, Marti-Masso JF, Brice A, Tolosa E, Marras C, Berg D, Maetzler W. Inflammatory profile in LRRK2-associated prodromal and clinical PD. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:122. [PMID: 27220776 PMCID: PMC4879729 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence for a relevant role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Mutations in the LRRK2 gene represent the most frequent genetic cause for autosomal dominant PD. LRRK2 is highly expressed in macrophages and microglia suggesting an involvement in inflammatory pathways. The objectives are to test (1) whether idiopathic PD and LRRK2-associated PD share common inflammatory pathways or present distinct profiles and (2) whether non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers present with similar aspects of inflammatory profiles as seen in PD-affected patients. Methods We assessed serum profiles of 23 immune-associated markers and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 534 individuals from the MJFF LRRK2 consortium. Results A large proportion of inflammatory markers were gender-dependent. Both PD-affected cohorts showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker fatty-acid-binding protein. Additionally, idiopathic PD but not LRRK2-associated PD patients showed increased levels of the pro-inflammatory marker interleukin-12-p40 as well as the anti-inflammatory species interleukin-10, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and stem cell factor. Non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers including those with prodromal characteristics of PD presented with control-like inflammatory profiles. Conclusions Concomitant inflammation seems to be associated with idiopathic and LRRK2-associated PD. Identifying PD patients in whom inflammatory processes play a major role in their pathophysiology might offer a new therapeutic window at least for a subgroup of patients. Since non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers with symptoms of the prodromal phase of PD did not show inflammatory profiles, activation of the immune system seems not an early event in the disease cascade. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0588-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anja Apel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Claustre Pont-Sunyer
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Vilas
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Hospital Universitario Donostia, Biodonostia Institut, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, Spain
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Florence Cormier
- Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Knorpp
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen (NMI), Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Parkinson Institute and Clinical Center, 675 Almanor Ave, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Jan O Aasly
- Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Alexis Brice
- Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Institutd'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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81
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Hassing RJ, Verbon A, de Visser H, Hofman A, Stricker BH. Proton pump inhibitors and gastroenteritis. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:1057-1063. [PMID: 26960438 PMCID: PMC5065595 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and bacterial gastroenteritis has been suggested as well as contradicted. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the use of PPIs and occurrence of bacterial gastroenteritis in the prospective Rotterdam Study. The Rotterdam Study is a population-based cohort study among 14,926 subjects aged 45 years and older with up to 24 years of follow-up. Analyses were performed with a generalized estimating equations method in participants who handed-in a diagnostic stool sample. Furthermore, a nested case–control analysis was performed using the total cohort as a reference group. A bacterial microorganism was isolated in 125 samples, whereas 1174 samples were culture negative. In the generalized estimating equations analysis, we found that participants with a bacterial gastroenteritis were more likely than controls to be current users of PPIs (adjusted OR 1.94; 95 % CI 1.15–3.25). Different sensitivity analyses did not change this result. A considerably higher effect was observed (adjusted OR 6.14; 95 % CI 3.81–9.91), using the total cohort as a reference in a nested case–control analysis. Current PPI therapy is associated with an increased risk of bacterial gastroenteritis. However, by reducing the risk of selection and information bias in our study design, we demonstrated that the effect is lower than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert-Jan Hassing
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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82
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Asanuma K, Iijima K, Shimosegawa T. Gender difference in gastro-esophageal reflux diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1800-10. [PMID: 26855539 PMCID: PMC4724611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen sharply in western countries over the past 4 decades. This type of cancer is considered to follow a transitional process that goes from gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) to Barrett's esophagus (BE, a metaplastic condition of the distal esophagus), a precursor lesion and ultimately adenocarcinoma. This spectrum of GERD is strongly predominant in males due to an unidentified mechanism. Several epidemiologic studies have described that the prevalence of GERD, BE and EAC in women is closely related to reproductive status, which suggests a possible association with the estrogen level. Recently, we revealed in an in vivo study that the inactivation of mast cells by the anti-inflammatory function of estrogen may account for the gender difference in the GERD spectrum. Other studies have described the contribution of female steroid hormones to the gender difference in these diseases. Estrogen is reported to modulate the metabolism of fat, and obesity is a main risk factor of GERDs. Moreover, estrogen could confer esophageal epithelial resistance to causative refluxate. These functions of estrogen might explain the approximately 20-year delay in the incidence of BE and the subsequent development of EAC in women compared to men, and this effect may be responsible for the male predominance. However, some observational studies demonstrated that hormone replacement therapy exerts controversial effects in GERD patients. Nevertheless, the estrogen-related endocrine milieu may prevent disease progression toward carcinogenesis in GERD patients. The development of innovative alternatives to conventional acid suppressors may become possible by clarifying the mechanisms of estrogen.
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83
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Klein SL, Marriott I, Fish EN. Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:9-15. [PMID: 25573105 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Females typically develop higher antibody responses and experience more adverse reactions following vaccination than males. These differences are observed in response to diverse vaccines, including the bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, the yellow fever virus vaccine and influenza vaccines. Sex differences in the responses to vaccines are observed across diverse age groups, ranging from infants to aged individuals. Biological as well as behavioral differences between the sexes are likely to contribute to differences in the outcome of vaccination between the sexes. Immunological, hormonal, genetic and microbiota differences between males and females may also affect the outcome of vaccination. Identifying ways to reduce adverse reactions in females and increase immune responses in males will be necessary to adequately protect both sexes against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian Marriott
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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84
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Fabbian F, De Giorgi A, López-Soto PJ, Pala M, Tiseo R, Cultrera R, Gallerani M, Manfredini R. Is female gender as harmful as bacteria? analysis of hospital admissions for urinary tract infections in elderly patients. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24:587-92. [PMID: 25950579 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2014.5140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial diseases. We related diagnosis of UTIs based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) in a cohort of hospitalized elderly subjects. METHODS All patients admitted between 2000 and 2013 to the general hospital of Ferrara, in northeast Italy, with ICD-9-CM code of UTIs were included. IHM was the main outcome, and age, sex, type of microorganism, sepsis, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) based on ICD-9-CM, were also analyzed. RESULTS The total sample included 2,266 patients (1,670 women, 73.7%) with UTIs and identification of a cultural organism. Mean age was 81.7±7.5 years (range, 65-103). One hundred and sixteen (5.1%, of whom 34.5% were male and 65.5% were female) cases developed sepsis, and 84 (3.7%, of whom 45.2% were male, 54.8% were female) had a fatal outcome. Nonsurvivors had lower prevalence of IVUs due to Escherichia coli (53.6 vs. 71.7%, p<0.001) and higher prevalence of UTIs due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 vs 7.1%, p<0.001). Moreover, non-survivors developed more frequently sepsis (31% vs. 4.1%, p<0.001), and had higher CCI (2.81±2.43 vs. 2.21±2.04, p=0.011). IHM was independently associated, in decreasing order of odds ratios (ORs), with sepsis (OR 10.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 6.113-17.460, p<0.001), P. aeruginosa infection (OR 2.541; 95% CI 1.422-4.543, p=0.002), female gender (OR 2.324; 95% CI 1.480-3.650, p<0.001), CCI (OR 1.103; 95% CI 1.005-1.210, p=0.038), age (OR 1.034; 95% CI 1.002-1.066, p=0.036), and E. coli infection (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.320-0.780, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS In a large sample of elderly patients hospitalized for UTIs in a single center in northeastern Italy, apart the development of sepsis, IHM was much more dependent on pathogen and female gender than comorbidity index and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fabbian
- 1 Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alfredo De Giorgi
- 1 Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pablo Jesús López-Soto
- 2 Department of Nursing, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research in Córdoba, University of Córdoba , Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marco Pala
- 1 Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ruana Tiseo
- 1 Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosario Cultrera
- 3 Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Gallerani
- 4 First Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Manfredini
- 1 Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria and School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
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Medenwald D, Girndt M, Loppnow H, Kluttig A, Nuding S, Tiller D, Thiery JJ, Greiser KH, Haerting J, Werdan K. Inflammation and renal function after a four-year follow-up in subjects with unimpaired glomerular filtration rate: results from the observational, population-based CARLA cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108427. [PMID: 25259714 PMCID: PMC4178159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that chronic inflammation is associated with the progression/development of chronic renal failure; however, relations in subjects with preserved renal function remain insufficiently understood. Objective To examine the association of inflammation with the development of renal failure in a cohort of the elderly general population. Methods After excluding subjects with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and missing data, the cohort incorporated 785 men and 659 women (aged 45–83 years). Follow-up was performed four years after baseline. Covariate adjusted linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association of plasma/serum concentrations of soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) with change in eGFR/creatinine. The areas under the curve (AUCs) from receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were estimated. Results In adjusted models sTNF-R1 was distinctively associated with a decline in eGFR in men (0.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 per 100 pg/mL sTNF-R1; 95% CI: 0.4–0.8), but not in women. A similar association could not be found for CRP or IL-6. Estimates of sTNF-R1 in the cross-sectional analyses were similar between sexes, while CRP and IL-6 were not relevantly associated with eGFR/creatinine. Conclusion In the elderly male general population with preserved renal function sTNF-R1 predicts the development of renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medenwald
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alexander Kluttig
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sebastian Nuding
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Daniel Tiller
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Joachim J. Thiery
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin H. Greiser
- German Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Haerting
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Karl Werdan
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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86
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Pisetsky DS, Trace SE, Brownley KA, Hamer RM, Zucker NL, Roux-Lombard P, Dayer JM, Bulik CM. The expression of cytokines and chemokines in the blood of patients with severe weight loss from anorexia nervosa: an exploratory study. Cytokine 2014; 69:110-5. [PMID: 25022969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious, potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by severe weight loss, dysregulated eating, and often excessive exercise. While psychiatric illnesses such as depression are associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, evidence for such disturbances in patients with AN has been less clear. In an exploratory study of possible disturbances in immune responses in AN, we assayed a panel of cytokines and chemokines in the blood of patients undergoing inpatient treatment, testing the hypothesis that metabolic disturbances in this disease would lead to a pattern of immune disturbances distinct from that of other psychiatric diseases. For this purpose, we evaluated patients by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire and assessed cytokines and chemokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Patients reported a moderate level of depression (mean BDI-II = 22.6) but exhibited few immunologic abnormalities of the kind associated with major depressive disorder [e.g., increased interleukin (IL)-6]; RANTES showed the most frequent elevations and was increased in 4 of the patients studied. Together, these findings suggest that features of AN such as loss of adipose tissue and excessive exercise may attenuate cytokine production and thus modulate the experience of illness that impacts on core features of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical Research Service and Duke University Medical Center, 151G, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - S E Trace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - K A Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7175, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - R M Hamer
- UNC Department of Psychiatry and UNC Department of Biostatistics, Neurosciences Hospital, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - N L Zucker
- Duke University Medical Center, Psychiatry, Box 3842 Med. Ctr., Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - P Roux-Lombard
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - J-M Dayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - C M Bulik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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