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Immobilised Chlorella vulgaris as An Alternative for The Enhancement of Microalgae Oil and Biodiesel Production. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.2.6905.379-389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising alternative for biodiesel production and a valuable source of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). In this research, Chlorella vulgaris has been chosen as the suitable microalgae because this species was able to produce highest oils for biodiesel processing. Previously, sodium alginate (SA) was used to entrap the microalgae in the culturing process due to its low toxicity and high transparency. However, SA have some disadvantages such as bead disruption which leading to the loss of microalgae cell. Therefore, this research has been conducted to evaluate the oil production of immobilised Chlorella vulgaris using different matric systems at different ratios which are 0.3:1, 1:1 and 2:1. Currently, six matric systems have been developed, they are SA as a control, a combination of SA and chitosan (SA+CT), SA and carrageenan (SA+CR), SA and gelatin (SA+GT), SA and calcium alginate (SA+CA), and SA and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SA+CMC). The microalgae was first cultivated, harvested and extracted to produce oil, prior to use in the transesterification process. The SA+GT showed the highest oil yield with 59.14% and a total FAME of 0.56 mg/g. The FAME profile of oil extracted microalgae showed high potential for biodiesel production as it consisted of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). The results proved that the combination of SA+GT had improved the oil yield and fatty acid composition as compared to the other matric systems, which may have useful application for the biodiesel industry. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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Characterization of Chlorella sorokiniana and Chlorella vulgaris fatty acid components under a wide range of light intensity and growth temperature for their use as biological resources. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04447. [PMID: 32743091 PMCID: PMC7387821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the potential of three strains of microalgal species (Chlorella sorokiniana KNUA114 and KNUA122; C. vulgaris KNUA104) for use as feedstock, based on their fatty acid compositions. Each strain was molecularly identified using four marker genes (ITS, SSU, rbcL, and tufA) and phylogenetically characterized. C. sorokiniana and C. vulgaris collected from Ulleung Island, South Korea, were homologous with other known species groups. Samples' fatty acid components were measured using GC/MS analysis in growth temperatures of 10 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C. The growth rate of C. sorokiniana strains was higher than that of C. vulgaris under high-temperature conditions, confirming the potential industrial applicability of the former as feedstock material. Additionally, saturated fatty acid contents and productivities increased as biological resources of the C. sorokiniana strains were higher than those of C. vulgaris under high light intensity and temperature conditions. These results suggest that the fatty acid components of C. sorokiniana strains may potentially be used as biological resources (e.g., feedstock).
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Chandra N, Shukla P, Mallick N. Role of cultural variables in augmenting carbohydrate accumulation in the green microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus for bioethanol production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marine Biocompounds for Neuroprotection-A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060290. [PMID: 32486409 PMCID: PMC7344849 DOI: 10.3390/md18060290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While terrestrial organisms are the primary source of natural products, recent years have witnessed a considerable shift towards marine-sourced biocompounds. They have achieved a great scientific interest due to the plethora of compounds with structural and chemical properties generally not found in terrestrial products, exhibiting significant bioactivity ten times higher than terrestrial-sourced molecules. In addition to the antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and cardio-protection properties, marine-sourced biocompounds have been investigated for their neuroprotective potential. Thus, this review aims to describe the recent findings regarding the neuroprotective effects of the significant marine-sourced biocompounds.
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Bilal M, Iqbal HMN. Biologically active macromolecules: Extraction strategies, therapeutic potential and biomedical perspective. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1-18. [PMID: 32035954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine biome exhibits an immense essence of excellence and enriched with high-value bioactive compounds of therapeutic and biomedical value. During the past several years, an array of biologically active molecules has been extracted/isolated and purified from numerous sources of marine origin with the aid of distinct techniques and methodologies for newer applications. The growing demand for bioactive molecules with unique functionalities in various industrial divisions, such as therapeutic sectors and biomedical, has endorsed the necessity for highly suitable and standardized strategies to extract these bioactive components using a state-of-the-art and inexpensive measures. This is also because many in practice conventional extraction methodologies suffer from processing limitations and low-yield issues. Besides that, other major issues include (i) decrease efficacy, (ii) excessive energy cost, (iii) low yield, (iv) lower cost-effective ratio, (v) minimal selectivity, (vi) low activity, and (vii) stability, etc. In this context, there is an urgent need for new and robust extraction strategies. The synergies of modern extraction techniques with efficient and novel pretreatment approaches, such as the integration of enzymes, accompanied by conventional extraction processes, should be the utmost goal of current research and development studies. The typical effectivity of the extraction techniques mostly relies on these points, i.e., (i) know-how about the source nature and type, (ii) understanding the structural and compositional profile, (iii) influence of the processing factors, (iv) interplay between the extraction conditions and the end-product, (v) understanding the available functional entities, (vi) reaction chemistry of the extract bioactive compounds, and (vii) effective exploitation of the end-product in the marketplace. Marine biome, among numerous naturally occurring sources, has been appeared an immense essence of excellence to isolate an array of biologically active constituents with medicinal values and related point-of-care applications. Herein, we reviewed the salient information covering various therapeutic potential and biomedical perspectives. Following a brief introduction and marine pharmacognosy, an array of high-value biomolecules of marine origin are discussed with suitable examples. From the robust extraction strategies viewpoint, a part of the review focuses on three techniques, i.e., (1) enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), (2) supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), and (3) microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Each technique is further enriched with processing and workflow environment. The later part of the review is mainly focused on the therapeutic and biomedical perspectives of under-reviewed bio-active compounds or biomolecules. The previous and latest research on the anticancer, skin curative, cardio-protective, immunomodulatory and UV-protectant potentialities of marine-derived biologically active entities have been summarized with suitable examples and related pathways illustrations. Finally, the work is wrapped-up with current research challenges, future aspects, and concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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Abd El Fatah HM, El-Baghdady KZ, Zakaria AE, Sadek HN. Improved lipid productivity of Chlamydomonas globosa and Oscillatoria pseudogeminata as a biodiesel feedstock in artificial media and wastewater. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Red Light Variation an Effective Alternative to Regulate Biomass and Lipid Profiles in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine water diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a photosynthetic organism that is known to respond to the changing light environment and adapt to different temperatures to prevent photoinhibition and maintain its metabolic functions. The objective of the present study was to test whether light shift variations in different growth phases impact the growth and lipid metabolism of P. tricornutum. Thus, we investigated R exposure in different growth phases to find the most effective light shift condition. The results showed that substituting white light (W) by red light (R) under autotrophic conditions, a condition called red shift (RS), increased biomass and lipid content compared to levels found under continuous W or R exposure alone. We observed an increase by 2-fold biomass and 2.3-fold lipid content in RS as compared to W. No significant change was observed in the morphology of lipid droplets, but the fatty acid (FA) composition was altered. Specifically, polyunsaturated FAs were increased, whereas monounsaturated FAs decreased in P. tricornutum grown in RS compared to W control. Therefore, we propose that a light shift during the beginning of the stationary phase is a low-cost cultivation strategy to boost the total biomass and lipids in P. tricornutum.
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A review of high value-added molecules production by microalgae in light of the classification. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 41:107545. [PMID: 32272160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews applications of high added value molecules produced from microalgae. Older forms of valorization - health food and quality feed, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, carbohydrates - are currently penetrating their markets. They are driven by desirable properties: texturer and dye for food industry, antioxidant for cosmetics and the appetite of the general public for biosourced compounds. Most recent developments, such as peptides, vitamins, polyphenols, phytosterols and phytohormones, are struggling to meet their market and reach economical competitiveness. Still they are pushed forward by the very powerful driver that is pharmaceutical industry. In addition this work also proposes to link microalgae phyla and related potential applications. This is done through highlighting of which bioactive compounds can be found in which phyla. While some seem to be restricted to aquaculture, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta show great promises.
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Costa JAV, Freitas BCB, Moraes L, Zaparoli M, Morais MG. Progress in the physicochemical treatment of microalgae biomass for value-added product recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 301:122727. [PMID: 31983577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interest in microalgae-derived products is growing, mostly due to their unique characteristics and range of industrial applications. To obtain different products, one must employ specific pretreatments that retain the properties of the biologically active compounds extracted from microalgae biomass; thus, new extraction techniques require frequent upgrades. Due to increased interest in economically viable and ecologically friendly processes, new extraction methods that can be incorporated into microalgae biorefinery systems have become the main focus of research. Therefore, this review aims to address the potential applications, future prospects, and economic scenario of the new physicochemical treatments used in the extraction of bioactive microalgae compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Catarina Bastos Freitas
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
| | - Luiza Moraes
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
| | - Munise Zaparoli
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Greque Morais
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
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Functions of Enyolreductase ( ER) Domains of PKS Cluster in Lipid Synthesis and Enhancement of PUFAs Accumulation in Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 Using Triclosan as a Regulator of ER. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020300. [PMID: 32098234 PMCID: PMC7074904 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyketide synthase (PKS) cluster genes are supposed to synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in S. limacinum. In this study, two enyolreductase (ER) genes located on PKS cluster were knocked out through homologous recombination to explore their functions. The knock-out of OrfB-ER (located on OrfB subunit) decreased lipid content and had obvious decrease on PUFAs content, indicating OrfB-ER domain played a vital role on PUFAs synthesis; the knock-out of OrfC-ER (located on OrfC subunit) decreased SFAs content and increased total lipid content, indicating OrfC-ER domain was likely to be related with SFAs synthesis, and lipid production could be improved by down-regulating OrfC-ER domain expression. Therefore, the addition of triclosan as a reported regulator of ER domain induced the increase of PUFAs production by 51.74% and lipids yield by 47.63%. Metabolic analysis indicated triclosan played its role through inhibiting the expression of OrfC-ER to reduce the feedback inhibition of SFAs and further to enhance NADPH synthesis for lipid production, and by weakening mevalonate pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to shift precursors for lipid and PUFAs synthesis. This research illuminates functions of two ER domains in S. limacinum and provides a potential targets for improving lipid production.
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62
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Recent developments in supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae: Role of key parameters, technological achievements and challenges. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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63
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Wollmann F, Dietze S, Ackermann J, Bley T, Walther T, Steingroewer J, Krujatz F. Microalgae wastewater treatment: Biological and technological approaches. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:860-871. [PMID: 32624978 PMCID: PMC6999062 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current global environmental issues raise unavoidable challenges for our use of natural resources. Supplying the human population with clean water is becoming a global problem. Numerous organic and inorganic impurities in municipal, industrial, and agricultural waters, ranging from microplastics to high nutrient loads and heavy metals, endanger our nutrition and health. The development of efficient wastewater treatment technologies and circular economic approaches is thus becoming increasingly important. The biomass production of microalgae using industrial wastewater offers the possibility of recycling industrial residues to create new sources of raw materials for energy and material use. This review discusses algae-based wastewater treatment technologies with a special focus on industrial wastewater sources, the potential of non-conventional extremophilic (thermophilic, acidophilic, and psychrophilic) microalgae, and industrial algae-wastewater treatment concepts that have already been put into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wollmann
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Stefan Dietze
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/ChemistryDresden University of Applied SciencesDresdenGermany
| | - Jörg‐Uwe Ackermann
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/ChemistryDresden University of Applied SciencesDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Bley
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Walther
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | | | - Felix Krujatz
- Institute of Natural Materials TechnologyTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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Imbimbo P, Romanucci V, Pollio A, Fontanarosa C, Amoresano A, Zarrelli A, Olivieri G, Monti DM. A cascade extraction of active phycocyanin and fatty acids from Galdieria phlegrea. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9455-9464. [PMID: 31696285 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The setup of an economic and sustainable method to increase the production and commercialization of products from microalgae, beyond niche markets, is a challenge. Here, a cascade approach has been designed to optimize the recovery of high valuable bioproducts starting from the wet biomass of Galdieria phlegrea. This unicellular thermo-acidophilic red alga can accumulate high-value compounds and can live under conditions considered hostile to most other species. Extractions were performed in two sequential steps: a conventional high-pressure procedure to recover phycocyanins and a solvent extraction to obtain fatty acids. Phycocyanins were purified to the highest purification grade reported so far and were active as antioxidants on a cell-based model. Fatty acids isolated from the residual biomass contained high amount of PUFAs, more than those recovered from the raw biomass. Thus, a simple, economic, and high effective procedure was set up to isolate phycocyanin at high purity levels and PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Romanucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina Fontanarosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
- Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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Dixit R, Singh S, Singh A. Effect of nitrogen deficiency on the physiology and biochemical composition of microalga Scenedesmus rotundus-MG910488. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 60:158-172. [PMID: 31692003 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation ascertains the impact of gradient concentrations of sodium nitrate on the physiology and biochemical composition of isolated microalga Scenedesmus rotundus-MG910488. The concentrations of nitrate were selected as 0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0, and 17.6 mM/L in BG11 medium. The lower concentrations of nitrogen were found to be significantly decreasing the cell count and photosynthetic activity in the microalga as well as changing cell morphology. The amount of biomass, its productivity and lipid yield were significantly affected. The highest biomass of 689.15 ± 14.27 mg/L was achieved in the concentration of 17.6 mM/L with the biomass productivity of 38.28 ± 0.78 mg/L. The highest lipid accumulation of 41.46 ± 1.94% dry-cell weight was obtained at a concentration of 3.5 mM/L, whereas the lowest lipid accumulation of 29.22 ± 1.65% at the concentration of 17.6 mM/L sodium nitrate. The fatty acid composition determines the quality of the fuel, so the characterization of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was performed by GC, and the assessment of methyl esters of fatty acid confirmed the existence of palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, which are essential components suitable for biodiesel production. FTIR confirms the presence of FAME components by estimating the bending and stretching of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishibha Dixit
- Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Sampathkumar SJ, Gothandam KM. Sodium bicarbonate augmentation enhances lutein biosynthesis in green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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67
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Narchonai G, Arutselvan C, LewisOscar F, Thajuddin N. Deciphering the microalgal diversity and water quality assessment of two urban temple ponds in Pondicherry, India. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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68
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Yadav G, Dash SK, Sen R. A biorefinery for valorization of industrial waste-water and flue gas by microalgae for waste mitigation, carbon-dioxide sequestration and algal biomass production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:129-135. [PMID: 31229810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive industrialization all over the globe is the main cause for the generation of huge quantity of wastes such as flue gas and wastewaters. Mindless release of these hazardous wastes into the environment is threatening the health and survival of the mankind. Judicious use of these wastes for microalgal biomass cultivation is recognized as a plausible approach for the creation of a renewable and sustainable process chain for biofuel production. This study was designed to cultivate microalgae utilizing the organic and inorganic nutrients from the industrial wastewater (IWW) and coal-fired flue gas (FG) for simultaneous waste bio-remediation and biomass production for biorefinery application in closed photobioreactors. The two microalgae, Chlorella sp. and Chlorococcum sp. were cultivated in industrial wastewater where varying concentrations of coal-fired FG from 1 to 10% CO2, volume/volume percent (v/v) was supplied to stimulate the mixotrophic growth. Performance of the two microalgae was evaluated in terms of nutrient removal (ammonium, nitrate, phosphate and COD), CO2 fixation, total lipid and carbohydrate content obtained in the integrated mode of process development. The IWW with flue gas (5% CO2 (v/v)) resulted in maximum growth and CO2 fixation. The highest biomass growth (1.52 g L-1) and CO2 fixation (187.65 mg L-1 d-1) of Chlorella sp. with nutrient removal of >70% was observed by 5th day of batch cultivation. Nearly 90% removal of nitrogen resulted in nutrient limitation condition that steered the accumulation of lipid (17-34%) and carbohydrate (21.5-23.1%) in Chlorella and Chlorococcum sp. An overall 1.7 fold improvement in biomass was observed in this process integration compared with control culture. The present study presents a green process for waste remediation, CO2 fixation and production of biomass rich in lipid & carbohydrate content for the development of a green microalgal biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sukanta K Dash
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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69
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M U N, Mehar JG, Mudliar SN, Shekh AY. Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential, Market Space, and Sustainability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1882-1897. [PMID: 33336956 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To combat food scarcity as well as to ensure nutritional food supply for sustainable living of increasing population, microalgae are considered as innovative sources for adequate nutrition. Currently, the dried biomass, various carotenoids, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, omega fatty acids, and enzymes are being used as food additives, food coloring agents, and food supplements. Apart from nutritional importance, microalgae are finding the place in the market as "functional foods." When compared to the total market size of food and feed products derived from all the possible sources, the market portfolio of microalgae-based products is still smaller, but increasing steadily. On the other hand, the genetic modification of microalgae for enhanced production of commercially important metabolites holds a great potential. However, the success of commercial application of genetically modified (GM) algae will be defined by their safety to human health and environment. In view of this, the present study attempts to highlight the industrially important microalgal metabolites, their production, and application in food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The current and future market trends for microalgal products have been thoroughly discussed. Importantly, the safety pertaining to microalgae cultivation and consumption, and regulatory issues for GM microalgae have also been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nethravathy M U
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India
| | - Jitendra G Mehar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sandeep N Mudliar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ajam Y Shekh
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Inst. (CFTRI), Mysore, 570020, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lipids from Autotrophic, Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic cultivation of Galdieria sp. strain USBA-GBX-832. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10791. [PMID: 31346188 PMCID: PMC6658668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46645-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A search for extremophile organisms producing bioactive compounds led us to isolate a microalga identified as Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 from acidic thermal springs. We have cultured Galdieria sp. USBA-GBX-832 under autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions and determined variations of its production of biomass, lipids and PUFAs. Greatest biomass and PUFA production occurred under mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions, but the highest concentration of lipids occurred under autotrophic conditions. Effects of variations of carbon sources and temperature on biomass and lipid production were evaluated and factorial experiments were used to analyze the effects of substrate concentration, temperature, pH, and organic and inorganic nitrogen on biomass production, lipids and PUFAs. Production of biomass and lipids was significantly dependent on temperature and substrate concentration. Greatest accumulation of PUFAs occurred at the lowest temperature tested. PUFA profiles showed trace concentrations of arachidonic acid (C20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5). This is the first time synthesis of these acids has been reported in Galdieria. These findings demonstrate that under heterotrophic conditions this microalga’s lipid profile is significantly different from those observed in other species of this genus which indicates that the culture conditions evaluated are key determinants of these organisms’ responses to stress conditions and accumulation of these metabolites.
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Anto S, Pugazhendhi A, Mathimani T. Lipid enhancement through nutrient starvation in Chlorella sp. and its fatty acid profiling for appropriate bioenergy feedstock. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sivaramakrishnan R, Incharoensakdi A. Low power ultrasound treatment for the enhanced production of microalgae biomass and lipid content. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract: Microalgae oil has been regarded as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. However, microalgae oil usually contains some non-lipid components, such as pigments. Microalgae oil could be converted to biodiesel effectively with a two-step process to decrease the negative effect caused by by-product glycerol generated in traditional biodiesel production process. Firstly, microalgae oil was hydrolysed to free fatty acids (FFAs) and then FFAs were converted to methyl ester. In this study, the hydrolysis of microalgae oil from Schizochytrium sp. was systematically investigated and microalgae oil could be hydrolysed effectively to FFAs at both non-catalytic and acid-catalytic conditions. The hydrolysis degree of 97.5% was obtained under non-catalytic conditions of 220 °C and a water to oil ratio of 10:1 (w:w). The hydrolysis degree of 97.1% was obtained with the optimized sulphuric acid catalytic conditions of 95 °C, and a ratio of water to oil 3:1. The lipase Novozym435-mediated esterification with the hydrolysed FFAs was explored and a FAME (Fatty Acids Methyl Ester) yield of 95.1% was achieved. The conversion of different FFAs also was compared and the results indicated that lipase Novozym435-mediated methanolysis was effective for the preparation of biodiesel as well as poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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