51
|
Gordaliza M. Synthetic strategies to terpene quinones/hydroquinones. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:358-402. [PMID: 22412807 PMCID: PMC3297003 DOI: 10.3390/md10020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of many natural sesquiterpene-quinones and -hydroquinones from sponges offer promising opportunities for the development of new drugs. A review dealing with different strategies for obtaining bioactive terpenyl quinones/hydroquinones is presented. The different synthetic approches for the preparation of the most relevant quinones/hydroquinones are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gordaliza
- Farmacy Faculty and Institute of Science and Technology Studies, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca University, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Tian M, Li S, Row K. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Solid-Phase Extraction of Ecteinascidin 743 from Sea Squirt. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
53
|
Bergman O, Haber M, Mayzel B, Anderson MA, Shpigel M, Hill RT, Ilan M. Marine-based cultivation of diacarnus sponges and the bacterial community composition of wild and maricultured sponges and their larvae. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:1169-1182. [PMID: 21614563 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine organisms including sponges (Porifera) contain many structurally diverse bioactive compounds, frequently in a low concentration that hampers their commercial production. Two solutions to this problem are: culturing sponge explants for harvesting the desired compound and cultivation of sponge-associated bacteria. These bacteria (often considered the source of the desired compounds) include the Actinobacteria, from which many novel drugs were developed. In a long-term experiment (lasting 767 days), we evaluated the culture amenability of the sponge Diacarnus erythraenus in a mariculture system, placed at 10- and 20-m depths. The growth and survival rates of sponge fragments were monitored. Wild and maricultured sponges from both depths and their larvae were sampled at different time intervals for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling of the bacterial community residing within them. 16S rRNA gene sequences of both cultured bacterial isolates and clone libraries of unculturable bacteria were composed and compared, focusing on Actinobacteria. Sponges from both depths did not differ significantly either in mean growth rates (percent weight change year⁻¹ ± S.E.) (64.5% ± 21% at 10 m and 79.3% ± 19.1% at 20 m) or in seasonal growth rates. Survival was also very similar (72% at 10 m and 70% at 20 m). There were 88 isolates identified from adults and 40 from their larvae. The isolates and clone libraries showed diverse bacterial communities. The DGGE profiles of wild and maricultured sponges differed only slightly, without a significant effect of depths or dates of sampling. This long-term experiment suggests that D. erythraenus probably remained healthy and indicates its mariculture suitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bergman
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Rocha J, Peixe L, Gomes NC, Calado R. Cnidarians as a source of new marine bioactive compounds--an overview of the last decade and future steps for bioprospecting. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1860-1886. [PMID: 22073000 PMCID: PMC3210609 DOI: 10.3390/md9101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates are rich sources of bioactive compounds and their biotechnological potential attracts scientific and economic interest worldwide. Although sponges are the foremost providers of marine bioactive compounds, cnidarians are also being studied with promising results. This diverse group of marine invertebrates includes over 11,000 species, 7500 of them belonging to the class Anthozoa. We present an overview of some of the most promising marine bioactive compounds from a therapeutic point of view isolated from cnidarians in the first decade of the 21st century. Anthozoan orders Alcyonacea and Gorgonacea exhibit by far the highest number of species yielding promising compounds. Antitumor activity has been the major area of interest in the screening of cnidarian compounds, the most promising ones being terpenoids (monoterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids). We also discuss the future of bioprospecting for new marine bioactive compounds produced by cnidarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rocha
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar no. 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Luisa Peixe
- REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha no. 164, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Newton C.M. Gomes
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
El Ashry ESH, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI, Kandil SH, El Nemr A, Gulzar T, Shobier AH. Studies on the constituents of the green alga Ulva lactuca. Chem Nat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-011-9926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
56
|
Chau R, Kalaitzis JA, Neilan BA. On the origins and biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 104:61-72. [PMID: 21543051 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been identified from taxonomically diverse marine organisms. TTX possesses a unique cage-like structure, however, its biosynthesis has yet to be elucidated. Biosynthetic studies in the TTX-producing newt Taricha torosa, and in bacterial genera, including Vibrio, have proven inconclusive. Indeed, very few studies have been performed that address the cellular production of TTX. Here we review the sources of TTX described to date and provide evidence for the biosynthesis of TTX by symbiotic microorganisms in higher taxa. Chemical and genetic based biosynthesis studies of TTX undertaken thus far are discussed and we outline approaches which may be useful for expanding upon the current body of knowledge. The complex biosynthesis of structurally similar toxins, that reveal clues into the biosynthetic pathway of TTX, is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Chau
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Debdab M, Carreaux F, Renault S, Soundararajan M, Fedorov O, Filippakopoulos P, Lozach O, Babault L, Tahtouh T, Baratte B, Ogawa Y, Hagiwara M, Eisenreich A, Rauch U, Knapp S, Meijer L, Bazureau JP. Leucettines, a class of potent inhibitors of cdc2-like kinases and dual specificity, tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinases derived from the marine sponge leucettamine B: modulation of alternative pre-RNA splicing. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4172-86. [PMID: 21615147 DOI: 10.1021/jm200274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We here report on the synthesis, optimization, and biological characterization of leucettines, a family of kinase inhibitors derived from the marine sponge leucettamine B. Stepwise synthesis of analogues starting from the natural structure, guided by activity testing on eight purified kinases, led to highly potent inhibitors of CLKs and DYRKs, two families of kinases involved in alternative pre-mRNA splicing and Alzheimer's disease/Down syndrome. Leucettine L41 was cocrystallized with CLK3. It interacts with key residues located within the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase. Leucettine L41 inhibits the phosphorylation of serine/arginine-rich proteins (SRp), a family of proteins regulating pre-RNA splicing. Indeed leucettine L41 was demonstrated to modulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing, in a cell-based reporting system. Leucettines should be further explored as pharmacological tools to study and modulate pre-RNA splicing. Leucettines may also be investigated as potential therapeutic drugs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in diseases involving abnormal pre-mRNA splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Debdab
- Université de Rennes 1, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Groupe Ingénierie Chimique & Molécules pour le Vivant (ICMV), Bât. 10A, Campus de Beaulieu, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:196-268. [PMID: 21152619 DOI: 10.1039/c005001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Gordaliza M. Cytotoxic terpene quinones from marine sponges. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2849-70. [PMID: 21339953 PMCID: PMC3039459 DOI: 10.3390/md8122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,4-benzoquinone moiety is a common structural feature in a large number of compounds that have received considerable attention owing to their broad spectrum of biological activities. The cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties of many natural sesquiterpene quinones and hydroquinones from sponges of the order Dictyoceratida, such as avarol, avarone, illimaquinone, nakijiquinone and bolinaquinone, offer promising opportunities for the development of new antitumor agents. The present review summarizes the structure and cytotoxicity of natural terpenequinones/hydroquinones and their bioactive analogues and derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gordaliza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Salamanca University, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Diselenium, instead of disulfide, bonded analogs of conotoxins: novel synthesis and pharmacotherapeutic potential. Life Sci 2010; 87:451-6. [PMID: 20691706 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The venoms of the cone snail (Conus) contain toxic peptides (conotoxins) that have remarkable selectivity for subtypes of a variety of mammalian voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, G protein-coupled receptors, and neurotransmitter transporters. They thus have tremendous potential as pharmacologic tools. Less toxic analogs or mimetics could be highly-selective pharmacotherapeutic agents at their target sites. For this reason, conopeptides have been extensively studied and have progressed to clinical trials and even regulatory approval. However, the synthesis of the peptides remains difficult and stability and toxicity remain problems. A novel synthesis and testing of analogs incorporating diselenium bonds between selenocysteine residues in place of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues has recently been reported. The technique results in analogs that retain the folding of the native peptides, are more potent, and have the same or greater biological activity.
Collapse
|
61
|
Oku N, Takada K, Fuller RW, Wilson JA, Peach ML, Pannell LK, McMahon JB, Gustafson KR. Isolation, structural elucidation, and absolute stereochemistry of enigmazole A, a cytotoxic phosphomacrolide from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Cinachyrella enigmatica. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10278-85. [PMID: 20590096 PMCID: PMC3850515 DOI: 10.1021/ja1016766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enigmazole A (1), a novel phosphate-containing macrolide, was isolated from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine sponge Cinachyrella enigmatica. The structure of 1, including the absolute stereochemistry at all eight chiral centers, was determined by a combination of spectroscopic analyses and a series of microscale chemical derivatization studies. Compound 1 is comprised of an 18-membered phosphomacrolide that contains an embedded exomethylene-substituted tetrahydropyran ring and an acyclic portion that spans an embedded oxazole moiety. Two additional analogues, 15-O-methylenigmazole A and 13-hydroxy-15-O-methylenigmazole A, were also isolated and assigned. The enigmazoles are the first phosphomacrolides from a marine source and 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the NCI 60-cell line antitumor screen, with a mean GI(50) of 1.7 microM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Oku
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| | - Kentaro Takada
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| | - Richard W. Fuller
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| | - Jennifer A. Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| | - Megan L. Peach
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Building 376, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
| | - Lewis K. Pannell
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and DigestiVe and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| | - Kirk R. Gustafson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Building 1052, Room 121, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wiese M, D’Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA. Neurotoxic alkaloids: saxitoxin and its analogs. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2185-211. [PMID: 20714432 PMCID: PMC2920551 DOI: 10.3390/md8072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) and its 57 analogs are a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). PSTs are the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and are mostly associated with marine dinoflagellates (eukaryotes) and freshwater cyanobacteria (prokaryotes), which form extensive blooms around the world. PST producing dinoflagellates belong to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium whilst production has been identified in several cyanobacterial genera including Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon Planktothrix and Lyngbya. STX and its analogs can be structurally classified into several classes such as non-sulfated, mono-sulfated, di-sulfated, decarbamoylated and the recently discovered hydrophobic analogs--each with varying levels of toxicity. Biotransformation of the PSTs into other PST analogs has been identified within marine invertebrates, humans and bacteria. An improved understanding of PST transformation into less toxic analogs and degradation, both chemically or enzymatically, will be important for the development of methods for the detoxification of contaminated water supplies and of shellfish destined for consumption. Some PSTs also have demonstrated pharmaceutical potential as a long-term anesthetic in the treatment of anal fissures and for chronic tension-type headache. The recent elucidation of the saxitoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in cyanobacteria and the identification of new PST analogs will present opportunities to further explore the pharmaceutical potential of these intriguing alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wiese
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; E-Mails: (M.W.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Paul M. D’Agostino
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia; E-Mails: (P.M.D.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Troco K. Mihali
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; E-Mails: (M.W.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Michelle C. Moffitt
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia; E-Mails: (P.M.D.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; E-Mails: (M.W.); (T.K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
Extremophiles can be defined as organisms that can survive in extreme environments that cannot support mammalian life. They include microorganisms that can tolerate temperature extremes, extremes of pH, salinity, hydrostatic pressure and ionizing radiation, as well as low oxygen tension, desiccation and the presence of heavy metals. Psychrophilic organisms also include fish in polar waters and animals that withstand freezing. Rare examples of thermophilic pathogens exist, and the main category of extremophilic animal pathogens comprises psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms that cause fish diseases, e.g. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Moritella viscosa, Aliivibrio wodanis and Aliivibrio salmonicida. The most widely known application of an extremophile product in veterinary medicine is DNA polymerase from thermophiles, which is a mainstay of PCR-based diagnostics for an extensive range of animal pathogens. DNA polymerases and other extremophile enzymes are also used in many molecular biology applications and animal genomics. Other extremophile products may find application in veterinary medicine in the future. These include enzymes in biosensors, compatible solutes in skin care products, drug excipients, treatments for respiratory disease, radioprotectants, peptide antibiotics, archaeal lipids for drug delivery and anti-cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ann Irwin
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Clark RL, Johnston BF, Mackay SP, Breslin CJ, Robertson MN, Harvey AL. The Drug Discovery Portal: a resource to enhance drug discovery from academia. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15:679-83. [PMID: 20547242 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery in universities is usually associated with research on drug targets and mechanisms, but more recently there have been efforts to progress from target studies to proof of concept by applying commercially focussed medicinal chemistry. This creates more opportunities for novel interactions and partnering models between academic groups and pharmaceutical companies. We present a review of coordinated, multi-institutional drug discovery operations within academia that are engaging with industry nationally and internationally and describe how the Drug Discovery Portal at the University of Strathclyde enhances the possibilities for academic drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Clark
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Pinkerton D, Banwell M, Garson M, Kumar N, de Moraes M, Cavalcanti B, Barros F, Pessoa C. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Synthetically Derived Tambjamines C and E - J, BE-18591, and a Related Alkaloid from the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1311-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
66
|
Anticancer effect and structure-activity analysis of marine products isolated from metabolites of mangrove fungi in the South China Sea. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1094-105. [PMID: 20479969 PMCID: PMC2866477 DOI: 10.3390/md8041094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi provide plenty of structurally unique and biologically active secondary metabolites. We screened 87 marine products from mangrove fungi in the South China Sea for anticancer activity by MTT assay. 14% of the compounds (11/86) exhibited a potent activity against cancer in vitro. Importantly, some compounds such as compounds 78 and 81 appeared to be promising for treating cancer patients with multidrug resistance, which should encourage more efforts to isolate promising candidates for further development as clinically useful chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, DNA intercalation was not involved in their anticancer activities, as determined by DNA binding assay. On the other hand, the structure-activity analysis indicated that the hydroxyl group was important for their cytotoxic activity and that bulky functional groups such as phenyl rings could result in a loss of biological activity, which will direct the further development of marine product-based derivatives.
Collapse
|
67
|
|
68
|
Abstract
Agelasines, asmarines and related compounds are natural products with a hybrid terpene-purine structure isolated from numerous genera of sponges (Agela sp., Raspailia sp.). Some agelasine analogs and related structures have displayed high general toxicity towards protozoa, and have exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and also an important cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant ones. Of particular interest in this context are the asmarines (tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[1,2,3-g,h]purines), which have shown potent antiproliferative activity against several types of human cancer cell lines. This review summarizes the sources of isolation, chemistry and bioactivity of marine alkylpurines and their bioactive derivatives.
Collapse
|
69
|
Silvestre F, Tosti E. Impact of marine drugs on animal reproductive processes. Mar Drugs 2009; 7:539-64. [PMID: 20098597 PMCID: PMC2810222 DOI: 10.3390/md7040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery and description of bioactive substances from natural sources has been a research topic for the last 50 years. In this respect, marine animals have been used to extract many new compounds exerting different actions. Reproduction is a complex process whose main steps are the production and maturation of gametes, their activation, the fertilisation and the beginning of development. In the literature it has been shown that many substances extracted from marine organisms may have profound influence on the reproductive behaviour, function and reproductive strategies and survival of species. However, despite the central importance of reproduction and thus the maintenance of species, there are still few studies on how reproductive mechanisms are impacted by marine bioactive drugs. At present, studies in either marine and terrestrial animals have been particularly important in identifying what specific fine reproductive mechanisms are affected by marine-derived substances. In this review we describe the main steps of the biology of reproduction and the impact of substances from marine environment and organisms on the reproductive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabetta Tosti
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +39 081 5833288; Fax: +39 081 7641355
| |
Collapse
|