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Biersack B. Current state of phenolic and terpenoidal dietary factors and natural products as non-coding RNA/microRNA modulators for improved cancer therapy and prevention. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:12-34. [PMID: 30159408 PMCID: PMC6096431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulation of cancer cells by small non-coding RNA molecules, the microRNAs (miRNAs), has raised particular interest in the field of oncology. These miRNAs play crucial roles concerning pathogenic properties of cancer cells and the sensitivity of cancer cells towards anticancer drugs. Certain miRNAs are responsible for an enhanced activity of drugs, while others lead to the formation of tumor resistance. In addition, miRNAs regulate survival and proliferation of cancer cells, in particular of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), that are especially drug-resistant and, thus, cause tumor relapse in many cases. Various small molecule compounds were discovered that target miRNAs that are known to modulate tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. This review comprises the effects of naturally occurring small molecules (phenolic compounds and terpenoids) on miRNAs involved in cancer diseases.
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Key Words
- 1,25-D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
- 18-AGA, 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid
- 3,6-DHF, 3,6-dihydroxyflavone
- AKBA, 3-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
- Anticancer drugs
- CAPE, caffeic acid phenethyl ester
- CDODA-Me, methyl 2-cyano-3,11-dioxo-18β-olean-1,12-dien-30-oate
- Dox, doxorubicin
- EGCG, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
- MicroRNA
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PPAP, polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol
- Polyphenols
- RA, retinoic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TQ, thymoquinone
- Terpenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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52
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Antrodia cinnamomea alleviates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity and enhances chemo-sensitivity of line-1 lung carcinoma xenografted in BALB/cByJ mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25741-54. [PMID: 26325335 PMCID: PMC4694863 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is a first-line medicine to treat solid cancerous tumors, it often causes serious side effects. New medicines that have an equivalent or even better therapeutic effect but with free or less side effects than cisplatin are highly anticipated in cancer therapy. Recent reports revealed that Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) possesses hepatoprotective activity in addition to anticancer. In this study, we wanted to know whether AC enhances chemo-sensitivity of cisplatin and/or alleviates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as the underlying mechanisms thereof. Our results indicated that AC inhibited proliferation of line-1 lung carcinoma cells and rescued hepatic HepG2 cells from cisplatin-induced cell death in vitro. The fact is that AC and cisplatin synergized to constrain growth of line-1 lung carcinoma cells in BALB/cByJ mice. Quantitative real-time PCR further revealed that AC promoted expression of apoptosis-related genes, while it decreased expression of NF-κB and VEGF in tumor tissues. In liver, AC reduced cisplatin-induced liver dysfunctions, liver inflammation and hepatic apoptosis in addition to body weight restoration. In summary, AC is able to increase cisplatin efficacy by triggering expression of apoptosis-related genes in line-1 lung cancer cells as well as to protect liver from tissue damage by avoiding cisplatin-induced hepatic inflammation and cell death.
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Chauhan R, Lahiri N. Tissue- and Serum-Associated Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:37-55. [PMID: 27398029 PMCID: PMC4933537 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world, is offering a challenge to human beings, with the current modes of treatment being a palliative approach. Lack of proper curative or preventive treatment methods encouraged extensive research around the world with an aim to detect a vaccine or therapeutic target biomolecule that could lead to development of a drug or vaccine against HCC. Biomarkers or biological disease markers have emerged as a potential tool as drug/vaccine targets, as they can accurately diagnose, predict, and even prevent the diseases. Biomarker expression in tissue, serum, plasma, or urine can detect tumor in very early stages of its development and monitor the cancer progression and also the effect of therapeutic interventions. Biomarker discoveries are driven by advanced techniques, such as proteomics, transcriptomics, whole genome sequencing, micro- and micro-RNA arrays, and translational clinics. In this review, an overview of the potential of tissue- and serum-associated HCC biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for drug development is presented. In addition, we highlight recently developed micro-RNA, long noncoding RNA biomarkers, and single-nucleotide changes, which may be used independently or as complementary biomarkers. These active investigations going on around the world aimed at conquering HCC might show a bright light in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.; Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and most patients who are diagnosed with HCC are ineligible for curative local therapy. The targeted agent sorafenib provides modest survival benefits in the setting of advanced disease. Novel systemic treatment options for HCC are sorely needed. In this review, we identify and categorize the drugs and targets that are in various phases of testing for use against HCC. We also focus on the potential for combining these agents with radiotherapy. This would help identify directions for future study that are likely to yield positive findings and improve outcomes for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Ohri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Andreas Kaubisch
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Madhur Garg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
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55
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important mediator in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK is activated in response to a shortage of energy. Once activated, AMPK can promote ATP production and regulate metabolic energy. AMPK is a known target for treating metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes; however, recently AMPK is emerging as a possible metabolic tumor suppressor and target for cancer prevention and treatment. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that treatment with metformin, an AMPK activator reduces the incidence of cancer. In this article we review the role of AMPK in regulating inflammation, metabolism, and other regulatory processes with an emphasis on cancer, as well as, discuss the potential for targeting AMPK to treat various types of cancer. Activation of AMPK has been found to oppose tumor progression in several cancer types and offers a promising cancer therapy. This review evaluates the evidence linking AMPK with tumor suppressor function and analyzes the molecular mechanisms involved. AMPK activity opposes tumor development and progression in part by regulating inflammation and metabolism.
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56
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Villaume MT, Sella E, Saul G, Borzilleri R, Fargnoli J, Johnston KA, Zhang H, Fereshteh MP, Dhar TGM, Baran PS. Antroquinonol A: Scalable Synthesis and Preclinical Biology of a Phase 2 Drug Candidate. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:27-31. [PMID: 27163023 PMCID: PMC4827469 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fungal-derived Taiwanese natural product antroquinonol A has attracted both academic and commercial interest due to its reported exciting biological properties. This reduced quinone is currently in phase II trials (USA and Taiwan) for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and was recently granted orphan drug status by the FDA for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and acute myeloid leukemia. Pending successful completion of human clinical trials, antroquinonol is expected to be commercialized under the trade name Hocena. A synthesis-enabled biological re-examination of this promising natural product, however, reveals minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Villaume
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eran Sella
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Garrett Saul
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robert
M. Borzilleri
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Fargnoli
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathy A. Johnston
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark P. Fereshteh
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Oncology Discovery and Leads Discovery &
Optimization, Preclinical Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Park SY, Park C, Park SH, Hong SH, Kim GY, Hong SH, Choi YH. Induction of apoptosis by ethanol extract of Evodia rutaecarpa in HeLa human cervical cancer cells via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:467-476. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University
| | - Shin-Hyung Park
- Department of Pathology, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | - Su-Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Science, Jeju National University
| | - Sang Hoon Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University
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Buahorm S, Puthong S, Palaga T, Lirdprapamongkol K, Phuwapraisirisan P, Svasti J, Chanchao C. Cardanol isolated from Thai Apis mellifera propolis induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of BT-474 breast cancer cells via p21 upregulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 23:55. [PMID: 26694491 PMCID: PMC4687141 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-015-0138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardanol was previously reported to be an antiproliferative compound purified from Thai Apis mellifera propolis. By morphology, it could induce the cell death to many cancer cell lines but not the control (non-transformed human foreskin fibroblast cell line, Hs27). Here, it was aimed to evaluate the molecular effects of cardanol on breast cancer derived cell line (BT-474). Methods Morphological changes in BT-474 cells induced by cardanol compared to doxorubicin were evaluated by light microscopy, cytotoxicity by using the 3- (4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, induction of cell cycle arrest and cell death by flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide and annexin-V stained cells, and changes in the expression level of genes involved in the control of apoptosis and the cell cycle by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analyses. Results It revealed that cardanol induced a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity along with cell shrinkage and detachment from substratum. Cardanol caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 subphase (as opposed to at the G2/M subphase seen with doxorubicin) and cell death by late apoptosis, with both late apoptosis (27.2 ± 1.1 %) and necrosis (25.4 ± 1.4 %) being found in cardanol treated cells after 72 h, compared to a lower proportion of apoptosis (4.3 ± 0.4 %) and higher proportion of necrosis (35.8 ± 13.0 %) induced by doxorubicin. Moreover, cardanol changed the transcript expression levels of genes involved in the control of apoptosis (increased DR5 and Bcl-2 expression and decreased Mcl-1, MADD and c-FLIPP) and cell division (increased p21 and E2FI and decreased cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4 and CDK2 expression), as well as increasing the level of p21 p-ERK, p-JNK and p-p38 and decreasing cyclin D. This accounts for the failure to progress from the G1 to the S subphase. Conclusion Cardanol is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40199-015-0138-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sureerat Buahorm
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Songchan Puthong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Lirdprapamongkol
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vipawadee Rangsit Highway, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Preecha Phuwapraisirisan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vipawadee Rangsit Highway, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Chanpen Chanchao
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Thiyagarajan V, Tsai MJ, Weng CF. Antroquinonol Targets FAK-Signaling Pathway Suppressed Cell Migration, Invasion, and Tumor Growth of C6 Glioma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141285. [PMID: 26517117 PMCID: PMC4627804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine that is overexpressed in many types of tumors and plays a pivotal role in multiple cell signaling pathways involved in cell survival, migration, and proliferation. This study attempts to determine the effect of synthesized antroquinonol on the modulation of FAK signaling pathways and explore their underlying mechanisms. Antroquinonol significantly inhibits cell viability with an MTT assay in both N18 neuroblastoma and C6 glioma cell lines, which exhibits sub G1 phase cell cycle, and further induction of apoptosis is confirmed by a TUNEL assay. Antroquinonol decreases anti-apoptotic proteins, whereas it increases p53 and pro-apoptotic proteins. Alterations of cell morphology are observed after treatment by atomic force microscopy. Molecular docking results reveal that antroquinonol has an H-bond with the Arg 86 residue of FAK. The protein levels of Src, pSrc, FAK, pFAK, Rac1, and cdc42 are decreased after antroquinonol treatment. Additionally, antroquinonol also regulates the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins. Furthermore, antroquinonol suppresses the C6 glioma growth in xenograft studies. Together, these results suggest that antroquinonol is a potential anti-tumorigenesis and anti-metastasis inhibitor of FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadharajan Thiyagarajan
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Life Science and the Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, 97401, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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60
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Chang TC, Yeh CT, Adebayo BO, Lin YC, Deng L, Rao YK, Huang CC, Lee WH, Wu AT, Hsiao M, Wu CH, Wang LS, Tzeng YM. 4-Acetylantroquinonol B inhibits colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and suppresses cancer stem-like phenotype. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:258-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Modugu NR, Mehta G. An approach toward novel bioactive natural products antroquinonols: de novo construction of the carbocyclic core. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lee YC, Ho CL, Kao WY, Chen YM. A phase I multicenter study of antroquinonol in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who have received at least two prior systemic treatment regimens, including one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1375-1380. [PMID: 26807250 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antroquinonol is isolated from Antrodia camphorata, a camphor tree mushroom, and is a valuable traditional Chinese herbal medicine that exhibits pharmacological activities against several diseases, including cancer. This first-in-human phase I study of antroquinonol included patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer who had received at least two prior systemic treatment regimens. An open-label, dose escalation, pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted to determine the maximum tolerable dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), and safety/tolerability and preliminary efficacy profiles of antroquinonol. The patients received escalating doses of once-daily antroquinonol in 4-week cycles (up to 3 cycles). The escalated doses were 50-600 mg. PKs were evaluated on day 1 and 28 of cycle 1. Between January, 2011 and October, 2012, 13 patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled. No DLTs occurred in any patient at any dose level. Tmax was observed between 1.00 and 3.70 h under single-dose conditions, and at 1.92-4.05 h under multiple-dose conditions. The mean elimination half-life ranged between 1.30 and 4.33 h, independent of the treatment dose. Antroquinonol at all dose levels had a mild toxicity profile, with no reported treatment-related mortality. The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhea, vomiting and nausea. The best tumor response was stable disease in 3 patients. In conclusion, antroquinonol at all dose levels, administered daily for 4 weeks, was generally safe and well tolerated, without DLTs. The recommended dose level for a phase II study is ≥600 mg daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chin Lee
- Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 221, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Liang Ho
- Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Woei-Yau Kao
- Taipei Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuh-Min Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.; College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Hsu CY, Sulake RS, Huang PK, Shih HY, Sie HW, Lai YK, Chen C, Weng CF. Synthetic (+)-antroquinonol exhibits dual actions against insulin resistance by triggering AMP kinase and inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV activities. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:38-49. [PMID: 24977411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The fungal product (+)-antroquinonol activates AMP kinase (AMPK) activity in cancer cell lines. The present study was conducted to examine whether chemically synthesized (+)-antroquinonol exhibited beneficial metabolic effects in insulin-resistant states by activating AMPK and inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of (+)-antroquinonol on DPP IV activity were measured with a DPPIV Assay Kit and effects on GLP-1-induced PKA were measured in AR42J cells. Translocation of the glucose transporter 4, GLUT4, induced either by insulin-dependent PI3K/AKT signalling or by insulin-independent AMPK activation, was assayed in differentiated myotubes. Glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation were assayed in L6 myocytes. Mice with diet-induced obesity were used to assess effects of acute and chronic treatment with (+)-antroquinonol on glycaemic control in vivo. KEY RESULTS The results showed that of (+)-antroquinonol (100 μM ) inhibited the DPP IV activity as effectively as the clinically used inhibitor, sitagliptin. The phosphorylation of AMPK Thr(172) in differentiated myotubes was significantly increased by (+)-antroquinonol. In cells simultaneously treated with S961 (insulin receptor antagonist), insulin and (+)-antroquinonol, the combination of (+)-antroquinonol plus insulin still increased both GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. Further, (+)-antroquinonol and sitagliptin reduced blood glucose, when given acutely or chronically to DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chemically synthesized (+)-antroquinonol exhibits dual effects to ameliorate insulin resistance, by increasing AMPK activity and GLUT4 translocation, along with inhibiting DPP IV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Jhong CH, Riyaphan J, Lin SH, Chia YC, Weng CF. Screening alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors from natural compounds by molecular docking in silico. Biofactors 2015; 41:242-51. [PMID: 26154585 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is a common oral anti-diabetic drug used for controlling carbohydrates normally converted into simple sugars and absorbed by the intestines. However, some adverse clinical effects have been observed. The present study seeks an alternative drug that can regulate the hyperglycemia by down-regulating alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activity by molecular docking approach to screen the hyperglycemia antagonist against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities from the 47 natural compounds. The docking data showed that Curcumin, 16-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13-dine-16,15-olide (16-H), Docosanol, Tetracosanol, Antroquinonol, Berberine, Catechin, Quercetin, Actinodaphnine, and Rutin from 47 natural compounds had binding ability towards alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase as well. Curcumin had a better biding ability of alpha-amylase than the other natural compounds. Analyzed alpha-glucosidase activity reveals natural compound inhibitors (below 0.5 mM) are Curcumin, Actinodaphnine, 16-H, Quercetin, Berberine, and Catechin when compared to the commercial drug Acarbose (3 mM). A natural compound with alpha-amylase inhibitors (below 0.5 mM) includes Curcumin, Berberine, Docosanol, 16-H, Actinodaphnine/Tetracosanol, Catechin, and Quercetin when compared to Acarbose (1 mM). When taken together, the implication is that molecular docking is a fast and effective way to screen alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitors as lead compounds of natural sources isolated from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Jhong
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Jirawat Riyaphan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University, Ping Tung Hsien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong-Hwa University, Hualien, 974, Taiwan
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65
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Hu YD, Lu RQ, Liao XR, Zhang BB, Xu GR. Stimulating the biosynthesis of antroquinonol by addition of effectors and soybean oil in submerged fermentation ofAntrodia camphorata. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:398-406. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qiu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Ru Liao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi People's Republic of China
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Sulake RS, Lin HH, Hsu CY, Weng CF, Chen C. Synthesis of (+)-Antroquinonol: An Antihyperglycemic Agent. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6044-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohidas S. Sulake
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Han Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Hsu
- Institute
of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute
of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chinpiao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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67
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Shin DJ, Kim JE, Lim TG, Jeong EH, Park G, Kang NJ, Park JS, Yeom MH, Oh DK, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ, Lee KW. 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol suppresses UV-Induced MMP-1 expression through AMPK-mediated mTOR inhibition as a downstream of the PKA-LKB1 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1702-11. [PMID: 24821673 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Various health effects have been attributed to the ginsenoside metabolite 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (GPD); however, its effect on ultraviolet (UV)-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression and the mechanism underlying this effect are unknown. We examined the inhibitory effect of GPD on UV-induced MMP-1 expression and its mechanisms in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). GPD attenuated UV-induced MMP-1 expression in HDFs and suppressed the UV-induced phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70(S6K) without inhibiting the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt, which are well-known upstream kinases of mTOR. GPD augmented the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which are inhibitors of mTOR, to a greater extent than UV treatment alone. Similar to GPD, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-monophosphate (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, augmented UV-induced AMPK phosphorylation to a greater extent than UV treatment alone, resulting in the inhibition of MMP-1 expression. AICAR also decreased the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70(S6K). However, compound C, an antagonist of AMPK, increased MMP-1 expression. In HDF cells with AMPK knock-down using shRNA, MMP-1 expression was increased. These results indicate that AMPK activation plays a key role in MMP-1 suppression. Additionally, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, H-89, antagonized GPD-mediated MMP-1 suppression via the inhibition of LKB1. Our results suggest that the suppressive activity of GPD on UV-induced MMP-1 expression is due to the activation of AMPK as a downstream of the PKA-LKB1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Shin
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
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68
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Lee WT, Lee TH, Cheng CH, Chen KC, Chen YC, Lin CW. Antroquinonol from Antrodia Camphorata suppresses breast tumor migration/invasion through inhibiting ERK-AP-1- and AKT-NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition expressions. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 78:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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69
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Anti-cancer agents derived from solid-state fermented Antrodia camphorata mycelium. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohidas S. Sulake
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chinpiao Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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71
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Chang YH, Leu WJ, Datta A, Hsiao HC, Lin CH, Guh JH, Huang JH. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation and anticancer activity of arene–ruthenium compounds incorporating bi-dentate precursors. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:16107-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of arene–Ru compounds were synthesized and their catalytic transfer hydrogenation and anticancer activity towards human hormone-refractory prostate cancer were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan 50058
| | - Wohn-Jenn Leu
- School of Pharmacy
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan 100
| | - Amitabha Datta
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan 50058
| | - Hung-Chang Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan 50058
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Chung-Yuan Christian University
- Chun-Li 320
- Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hwa Guh
- School of Pharmacy
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan 100
| | - Jui-Hsien Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Changhua University of Education
- Changhua
- Taiwan 50058
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72
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Coenzyme Q0 from Antrodia cinnamomea in Submerged Cultures Induces Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:246748. [PMID: 25431605 PMCID: PMC4241310 DOI: 10.1155/2014/246748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer effects of Antrodia cinnamomea, a medicinal mushroom from Taiwan, on A549 human lung cancer cells using the ethyl acetate extract from submerged culture filtrates. Our results showed that 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (coenzyme Q0; CoQ0) derived from A. cinnamomea submerged culture filtrates has anticancer activity. CoQ0 treatment reduced the viability of A549, HepG2, and SW480 cancer cell lines. Furthermore, CoQ0 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis in A549 cells, which was inhibited by the antioxidant ascorbic acid. To our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time that CoQ0 derived from A. cinnamomea submerged culture filtrates exerts its anticancer effect through the induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells.
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73
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Huang KT, Huang YH, Li P, He B, Chen ZK, Yu X, Chen JO, Zhang QY, Shi HQ, Shan YF. Correlation between tuberous sclerosis complex 2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta levels, and outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by hepatectomy. Hepatol Res 2014; 44:1142-50. [PMID: 24119083 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2), a tumor suppressor, may play an essential role in the regulation of cell growth and cell survival under energy stress conditions. In addition, TSC2 may act in concert with Wnt and energy signals by additional phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) to regulate cell growth. The expression levels and function of TSC2 and GSK3β in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. METHODS The protein levels of TSC2 and GSK3β were measured by immunohistochemistry in normal liver (n = 20), HCC (n = 80) and pericancerous tissues (n = 80). The correlations between TSC2, and GSK3β levels, clinicopathological features and patient survival were also analyzed. RESULTS The protein levels of TSC2 and GSK3β in HCC tissues were significantly lower than that in normal liver tissues and pericancerous tissues (P < 0.05). Decreased TSC2 and GSK3β expression was found to be significantly correlated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and poor prognosis. The results also showed that TSC2 protein levels were associated with GSK3β expression in HCC specimens. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that the decreases in TSC2 and GSK3β levels may be associated with vascular invasion, histological grade and tumor-node-metastasis classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Te Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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74
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Ho CL, Wang JL, Lee CC, Cheng HY, Wen WC, Cheng HHY, Chen MCM. Antroquinonol blocks Ras and Rho signaling via the inhibition of protein isoprenyltransferase activity in cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:1007-14. [PMID: 25312820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antroquinonol is the smallest anticancer molecule isolated from Antrodia camphorata thus far. The ubiquinone-like structure of Antroquinonol exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against malignancies in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanism of action of Antroquinonol remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that Antroquinonol plays a role in the inhibition of Ras and Ras-related small GTP-binding protein functions through the inhibition of protein isoprenyl transferase activity in cancer cells. Using cell line-based assays, we found that the inactive forms of Ras and Rho proteins were significantly elevated after treatment with Antroquinonol. We also demonstrated that Antroquinonol binds directly to farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I, which are key enzymes involved in activation of Ras-related proteins, and inhibits enzymes activities in vitro. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis illustrated that the isoprenoid moiety of Antroquinonol binds along the hydrophobic cavity of farnesyltransferase similar to its natural substrate, farnesyl pyrophosphate. In contrast, the ring structure of Antroquinonol lies adjacent to the Ras-CAAX motif-binding site on farnesyltransferase. The molecular docking study also showed a reasonable correlation with the IC50 values of Antroquinonol analogues. We also found that the levels of LC3B-II and the autophagosome-associated LC3 form were also significantly increased in H838 after Antroquinonol administration. In conclusion, Antroquinonol inhibited Ras and Ras-related GTP-binding protein activation through inhibition of protein isoprenyl transferase activity, leading to activation of autophagy and associated mode of cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Liang Ho
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu, 114, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jui-Ling Wang
- Agriculture Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- National Core Facilities for Protein Structural Analysis, Nankang, 115 Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Yi Cheng
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Golden Biotechnology Corp., Danshui Dist., 251 New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wu-Che Wen
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Golden Biotechnology Corp., Danshui Dist., 251 New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Howard Hao-Yu Cheng
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Golden Biotechnology Corp., Danshui Dist., 251 New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Miles Chih-Ming Chen
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Golden Biotechnology Corp., Danshui Dist., 251 New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.
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75
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Hsu JL, Liu SP, Lee CC, Hsu LC, Ho YF, Huang HS, Guh JH. A unique amidoanthraquinone derivative displays antiproliferative activity against human hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancers through activation of LKB1-AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:979-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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76
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Moniliformediquinone Induces In Vitro and In Vivo Antitumor Activity through Glutathione Involved DNA Damage Response and Mitochondrial Stress in Human Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2014; 191:1429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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77
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Chen CK, Kang JJ, Wen WC, Chiang HF, Lee SS. Metabolites of antroquinonol found in rat urine following oral administration. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1061-1064. [PMID: 24593224 DOI: 10.1021/np400670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Four metabolites (1-4) of antroquinonol from rat urine, collected within 24 h after oral administration of antroquinonol, were characterized by HPLC-SPE-NMR. Compounds 1-4 were further isolated by semipreparative HPLC for structure confirmation. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and HRESIMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10050, Taiwan, Republic of China
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78
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Rehman G, Shehzad A, Khan AL, Hamayun M. Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in cancer therapy. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:457-68. [PMID: 24677093 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as a target in cancer waxed and waned over the past decade of cancer research. AMPK is a cellular energy sensor, present in almost all eukaryotic cells. An elevated AMP/ATP ratio activates the AMPK, which in turn inhibits energy-consuming processes and induces catabolic events that generate ATP to restore the energy homeostasis inside the cell. Several reports have indicated that AMPK regulates several metabolic pathways and may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Cancer cells have specific metabolic changes that differ from normal cells, and AMPK prevents the deregulated processes in cancer. AMPK may also act to inhibit tumor formation through modulation of cell growth, cell proliferation, autophagy, stress responses, and cell polarity. AMPK has been shown to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) through tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) phosphorylation and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), considered as central cell growth controller signals in diseases. In response to glucose deprivation, AMPK phosphorylates and activates p53, which induces cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. AMPK has also been reported to block cyclin-dependent kinases through phosphorylation of p27(kip1) , promoting its stabilization and allowing cells to survive metabolic stress via induction of autophagy. Additionally, AMPK induces autophagy by phosphorylation and activation of eEF-2 kinase, and prevents the formation of new proteins. AMPK activators are also used for the treatment of type II diabetes and cancer. This review focuses on AMPK activation and its possible therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar Rehman
- School of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, K. P. K. Pakistan
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79
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Zhan JK, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Tang ZY, Tan P, Huang W, Liu YS. Adiponectin attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:352-8. [PMID: 24607448 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is common in patients with peripheral artery diseases and coronary artery diseases. The osteoblastic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes significantly to vascular calcification. Adiponectin has been demonstrated to exert a protective effect in osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs through regulating mTOR activity. However, the upstream and downstream signaling molecules of adiponectin-regulated mTOR signaling have not been identified in VSMCs with osteoblastic differentiation. In this study, the VSMC differentiation model was established by beta-glycerophosphate (β-GP) induction. The mineralization was identified by Alizarin Red S staining. Protein expression and phosphorylation were detected by Western blot or immunofluorescence. Adiponectin attenuated osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of β-GP-treated VSMCs. Adiponectin inhibited osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs through increasing the level of p-AMPKα. Pretreatment of VSMCs with AMPK inhibitor blocked while AMPK activator enhanced the effect of adiponectin on osteoblastic differentiation of VSMCs. Adiponectin upregulated TSC2 expression and downregulated mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation in β-GP-treated VSMCs. Adiponectin treatment significantly attenuates the osteoblastic differentiation and calcification of VSMCs through modulation of AMPK-TSC2-mTOR-S6K1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Kun Zhan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yan-Jiao Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Pan Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wu Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China
| | - You-Shuo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha 410011, Hunan, PR China.
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80
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Xia Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Xu G, Ai L. Effect of cultural conditions on antrodin C production by basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata in solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:724-32. [PMID: 24548184 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a medicinal fungus and antrodin C is one of the main bioactive components of A. camphorata in the submerged fermentation (SmF). To optimize the culture conditions, the factors influencing the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata under solid-state fermentation (SSF) were investigated in this study. Different solid substrates and external nitrogen sources were tested for their efficiency in producing antrodin C. The response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the influence of several variables, namely, the concentrations of soybean meal, initial moisture content, and inoculum density on antrodin C production in solid-state fermentation. The experimental results show that the optimum fermentation medium for antrodin C production by A. camphorata was composed of 0.578 g soybean meal, 0.05 g Na2 HPO4 , 0.05 g MgSO4 for 100 g rice, with 51.83% initial moisture content, 22 day culture time, 28 °C culture temperature, and 35.54% inoculum density. At optimized conditions, 6,617.36 ± 92.71 mg kg(-1) yield of antrodin C was achieved. Solid-state fermentation is one good cultural method to improve the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xia
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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81
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Yue PYK, Wong YY, Wong KYK, Tsoi YK, Leung KSY. Current evidence for the hepatoprotective activities of the medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea. Chin Med 2013; 8:21. [PMID: 24180549 PMCID: PMC3819176 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an endemic mushroom species of Taiwan, and has been demonstrated to possess diverse biological and pharmacological activities, such as anti-hypertension, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immunomodulation. This review focuses on the inhibitory effects of AC on hepatitis, hepatocarcinoma, and alcohol-induced liver diseases (e.g., fatty liver, fibrosis). The relevant biochemical and molecular mechanisms are addressed. Overall, this review summarizes the hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. However, there is no doubt that human and clinical trials are still limited, and further studies are required for the development of AC-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ying-Kit Yue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi-Yi Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kay Yuen-Ki Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yeuk-Ki Tsoi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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82
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Chiang CC, Huang TN, Lin YW, Chen KH, Chiang BH. Enhancement of 4-acetylantroquinonol B production by supplementation of its precursor during submerged fermentation of Antrodia cinnamomea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9160-9165. [PMID: 23930581 DOI: 10.1021/jf402187q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The antiproliferation activity of the ethanol extract of A. cinnamomea mycelium on hepatocellular cancer cells HepG2 was found to be associated with aroma intensity of the broth during fermentation. We hypothesized that some of the volatile compounds are the precursors of the key bioactive component 4-acetylantroquinonol B of this fungus. The major volatile compounds of A. cinnamomea were identified by GC/MS, and they are oct-1-en-3-ol, linalool, methyl phenylacetate, nerolidol, γ-cadinene and 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (TMBA). TMBA and nerolidol were further selected and used as supplements during fermentation. It was found that both of them could increase the production of 4-acetylantroquinonol B and enhance the antiproliferation activity of the fungus. In addition, the TMBA was identified as the most promising supplement for increasing the bioactivity of A. cinnamomea during cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chi Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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83
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Lu MC, El-Shazly M, Wu TY, Du YC, Chang TT, Chen CF, Hsu YM, Lai KH, Chiu CP, Chang FR, Wu YC. Recent research and development of Antrodia cinnamomea. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:124-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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84
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Figarola JL, Rahbar S. Small‑molecule COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1166-76. [PMID: 23525347 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. It is one of the principal causative factors involved in the development of metabolic syndrome and cancer. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation has often been a target of anti-obesity strategies since obesity is caused not only by hypertrophy but also by adipocyte hyperplasia. In this study, we investigated the effects of COH-SR4, a novel compound with anticancer properties, on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with COH-SR4 significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect mainly occurred at the early phase of differentiation through inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase transition. In differentiating adipocytes, COH-SR4 significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and downregulated the expression of key adipogenesis-related transcription factors and lipogenic proteins. COH-SR4 exhibited no cytotoxic effects in 3T3-L1 cells, but indirectly activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK activation by COH-SR4 also resulted in the phosphorylation of raptor and tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2), two proteins involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Additionally, COH-SR4 decreased the phosphorylation of p70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 1 (4EB‑P1), two downstream effectors of mTOR that regulate protein synthesis. Interestingly, knockdown of AMPKα1/α2 prevented the ability of COH-SR4 to inhibit cell cycle arrest and overall adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that COH-SR4 inhibits 3T3-L1 adipogenesis via AMPK activation. COH-SR4 may be a promising compound for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Figarola
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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85
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Jia L, Ma S, Hou X, Wang X, Qased ABL, Sun X, Liang N, Li H, Yi H, Kong D, Liu X, Fan F. The synergistic effects of traditional Chinese herbs and radiotherapy for cancer treatment. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1439-1447. [PMID: 23760551 PMCID: PMC3678704 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been demonstrated to have potent cytotoxic activity against certain malignant tumors. Ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the most effective methods used in the clinical treatment of cancer. The drawback of a single formula is that it limits the treatment efficacy for cancer, while comprehensive strategies require additional theoretical support. However, a combination of different antitumor treatment modalities is advantageous in restricting the non-specific toxicity often observed with an extremely high dose of a single regimen. The induction of apoptotic cell death is a significant process in tumor cells following radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and resistance to these treatments has been linked to a low propensity for apoptosis. Autophagy is a response of cancer cells to IR or chemotherapy, and involves the prominent formation of autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm. In this review, the synergistic effects of TCM and radiotherapy are summarized and the underlying mechanisms are illustrated, providing new therapeutic strategies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology (Ministry of Health), School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021
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Yu CC, Wu PJ, Hsu JL, Ho YF, Hsu LC, Chang YJ, Chang HS, Chen IS, Guh JH. Ardisianone, a natural benzoquinone, efficiently induces apoptosis in human hormone-refractory prostate cancers through mitochondrial damage stress and survivin downregulation. Prostate 2013; 73:133-45. [PMID: 22674285 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a central role in regulating cell apoptosis. Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member, mediates resistance to cancer chemotherapy particularly in prostate cancers. Therefore, development of anticancer agents targeting mitochondria and survivin is a potential strategy. METHOD Cell proliferation was examined by sulforhodamine B, CFSE staining, and clonogenic assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m) ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometric analysis. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. RNA levels were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt was also used in this study. RESULTS Ardisianone, a natural benzoquinone derivative, displayed anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities against human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells (HRPC), PC-3, and DU-145. Ardisianone dramatically induced mitochondrial damage, identified by downregulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, ROS production, and loss of ΔΨ(m) . Ardisianone also inhibited Akt and mTOR/p70S6K pathways and induced a fast downregulation of survivin, leading to activation of mitochondria-involved caspase cascades. Overexpression of constitutively active Akt partly rescued ardisianone-mediated apoptotic signaling cascades. Furthermore, a long-term treatment of ardisianone caused an increase of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, upregulation of cIAP1 and cIAP2, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated caspase-independent apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that the ardisianone induces apoptosis in human prostate cancers through mitochondrial damage stress, leading to the inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K pathway, downregulation of Bcl-2 family members, degradation of survivin, and activation of caspase cascades. The data provide evidence supporting that ardisianone is a potential anticancer agent against HRPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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87
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Taiwanofungus camphorata nitroreductase: cDNA cloning and biochemical characterisation. Food Chem 2012; 135:2708-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Chinese herbal medicine () attracts much attention in the treatment of liver injuries. Numerous studies have revealed various biological activities of medicinal mushrooms such as Antrodia Cinnamomea (). Although A. cinnamomea is rare in the wild, recent developments in fermentation and cultivation technologies make the mycelia and fruiting bodies of this valuable medicinal mushroom readily available. Liver diseases such as fatty liver, hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer are complicated processes of liver injuries that have tremendous impact on human society. In this article, we reviewed studies about the hepatoprotective effects of the fruiting bodies and mycelia of A. cinnamomea performed in different experimental models. The results of those studies suggest the potential application of A. cinnamomea in preventing and treating liver diseases and its potential to be developed into health foods or new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Wenn Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim WH, Song HO, Choi HJ, Bang HI, Choi DY, Park H. Ethyl gallate induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by promoting the expression of caspases-8, -9, -3, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11912-11922. [PMID: 23109891 PMCID: PMC3472783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Many phytochemicals have been recognized to have potential therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated ethyl gallate (EG) for possible proapoptotic effects in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60. We examined cell viability, morphological changes, DNA content and fragmentation, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins for up to 48 h after EG treatment. The results showed that EG induced morphological changes and DNA fragmentation and reduced HL-60 cell viability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Western blotting analysis indicated that EG-mediated HL-60 apoptosis mainly occurred through the mitochondrial pathway, as shown by the release of cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and endonuclease G (Endo G), as well as the upregulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). EG also activated the death receptor-dependent pathway of apoptosis by enhancing the expression of caspases-8, -9, and -3 and the Bcl-2 interacting domain (Bid). Collectively, our results showed that EG induces apoptosis in HL-60 via mitochondrial-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mails: (W.-H.K.); (H.-O.S.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Hyun-Ok Song
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mails: (W.-H.K.); (H.-O.S.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Hwa-Jung Choi
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mails: (W.-H.K.); (H.-O.S.); (H.-J.C.)
| | - Ho-Il Bang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Du-Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.-Y.C.); (H.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-1514 (D.-Y.C.); +82-63-850-6769 (H.P.); Fax: +82-63-850-0342 (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea; E-Mails: (W.-H.K.); (H.-O.S.); (H.-J.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (D.-Y.C.); (H.P.); Tel.: +82-63-850-1514 (D.-Y.C.); +82-63-850-6769 (H.P.); Fax: +82-63-850-0342 (H.P.)
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Hsieh S, Lin PY, Hsieh CW, Li IT, Hsieh SL, Wu CC, Huang YS, Wang HM, Tu LW, Cheng KH, Wang HYJ, Wu DC. Probing the Adhesion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 and SK-Hep-1 Cells. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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91
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Yang XW, Wang XL, Cao LQ, Jiang XF, Peng HP, Lin SM, Xue P, Chen D. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances 5-fluorouracil-induced cell growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatol Res 2012; 42:494-501. [PMID: 22221825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. Resistance to 5-FU is a major cause of chemotherapy failure in advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Green tea polyphenol Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays a critical role in growth inhibition and apoptotic induction in HCC cell lines. The aim of this study is to investigate whether EGCG can enhance 5-FU-induced cell growth inhibition and to explore its potential mechanisms. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cell growth. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the proteins expression in Hep3B cells. Small interfering RNA was used to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Furthermore, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) production in cell cultures. RESULTS Epigallocatechin-3-gallate augmented the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU in Hep3B cells. Significant difference was observed between the treated groups and the control group (P < 0.05). EGCG (its concentrations at over 5 µmol/L) combined with 5-FU presented a synergic effect. Furthermore, the combination of EGCG and 5-FU abrogated the COX-2 overexpression and PGE(2) secretion induced by 5-FU. The upregulation of COX-2 expression decreased the phosphorylation of Akt (Thr(308) ) expression. These appeared to be followed by the AMPK hyperactivation. CONCLUSION Epigallocatechin-3-gallate sensitizes HCC cells to 5-FU antitumor activity, and the combination of EGCG and 5-FU exhibits synergism in chemo-resistant cancer cells. The results suggest potential novel therapies for the treatment of advanced-stage liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Department of Ophthalmology, Guangzhou No. 8 People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng QY, Jin FS, Yao C, Zhang T, Zhang GH, Ai X. Ursolic acid-induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation contributes to growth inhibition and apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:741-7. [PMID: 22387548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) has shown the anti-tumor properties against a number of human cancers both in vivo and in vitro, however, its effect in bladder cancer and the corresponding mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Here we found that UA dose-dependently induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells, and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may contribute to the process. Our Western-blot results demonstrated a significant AMPK activation after UA treatment in T24 cells. Notably, knockdown of AMPKα by the targeted shRNA largely inhibited UA-induced T24 cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, while an AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) or a constitutively active form of AMPK mimic UA's effect. We found the ceramide level was increased after UA treatment in T24 cells, and UA-induced AMPK activation and T24 cell apoptosis were inhibited by ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1, and was enhanced by exogenously adding cell permeable short-chain ceramide (C6), suggesting that ceramide might serve as an upstream signal for AMPK activation. Further, activation of AMPK by UA promoted c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, but inhibited mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling to cause survivin down-regulation. Our study suggests that activation of AMPK by UA contributes to growth inhibition and apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-you Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China.
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93
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Patel S, Goyal A. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review. 3 Biotech 2012; 2:1-15. [PMID: 22582152 PMCID: PMC3339609 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-011-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From time immemorial, mushrooms have been valued by humankind as a culinary wonder and folk medicine in Oriental practice. The last decade has witnessed the overwhelming interest of western research fraternity in pharmaceutical potential of mushrooms. The chief medicinal uses of mushrooms discovered so far are as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-tumor, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-allergic, nephroprotective, and anti-microbial agents. The mushrooms credited with success against cancer belong to the genus Phellinus, Pleurotus, Agaricus, Ganoderma, Clitocybe, Antrodia, Trametes, Cordyceps, Xerocomus, Calvatia, Schizophyllum, Flammulina, Suillus, Inonotus, Inocybe, Funlia, Lactarius, Albatrellus, Russula, and Fomes. The anti-cancer compounds play crucial role as reactive oxygen species inducer, mitotic kinase inhibitor, anti-mitotic, angiogenesis inhibitor, topoisomerase inhibitor, leading to apoptosis, and eventually checking cancer proliferation. The present review updates the recent findings on the pharmacologically active compounds, their anti-tumor potential, and underlying mechanism of biological action in order to raise awareness for further investigations to develop cancer therapeutics from mushrooms. The mounting evidences from various research groups across the globe, regarding anti-tumor application of mushroom extracts unarguably make it a fast-track research area worth mass attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, 144402 Punjab India
| | - Arun Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039 Assam India
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94
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Tsai PY, Ka SM, Chang JM, Lai JH, Dai MS, Jheng HL, Kuo MT, Chen P, Chen A. Antroquinonol differentially modulates T cell activity and reduces interleukin-18 production, but enhances Nrf2 activation, in murine accelerated severe lupus nephritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:232-42. [PMID: 21905011 DOI: 10.1002/art.33328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accelerated severe lupus nephritis (ASLN), with an acute onset of severe clinical manifestations and histopathologic renal lesions, may represent transformation of mild LN to a severe form of glomerulonephritis. Abnormal activation of T and B cells and/or oxidative stress may play a major role in the pathogenesis of ASLN. This study tested the hypothesis that antroquinonol, a purified compound and major effective component of Antrodia camphorata with antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities, might prevent the transformation of mild LN into higher-grade (severe) nephritis in a murine lupus model. METHODS Experimental ASLN was induced in (NZB×NZW)F1 mice by twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of Salmonella-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Starting 2 days after the first dose of LPS, mice were treated daily with antroquinonol, administered by gavage, for different durations up to 5 weeks. RESULTS Antroquinonol administration significantly ameliorated the proteinuria, hematuria, impairment of renal function, and development of severe renal lesions, especially cellular crescent formation, neutrophil infiltration, fibrinoid necrosis, and T cell proliferation in the glomerulus, as well as periglomerular interstitial inflammation. Mechanistic analyses revealed that antroquinonol 1) inhibited T cell activation/proliferation, but enhanced Treg cell suppression and reduced renal production of interleukin-18 (IL-18); 2) inhibited production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, but increased activation of Nrf2 in the kidney; and 3) suppressed renal inflammation via blocking of NF-κB activation. CONCLUSION Antroquinonol may have therapeutic potential for the early treatment of ASLN via its differential regulation of T cell function and lowering of IL-18 production, but also via the promotion of Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, and Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ethanol extracts of fruiting bodies of Antrodia cinnamomea suppress CL1-5 human lung adenocarcinoma cells migration by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 through ERK, JNK, p38, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:378415. [PMID: 22454661 PMCID: PMC3291113 DOI: 10.1155/2012/378415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a primary cause of cancer death. Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, has shown antioxidant and anticancer activities. In this study, we first observed that ethanol extract of fruiting bodies of A. cinnamomea (EEAC) exerted a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on migration and motility of the highly metastatic CL1-5 cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. The results of a gelatin zymography assay showed that A. cinnamomea suppressed the activities of matrix metalloproteinase-(MMP-) 2 and MMP-9 in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blot results demonstrated that treatment with A. cinnamomea decreased the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2; while the expression of the endogenous inhibitors of these proteins, that is, tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) increased. Further investigation revealed that A. cinnamomea suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2. A. cinnamomea also suppressed the expressions of PI3K and phosphorylation of Akt. Furthermore, treatment of CL1-5 cells with inhibitors specific for PI3K (LY 294002), ERK1/2 (PD98059), JNK (SP600125), and p38 MAPK (SB203580) decreased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. This is the first paper confirming the antimigration activity of this potentially beneficial mushroom against human lung adenocarcinoma CL1-5 cancer cells.
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Cheng WJ, Cheng JD, Jing XB. AMPK and gastrointestinal carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:304-309. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i4.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) not only affects gastrointestinal cancer cell growth and proliferation by regulating cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and protein synthesis, but also promotes gastrointestinal cancer cell cycle arrest by regulating cell cycle progression. Moreover, activation of AMPK activates caspase-9 and then induces the apoptosis of gastrointestinal cancer cells. In addition, AMPK is closely related with angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis of gastrointestinal cancer. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between AMPK and gastrointestinal cancer.
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Synthesis, antiproliferative activities and telomerase inhibition evaluation of novel asymmetrical 1,2-disubstituted amidoanthraquinone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 47:323-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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98
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LAI MINNAN, KO HUEYJIUN, NG LEANTEIK. HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF ANTRODIA CINNAMOMEA EXTRACTS IN HIGH-FAT DIET-FED HAMSTERS. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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99
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Chen MB, Wu XY, Gu JH, Guo QT, Shen WX, Lu PH. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase contributes to doxorubicin-induced cell death and apoptosis in cultured myocardial H9c2 cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 60:311-22. [PMID: 21274754 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite its potent antitumor effect, clinical use of Doxorubicin is limited because of serious side effects including myocardial toxicity. Understanding the cellular mechanism involved in this process in a better manner is beneficial for optimizing Doxorubicin treatment. In the current study, the authors focus on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the said process. In this study, the authors discovered for the first time that Doxorubicin induces AMPK activation in cultured rat embryonic ventricular myocardial H9c2 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent LKB1 activation serves as the upstream signal for AMPK activation by Doxorubicin. Evidence in support of the activation of AMPK contributing to Doxorubicin-induced H9c2 cell death/apoptosis--probably by modulating multiple downstream signal targets, including regulating JNK, p53, and inhibiting mTORC1--is provided in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Bin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin Road, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Yu CC, Chiang PC, Lu PH, Kuo MT, Wen WC, Chen P, Guh JH. Antroquinonol, a natural ubiquinone derivative, induces a cross talk between apoptosis, autophagy and senescence in human pancreatic carcinoma cells. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:900-7. [PMID: 21840189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas. A mutation and constitutive activation of K-ras occurs in more than 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. A successful approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancers is urgent. Antroquinonol, a ubiquinone derivative isolated from a camphor tree mushroom, Antrodia camphorata, induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 and AsPC-1 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content by propidium iodide staining showed that antroquinonol induced G1 arrest of the cell cycle and a subsequent apoptosis. Antroquinonol inhibited Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473), the phosphorylation site critical for Akt kinase activity, and blocked the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation at Ser(2448), a site dependent on mTOR activity. Several signals responsible for mTOR/p70S6K/4E-BP1 signaling cascades have also been examined to validate the pathway. Moreover, antroquinonol induced the down-regulation of several cell cycle regulators and mitochondrial antiapoptotic proteins. In contrast, the expressions of K-ras and its phosphorylation were significantly increased. The coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that the association of K-ras and Bcl-xL was dramatically augmented, which was indicative of apoptotic cell death. Antroquinonol also induced the cross talk between apoptosis, autophagic cell death and accelerated senescence, which was, at least partly, explained by the up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and K-ras. In summary, the data suggest that antroquinonol induces anticancer activity in human pancreatic cancers through an inhibitory effect on PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathways that in turn down-regulates cell cycle regulators. The translational inhibition causes G1 arrest of the cell cycle and an ultimate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Moreover, autophagic cell death and accelerated senescence also explain antroquinonol-mediated anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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