51
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Cui Z, Wang Q, Gao Y, Wang J, Wang M, Teng P, Guan Y, Zhou J, Li T, Luan G, Li L. Dynamic Correlations between Intrinsic Connectivity and Extrinsic Connectivity of the Auditory Cortex in Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:407. [PMID: 28848415 PMCID: PMC5554526 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of sound signals in the auditory cortex (AC) triggers both local and inter-regional signal propagations over time up to hundreds of milliseconds and builds up both intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) and extrinsic functional connectivity (eFC) of the AC. However, interactions between iFC and eFC are largely unknown. Using intracranial stereo-electroencephalographic recordings in people with drug-refractory epilepsy, this study mainly investigated the temporal dynamic of the relationships between iFC and eFC of the AC. The results showed that a Gaussian wideband-noise burst markedly elicited potentials in both the AC and numerous higher-order cortical regions outside the AC (non-auditory cortices). Granger causality analyses revealed that in the earlier time window, iFC of the AC was positively correlated with both eFC from the AC to the inferior temporal gyrus and that to the inferior parietal lobule. While in later periods, the iFC of the AC was positively correlated with eFC from the precentral gyrus to the AC and that from the insula to the AC. In conclusion, dual-directional interactions occur between iFC and eFC of the AC at different time windows following the sound stimulation and may form the foundation underlying various central auditory processes, including auditory sensory memory, object formation, integrations between sensory, perceptional, attentional, motor, emotional, and executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yayue Gao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Pengfei Teng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yuguang Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tianfu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
| | - Guoming Luan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Epilepsy, Epilepsy Center, Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Peking UniversityBeijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijing, China
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52
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Sensory-Biased and Multiple-Demand Processing in Human Lateral Frontal Cortex. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8755-8766. [PMID: 28821668 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0660-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of much of human lateral frontal cortex (LFC) has been characterized as "multiple demand" (MD) as these regions appear to support a broad range of cognitive tasks. In contrast to this domain-general account, recent evidence indicates that portions of LFC are consistently selective for sensory modality. Michalka et al. (2015) reported two bilateral regions that are biased for visual attention, superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) and inferior precentral sulcus (iPCS), interleaved with two bilateral regions that are biased for auditory attention, transverse gyrus intersecting precentral sulcus (tgPCS) and caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS). In the present study, we use fMRI to examine both the multiple-demand and sensory-bias hypotheses within caudal portions of human LFC (both men and women participated). Using visual and auditory 2-back tasks, we replicate the finding of two bilateral visual-biased and two bilateral auditory-biased LFC regions, corresponding to sPCS and iPCS and to tgPCS and cIFS, and demonstrate high within-subject reliability of these regions over time and across tasks. In addition, we assess MD responsiveness using BOLD signal recruitment and multi-task activation indices. In both, we find that the two visual-biased regions, sPCS and iPCS, exhibit stronger MD responsiveness than do the auditory-biased LFC regions, tgPCS and cIFS; however, neither reaches the degree of MD responsiveness exhibited by dorsal anterior cingulate/presupplemental motor area or by anterior insula. These results reconcile two competing views of LFC by demonstrating the coexistence of sensory specialization and MD functionality, especially in visual-biased LFC structures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lateral frontal cortex (LFC) is known to play a number of critical roles in supporting human cognition; however, the functional organization of LFC remains controversial. The "multiple demand" (MD) hypothesis suggests that LFC regions provide domain-general support for cognition. Recent evidence challenges the MD view by demonstrating that a preference for sensory modality, vision or audition, defines four discrete LFC regions. Here, the sensory-biased LFC results are reproduced using a new task, and MD responsiveness of these regions is tested. The two visual-biased regions exhibit MD behavior, whereas the auditory-biased regions have no more than weak MD responses. These findings help to reconcile two competing views of LFC functional organization.
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53
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Hanlon FM, Dodd AB, Ling JM, Bustillo JR, Abbott CC, Mayer AR. From Behavioral Facilitation to Inhibition: The Neuronal Correlates of the Orienting and Reorienting of Auditory Attention. Front Hum Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634448 PMCID: PMC5459904 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful adaptive behavior relies on the ability to automatically (bottom-up) orient attention to different locations in the environment. This results in a biphasic pattern in which reaction times (RT) are faster for stimuli that occur in the same spatial location (valid) for the first few hundred milliseconds, which is termed facilitation. This is followed by faster RT for stimuli that appear in novel locations (invalid) after longer delays, termed inhibition of return. The neuronal areas and networks involved in the transition between states of facilitation and inhibition remain poorly understood, especially for auditory stimuli. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were therefore collected in a large sample of healthy volunteers (N = 52) at four separate auditory stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 200, 400, 600, and 800 ms). Behavioral results indicated that facilitation (valid RT < invalid RT) occurred at the 200 ms SOA, with inhibition of return (valid RT > invalid RT) present at the three longer SOAs. fMRI results showed several brain areas varying their activation as a function of SOA, including bilateral superior temporal gyrus, anterior thalamus, cuneus, dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)/anterior insula. Right VLPFC was active during a behavioral state of facilitation, and its activation (invalid – valid trials) further correlated with behavioral reorienting at the 200 ms delay. These results suggest that right VLPFC plays a critical role when auditory attention must be quickly deployed or redeployed, demanding heightened cognitive and inhibitory control. In contrast to previous work, the ventral and dorsal frontoparietal attention networks were both active during valid and invalid trials across SOAs. These results suggest that the dorsal and ventral networks may not be as specialized during bottom-up auditory orienting as has been previously reported during visual orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Josef M Ling
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, AlbuquerqueNM, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Christopher C Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, AlbuquerqueNM, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, AlbuquerqueNM, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, AlbuquerqueNM, United States
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54
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Salo E, Salmela V, Salmi J, Numminen J, Alho K. Brain activity associated with selective attention, divided attention and distraction. Brain Res 2017; 1664:25-36. [PMID: 28363436 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Top-down controlled selective or divided attention to sounds and visual objects, as well as bottom-up triggered attention to auditory and visual distractors, has been widely investigated. However, no study has systematically compared brain activations related to all these types of attention. To this end, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure brain activity in participants performing a tone pitch or a foveal grating orientation discrimination task, or both, distracted by novel sounds not sharing frequencies with the tones or by extrafoveal visual textures. To force focusing of attention to tones or gratings, or both, task difficulty was kept constantly high with an adaptive staircase method. A whole brain analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed fronto-parietal attention networks for both selective auditory and visual attention. A subsequent conjunction analysis indicated partial overlaps of these networks. However, like some previous studies, the present results also suggest segregation of prefrontal areas involved in the control of auditory and visual attention. The ANOVA also suggested, and another conjunction analysis confirmed, an additional activity enhancement in the left middle frontal gyrus related to divided attention supporting the role of this area in top-down integration of dual task performance. Distractors expectedly disrupted task performance. However, contrary to our expectations, activations specifically related to the distractors were found only in the auditory and visual cortices. This suggests gating of the distractors from further processing perhaps due to strictly focused attention in the current demanding discrimination tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Salo
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Viljami Salmela
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland
| | - Juha Salmi
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland; Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Numminen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto Neuroimaging, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Espoo, Finland
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55
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Uhlig CH, Gutschalk A. Transient human auditory cortex activation during volitional attention shifting. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172907. [PMID: 28273110 PMCID: PMC5342206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While strong activation of auditory cortex is generally found for exogenous orienting of attention, endogenous, intra-modal shifting of auditory attention has not yet been demonstrated to evoke transient activation of the auditory cortex. Here, we used fMRI to test if endogenous shifting of attention is also associated with transient activation of the auditory cortex. In contrast to previous studies, attention shifts were completely self-initiated and not cued by transient auditory or visual stimuli. Stimuli were two dichotic, continuous streams of tones, whose perceptual grouping was not ambiguous. Participants were instructed to continuously focus on one of the streams and switch between the two after a while, indicating the time and direction of each attentional shift by pressing one of two response buttons. The BOLD response around the time of the button presses revealed robust activation of the auditory cortex, along with activation of a distributed task network. To test if the transient auditory cortex activation was specifically related to auditory orienting, a self-paced motor task was added, where participants were instructed to ignore the auditory stimulation while they pressed the response buttons in alternation and at a similar pace. Results showed that attentional orienting produced stronger activity in auditory cortex, but auditory cortex activation was also observed for button presses without focused attention to the auditory stimulus. The response related to attention shifting was stronger contralateral to the side where attention was shifted to. Contralateral-dominant activation was also observed in dorsal parietal cortex areas, confirming previous observations for auditory attention shifting in studies that used auditory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Harm Uhlig
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gutschalk
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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56
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Liu T, Li F, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Wang F, Gong D, Li P, Ma T, Qiu K, Li H, Yao D, Xu P. Cortical Dynamic Causality Network for Auditory-Motor Tasks. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:1092-1099. [PMID: 28113671 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2608359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motor preparation and execution require the interactions of a large-scale brain network, while the study of the dynamic changes of their interactions could uncover the underlying neural mechanism of the corresponding information processing. This dynamic analysis requires high temporal resolution of the recorded signals. Electroencephalogram (EEG) with high temporal resolution has been widely used in related studies. However, studies based on scalp EEG always lead to distorted results, due to scalp volume conduction, compared with that of cortically recorded signals. In the current study, the dynamic networks of motor preparation and execution are investigated using Go/No-go tasks performed with the left/right hand. In the analysis, the EEG source localization and dynamic causal model are combined together to investigate the neural processes of motor preparation and execution. The results show that similar network patterns with nodes distributed in the bilateral occipital lobe, bilateral temporal lobe, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and contralateral supplementary motor area could be revealed for both the Go and No-go tasks. Statistical testing further indicates that stronger couplings with the supplementary motor area could be found in Go and right-hand response tasks compared with No-go and left-hand response tasks, respectively. The findings in the current study demonstrate that the information exchange within the motor related brain networks plays an important role for motor related functions, i.e., the different motor functions may have the different information exchange and processing network patterns.
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57
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Switching of auditory attention in "cocktail-party" listening: ERP evidence of cueing effects in younger and older adults. Brain Cogn 2016; 111:1-12. [PMID: 27814564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Verbal communication in a "cocktail-party situation" is a major challenge for the auditory system. In particular, changes in target speaker usually result in declined speech perception. Here, we investigated whether speech cues indicating a subsequent change in target speaker reduce the costs of switching in younger and older adults. We employed event-related potential (ERP) measures and a speech perception task, in which sequences of short words were simultaneously presented by four speakers. Changes in target speaker were either unpredictable or semantically cued by a word within the target stream. Cued changes resulted in a less decreased performance than uncued changes in both age groups. The ERP analysis revealed shorter latencies in the change-related N400 and late positive complex (LPC) after cued changes, suggesting an acceleration in context updating and attention switching. Thus, both younger and older listeners used semantic cues to prepare changes in speaker setting.
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58
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Puschmann S, Huster RJ, Thiel CM. Mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of processing task-relevant and task-irrelevant sound feature changes using concurrent EEG-fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3400-16. [PMID: 27280466 PMCID: PMC6867321 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical processing of changes in auditory input involves auditory sensory regions as well as different frontoparietal brain networks. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the activation spread across these networks has, however, not been investigated in detail so far. We here approached this issue using concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG), providing us with simultaneous information on both the spatial and temporal patterns of change-related activity. We applied an auditory stimulus categorization task with switching categorization rules, allowing to analyze change-related responses as a function of the changing sound feature (pitch or duration) and the task relevance of the change. Our data show the successive progression of change-related activity from regions involved in early change detection to the ventral and dorsal attention networks, and finally the central executive network. While early change detection was found to recruit feature-specific networks involving auditory sensory but also frontal and parietal brain regions, the later spread of activity across the frontoparietal attention and executive networks was largely independent of the changing sound feature, suggesting the existence of a general feature-independent processing pathway of change-related information. Task relevance did not modulate early auditory sensory processing, but was mainly found to affect processing in frontal brain regions. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3400-3416, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Puschmann
- Biological Psychology LabDepartment of PsychologyCluster of Excellence “Hearing4all,”European Medical School, Carl Von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
| | - René J. Huster
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- The Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology LabDepartment of PsychologyCluster of Excellence “Hearing4all,”European Medical School, Carl Von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
- Research Center Neurosensory ScienceCarl Von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburgGermany
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59
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Wyczesany M, Ligeza TS, Grzybowski SJ. Effective connectivity during visual processing is affected by emotional state. Brain Imaging Behav 2016; 9:717-28. [PMID: 25339066 PMCID: PMC4661181 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of our cognitive resources necessitate the selection of relevant information from the incoming visual stream. This selection and prioritizing of stimuli allows the organism to adapt to the current conditions. However, the characteristics of this process vary with time and depend on numerous external and internal factors. The present study was aimed at determining how the emotional state affects effective connectivity between visual, attentional and control brain areas during the perception of affective visual stimuli. The Directed Transfer Function was applied on a 32-electrode EEG recording to quantify the direction and intensity of the information flow during two sessions: positive and negative. These data were correlated with a self-report of the emotional state. We demonstrated that the current mood, as measured by self-report, is a factor which affects the patterns of effective cortical connectivity. An increase in prefrontal top-down control over the visual and attentional areas was revealed in a state of tension. It was accompanied by increased outflow within and from the areas recognized as the ventral attentional network. By contrast, a positive emotional state was associated with heightened flow from the parietal to the occipital area. The functional significance of the revealed effects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Wyczesany
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL-30060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz S Ligeza
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL-30060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Szczepan J Grzybowski
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, PL-30060, Kraków, Poland.
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60
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Braga RM, Hellyer PJ, Wise RJS, Leech R. Auditory and visual connectivity gradients in frontoparietal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:255-270. [PMID: 27571304 PMCID: PMC5215394 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A frontoparietal network of brain regions is often implicated in both auditory and visual information processing. Although it is possible that the same set of multimodal regions subserves both modalities, there is increasing evidence that there is a differentiation of sensory function within frontoparietal cortex. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans was used to investigate whether different frontoparietal regions showed intrinsic biases in connectivity with visual or auditory modalities. Structural connectivity was assessed with diffusion tractography and functional connectivity was tested using functional MRI. A dorsal-ventral gradient of function was observed, where connectivity with visual cortex dominates dorsal frontal and parietal connections, while connectivity with auditory cortex dominates ventral frontal and parietal regions. A gradient was also observed along the posterior-anterior axis, although in opposite directions in prefrontal and parietal cortices. The results suggest that the location of neural activity within frontoparietal cortex may be influenced by these intrinsic biases toward visual and auditory processing. Thus, the location of activity in frontoparietal cortex may be influenced as much by stimulus modality as the cognitive demands of a task. It was concluded that stimulus modality was spatially encoded throughout frontal and parietal cortices, and was speculated that such an arrangement allows for top-down modulation of modality-specific information to occur within higher-order cortex. This could provide a potentially faster and more efficient pathway by which top-down selection between sensory modalities could occur, by constraining modulations to within frontal and parietal regions, rather than long-range connections to sensory cortices. Hum Brain Mapp 38:255-270, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Braga
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Hellyer
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J S Wise
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Leech
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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61
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MacLean SE, Ward LM. Oscillatory power and functional connectivity in the speech change detection network. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:320-334. [PMID: 27378440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We used passive and active oddball conditions with two types of acoustic contrasts, between speech syllables that cross phonetic boundaries (across-category, AC) and between those that do not cross them (within-category, WC), to explore the effects of meaningful speech contrasts on the dynamics of the neural network underlying the mismatch negativity (MMN) to the speech deviants. We found that easily detected AC deviants evoked a MMN response that lateralized to the left hemisphere, but the very difficult to detect WC deviants did not elicit a MMN response at all. Based on independent component analysis of the continuous EEG, we computed both power changes within, and functional connectivity (phase synchronization) between, brain regional sources comprising the neural network associated with the MMN for these speech stimuli. We found that for acoustic contrasts for which an MMN was generated, power changes suggested whether a particular brain region was more involved with processing standards or deviants. Moreover, we not only replicated the changes in functional connectivity between orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus found in previous experiments, but also found significant increases in synchronization between those regions and regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), which is thought to be involved in the storage and retrieval of phonological and semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E MacLean
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Lawrence M Ward
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4; Brain Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
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62
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Lewald J, Hanenberg C, Getzmann S. Brain correlates of the orientation of auditory spatial attention onto speaker location in a “cocktail-party” situation. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1484-95. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Lewald
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors; Dortmund Germany
| | - Christina Hanenberg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology; Ruhr University Bochum; Bochum Germany
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors; Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors; Dortmund Germany
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63
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Braga RM, Fu RZ, Seemungal BM, Wise RJS, Leech R. Eye Movements during Auditory Attention Predict Individual Differences in Dorsal Attention Network Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:164. [PMID: 27242465 PMCID: PMC4860869 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural mechanisms supporting auditory attention are not fully understood. A dorsal frontoparietal network of brain regions is thought to mediate the spatial orienting of attention across all sensory modalities. Key parts of this network, the frontal eye fields (FEF) and the superior parietal lobes (SPL), contain retinotopic maps and elicit saccades when stimulated. This suggests that their recruitment during auditory attention might reflect crossmodal oculomotor processes; however this has not been confirmed experimentally. Here we investigate whether task-evoked eye movements during an auditory task can predict the magnitude of activity within the dorsal frontoparietal network. A spatial and non-spatial listening task was used with on-line eye-tracking and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). No visual stimuli or cues were used. The auditory task elicited systematic eye movements, with saccade rate and gaze position predicting attentional engagement and the cued sound location, respectively. Activity associated with these separate aspects of evoked eye-movements dissociated between the SPL and FEF. However these observed eye movements could not account for all the activation in the frontoparietal network. Our results suggest that the recruitment of the SPL and FEF during attentive listening reflects, at least partly, overt crossmodal oculomotor processes during non-visual attention. Further work is needed to establish whether the network’s remaining contribution to auditory attention is through covert crossmodal processes, or is directly involved in the manipulation of auditory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Braga
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital CampusLondon, UK; Center for Brain Science, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA; Aathinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Richard Z Fu
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus London, UK
| | - Barry M Seemungal
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus London, UK
| | - Richard J S Wise
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus London, UK
| | - Robert Leech
- Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus London, UK
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64
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Brain Activation of Identity Switching in Multiple Identity Tracking Task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145489. [PMID: 26699865 PMCID: PMC4689547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When different objects switch identities in the multiple identity tracking (MIT) task, viewers need to rebind objects’ identity and location, which requires attention. This rebinding helps people identify the regions targets are in (where they need to focus their attention) and inhibit unimportant regions (where distractors are). This study investigated the processing of attentional tracking after identity switching in an adapted MIT task. This experiment used three identity-switching conditions: a target-switching condition (where the target objects switched identities), a distractor-switching condition (where the distractor objects switched identities), and a no-switching condition. Compared to the distractor-switching condition, the target-switching condition elicited greater activation in the frontal eye fields (FEF), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and visual cortex. Compared to the no-switching condition, the target-switching condition elicited greater activation in the FEF, inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis) (IFG-Orb), IPS, visual cortex, middle temporal lobule, and anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, the distractor-switching condition showed greater activation in the IFG-Orb compared to the no-switching condition. These results suggest that, in the target-switching condition, the FEF and IPS (the dorsal attention network) might be involved in goal-driven attention to targets during attentional tracking. In addition, in the distractor-switching condition, the activation of the IFG-Orb may indicate salient change that pulls attention away automatically.
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65
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Oja L, Huotilainen M, Nikkanen E, Oksanen-Hennah H, Laasonen M, Voutilainen A, von Wendt L, Alho K. Behavioral and electrophysiological indicators of auditory distractibility in children with ADHD and comorbid ODD. Brain Res 2015; 1632:42-50. [PMID: 26688114 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary switching of attention to distracting sounds was studied by measuring effects of these events on auditory discrimination performance and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in 6-11-year-old boys with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and in age-matched controls. The children were instructed to differentiate between two animal calls by pressing one response button, for example, to a dog bark and another button to a cat mew. These task-relevant sounds were presented from one of two loudspeakers in front of the child, and there were occasional task-irrelevant changes in the sound location, that is, the loudspeaker. In addition, novel sounds (e.g., a sound of hammer, rain, or car horn) unrelated to the task were presented from a loudspeaker behind the child. The percentage of correct responses was lower for target sounds preceded by a novel sound than for targets not preceded by such sound in the ADHD group, but not in the control group. In both groups, a biphasic positive P3a response was observed in ERPs to the novel sounds. The later part of the P3a appeared to continue longer over the frontal scalp areas in the ADHD group than in the controls presumably because a reorienting negativity (RON) ERP response following the P3a was smaller in the ADHD group than in the control group. This suggests that the children with ADHD had problems in reorienting their attention to the current task after a distracting novel sound leading to deterioration of performance in this task. The present study also indicates that children with ADHD and comorbid ODD show same kind of distractibility as found in previous studies for children with ADHD without systematic comorbid ODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oja
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - M Huotilainen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute for Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Brain Work Research Centre, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Nikkanen
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - H Oksanen-Hennah
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - M Laasonen
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Phoniatrics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Voutilainen
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - L von Wendt
- Department of Child Neurology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
| | - K Alho
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Finland; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
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66
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Nakane T, Miyakoshi M, Nakai T, Naganawa S. How the Non-attending Brain Hears Its Owner's Name. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3889-904. [PMID: 26374785 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how attended and non-attended hearing of a subject's own name (SON) captures his or her attention. It has been reported that SON presentation activates the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is considered to be the key region for self-recognition. However, it remains unclear whether non-attended SON presentation also activates the mPFC. We hypothesized that an attended SON should activate mPFC more than a non-attended SON. To test this hypothesis, we designed an experiment in which we manipulated the task-relevance of SON; in a name-detection task, SON was a target stimulus, whereas in a tone-judgment task, SON was unrelated to the task. In each condition, identical sets of sound stimuli were presented. SON activated mPFC in the name-detection task but not in the tone-judgment task, supporting our hypothesis. In contrast, non-attended SON activated midbrain reticular formation, thalamus, insula, auditory cortex, and precuneus. We interpreted these to be related to low-level, automatic SON detection. Thus, hearing one's own name in a non-attended condition does not primarily engage the mPFC, but recruits a cortico-subcortical auditory attention network; this may account for the oft-observed salience of SON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakane
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego 0559, La Jolla, CA 92093-0559, USA Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Nakai
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging and Informatics, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Ohbu, Aichi 474-8522, Japan
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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67
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Amaral AA, Langers DR. Tinnitus-related abnormalities in visual and salience networks during a one-back task with distractors. Hear Res 2015; 326:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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68
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MacLean SE, Blundon EG, Ward LM. Brain regional networks active during the mismatch negativity vary with paradigm. Neuropsychologia 2015; 75:242-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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69
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Salo E, Rinne T, Salonen O, Alho K. Brain activations during bimodal dual tasks depend on the nature and combination of component tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:102. [PMID: 25767443 PMCID: PMC4341542 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate brain activations during nine different dual tasks in which the participants were required to simultaneously attend to concurrent streams of spoken syllables and written letters. They performed a phonological, spatial or “simple” (speaker-gender or font-shade) discrimination task within each modality. We expected to find activations associated specifically with dual tasking especially in the frontal and parietal cortices. However, no brain areas showed systematic dual task enhancements common for all dual tasks. Further analysis revealed that dual tasks including component tasks that were according to Baddeley's model “modality atypical,” that is, the auditory spatial task or the visual phonological task, were not associated with enhanced frontal activity. In contrast, for other dual tasks, activity specifically associated with dual tasking was found in the left or bilateral frontal cortices. Enhanced activation in parietal areas, however, appeared not to be specifically associated with dual tasking per se, but rather with intermodal attention switching. We also expected effects of dual tasking in left frontal supramodal phonological processing areas when both component tasks required phonological processing and in right parietal supramodal spatial processing areas when both tasks required spatial processing. However, no such effects were found during these dual tasks compared with their component tasks performed separately. Taken together, the current results indicate that activations during dual tasks depend in a complex manner on specific demands of component tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Salo
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto University School of Science and Technology Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu Rinne
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oili Salonen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study Uppsala, Sweden
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70
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Moisala M, Salmela V, Salo E, Carlson S, Vuontela V, Salonen O, Alho K. Brain activity during divided and selective attention to auditory and visual sentence comprehension tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25745395 PMCID: PMC4333810 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured brain activity of human participants while they performed a sentence congruence judgment task in either the visual or auditory modality separately, or in both modalities simultaneously. Significant performance decrements were observed when attention was divided between the two modalities compared with when one modality was selectively attended. Compared with selective attention (i.e., single tasking), divided attention (i.e., dual-tasking) did not recruit additional cortical regions, but resulted in increased activity in medial and lateral frontal regions which were also activated by the component tasks when performed separately. Areas involved in semantic language processing were revealed predominantly in the left lateral prefrontal cortex by contrasting incongruent with congruent sentences. These areas also showed significant activity increases during divided attention in relation to selective attention. In the sensory cortices, no crossmodal inhibition was observed during divided attention when compared with selective attention to one modality. Our results suggest that the observed performance decrements during dual-tasking are due to interference of the two tasks because they utilize the same part of the cortex. Moreover, semantic dual-tasking did not appear to recruit additional brain areas in comparison with single tasking, and no crossmodal inhibition was observed during intermodal divided attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Moisala
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Teacher Education, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljami Salmela
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland
| | - Emma Salo
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Brain Research Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science Espoo, Finland ; Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virve Vuontela
- Neuroscience Unit, Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oili Salonen
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Alho
- Division of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University Espoo, Finland ; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland ; Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study Uppsala, Sweden
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71
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López-Barroso D, Ripollés P, Marco-Pallarés J, Mohammadi B, Münte TF, Bachoud-Lévi AC, Rodriguez-Fornells A, de Diego-Balaguer R. Multiple brain networks underpinning word learning from fluent speech revealed by independent component analysis. Neuroimage 2015; 110:182-93. [PMID: 25620492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neuroimaging studies using standard subtraction-based analysis from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have suggested that frontal and temporal regions are involved in word learning from fluent speech, the possible contribution of different brain networks during this type of learning is still largely unknown. Indeed, univariate fMRI analyses cannot identify the full extent of distributed networks that are engaged by a complex task such as word learning. Here we used Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to characterize the different brain networks subserving word learning from an artificial language speech stream. Results were replicated in a second cohort of participants with a different linguistic background. Four spatially independent networks were associated with the task in both cohorts: (i) a dorsal Auditory-Premotor network; (ii) a dorsal Sensory-Motor network; (iii) a dorsal Fronto-Parietal network; and (iv) a ventral Fronto-Temporal network. The level of engagement of these networks varied through the learning period with only the dorsal Auditory-Premotor network being engaged across all blocks. In addition, the connectivity strength of this network in the second block of the learning phase correlated with the individual variability in word learning performance. These findings suggest that: (i) word learning relies on segregated connectivity patterns involving dorsal and ventral networks; and (ii) specifically, the dorsal auditory-premotor network connectivity strength is directly correlated with word learning performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana López-Barroso
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Research Biomedical Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Ripollés
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Research Biomedical Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Marco-Pallarés
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Research Biomedical Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bahram Mohammadi
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; CNS-LAB, International Neuroscience Institute (INI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Bachoud-Lévi
- INSERM U955, Equipe 1, Neuropsychologie Interventionnelle, IMRB, Créteil, France; Ecole Normale Superieure, Departement d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Research Biomedical Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth de Diego-Balaguer
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Research Biomedical Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Basic Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Ecole Normale Superieure, Departement d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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72
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Ling X, Guo X, Zheng L, Li L, Chen M, Wang Q, Huang Q, Dienes Z. The neural basis of implicit learning of task-irrelevant Chinese tonal sequence. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1125-36. [PMID: 25567086 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate the neural basis of implicit learning of task-irrelevant perceptual sequence. A novel SRT task, the serial syllable identification task (SSI task), was used in which the participants were asked to recognize which one of two Chinese syllables was presented. The tones of the syllables were irrelevant to the task but followed an underlying structured sequence. Participants were scanned while they performed the SSI task. Results showed that, at the behavioral level, faster RTs for the sequential material indicated that task-irrelevant sequence knowledge could be learned. In the subsequent prediction test of knowledge of the tonal cues using subjective measures, we found that the knowledge was obtained unconsciously. At the neural level, the left caudate, bilateral hippocampus and bilateral superior parietal lobule were engaged during the sequence condition relative to the random condition. Further analyses revealed that greater learning-related activation (relative to random) in the right caudate nucleus, bilateral hippocampus and left superior parietal lobule were found during the second half of the training phase compared with the first half. When people reported that they were guessing, the magnitude of the right hippocampus and left superior parietal lobule activations was positively related to the accuracy of prediction test, which was significantly better than chance. Together, the present results indicated that the caudate, hippocampus and superior parietal lobule played critical roles in the implicit perceptual sequence learning even when the perceptual features were task irrelevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ling
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, North Zhongshan Road 3663, Shanghai, 200062, China
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73
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Top-down controlled and bottom-up triggered orienting of auditory attention to pitch activate overlapping brain networks. Brain Res 2014; 1626:136-45. [PMID: 25557401 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of previous studies have suggested segregated networks of brain areas for top-down controlled and bottom-up triggered orienting of visual attention. However, the corresponding networks involved in auditory attention remain less studied. Our participants attended selectively to a tone stream with either a lower pitch or higher pitch in order to respond to infrequent changes in duration of attended tones. The participants were also required to shift their attention from one stream to the other when guided by a visual arrow cue. In addition to these top-down controlled cued attention shifts, infrequent task-irrelevant louder tones occurred in both streams to trigger attention in a bottom-up manner. Both cued shifts and louder tones were associated with enhanced activity in the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, temporo-parietal junction, superior parietal lobule, inferior and middle frontal gyri, frontal eye field, supplementary motor area, and anterior cingulate gyrus. Thus, the present findings suggest that in the auditory modality, unlike in vision, top-down controlled and bottom-up triggered attention activate largely the same cortical networks. Comparison of the present results with our previous results from a similar experiment on spatial auditory attention suggests that fronto-parietal networks of attention to location or pitch overlap substantially. However, the auditory areas in the anterior superior temporal cortex might have a more important role in attention to the pitch than location of sounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Prediction and Attention.
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74
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Rossi S, Huang S, Furtak SC, Belliveau JW, Ahveninen J. Functional connectivity of dorsal and ventral frontoparietal seed regions during auditory orienting. Brain Res 2014; 1583:159-68. [PMID: 25128464 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to refocus auditory attention is vital for even the most routine day-to-day activities. Shifts in auditory attention can be initiated "voluntarily," or triggered "involuntarily" by unexpected novel sound events. Here we employed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analyses of auditory functional MRI data, to compare functional connectivity patterns of distinct frontoparietal cortex regions during cued voluntary vs. novelty-driven involuntary auditory attention shifting. Overall, our frontoparietal seed regions exhibited significant PPI increases with auditory cortex (AC) areas during both cued and novelty-driven orienting. However, significant positive PPI patterns associated with voluntary auditory attention (cue>novel task regressor), but mostly absent in analyses emphasizing involuntary orienting (novel>cue task regressor), were observed with seeds within the frontal eye fields (FEF), superior parietal lobule (SPL), and right supramarginal gyri (SMG). In contrast, significant positive PPIs associated selectively with involuntary orienting were observed between ACs and seeds within the bilateral anterior interior frontal gyri (IFG), left posterior IFG, SMG, and posterior cingulate cortices (PCC). We also found indices of lateralization of different attention networks: PPI increases selective to voluntary attention occurred primarily within right-hemispheric regions, whereas those related to involuntary orienting were more frequent with left-hemisphere seeds. In conclusion, despite certain similarities in PPI patterns across conditions, the more dorsal aspects of right frontoparietal cortex demonstrated wider connectivity during cued/voluntary attention shifting, whereas certain left ventral frontoparietal seeds were more widely connected during novelty-triggered/involuntary orienting. Our findings provide partial support for distinct attention networks for voluntary and involuntary auditory attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rossi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Huang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sharon C Furtak
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, California State University, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - John W Belliveau
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jyrki Ahveninen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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75
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Fulham WR, Michie PT, Ward PB, Rasser PE, Todd J, Johnston PJ, Thompson PM, Schall U. Mismatch negativity in recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia: a current source density analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100221. [PMID: 24949859 PMCID: PMC4064992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a component of the event-related potential elicited by deviant auditory stimuli. It is presumed to index pre-attentive monitoring of changes in the auditory environment. MMN amplitude is smaller in groups of individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. We compared duration-deviant MMN in 16 recent-onset and 19 chronic schizophrenia patients versus age- and sex-matched controls. Reduced frontal MMN was found in both patient groups, involved reduced hemispheric asymmetry, and was correlated with Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and negative symptom ratings. A cortically-constrained LORETA analysis, incorporating anatomical data from each individual's MRI, was performed to generate a current source density model of the MMN response over time. This model suggested MMN generation within a temporal, parietal and frontal network, which was right hemisphere dominant only in controls. An exploratory analysis revealed reduced CSD in patients in superior and middle temporal cortex, inferior and superior parietal cortex, precuneus, anterior cingulate, and superior and middle frontal cortex. A region of interest (ROI) analysis was performed. For the early phase of the MMN, patients had reduced bilateral temporal and parietal response and no lateralisation in frontal ROIs. For late MMN, patients had reduced bilateral parietal response and no lateralisation in temporal ROIs. In patients, correlations revealed a link between GAF and the MMN response in parietal cortex. In controls, the frontal response onset was 17 ms later than the temporal and parietal response. In patients, onset latency of the MMN response was delayed in secondary, but not primary, auditory cortex. However amplitude reductions were observed in both primary and secondary auditory cortex. These latency delays may indicate relatively intact information processing upstream of the primary auditory cortex, but impaired primary auditory cortex or cortico-cortical or thalamo-cortical communication with higher auditory cortices as a core deficit in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Ross Fulham
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Michie
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip B. Ward
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul E. Rasser
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Johnston
- Department of Psychology and York Neuroimaging Centre, University of York, Heslington, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Engineering, Pediatrics, and Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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76
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Selective modulation of auditory cortical alpha activity in an audiovisual spatial attention task. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6634-9. [PMID: 24806688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4813-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial research on attentional modulations of visual alpha activity, doubts remain as to the existence and functional relevance of auditory cortical alpha-band oscillations. It has been argued that auditory cortical alpha does not exist, cannot be measured noninvasively, or that it is dependent on visual alpha generators. This study aimed to address these remaining doubts concerning auditory cortical alpha. A magnetoencephalography study was conducted using a combined audiovisual spatial cueing paradigm. In each trial, a cue indicated the side (left or right) and the modality (auditory or visual) to attend, followed by a short lateralized auditory or visual stimulus. Participants were instructed to respond to the stimuli by a button press. Results show that auditory cortical alpha power is selectively modulated by the audiospatial, but not the visuospatial, attention task. These findings provide further evidence for a distinct auditory cortical alpha generator, which can be measured noninvasively.
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77
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Scharinger M, Herrmann B, Nierhaus T, Obleser J. Simultaneous EEG-fMRI brain signatures of auditory cue utilization. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:137. [PMID: 24926232 PMCID: PMC4044900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal utilization of acoustic cues during auditory categorization is a vital skill, particularly when informative cues become occluded or degraded. Consequently, the acoustic environment requires flexible choosing and switching amongst available cues. The present study targets the brain functions underlying such changes in cue utilization. Participants performed a categorization task with immediate feedback on acoustic stimuli from two categories that varied in duration and spectral properties, while we simultaneously recorded Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) responses in fMRI and electroencephalograms (EEGs). In the first half of the experiment, categories could be best discriminated by spectral properties. Halfway through the experiment, spectral degradation rendered the stimulus duration the more informative cue. Behaviorally, degradation decreased the likelihood of utilizing spectral cues. Spectrally degrading the acoustic signal led to increased alpha power compared to nondegraded stimuli. The EEG-informed fMRI analyses revealed that alpha power correlated with BOLD changes in inferior parietal cortex and right posterior superior temporal gyrus (including planum temporale). In both areas, spectral degradation led to a weaker coupling of BOLD response to behavioral utilization of the spectral cue. These data provide converging evidence from behavioral modeling, electrophysiology, and hemodynamics that (a) increased alpha power mediates the inhibition of uninformative (here spectral) stimulus features, and that (b) the parietal attention network supports optimal cue utilization in auditory categorization. The results highlight the complex cortical processing of auditory categorization under realistic listening challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scharinger
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition," Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Björn Herrmann
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition," Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Till Nierhaus
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Obleser
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition," Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
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78
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Falkenberg LE, Westerhausen R, Craven AR, Johnsen E, Kroken RA, L Berg EM, Specht K, Hugdahl K. Impact of glutamate levels on neuronal response and cognitive abilities in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:576-84. [PMID: 24749064 PMCID: PMC3989526 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by impaired cognitive functioning, and brain regions involved in cognitive control processes show marked glutamatergic abnormalities. However, it is presently unclear whether aberrant neuronal response is directly related to the observed deficits at the metabolite level in schizophrenia. Here, 17 medicated schizophrenia patients and 17 matched healthy participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) when performing an auditory cognitive control task, as well as proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in order to assess resting-state glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex. The combined fMRI–1H-MRS analysis revealed that glutamate differentially predicted cortical blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response in patients and controls. While we found a positive correlation between glutamate and BOLD response bilaterally in the inferior parietal lobes in the patients, the corresponding correlation was negative in the healthy control participants. Further, glutamate levels predicted task performance in patients, such that lower glutamate levels were related to impaired cognitive control functioning. This was not seen for the healthy controls. These findings suggest that schizophrenia patients have a glutamate-related dysregulation of the brain network supporting cognitive control functioning. This could be targeted in future research on glutamatergic treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. Neuronal processing of cognitive control is different in schizophrenia patients (SZ). Cingulum glutamate levels predict the degree of parietal neuronal response. Lower glutamate predicts poorer cognitive control abilities in SZ. SZ have a glutamate-related neuronal dysregulation of cognitive control processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv E Falkenberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - René Westerhausen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Division of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erik Johnsen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Department of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatry Section, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rune A Kroken
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Else-Marie L Berg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Division of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Specht
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Department of Clinical Engineering, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Division of Psychiatry, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ; NORMENT Senter for Fremragende Forskning, Oslo, Norway
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79
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Daneault V, Hébert M, Albouy G, Doyon J, Dumont M, Carrier J, Vandewalle G. Aging reduces the stimulating effect of blue light on cognitive brain functions. Sleep 2014; 37:85-96. [PMID: 24381372 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Light exposure, particularly blue light, is being recognized as a potent mean to stimulate alertness and cognition in young individuals. Aging is associated with changes in alertness regulation and cognition. Whether the effect of light on cognitive brain function changes with aging is unknown, however. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen younger (23 ± 4.1 y) and 14 older (61 ± 4.5 y) healthy participants were recruited in the current study. INTERVENTION Blue light administration. MEASUREMENTS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to record brain responses to an auditory working memory task in young and older healthy individuals, alternatively maintained in darkness or exposed to blue light. RESULTS Results show that the older brain remains capable of showing sustained responses to light in several brain areas. However, compared to young individuals, the effect of blue light is decreased in the pulvinar, amygdala, and tegmentum as well as in the insular, prefrontal, and occipital cortices in elderly individuals. CONCLUSION The effect of blue light on brain responses diminishes with aging in areas typically involved in visual functions and in key regions for alertness regulation and higher executive processes. Our findings provide the first indications that the effect of light on cognition may be reduced in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Daneault
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Hébert
- Centre de recherche Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada, G1J2G3
| | - Geneviève Albouy
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Dumont
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine (CARSM), Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada ; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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80
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Attention to memory: orienting attention to sound object representations. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 78:439-52. [PMID: 24352689 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing acceptance that attention and memory interact, and that attention can be focused on an active internal mental representation (i.e., reflective attention), there has been a paucity of work focusing on reflective attention to 'sound objects' (i.e., mental representations of actual sound sources in the environment). Further research on the dynamic interactions between auditory attention and memory, as well as its degree of neuroplasticity, is important for understanding how sound objects are represented, maintained, and accessed in the brain. This knowledge can then guide the development of training programs to help individuals with attention and memory problems. This review article focuses on attention to memory with an emphasis on behavioral and neuroimaging studies that have begun to explore the mechanisms that mediate reflective attentional orienting in vision and more recently, in audition. Reflective attention refers to situations in which attention is oriented toward internal representations rather than focused on external stimuli. We propose four general principles underlying attention to short-term memory. Furthermore, we suggest that mechanisms involved in orienting attention to visual object representations may also apply for orienting attention to sound object representations.
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81
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Emerson NM, Zeidan F, Lobanov OV, Hadsel MS, Martucci KT, Quevedo AS, Starr CJ, Nahman-Averbuch H, Weissman-Fogel I, Granovsky Y, Yarnitsky D, Coghill RC. Pain sensitivity is inversely related to regional grey matter density in the brain. Pain 2013; 155:566-573. [PMID: 24333778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a highly personal experience that varies substantially among individuals. In search of an anatomical correlate of pain sensitivity, we used voxel-based morphometry to investigate the relationship between grey matter density across the whole brain and interindividual differences in pain sensitivity in 116 healthy volunteers (62 women, 54 men). Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and psychophysical data from 10 previous functional MRI studies were used. Age, sex, unpleasantness ratings, scanner sequence, and sensory testing location were added to the model as covariates. Regression analysis of grey matter density across the whole brain and thermal pain intensity ratings at 49°C revealed a significant inverse relationship between pain sensitivity and grey matter density in bilateral regions of the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, intraparietal sulcus, and inferior parietal lobule. Unilateral regions of the left primary somatosensory cortex also exhibited this inverse relationship. No regions showed a positive relationship to pain sensitivity. These structural variations occurred in areas associated with the default mode network, attentional direction and shifting, as well as somatosensory processing. These findings underscore the potential importance of processes related to default mode thought and attention in shaping individual differences in pain sensitivity and indicate that pain sensitivity can potentially be predicted on the basis of brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole M Emerson
- Department of Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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82
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Huang S, Chang WT, Belliveau JW, Hämäläinen M, Ahveninen J. Lateralized parietotemporal oscillatory phase synchronization during auditory selective attention. Neuroimage 2013; 86:461-9. [PMID: 24185023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the infamous left-lateralized neglect syndrome, one might hypothesize that the dominating right parietal cortex has a bilateral representation of space, whereas the left parietal cortex represents only the contralateral right hemispace. Whether this principle applies to human auditory attention is not yet fully clear. Here, we explicitly tested the differences in cross-hemispheric functional coupling between the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and auditory cortex (AC) using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG), EEG, and functional MRI (fMRI). Inter-regional pairwise phase consistency (PPC) was analyzed from data obtained during dichotic auditory selective attention task, where subjects were in 10-s trials cued to attend to sounds presented to one ear and to ignore sounds presented in the opposite ear. Using MEG/EEG/fMRI source modeling, parietotemporal PPC patterns were (a) mapped between all AC locations vs. IPS seeds and (b) analyzed between four anatomically defined AC regions-of-interest (ROI) vs. IPS seeds. Consistent with our hypothesis, stronger cross-hemispheric PPC was observed between the right IPS and left AC for attended right-ear sounds, as compared to PPC between the left IPS and right AC for attended left-ear sounds. In the mapping analyses, these differences emerged at 7-13Hz, i.e., at the theta to alpha frequency bands, and peaked in Heschl's gyrus and lateral posterior non-primary ACs. The ROI analysis revealed similarly lateralized differences also in the beta and lower theta bands. Taken together, our results support the view that the right parietal cortex dominates auditory spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Tang Chang
- Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - John W Belliveau
- Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matti Hämäläinen
- Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jyrki Ahveninen
- Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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83
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Switching auditory attention using spatial and non-spatial features recruits different cortical networks. Neuroimage 2013; 84:681-7. [PMID: 24096028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching attention between different stimuli of interest based on particular task demands is important in many everyday settings. In audition in particular, switching attention between different speakers of interest that are talking concurrently is often necessary for effective communication. Recently, it has been shown by multiple studies that auditory selective attention suppresses the representation of unwanted streams in auditory cortical areas in favor of the target stream of interest. However, the neural processing that guides this selective attention process is not well understood. Here we investigated the cortical mechanisms involved in switching attention based on two different types of auditory features. By combining magneto- and electro-encephalography (M-EEG) with an anatomical MRI constraint, we examined the cortical dynamics involved in switching auditory attention based on either spatial or pitch features. We designed a paradigm where listeners were cued in the beginning of each trial to switch or maintain attention halfway through the presentation of concurrent target and masker streams. By allowing listeners time to switch during a gap in the continuous target and masker stimuli, we were able to isolate the mechanisms involved in endogenous, top-down attention switching. Our results show a double dissociation between the involvement of right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ) and the left inferior parietal supramarginal part (LIPSP) in tasks requiring listeners to switch attention based on space and pitch features, respectively, suggesting that switching attention based on these features involves at least partially separate processes or behavioral strategies.
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84
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Scharinger M, Henry MJ, Erb J, Meyer L, Obleser J. Thalamic and parietal brain morphology predicts auditory category learning. Neuropsychologia 2013; 53:75-83. [PMID: 24035788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Auditory categorization is a vital skill involving the attribution of meaning to acoustic events, engaging domain-specific (i.e., auditory) as well as domain-general (e.g., executive) brain networks. A listener's ability to categorize novel acoustic stimuli should therefore depend on both, with the domain-general network being particularly relevant for adaptively changing listening strategies and directing attention to relevant acoustic cues. Here we assessed adaptive listening behavior, using complex acoustic stimuli with an initially salient (but later degraded) spectral cue and a secondary, duration cue that remained nondegraded. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to identify cortical and subcortical brain structures whose individual neuroanatomy predicted task performance and the ability to optimally switch to making use of temporal cues after spectral degradation. Behavioral listening strategies were assessed by logistic regression and revealed mainly strategy switches in the expected direction, with considerable individual differences. Gray-matter probability in the left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40) and left precentral gyrus was predictive of "optimal" strategy switch, while gray-matter probability in thalamic areas, comprising the medial geniculate body, co-varied with overall performance. Taken together, our findings suggest that successful auditory categorization relies on domain-specific neural circuits in the ascending auditory pathway, while adaptive listening behavior depends more on brain structure in parietal cortex, enabling the (re)direction of attention to salient stimulus properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scharinger
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Molly J Henry
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Erb
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lars Meyer
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Obleser
- Max Planck Research Group "Auditory Cognition", Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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85
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Abstract
The challenge of understanding how the brain processes natural signals is compounded by the fact that such signals are often tied closely to specific natural behaviors and natural environments. This added complexity is especially true for auditory communication signals that can carry information at multiple hierarchical levels, and often occur in the context of other competing communication signals. Selective attention provides a mechanism to focus processing resources on specific components of auditory signals, and simultaneously suppress responses to unwanted signals or noise. Although selective auditory attention has been well-studied behaviorally, very little is known about how selective auditory attention shapes the processing on natural auditory signals, and how the mechanisms of auditory attention are implemented in single neurons or neural circuits. Here we review the role of selective attention in modulating auditory responses to complex natural stimuli in humans. We then suggest how the current understanding can be applied to the study of selective auditory attention in the context natural signal processing at the level of single neurons and populations in animal models amenable to invasive neuroscience techniques. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives".
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86
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Alho K, Rinne T, Herron TJ, Woods DL. Stimulus-dependent activations and attention-related modulations in the auditory cortex: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Hear Res 2013; 307:29-41. [PMID: 23938208 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We meta-analyzed 115 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reporting auditory-cortex (AC) coordinates for activations related to active and passive processing of pitch and spatial location of non-speech sounds, as well as to the active and passive speech and voice processing. We aimed at revealing any systematic differences between AC surface locations of these activations by statistically analyzing the activation loci using the open-source Matlab toolbox VAMCA (Visualization and Meta-analysis on Cortical Anatomy). AC activations associated with pitch processing (e.g., active or passive listening to tones with a varying vs. fixed pitch) had median loci in the middle superior temporal gyrus (STG), lateral to Heschl's gyrus. However, median loci of activations due to the processing of infrequent pitch changes in a tone stream were centered in the STG or planum temporale (PT), significantly posterior to the median loci for other types of pitch processing. Median loci of attention-related modulations due to focused attention to pitch (e.g., attending selectively to low or high tones delivered in concurrent sequences) were, in turn, centered in the STG or superior temporal sulcus (STS), posterior to median loci for passive pitch processing. Activations due to spatial processing were centered in the posterior STG or PT, significantly posterior to pitch processing loci (processing of infrequent pitch changes excluded). In the right-hemisphere AC, the median locus of spatial attention-related modulations was in the STS, significantly inferior to the median locus for passive spatial processing. Activations associated with speech processing and those associated with voice processing had indistinguishable median loci at the border of mid-STG and mid-STS. Median loci of attention-related modulations due to attention to speech were in the same mid-STG/STS region. Thus, while attention to the pitch or location of non-speech sounds seems to recruit AC areas less involved in passive pitch or location processing, focused attention to speech predominantly enhances activations in regions that already respond to human vocalizations during passive listening. This suggests that distinct attention mechanisms might be engaged by attention to speech and attention to more elemental auditory features such as tone pitch or location. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Human Auditory Neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Alho
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, PO Box 4, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 9, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Ahveninen J, Huang S, Belliveau JW, Chang WT, Hämäläinen M. Dynamic oscillatory processes governing cued orienting and allocation of auditory attention. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:1926-43. [PMID: 23915050 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In everyday listening situations, we need to constantly switch between alternative sound sources and engage attention according to cues that match our goals and expectations. The exact neuronal bases of these processes are poorly understood. We investigated oscillatory brain networks controlling auditory attention using cortically constrained fMRI-weighted magnetoencephalography/EEG source estimates. During consecutive trials, participants were instructed to shift attention based on a cue, presented in the ear where a target was likely to follow. To promote audiospatial attention effects, the targets were embedded in streams of dichotically presented standard tones. Occasionally, an unexpected novel sound occurred opposite to the cued ear to trigger involuntary orienting. According to our cortical power correlation analyses, increased frontoparietal/temporal 30-100 Hz gamma activity at 200-1400 msec after cued orienting predicted fast and accurate discrimination of subsequent targets. This sustained correlation effect, possibly reflecting voluntary engagement of attention after the initial cue-driven orienting, spread from the TPJ, anterior insula, and inferior frontal cortices to the right FEFs. Engagement of attention to one ear resulted in a significantly stronger increase of 7.5-15 Hz alpha in the ipsilateral than contralateral parieto-occipital cortices 200-600 msec after the cue onset, possibly reflecting cross-modal modulation of the dorsal visual pathway during audiospatial attention. Comparisons of cortical power patterns also revealed significant increases of sustained right medial frontal cortex theta power, right dorsolateral pFC and anterior insula/inferior frontal cortex beta power, and medial parietal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex gamma activity after cued versus novelty-triggered orienting (600-1400 msec). Our results reveal sustained oscillatory patterns associated with voluntary engagement of auditory spatial attention, with the frontoparietal and temporal gamma increases being best predictors of subsequent behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki Ahveninen
- Harvard Medical School-Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
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88
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Seydell-Greenwald A, Greenberg AS, Rauschecker JP. Are you listening? Brain activation associated with sustained nonspatial auditory attention in the presence and absence of stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:2233-52. [PMID: 23913818 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies investigating the voluntary (top-down) control of attention largely agree that this process recruits several frontal and parietal brain regions. Since most studies used attention tasks requiring several higher-order cognitive functions (e.g. working memory, semantic processing, temporal integration, spatial orienting) as well as different attentional mechanisms (attention shifting, distractor filtering), it is unclear what exactly the observed frontoparietal activations reflect. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated, within the same participants, signal changes in (1) a "Simple Attention" task in which participants attended to a single melody, (2) a "Selective Attention" task in which they simultaneously ignored another melody, and (3) a "Beep Monitoring" task in which participants listened in silence for a faint beep. Compared to resting conditions with identical stimulation, all tasks produced robust activation increases in auditory cortex, cross-modal inhibition in visual and somatosensory cortex, and decreases in the default mode network, indicating that participants were indeed focusing their attention on the auditory domain. However, signal increases in frontal and parietal brain areas were only observed for tasks 1 and 2, but completely absent for task 3. These results lead to the following conclusions: under most conditions, frontoparietal activations are crucial for attention since they subserve higher-order cognitive functions inherently related to attention. However, under circumstances that minimize other demands, nonspatial auditory attention in the absence of stimulation can be maintained without concurrent frontal or parietal activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Seydell-Greenwald
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007
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89
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Yoshida Y, Tanabe HC, Hayashi MJ, Kawamichi H, Kochiyama T, Sadato N. The neural substrates of the warning effect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Can learning capacity of the human brain be predicted from initial spontaneous functional connectivity (FC) between brain areas involved in a task? We combined task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) before and after training with a Hindi dental-retroflex nonnative contrast. Previous fMRI results were replicated, demonstrating that this learning recruited the left insula/frontal operculum and the left superior parietal lobe, among other areas of the brain. Crucially, resting-state FC (rs-FC) between these two areas at pretraining predicted individual differences in learning outcomes after distributed (Experiment 1) and intensive training (Experiment 2). Furthermore, this rs-FC was reduced at posttraining, a change that may also account for learning. Finally, resting-state network analyses showed that the mechanism underlying this reduction of rs-FC was mainly a transfer in intrinsic activity of the left frontal operculum/anterior insula from the left frontoparietal network to the salience network. Thus, rs-FC may contribute to predict learning ability and to understand how learning modifies the functioning of the brain. The discovery of this correspondence between initial spontaneous brain activity in task-related areas and posttraining performance opens new avenues to find predictors of learning capacities in the brain using task-related fMRI and rs-fMRI combined.
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91
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Lee AKC, Larson E, Maddox RK, Shinn-Cunningham BG. Using neuroimaging to understand the cortical mechanisms of auditory selective attention. Hear Res 2013; 307:111-20. [PMID: 23850664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, a range of different neuroimaging tools have been used to study human auditory attention, spanning from classic event-related potential studies using electroencephalography to modern multimodal imaging approaches (e.g., combining anatomical information based on magnetic resonance imaging with magneto- and electroencephalography). This review begins by exploring the different strengths and limitations inherent to different neuroimaging methods, and then outlines some common behavioral paradigms that have been adopted to study auditory attention. We argue that in order to design a neuroimaging experiment that produces interpretable, unambiguous results, the experimenter must not only have a deep appreciation of the imaging technique employed, but also a sophisticated understanding of perception and behavior. Only with the proper caveats in mind can one begin to infer how the cortex supports a human in solving the "cocktail party" problem. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Human Auditory Neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K C Lee
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, WA 98195, USA; Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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92
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Lobanov OV, Quevedo AS, Hadsel MS, Kraft RA, Coghill RC. Frontoparietal mechanisms supporting attention to location and intensity of painful stimuli. Pain 2013; 154:1758-1768. [PMID: 23711484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attention can profoundly shape the experience of pain. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms that support directed attention to nociceptive information. In the present study, subjects were cued to attend to either the spatial location or the intensity of sequentially presented pairs of painful heat stimuli during a delayed match-to-sample discrimination task. We hypothesized that attention-related brain activation would be initiated after the presentation of the attentional cue and would be sustained through the discrimination task. Conjunction analysis confirmed that bilateral portions of the posterior parietal cortex (intraparietal sulcus [IPS] and superior parietal lobule) exhibited this sustained activity during attention to spatial but not intensity features of pain. Analyses contrasting activation during spatial and intensity attention tasks revealed that the right IPS region of the posterior parietal cortex was consistently more activated across multiple phases of the spatial task. However, attention to either feature of the noxious stimulus was associated with activation of frontoparietal areas (IPS and frontal eye fields) as well as priming of the primary somatosensory cortex. Taken together, these results delineate the neural substrates that support selective amplification of different features of noxious stimuli for utilization in discriminative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Lobanov
- Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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93
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Salo E, Rinne T, Salonen O, Alho K. Brain activity during auditory and visual phonological, spatial and simple discrimination tasks. Brain Res 2013; 1496:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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94
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Lee AKC, Rajaram S, Xia J, Bharadwaj H, Larson E, Hämäläinen MS, Shinn-Cunningham BG. Auditory selective attention reveals preparatory activity in different cortical regions for selection based on source location and source pitch. Front Neurosci 2013; 6:190. [PMID: 23335874 PMCID: PMC3538445 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to extract information in a rich environment, we focus on different features that allow us to direct attention to whatever source is of interest. The cortical network deployed during spatial attention, especially in vision, is well characterized. For example, visuospatial attention engages a frontoparietal network including the frontal eye fields (FEFs), which modulate activity in visual sensory areas to enhance the representation of an attended visual object. However, relatively little is known about the neural circuitry controlling attention directed to non-spatial features, or to auditory objects or features (either spatial or non-spatial). Here, using combined magnetoencephalography (MEG) and anatomical information obtained from MRI, we contrasted cortical activity when observers attended to different auditory features given the same acoustic mixture of two simultaneous spoken digits. Leveraging the fine temporal resolution of MEG, we establish that activity in left FEF is enhanced both prior to and throughout the auditory stimulus when listeners direct auditory attention to target location compared to when they focus on target pitch. In contrast, activity in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a region previously associated with auditory pitch categorization, is greater when listeners direct attention to target pitch rather than target location. This differential enhancement is only significant after observers are instructed which cue to attend, but before the acoustic stimuli begin. We therefore argue that left FEF participates more strongly in directing auditory spatial attention, while the left STS aids auditory object selection based on the non-spatial acoustic feature of pitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K C Lee
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Charlestown, MA, USA ; Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA ; Center for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University Boston, MA, USA
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95
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Timm J, SanMiguel I, Saupe K, Schröger E. The N1-suppression effect for self-initiated sounds is independent of attention. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:2. [PMID: 23281832 PMCID: PMC3573961 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND If we initiate a sound by our own motor behavior, the N1 component of the auditory event-related brain potential (ERP) that the sound elicits is attenuated compared to the N1 elicited by the same sound when it is initiated externally. It has been suggested that this N1 suppression results from an internal predictive mechanism that is in the service of discriminating the sensory consequences of one's own actions from other sensory input. As the N1-suppression effect is becoming a popular approach to investigate predictive processing in cognitive and social neuroscience, it is important to exclude an alternative interpretation not related to prediction. According to the attentional account, the N1 suppression is due to a difference in the allocation of attention between self- and externally-initiated sounds. To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the allocation of attention to the sounds in different blocks: Attention was directed either to the sounds, to the own motor acts or to visual stimuli. If attention causes the N1-suppression effect, then manipulating attention should affect the effect for self-initiated sounds. RESULTS We found N1 suppression in all conditions. The N1 per se was affected by attention, but there was no interaction between attention and self-initiation effects. This implies that self-initiation N1 effects are not caused by attention. CONCLUSIONS The present results support the assumption that the N1-suppression effect for self-initiated sounds indicates the operation of an internal predictive mechanism. Furthermore, while attention had an influence on the N1a, N1b, and N1c components, the N1-suppression effect was confined to the N1b and N1c subcomponents suggesting that the major contribution to the auditory N1-suppression effect is circumscribed to late N1 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Timm
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Seeburgstr. 14-20, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Iria SanMiguel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Seeburgstr. 14-20, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Katja Saupe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Seeburgstr. 14-20, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
| | - Erich Schröger
- Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Seeburgstr. 14-20, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
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96
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Larson E, Lee AKC. The cortical dynamics underlying effective switching of auditory spatial attention. Neuroimage 2013; 64:365-70. [PMID: 22974974 PMCID: PMC3508251 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful rapid deployment of attention to relevant sensory stimuli is critical for survival. In a complex environment, attention can be captured by salient events or be deployed volitionally. Furthermore, when multiple events are of interest concurrently, effective interaction with one's surroundings hinges on efficient top-down control of shifting attention. It has been hypothesized that two separate cortical networks coordinate attention shifts across multiple modalities. However, the cortical dynamics of these networks and their behavioral relevance to switching of auditory attention are unknown. Here we show that the strength of each subject's right temporoparietal junction (RTPJ, part of the ventral network) activation was highly correlated with their behavioral performance in an auditory task. We also provide evidence that the recruitment of the RTPJ likely precedes the right frontal eye fields (FEF; participating in both the dorsal and ventral networks) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) by around 100 ms when subjects switch their auditory spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Larson
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Adrian KC Lee
- Department of Speech & Hearing Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences University of Washington 1715 Columbia Road N, Box 357988 Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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97
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Huang S, Belliveau JW, Tengshe C, Ahveninen J. Brain networks of novelty-driven involuntary and cued voluntary auditory attention shifting. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44062. [PMID: 22937153 PMCID: PMC3429427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, we need a capacity to flexibly shift attention between alternative sound sources. However, relatively little work has been done to elucidate the mechanisms of attention shifting in the auditory domain. Here, we used a mixed event-related/sparse-sampling fMRI approach to investigate this essential cognitive function. In each 10-sec trial, subjects were instructed to wait for an auditory "cue" signaling the location where a subsequent "target" sound was likely to be presented. The target was occasionally replaced by an unexpected "novel" sound in the uncued ear, to trigger involuntary attention shifting. To maximize the attention effects, cues, targets, and novels were embedded within dichotic 800-Hz vs. 1500-Hz pure-tone "standard" trains. The sound of clustered fMRI acquisition (starting at t = 7.82 sec) served as a controlled trial-end signal. Our approach revealed notable activation differences between the conditions. Cued voluntary attention shifting activated the superior intra--parietal sulcus (IPS), whereas novelty-triggered involuntary orienting activated the inferior IPS and certain subareas of the precuneus. Clearly more widespread activations were observed during voluntary than involuntary orienting in the premotor cortex, including the frontal eye fields. Moreover, we found -evidence for a frontoinsular-cingular attentional control network, consisting of the anterior insula, inferior frontal cortex, and medial frontal cortices, which were activated during both target discrimination and voluntary attention shifting. Finally, novels and targets activated much wider areas of superior temporal auditory cortices than shifting cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Huang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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98
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Art and architecture as experience: an alternative approach to bridging art history and the neurosciences. Cogn Process 2012; 13 Suppl 1:S375-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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99
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Vanneste S, van der Loo E, Plazier M, De Ridder D. Parietal double-cone coil stimulation in tinnitus. Exp Brain Res 2012; 221:337-43. [PMID: 22782482 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-pulsatile tinnitus is considered to be an auditory phantom percept. The extremely emotional context of disabling tinnitus often leads to a higher level of selective attention directed toward the tinnitus. As such, tinnitus is a continuously distracting auditory event. Auditory attention is associated with the activation of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and modulating the IPS with 10 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) creates the ability to ignore salient distractors. Thus, it can be expected that modulating the parietal area might interfere with the perception of tinnitus. The effect of TMS on tinnitus is evaluated using a double-cone coil tilted to the left parietal area in 24 individuals (study 1) and in 40 individuals with the double-cone coil symmetrically overlying both parietal areas (study 2). When transient tinnitus suppression is noted, the patient is asked to estimate the decrease in tinnitus in percentage using the numeric rating scale. The procedure is repeated with stimulations at sham, 1 and 10 Hz, each stimulation session consisting of 200 pulses for study 1 and for study 2 stimulations at sham, 1, 5, and 10 Hz, each stimulation session consisting of 200 pulses. For both studies, the order of the different stimulation frequencies was randomized over the participants. For study 1, patients report a significant transient reduction of the tinnitus percept for 10 Hz stimulation in comparison with, respectively, pre-treatment, sham, and 1 Hz stimulation, with a suppression effect of 11.36 %. No significant effect was obtained for 1 Hz stimulation with the coil tilted toward the left parietal area. For study, 2 patients revealed a significant suppression effect on 1, 5, and 10 Hz in comparison with pre-treatment. However, only stimulation at 5 and 10 Hz had a significant difference in comparison with sham with a suppression effect of, respectively, 8.78 and 9.50 %. Our data suggest that the parietal area is involved in tinnitus perception and that 10 Hz TMS using the double-cone coil overlying the parietal area can modulate tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Vanneste
- Brai²n, Tinnitus Research Initiative Clinic Antwerp, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
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100
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London S, Bishop CW, Miller LM. Spatial attention modulates the precedence effect. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2012; 38:1371-9. [PMID: 22545599 DOI: 10.1037/a0028348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Communication and navigation in real environments rely heavily on the ability to distinguish objects in acoustic space. However, auditory spatial information is often corrupted by conflicting cues and noise such as acoustic reflections. Fortunately the brain can apply mechanisms at multiple levels to emphasize target information and mitigate such interference. In a rapid phenomenon known as the precedence effect, reflections are perceptually fused with the veridical primary sound. The brain can also use spatial attention to highlight a target sound at the expense of distracters. Although attention has been shown to modulate many auditory perceptual phenomena, rarely does it alter how acoustic energy is first parsed into objects, as with the precedence effect. This brief report suggests that both endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (stimulus-driven) spatial attention have a profound influence on the precedence effect depending on where they are oriented. Moreover, we observed that both types of attention could enhance perceptual fusion while only exogenous attention could hinder it. These results demonstrate that attention, by altering how auditory objects are formed, guides the basic perceptual organization of our acoustic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam London
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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