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Wahid B, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M. New Insights into the Epigenetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:1609575. [PMID: 28401148 PMCID: PMC5376429 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1609575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most predominant malignancies with high fatality rate. This deadly cancer is rising at an alarming rate because it is quite resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. Different epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and expression of noncoding RNAs drive the cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, initiation, progression, and development of HCC. These epigenetic alterations because of potential reversibility open way towards the development of biomarkers and therapeutics. The contribution of these epigenetic changes to HCC development has not been thoroughly explored yet. Further research on HCC epigenetics is necessary to better understand novel molecular-targeted HCC treatment and prevention. This review highlights latest research progress and current updates regarding epigenetics of HCC, biomarker discovery, and future preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat the increasing risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braira Wahid
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, 87 West Canal Bank Road Thokar Niaz Baig, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
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52
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Zhang H, Shang YP, Chen HY, Li J. Histone deacetylases function as novel potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:149-159. [PMID: 27457249 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diverse cellular functions, including tumor suppressor gene expression, DNA repair, cell proliferation and apoptosis, are regulated by histone acetylation and deacetylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in remodeling of chromatin by deacetylating the lysine residues. They play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Dysregulation of HDACs and aberrant chromatin acetylation and deacetylation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. Histone deacetylases have become a target for the development of drugs for treating cancer because of their major contribution to oncogenic cell transformation. Overexpression of HDACs correlates with tumorigenesis. Previous work showed that inhibition of HDACs results in apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in multiple cells. A significant number of HDAC inhibitors have been developed in the past decade. These inhibitors have strong anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo, inducing growth arrest, differentiation, and programmed cell death, inhibiting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, and suppressing angiogenesis. In addition, HDAC-mediated deacetylation alters the transcriptional activity of nuclear transcription factors, including p53, E2F, c-Myc, and nuclear factor-κB, as well as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways. This review highlights the role of HDACs in cancer pathogenesis and, more importantly, that HDACs are potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital and West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital
| | - Yu-Ping Shang
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital and West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital and West Branch of Anhui Provincial Hospital
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Wedeken L, Luo A, Tremblay JR, Rawson J, Jin L, Gao D, Quijano J, Ku HT. Adult Murine Pancreatic Progenitors Require Epidermal Growth Factor and Nicotinamide for Self-Renewal and Differentiation in a Serum- and Conditioned Medium-Free Culture. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:599-607. [PMID: 28095743 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult pancreatic stem and progenitor cells may serve as an alternative source of insulin-secreting endocrine cells in cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes, but much remained unknown about these cells. We previously identified adult murine pancreatic progenitor-like cells that displayed in vitro self-renewal and tri-lineage differentiation activities in a three-dimensional colony/organoid assay containing 1% methylcellulose and 5% Matrigel. However, the presence of other undefined culture components, such as serum and conditioned medium, has prevented a complete understanding of the signals required for progenitor cell growth. Here, we have established a serum-free, conditioned medium-free colony assay with the inclusion of seven defined factors: epidermal growth factor (EGF), R-Spondin 1 (RSPO1), Noggin, nicotinamide, exendin-4, activin B, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. The requirements for colony growth were characterized and we found that EGF and nicotinamide were necessary and sufficient for the colony growth and long-term self-renewal of these progenitors. However, the seven factor (7F) culture medium better induced colony size and self-renewal in long-term culture than EGF plus nicotinamide alone. Individual 3-week-old colonies grown in the 7F culture medium expressed ductal, acinar, and endocrine lineage markers, suggesting that tri-lineage differentiation of the tri-potent progenitors was occurring without genetic manipulation. A delayed inhibition of Notch signaling using small molecules in 2-week-old cultures enhanced endocrine gene expression in 3-week-old colonies. This better-defined colony assay system will enable our and other laboratories for in-depth mechanistic studies on the biology of these progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wedeken
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Angela Luo
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jacob R Tremblay
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.,2 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences , Duarte, California
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Liang Jin
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Dan Gao
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Janine Quijano
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Hsun Teresa Ku
- 1 Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute , Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.,2 Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences , Duarte, California
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Non-epigenetic function of HDAC8 in regulating breast cancer stem cells by maintaining Notch1 protein stability. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1796-807. [PMID: 26625202 PMCID: PMC4811498 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a novel non-epigenetic function of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 8 in activating cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties in breast cancer cells by enhancing the stability of Notch1 protein. The pan-HDAC inhibitors AR-42 and SAHA, and the class I HDAC inhibitor depsipeptide, suppressed mammosphere formation and other CSC markers by reducing Notch1 expression in MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159 cells. Interrogation of individual class I isoforms (HDAC1-3 and 8) using si/shRNA-mediated knockdown, ectopic expression and/or pharmacological inhibition revealed HDAC8 to be the primary mediator of this drug effect. This suppression of Notch1 in response to HDAC8 inhibition was abrogated by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and siRNA-induced silencing of Fbwx7, indicating Notch1 suppression occurred through proteasomal degradation. However, co-immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that HDAC8 did not form complexes with Notch1 and HDAC inhibition had no effect on Notch1 acetylation. In a xenograft tumor model, the tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells was decreased by HDAC8 knockdown. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of HDAC8 inhibition to suppress Notch1 signaling in breast cancer.
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55
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Hardy T, Mann DA. Epigenetics in liver disease: from biology to therapeutics. Gut 2016; 65:1895-1905. [PMID: 27624887 PMCID: PMC5099193 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the fundamental epigenetic mechanisms governing gene expression and cellular phenotype are sufficiently advanced that novel insights into the epigenetic control of chronic liver disease are now emerging. Hepatologists are in the process of shedding light on the roles played by DNA methylation, histone/chromatin modifications and non-coding RNAs in specific liver pathologies. Alongside these discoveries are advances in the technologies for the detection and quantification of epigenetic biomarkers, either directly from patient tissue or from body fluids. The premise for this review is to survey the recent advances in the field of liver epigenetics and to explore their potential for translation by industry and clinical hepatologists for the design of novel therapeutics and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. In particular, we present findings in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma, fibrosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, where there is urgent unmet need for new clinical interventions and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hardy
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep process involving the progressive accumulation of molecular alterations pinpointing different molecular and cellular events. The next-generation sequencing technology is facilitating the global and systematic evaluation of molecular landscapes in HCC. There is emerging evidence supporting the importance of cancer metabolism and tumor microenvironment in providing a favorable and supportive niche to expedite HCC development. Moreover, recent studies have identified distinct surface markers of cancer stem cell (CSC) in HCC, and they also put forward the profound involvement of altered signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications in CSCs, in addition to the concomitant drug resistance and metastasis. Taken together, multiple key genetic and non-genetic factors, as well as liver CSCs, result in the development and progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wai-Hung Ho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lo-Kong Chan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China,*Irene O. L. Ng, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Room 127B, University Pathology Building, Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary, Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR (China), Tel. +852 2255 3967, E-Mail
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57
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Zhang L, Ge C, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yao M, Li J. NRBP2 Overexpression Increases the Chemosensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Akt Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:7059-7071. [PMID: 27634758 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is highly resistant to chemotherapy. Research data supported that cancer stem cells (CSC) may be responsible for the chemoresistance and strategies that suppress CSCs stemness could also inhibit the drug resistance. In this study, we found that nuclear receptor binding protein 2 (NRBP2) expression was downregulated in the CD133+ hepatocellular carcinoma CSCs. Most adjacent noncancerous liver tissue analyzed expressed higher level of NRBP2 compared with cancerous tissue in hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and high NRBP2 expression indicated a better prognosis. Real-time PCR results showed that NRBP2 negatively correlated with stemness-related genes, including Oct3/4, Nanog, Notch1, Ep300, and CD133 mRNA expression. High NRBP2 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells downregulated CK19 protein expression, inhibited tumorsphere formation, and tumorigenesis ability, indicating that high NRBP2 expression restrains the hepatocellular carcinoma cell stemness. Overexpression of NRBP2 reduced the IC50 of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and NRBP2 expression was negatively correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma cell resistance to the chemotherapy agents, including cisplatin and the Akt signaling inhibitor perifosine. Coimmunoprecipitation results showed that NRBP2 could bind with Annexin A2 (ANXA2) and inhibit ANXA2 expression. Coexpression of ANXA2 restored the chemoresistant ability in NRBP2-overexpressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Further analysis showed that NRBP2 downregulated Akt and its downstream signaling target Bad phosphorylation level. ANXA2 coexpression partially restored the Akt phosphorylation. Analysis of the expression of Bcl2 family proteins showed that NRBP2 may increase hepatocellular carcinoma cell chemosensitivity by regulating expression of survival proteins involved in the Akt and Bcl2 pathway. These results suggest that NRBP2 plays an important role in the tumor progression and chemotherapeutic resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res; 76(23); 7059-71. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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58
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Liu L, Liu C, Zhang Q, Shen J, Zhang H, Shan J, Duan G, Guo D, Chen X, Cheng J, Xu Y, Yang Z, Yao C, Lai M, Qian C. SIRT1-mediated transcriptional regulation of SOX2 is important for self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells. Hepatology 2016; 64:814-27. [PMID: 27312708 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver tumor containing cancer stem cells (CSCs), which participate in tumor invasion, therapeutic resistance, and tumor relapse leading to poor outcome and limited therapeutic options. Histone deacetylatase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has been shown to be up-regulated in human cancers; however, its role in liver CSCs is unknown. In this study, we explored the biological functions of SIRT1 in liver CSCs. Our data show that SIRT1 is highly expressed in liver CSCs and decreases during differentiation. In addition, high levels of SIRT1 predict a decreased probability of survival in patients with HCC. SIRT1 is responsible for the maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity of liver CSCs, and overexpression of exogenous SIRT1 can restore self-renewal of non-CSCs. We demonstrated that SOX2 is a main downstream regulator of SIRT1-mediated self-renewal and tumorigenicity potential of liver CSCs. Mechanistically, SIRT1 regulates transcription of the SOX2 gene by way of chromatin-based epigenetic changes, which are dependent on DNA methylation. This effect is achieved by alternation of histone modification and interaction with DNA methyltransferase 3A, resulting in hypermethylation of SOX2 promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrated that insulin growth factor signaling plays an important role in maintaining SIRT1 expression through increased SIRT1 protein stability. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of SIRT1 in the biology of liver CSCs and suggest that SIRT1 may serve as a molecular target for HCC therapy. (Hepatology 2016;64:814-827).
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chungang Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangjie Duan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deyu Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamin Cheng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang L, Hong Z, Zhang RR, Sun XZ, Yuan YF, Hu J, Wang X. Bakkenolide A inhibits leukemia by regulation of HDAC3 and PI3K/Akt-related signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:958-966. [PMID: 27522258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia has been the third type of cancer killing many people across the world. Bakkenolide A (Bak), extracted from Petasites tricholobus, has been suggested to against cancer and display protective effects on inflammatory cytokines formation. And increasing evidences suggest that histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) plays vital roles in cancer formation and persistence via cell death, apoptosis and inflammation. But the function of Bakkenolide A in regulating leukemia is not understood yet, particularly via HDAC3. Here, we found that HDAC3 is up-regulated in clinical samples of leukemia compared with adjacent normal tissues. Then the expression of HDAC3 was knocked down via RNA interference in K562 cells. And inhibition of HDAC3 expression is able to improve leukemia invasion, migration and proliferation. Further, we also found HDAC3 bound to IκBα, affecting subsequent inflammation response. Moreover, Bakkenolide A was found to inhibit inflammation, induce apoptosis and cell death in leukemia cells via PI3K-regulated signaling pathway, down-regulating IKKs expression and suppressing in proinflammatory cytokines of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α. Up-regulation of Caspase3/7 was observed in cells of HDAC3-knockdown and Bakkenolide A treatment, inducing leukemia cell apoptosis. Also, the expression of Akt and GSK were activated by HDAC3-knockdown and Bakkenolide A-treatment. Thus, these results indicated that Bakkenolide A-mediated HDAC3 sensitization in leukemia cells seem to be associated with activation of effector IKKs, Akt/GSK, and caspases through induction of the PI3K pathway, leading to inflammation, cell death, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital, No. 62 Huaihai Road South, Huai'an 223002, China
| | - Ze Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xing-Zhen Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Yu-Fang Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University, No. 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, China.
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60
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Dang X, Singh A, Spetman BD, Nolan KD, Isaacs JS, Dennis JH, Dalton S, Marshall AG, Young NL. Label-Free Relative Quantitation of Isobaric and Isomeric Human Histone H2A and H2B Variants by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Top-Down MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3196-203. [PMID: 27431976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone variants are known to play a central role in genome regulation and maintenance. However, many variants are inaccessible by antibody-based methods or bottom-up tandem mass spectrometry due to their highly similar sequences. For many, the only tractable approach is with intact protein top-down tandem mass spectrometry. Here, ultra-high-resolution FT-ICR MS and MS/MS yield quantitative relative abundances of all detected HeLa H2A and H2B isobaric and isomeric variants with a label-free approach. We extend the analysis to identify and relatively quantitate 16 proteoforms from 12 sequence variants of histone H2A and 10 proteoforms of histone H2B from three other cell lines: human embryonic stem cells (WA09), U937, and a prostate cancer cell line LaZ. The top-down MS/MS approach provides a path forward for more extensive elucidation of the biological role of many previously unstudied histone variants and post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibei Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Amar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia , 724 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602-2607, United States
| | - Brian D Spetman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University , 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, United States
| | - Krystal D Nolan
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jennifer S Isaacs
- Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina , 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Jonathan H Dennis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University , 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, United States
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia , 724 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602-2607, United States
| | - Alan G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Nicolas L Young
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States.,Verna & Marrs McLean Dept. of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine , One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030-3411, United States
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61
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Verslype C. Interfering with epigenetics in hepatocellular carcinoma: Out of the shelter? J Hepatol 2016; 65:243-4. [PMID: 27057986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Verslype
- Department of Hepatology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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62
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Liu C, Liu L, Chen X, Cheng J, Zhang H, Shen J, Shan J, Xu Y, Yang Z, Lai M, Qian C. Sox9 regulates self-renewal and tumorigenicity by promoting symmetrical cell division of cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2016; 64:117-29. [PMID: 26910875 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver tumor containing cancer stem cells (CSCs) that participate in tumor propagation, resistance to conventional therapy, and promotion of tumor recurrence, causing poor patient outcomes. The protein SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (Sox9) is a transcription factor expressed in some solid tumors, including HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Sox9 function in liver CSCs remain unclear. Here, we show that Sox9 is highly expressed in liver CSCs and that high levels of Sox9 predict a decreased probability of survival in HCC patients. We demonstrate that Sox9 is required for maintaining proliferation, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity in liver CSCs. Overexpression of exogenous Sox9 in liver non-CSCs restored self-renewal capacity. Additionally, a reduction in the asymmetrical cell division of spheroid-cultured liver CSCs was observed when compared with differentiated cancer cells or liver CSCs with inhibited Notch signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Sox9 is responsible for the asymmetrical-to-symmetrical cell division switch in liver CSCs. Sox9 also negatively regulates Numb expression, contributing to a feedback circuit that maintains Notch activity and directs symmetrical cell division. Clinical analyses revealed that the Sox9(High) Numb(Low) profile is associated with poor prognosis in human HCC patients. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that Sox9 plays a critical role in self-renewal and tumor propagation of liver CSCs and identify the molecular mechanisms regulated by Sox9 that link tumor initiation and cell division. (Hepatology 2016;64:117-129).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiamin Cheng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Urology Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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63
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Nai QY, Wei MX, Xu W. Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targeting of liver cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1198-1205. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i8.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As cancer stem cells have been confirmed in many human solid tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma has been considered a stem cell disease. The existence of liver cancer stem cells in liver cancer has been a research hotspot recently. Cancer stem cell theory believes that tumorigenesis, development, metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance are closely associated with cancer stem cells. Therefore, the isolation and identification of liver cancer stem cells play a very important role in early prevention, early diagnosis, effective therapy and improving prognosis of liver cancer. This paper summarizes the origin, surface molecular markers, signal transduction and regulation of liver cancer stem cells, and discusses the therapies targeting liver cancer stem cells.
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64
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Yao C, Su L, Shan J, Zhu C, Liu L, Liu C, Xu Y, Yang Z, Bian X, Shao J, Li J, Lai M, Shen J, Qian C. IGF/STAT3/NANOG/Slug Signaling Axis Simultaneously Controls Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Stemness Maintenance in Colorectal Cancer. Stem Cells 2016; 34:820-31. [PMID: 26840943 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) are two milestones in people exploring the nature of malignant tumor in recent decades. Although some studies have presented the potential connections between them, the link details, underneath their superficial correlation, are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a small subpopulation of NANOG-positive colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, and demonstrated that they exhibited characteristics of CSCs and EMT traits simultaneously. Furthermore, we found that NANOG was a core factor in regulating both of EMT and stemness in CRC cells, NANOG modulate EMT and metastasis by binding to Slug promoter and transcriptionally regulate Slug expression. For the first time, we demonstrated that NANOG was regulated by extracellular IGF signaling pathway via STAT3 phosphorylation in CRC. This coincides with that IGF receptor IGF-1R is often increasing expressed in malignant metastasis colon cancer. Taken together, our data define the crucial functions of IGF/STAT3/NANOG/Slug signaling axis in the progression of CRC by operating EMT and CSCs properties, which make them served as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Shan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanlin Zhu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Limei Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chungang Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanmin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jimin Shao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Maode Lai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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65
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Chen HP, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases and mechanisms of regulation of gene expression. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:35-47. [PMID: 25746103 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015012997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become widely recognized that histone modification plays a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and is involved in a wide spectrum of disease regulation. Histone acetylation is a major modification that affects gene transcription and is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs acetylate lysines of histone proteins, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure, and they also facilitate gene activation. Conversely, HDACs remove acetyl groups from hyperacetylated histones and suppress general gene transcription. In addition to histones, numerous nonhistone proteins can be acetylated and deacetylated, and they also are involved in the regulation of a wide range of diseases. To date there are 18 HDACs in mammals classified into 4 classes based on homology to yeast HDACs. Accumulating evidence has revealed that HDACs play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes including inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge of HDACs in carcinogenesis and describe the involvement of HDACs in cancer-associated molecular processes. It is hoped than an understanding of the role of HDACs in cancer will lead to the design of more potent and specific drugs targeting selective HDAC proteins for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ping Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
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66
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Ferrín G, Aguilar-Melero P, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Montero-Álvarez JL, de la Mata M. Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic and therapeutic utility. Hepat Med 2015; 7:1-10. [PMID: 25926760 PMCID: PMC4403743 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s50161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the high prevalence and associated-mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), early diagnosis of the disease is vital for patient survival. In this regard, tumor size is one of the two main prognostic factors for surgical resection, which constitutes the only curative treatment for HCC along with liver transplantation. However, techniques for HCC surveillance and diagnosis that are currently used in clinical practice have certain limitations that may be inherent to the tumor development. Thus, it is important to continue efforts in the search for biomarkers that increase diagnostic accuracy for HCC. In this review, we focus on different biological sources of candidate biomarkers for HCC diagnosis. Although those biomarkers identified from biological samples obtained by noninvasive methods have greater diagnostic value, we have also considered those obtained from liver tissue because of their potential therapeutic value. To date, sorafenib is the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved antineoplastic for HCC. However, this therapeutic agent shows very low tumor response rates and frequently causes acquired resistance in HCC patients. We discuss the use of HCC biomarkers as therapeutic targets themselves, or as targets to increase sensitivity to sorafenib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferrín
- Liver Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Melero
- Liver Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Liver Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Montero-Álvarez
- Liver Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Liver Unit, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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67
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Chan LH, Luk ST, Ma S. Turning hepatic cancer stem cells inside out--a deeper understanding through multiple perspectives. Mol Cells 2015; 38:202-9. [PMID: 25666349 PMCID: PMC4363719 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant disease and the third leading cause of all cancer mortalities worldwide, often responses poorly to current treatments and results in dismal outcomes due to frequent chemoresistance and tumor relapse. The heterogeneity of HCC is an important attribute of the disease. It is the outcome of many factors, including the cross-talk between tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment and the acquisition and accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition, there is accumulating evidence in recent years to show that the malignancy of HCC can be attributed partly to the presence of cancer stem cell (CSC). CSCs are capable to self-renew, differentiate and initiate tumor formation. The regulation of the stem cell-like properties by several important signaling pathways have been found to endow the tumor cells with an increased level of tumorigenicity, chemoresistance, and metastatic ability. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on hepatic CSCs, with special emphasis on their putative origins, relationship with hepatitis viruses, regulatory signaling networks, tumor microenvironment, and how these factors control the stemness of hepatic CSCs. We will also discuss some novel therapeutic strategies targeted at hepatic CSCs for combating HCC and perspectives of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Steve T. Luk
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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68
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Jiao F, Hu H, Yuan C, Jin Z, Guo Z, Wang L, Wang L. Histone deacetylase 3 promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, invasion and increases drug-resistance through histone modification of P27, P53 and Bax. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1523-30. [PMID: 25070540 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive solid malignancies with a dismal survival rate. Recent studies have shown that high expression levels of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) correlate with malignant phenotype. However, the expression patterns and biological role of HDAC3 in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. In this study, our data showed that a higher level of HDAC3 protein expression was found in pancreatic cancer as compared to paired paracancerous tissues. Consistently, higher expression level of HDAC3 was found in all of the eight pancreatic cancer cell lines relative to human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (HPDE). In addition, further function analysis revealed that HDAC3 can function as oncogenic protein, which could promote pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and may increase drug resistance. Moreover, the functional involvement of HDAC3 was partially correlated with post-induction repression of P53, P27 and Bax gene transcription, acting via H3K9 deacetylation. Taken together, our data suggest that HDAC3 participates in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer through histone modification, which might be a pivotal epigenetic target against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiao
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Hai Hu
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Cuncun Yuan
- Department of Pathology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Ziliang Jin
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201620, P.R. China
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