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From the salivary proteome to the OralOme: comprehensive molecular oral biology. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:853-64. [PMID: 22284344 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been several efforts to identify the protein components of saliva. Some of these studies were conducted in healthy individuals and other in individuals with different oral and systemic disorders. However, a resource compiling and reviewing all of the proteins identified in proteomic studies is still lacking. The aim of this project is to develop such a resource. DESIGN The proteins identified by proteomic studies were compiled and all information concerning them was manually curated according to "IPI History search" and UniProt. Proteins were classified according to gene ontology using PANTHER. The involvement of each protein in disease was scrutinized using DAVID and a classification into protein disease classes was performed. RESULTS This survey of proteins in the oral cavity lead to the identification of 3397 non-redundant proteins, 605 altered in pathological conditions and 51 present only in disease. These proteins originate from different sources: 3115 from saliva, 990 from oral mucosa and 1929 from plasma. All protein sources contribute with different numbers and types of proteins to identical functions. However, each source produces specific proteins. Examples of the use of this proteomics database of saliva included the analysis of the changes in the proteome associated with periodontitis and a survey of systemic disease potential biomarkers in saliva. CONCLUSION The database generated with this work and the information therein stands as a resource for investigators/clinicians studying the oral biology, searching for molecular disease markers, developing diagnostic and prognostic tests, and contributing to the discovery of new therapeutic agents.
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Ferreira MBA, Lima JPSN, Cohen EEW. Novel targeted therapies in head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:281-95. [PMID: 22239178 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.651455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecularly targeted therapy, with the potential for increased selectivity and fewer adverse effects, hold promise in the treatment of HNSCC. AREAS COVERED Targeted agents for HNSCC expected to improve the effectiveness of current therapy including HER family, Src-family kinase, cell cycle, MET, AKT, HDAC, PARP, COX inhibitors and antiangiogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are established in HNSCC and the need now is to find biomarkers for sensitivity to better select patients. Moreover, other pathway inhibitors hold significant promise and are being tested in clinical trials. Angiogenesis inhibition is likely to yield only modest efficacy alone but may augment existing standards. Lastly, one clinical arena where targeted therapies may find secure purchase is in the adjuvant or prevention setting where minimal or preneoplastic disease can be affected by inhibition of a single or few targets.
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Bau DT, Tsai CW, Lin CC, Tsai RY, Tsai MH. Association of alpha B-crystallin genotypes with oral cancer susceptibility, survival, and recurrence in Taiwan. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16374. [PMID: 21915251 PMCID: PMC3168435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is a protein that functions as “molecular chaperone” in preserving intracellular architecture and cell membrane. Also, CRYAB is highly antiapoptotic. Abnormal CRYAB expression is a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer, while its genomic variations and the association with carcinogenesis have never been studied. Methodology/Finding Therefore, we hypothesized that CRYAB single nucleotide polymorphisms may be associated with oral cancer risk. In this hospital-based study, the association of CRYAB A-1215G (rs2228387), C-802G (rs14133) and intron2 (rs2070894) polymorphisms with oral cancer in a Taiwan population was investigated. In total, 496 oral cancer patients and 992 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were genotyped and analyzed. A significantly different frequency distribution was found in CRYAB C-802G genotypes, but not in A-1215G and intron2 genotypes, between the oral cancer and control groups. The CRYAB C-802G G allele conferred an increased risk of oral cancer (P = 1.49×10−5). Patients carrying CG/GG at CRYAB C-802G were of lower 5-year survival and higher recurrence rate than those of CC (P<0.05). Conclusion/Significance Our results provide the first evidence that the G allele of CRYAB C-802G is correlated with oral cancer risk and this polymorphism may be a useful marker for oral cancer recurrence and survival prediction for clinical reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (D-TB); (M-HT)
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Yin Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (D-TB); (M-HT)
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Hempel N, Carrico PM, Melendez JA. Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and redox-control of signaling events that drive metastasis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:191-201. [PMID: 21434856 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795255911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) has emerged as a key enzyme with a dual role in tumorigenic progression. Early studies were primarily directed at defining the tumor suppressive function of Sod2 based on its low level expression in many tumor types. It is now commonly held that loss of Sod2 expression is likely an early event in tumor progression allowing for further propagation of the tumorigenic phenotype resulting from steady state increases in free radical production. Increases in free radical load have also been linked to defects in mitochondrial function and metastatic disease progression. It was initially believed that Sod2 loss may propagate metastatic disease progression, in reality both epidemiologic and experimental evidence indicate that Sod2 levels increase in many tumor types as they progress from early stage non-invasive disease to late stage metastatic disease. Sod2 overexpression in many instances enhances the metastatic phenotype that is reversed by efficient H(2)O(2) scavenging. This review evaluates the many sequelae associated with increases in Sod2 that impinge on the metastatic phenotype. The ability to use Sod2 to modulate the cellular redox-environment has allowed for the identification of redox-responsive signaling events that drive malignancy, such as invasion, migration and prolonged tumor cell survival. Further studies of these redox-driven events will help in the development of targeted therapeutic strategies to efficiently restrict redox-signaling essential for malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hempel
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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Yu CJ, Chang KP, Chang YJ, Hsu CW, Liang Y, Yu JS, Chi LM, Chang YS, Wu CC. Identification of guanylate-binding protein 1 as a potential oral cancer marker involved in cell invasion using omics-based analysis. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3778-88. [PMID: 21714544 DOI: 10.1021/pr2004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a devastating disease that accounts for 3% of all cancer cases diagnosed annually. OSCC is usually diagnosed at advanced clinical stages, resulting in poor outcomes. To identify effective biomarkers for improved OSCC diagnosis and/or management, we simultaneously analyzed the OSCC cell secretome and tissue transcriptome. Among the 19 candidates isolated, guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) was selected for further validation using serum samples from OSCC patients and healthy controls. Notably, the serum level of GBP1 was higher in OSCC patients, compared to that in healthy controls. Immunohistochemical analysis further revealed GBP1 overexpression in OSCC tissues, compared with adjacent noncancerous epithelia. Importantly, the higher GBP1 level in OSCC tissue was associated with higher overall pathological stage, positive perineural invasion, and poorer prognosis. Moreover, GBP1 modulated the migration and invasion of OSCC cells in vitro. Our results collectively indicate that integrated analysis of the cancer secretome and transcriptome is a feasible strategy for the efficient identification of novel OSCC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Yu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Chen MK, Yeh KT, Chiou HL, Lin CW, Chung TT, Yang SF. CCR2-64I gene polymorphism increase susceptibility to oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:577-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chien MH, Hsin CH, Chou LSS, Chung TT, Lin CH, Weng MS, Chou MY, Chen MK, Yang SF. Interleukin-23 receptor polymorphism as a risk factor for oral cancer susceptibility. Head Neck 2011; 34:551-6. [PMID: 21717520 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-23 and the IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) on the susceptibility to oral cancer. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to measure polymorphisms of these genes in 240 controls and 240 patients with oral cancer. RESULTS Individuals with at least 1 varied C allele of rs10889677 (IL-23R polymorphism) had a 1.553-fold risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.073-2.241) of developing oral cancer compared with patients with the wild-type A/A homozygote. Patients with oral cancer with at least 1 varied C allele of rs10889677 had a 1.931-fold risk of tumor lymph node metastasis compared with patients with the C/C homozygote. CONCLUSION The varied C allele of the IL-23R gene may be considered a factor contributing to increased susceptibility and may be a predictive factor for tumor lymph node metastasis in Taiwanese with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Chien
- Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chiang WF, Ho HC, Chang HY, Chiu CC, Chen YL, Hour TC, Chuang SJ, Wu YJ, Chen HR, Chen JH, Liu SY, Lu CL, Chen JYF. Overexpression of Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor alpha predicts poor survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:452-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ralhan R, Masui O, Desouza LV, Matta A, Macha M, Siu KWM. Identification of proteins secreted by head and neck cancer cell lines using LC-MS/MS: Strategy for discovery of candidate serological biomarkers. Proteomics 2011; 11:2363-76. [PMID: 21598386 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In search of blood-based biomarkers that would enhance the ability to diagnose head and neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNOSCC) in early stages or predict its prognosis, we analyzed the HNOSCC secretome (ensemble of proteins secreted and/or shed from the tumor cells) for potential biomarkers using proteomic technologies. LC-MS/MS was used to identify proteins in the conditioned media of four HNOSCC cell lines (SCC4, HSC2, SCC38, and AMOSIII); 140 unique proteins were identified on the basis of 5% global false discovery rate, 122 of which were secretory proteins, with 29 being previously reported to be overexpressed in HNOSCC in comparison to normal head and neck tissues. Of these, five proteins including α-enolase, peptidyl prolyl isomerase A/cyclophilin A, 14-3-3 ζ, heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K, and 14-3-3 σ were detected in the sera of HNOSCC patients by Western blot analysis. Our study provides the evidence that analysis of head and neck cancer cells' secretome is a viable strategy for identifying candidate serological biomarkers for HNOSCC. In future, these biomarkers may be useful in predicting the likelihood of transformation of oral pre-malignant lesions, prognosis of HNOSCC patients and evaluate response to therapy using minimally invasive tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju Ralhan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Gadewal NS, Zingde SM. Database and interaction network of genes involved in oral cancer: Version II. Bioinformation 2011; 6:169-70. [PMID: 21572887 PMCID: PMC3092954 DOI: 10.6026/97320630006169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cancer gene database has been compiled to enable fast retrieval of updated information and role of the genes implicated in oral cancer. The first version of the database with 242 genes was published in Online Journal of Bioinformatics 8(1), 41-44, 2007. In the second version, the database has been enlarged to include 374 genes by adding 132 gene entries. The architecture and format of the database is similar to the earlier version, and includes updated information and external hyperlinks for all the genes. The functional gene interaction network for important biological processes and molecular functions has been rebuilt based on 374 genes using 'String 8.3'. The database is freely available at http://www.actrec.gov.in/OCDB/index.htm and provides the scientist information and external links for the genes involved in oral cancer, interactions between them, and their role in the biology of oral cancer along with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Sureshkumar Gadewal
- Bioinformatics centre (BTIS Sub-DIC), ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Surekha Mahesh Zingde
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
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Chien MH, Chou LSS, Chung TT, Lin CH, Chou MY, Weng MS, Yang SF, Chen MK. Effects of E-cadherin (CDH1) gene promoter polymorphisms on the risk and clinicopathologic development of oral cancer. Head Neck 2011; 34:405-11. [PMID: 21472888 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates the association between polymorphism in the E-cadherin/CDH1 promoter region and the risk and progression of oral cancer. METHODS Genetic polymorphisms of CDH1-160 and -347 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 347 noncancer controls and in 251 patients with oral cancer. RESULTS The statistical analysis showed that subjects with at least 1 varied GA allele of CDH1-347 polymorphic genotypes or combinations of the CDH1-160 CA/-347 GGA, CDH1-160 CC/-347 GGA, or CDH1-160 CC/-347 GAGA genotypes had a significantly higher risk, whereas subjects with CDH1-160 C/A or A/A had a significantly lower risk of developing oral cancer than those with wild-type genotypes. Furthermore, elderly patients with the CDH1-347 G/GA or GA/GA genotype were associated with a higher incidence in lymph node metastasis than were those with the G/G genotype. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that CDH1-347 polymorphisms are associated with increased risks of oral cancer, and may be a predictive factor for tumor lymph node metastasis.
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Identification of biomarkers to improve diagnostic sensitivity of sporadic colorectal cancer in patients with low preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen by clinical proteomic analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 412:636-41. [PMID: 21185818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assays usually give false negative results. To improve the diagnosis of primary sporadic CRC, there is an urgent need to identify new biomarkers. METHODS We used laser pressure catapulting and proteomics to analyze overexpressed cancer associated proteins from 48 sporadic CRC patients with low preoperative serum CEA (LPSC) (<5 ng/ml). Real-time Q-PCR was used to identify the target gene transcripts. Immunoblots were carried out to validate the biomarkers. RESULTS Alpha-enolase, HSP27 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were overexpressed in all tumor tissues from 48 LPSC CRC patients, as assessed by 2DE image analysis. The genes were also overexpressed at the transcript level in all tumor tissues from the same patients. In the immunoblot assay, only serum levels of Alpha-enolase and MIF were significantly overexpressed in the LPSC group compared to the mean levels in the control group. Combined with the determinations of preoperative CEA levels, screening for serum Alpha-enolase and MIF were shown to improve the diagnosis of primary CRC. CONCLUSIONS Serum Alpha-enolase and MIF may be potential biomarkers that can be used to improve clinical predication of primary CRC with LPSC.
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Thiel UJE, Feltens R, Adryan B, Gieringer R, Brochhausen C, Schuon R, Fillies T, Grus F, Mann WJ, Brieger J. Analysis of differentially expressed proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma by MALDI-TOF MS. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 40:369-79. [PMID: 21166718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the presence of differentially expressed proteins in OSCC for discrimination of tumour and normal mucosa to establish potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Paired protein samples of 12 individuals (tongue cancer and non-cancerous mucosa) were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. The protein patterns were compared pairwise and protein spots were quantified. We identified about 70 regulated proteins which we subsequently identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. RESULTS Cancerous and non-cancerous tissues could be most precisely distinguished by a panel of proteins. They include the heat shock proteins (hsp)70 and 90, keratins (ck) 5, 6, 13, 14, 16, 17 and 19, beta globin, alpha-2-actin, stratifin, tropomyosin, calreticulin precursor, beta-2-tubulin, galectin7, thioredoxin, involucrin, adenylyl-cyclase-associated protein, disulfide isomerase-associated protein, thyrosine 3-monooxygenase, MYL2 and the s100 calcium binding protein. MYL3, cardiac muscle alpha actin 1 proprotein and transferrin were under-represented in OSCC. Six biomarkers, ck6 und ck13, beta globin, alpha-2-actin, hsp70 and hsp90 discriminated best between cancerous and non-cancerous oral tissues. All over-expressed proteins were analysed by STRING-analysis to highlight experimentally determined and computationally predicted interactions between the proteins. Especially involucrin, hsp70, calreticulin precursor, stratifin, (ck) 5, 6, 14, 19, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, beta-2-tubulin and disulfide isomerase associated protein showed multiple relations. CONCLUSION We identified six proteins which are differentially expressed in most OSCC compared to healthy tissues. Of those, by string analysis, multiple interaction partners are assumed for hsp70. This protein is supposed to be the most promising candidate as marker molecule and target for OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta J E Thiel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Jessie K, Pang WW, Haji Z, Rahim A, Hashim OH. Proteomic analysis of whole human saliva detects enhanced expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, thioredoxin and lipocalin-1 in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4488-505. [PMID: 21151451 PMCID: PMC3000095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A gel-based proteomics approach was used to screen for proteins of differential abundance between the saliva of smokers and those who had never smoked. Subjecting precipitated proteins from whole human saliva of healthy non-smokers to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) generated typical profiles comprising more than 50 proteins. While 35 of the proteins were previously established by other researchers, an additional 22 proteins were detected in the 2-DE saliva protein profiles generated in the present study. When the 2-DE profiles were compared to those obtained from subjects considered to be heavy cigarette smokers, three saliva proteins, including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, thioredoxin and lipocalin-1, showed significant enhanced expression. The distribution patterns of lipocalin-1 isoforms were also different between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. The three saliva proteins have good potential to be used as biomarkers for the adverse effects of smoking and the risk for inflammatory and chronic diseases that are associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala Jessie
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (K.J.); (Z.H.A.R.)
| | - Wei Wei Pang
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | | | - Abdul Rahim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (K.J.); (Z.H.A.R.)
| | - Onn Haji Hashim
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Matta A, Ralhan R, DeSouza LV, Siu KWM. Mass spectrometry-based clinical proteomics: head-and-neck cancer biomarkers and drug-targets discovery. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:945-961. [PMID: 20945361 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a rapidly developing technology for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins, and investigations into protein posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and interactions. Recent advancements in MS have made tremendous impact on the throughput and comprehensiveness of cancer proteomics, paving the way to unraveling deregulated cellular pathway networks in human malignancies. In turn, this knowledge is rapidly being translated into the discovery of novel potential cancer markers (PCMs) and targets for molecular therapeutics. Head-and-neck cancer is one of the most morbid human malignancies with an overall poor prognosis and severely compromised quality of life. Early detection and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for more effective disease management. The characterizations of protein profiles of head-and-neck cancers and non-malignant tissues, with unprecedented sensitivity and precision, are providing technology platforms for identification of novel PCMs and drug targets. Importantly, low-abundance proteins are being identified and characterized, not only from the tumor tissues, but also from bodily fluids (plasma, saliva, and urine) in a high-throughput and unbiased manner. This review is a critical appraisal of recent advances in MS-based proteomic technologies and platforms for facilitating the discovery of biomarkers and novel drug targets in head-and-neck cancer. A major challenge in the discovery and verification of these cancer biomarkers is the typically limited availability of well-characterized and adequately stored clinical samples in tumor and sera banks, collected using recommended procedures, and with detailed information on clinical, pathological parameters, and follow-up. Most biomarker discovery studies use limited number of clinical samples and verification of cancer markers in large number of samples is beyond the scope of a single laboratory. The validation of these potential markers in large sample cohorts in multicentric studies is needed for their translation from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Matta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Wu R, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhou M, Chen Q. Novel Molecular Events in Oral Carcinogenesis via Integrative Approaches. J Dent Res 2010; 90:561-72. [PMID: 20940368 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510383691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.Q. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - X.F. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - M. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Q.M. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Al-Swiahb JN, Chen CH, Chuang HC, Fang FM, Tasi HT, Chien CY. Clinical, pathological and molecular determinants in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Future Oncol 2010; 6:837-50. [PMID: 20465394 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OCSCC) is the most frequently observed form of head-and-neck cancer in Southeast Asia and is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Most cases of this preventable disease are caused by alcohol consumption, smoking and betel nut chewing. The survival rates of patients with advanced OCSCC have not increased significantly in recent years. While treatments for OCSCC are similar worldwide, survival rates differ by geographical area. The various genetic profiles and individual genetic susceptibility for carcinogens may account for this discrepancy. In some respects, molecular alteration or accumulation affects tumor progression and the clinical outcomes among patients with OCSCC. Clarifying the tumor behavior of oral cancer, with regard to pathological features or molecular aspects, could help clinicians to judge, tailor and adopt more effective therapeutic strategies to treat oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil N Al-Swiahb
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital - Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression and lymph node metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:365. [PMID: 20618948 PMCID: PMC2911422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node metastasis is a critical event in the progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). The identification of biomarkers associated with the metastatic process would provide critical prognostic information to facilitate clinical decision making. Previous studies showed that deregulation of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression is a frequent event in TSCC and may be associated with enhanced cell invasion. The purpose of this study is to further evaluate whether the expression level of SOD2 is correlated with the metastatic status in TSCC patients. Methods We first examined the SOD2 expression at mRNA level on 53 TSCC and 22 normal control samples based on pooled-analysis of existing microarray datasets. To confirm our observations, we examined the expression of SOD2 at protein level on an additional TSCC patient cohort (n = 100), as well as 31 premalignant dysplasias, 15 normal tongue mucosa, and 32 lymph node metastatic diseases by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results The SOD2 mRNA level in primary TSCC tissue is reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the first TSCC patient cohort. The SOD2 protein level in primary TSCC tissue is also reversely correlated with lymph node metastasis in the second TSCC patient cohort. Deregulation of SOD2 expression is a common event in TSCC and appears to be associated with disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed that the reduced SOD2 expression in primary tumor tissue is associated with lymph node metastasis in both TSCC patient cohorts examined. Conclusions Our study suggested that the deregulation of SOD2 in TSCC has potential predictive values for lymph node metastasis, and may serve as a therapeutic target for patients at risk of metastasis.
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Lai CH, Chang NW, Lin CF, Lin CD, Lin YJ, Wan L, Sheu JJC, Chen SY, Huang YP, Sing YT, Tao TW, Lai CK, Tsai MH, Chan HL, Jou YJ, Lin CW. Proteomics-based identification of haptoglobin as a novel plasma biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:984-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Quantitative proteomics reveals myosin and actin as promising saliva biomarkers for distinguishing pre-malignant and malignant oral lesions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11148. [PMID: 20567502 PMCID: PMC2887353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cancer survival rates increase significantly when it is detected and treated early. Unfortunately, clinicians now lack tests which easily and reliably distinguish pre-malignant oral lesions from those already transitioned to malignancy. A test for proteins, ones found in non-invasively-collected whole saliva and whose abundances distinguish these lesion types, would meet this critical need. Methodology/Principal Findings To discover such proteins, in a first-of-its-kind study we used advanced mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis of the pooled soluble fraction of whole saliva from four subjects with pre-malignant lesions and four with malignant lesions. We prioritized candidate biomarkers via bioinformatics and validated selected proteins by western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis of differentially abundant proteins and initial western blotting revealed increased abundance of myosin and actin in patients with malignant lesions. We validated those results by additional western blotting of individual whole saliva samples from twelve other subjects with pre-malignant oral lesions and twelve with malignant oral lesions. Sensitivity/specificity values for distinguishing between different lesion types were 100%/75% (p = 0.002) for actin, and 67%/83% (p<0.00001) for myosin in soluble saliva. Exfoliated epithelial cells from subjects' saliva also showed increased myosin and actin abundance in those with malignant lesions, linking our observations in soluble saliva to abundance differences between pre-malignant and malignant cells. Conclusions/Significance Salivary actin and myosin abundances distinguish oral lesion types with sensitivity and specificity rivaling other non-invasive oral cancer tests. Our findings provide a promising starting point for the development of non-invasive and inexpensive salivary tests to reliably detect oral cancer early.
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Abstract
To characterize proteins involved in melanoma dissemination, protein profiles from B16F10 and B16Bl6 cells were compared, as only B16Bl6 cells give pulmonary metastases after subcutaneous graft. As B16F10 and B16Bl6 cells had the same invasive capacities in vitro, we wondered whether their extracellular content could be different and correlate with their metastatic properties. We have shown that B16F10 and B16Bl6 culture cell supernatants have different modulatory effects on HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell invasion in Matrigel-coated chambers. B16Bl6 supernatants significantly enhanced HT1080 in vitro invasion as compared with B16F10 ones, suggesting differences in their protein profiles. Indeed, proteomic analysis allowed the identification of 18 differential proteins. Among the proteins with a higher concentration in B16Bl6 supernanants, lactate dehydrogenase B, M2 pyruvate kinase, cathepsin D, and galectin 1 were involved in the melanoma aggressiveness signature. Interestingly, several Gag retroviral proteins, as well as syntenin, were found mainly in the B16F10 secretome. Although its intracellular form is known as an aggressive melanoma marker, we show for the first time that syntenin was actively secreted and could reduce the invasion process, probably by protein interactions in the B16 model.
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Kang UB, Ahn Y, Lee JW, Kim YH, Kim J, Yu MH, Noh DY, Lee C. Differential profiling of breast cancer plasma proteome by isotope-coded affinity tagging method reveals biotinidase as a breast cancer biomarker. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:114. [PMID: 20346108 PMCID: PMC2861033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of women's death worldwide. It is important to discover a reliable biomarker for the detection of breast cancer. Plasma is the most ideal source for cancer biomarker discovery since many cells cross-communicate through the secretion of soluble proteins into blood. Methods Plasma proteomes obtained from 6 breast cancer patients and 6 normal healthy women were analyzed by using the isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) labeling approach and tandem mass spectrometry. All the plasma samples used were depleted of highly abundant 6 plasma proteins by immune-affinity column chromatography before ICAT labeling. Several proteins showing differential abundance level were selected based on literature searches and their specificity to the commercially available antibodies, and then verified by immunoblot assays. Results A total of 155 proteins were identified and quantified by ICAT method. Among them, 33 proteins showed abundance changes by more than 1.5-fold between the plasmas of breast cancer patients and healthy women. We chose 5 proteins for the follow-up confirmation in the individual plasma samples using immunoblot assay. Four proteins, α1-acid glycoprotein 2, monocyte differentiation antigen CD14, biotinidase (BTD), and glutathione peroxidase 3, showed similar abundance ratio to ICAT result. Using a blind set of plasmas obtained from 21 breast cancer patients and 21 normal healthy controls, we confirmed that BTD was significantly down-regulated in breast cancer plasma (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 0.002). BTD levels were lowered in all cancer grades (I-IV) except cancer grade zero. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of BTD was 0.78. Estrogen receptor status (p = 0.940) and progesterone receptor status (p = 0.440) were not associated with the plasma BTD levels. Conclusions Our study suggests that BTD is a potential serological biomarker for the detection of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Beom Kang
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Overexpression of Galectin-1 is negatively correlated with pathologic differentiation grade in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1527-35. [PMID: 20157731 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the Galectin-1 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Comparative proteomic analysis of an in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of OSCC we previously established was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins. Galectin-1 was further validated in vitro (human immortalized oral epithelia cell line and OSCC lines) and in vivo (tissue samples from OSCC patients) by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Increased Galectin-1 protein expression was identified in the cancerous cell line compared with the immortalized oral epithelial cell line in the in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model, and then validated in the OSCC lines and cancerous tissues. Galectin-1 protein expression was negatively correlated with the tumor pathologic differentiation grades, a higher Galectin-1 protein expression indicating a poorer pathologic differentiation grade. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-1 protein expression level increases in OSCC, it may serve as a candidate marker for pathologic differentiation grade of OSCC.
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Chang NW, Pei RJ, Tseng HC, Yeh KT, Chan HC, Lee MR, Lin C, Hsieh WT, Kao MC, Tsai MH, Lin CF. Co-treating with arecoline and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide to establish a mouse model mimicking oral tumorigenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:231-7. [PMID: 19840781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an effective mouse model of oral cancer and to use this model to identify potential markers of oral tumor progression. C57BL/6JNarl mice were treated with arecoline, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), or both arecoline and 4-NQO in high and low doses for 8 weeks to induce oral tumor. The induced oral lesions were observed for 20 weeks to assess the efficiency of cancer induction and survival rate of the mice. In addition, two target proteins that are frequently overexpressed during tongue cancer tumorigenesis, alphaB-crystallin and Hsp27, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. In mice exposed to 4-NQO (200 microg/mL) and arecoline (500 microg/mL), the tongue lesions showed evidence of hyperplasia, papilloma, dysplasia, and carcinoma, and the lesions were pathologically similar to those lesions in human oral cancer. The tongue tumor incidence rate was 100% in mice exposed to concomitant 4-NQO (200 microg/mL) and arecoline (500 microg/mL) treatment, 57% in mice exposed to 4-NQO only, and 0% in mice exposed to arecoline only. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that, consistent with human studies, alphaB-crystallin and Hsp27 were upregulated in murine oral tumors. In conclusion, we have established a powerful animal model that enables the study of the promoting effects of arecoline on tongue tumorigenesis. Data subsequently attained from this mouse model support a role for alphaB-crystallin and Hsp27 as clinical markers for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC.
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Yang X, Wei KJ, Zhang L, Pan HY, Li J, Chen WT, Zhong LP, Zhang ZY. Increased expression of Cathepsin B in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 39:174-81. [PMID: 20042316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, an in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was established with a line of human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs), a line of cancerous HB96 cells and another type of cell (HB56 cells) at the early stage of carcinogenesis. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis identified a panel of differentially expressed proteins among these cells. Cathepsin B was one of the significantly up-regulated proteins accompanying cellular transformation. Cathepsin B was further validated for its expression in the three cell lines and in clinical samples of tumour tissues and their adjacent normal epithelia from 30 primary OSCC patients. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR detected increased Cathepsin B protein and mRNA levels in the cancerous HB56 and HB96 cells over HIOECs. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR showed elevated Cathepsin B protein and mRNA levels in the tumour tissues over the adjacent non-malignant epithelia from OSCC patients. The results presented here suggest that the expression of Cathepsin B increases along with the cancerisation in OSCC both in vitro and in vivo, and it may serve as a candidate biomarker of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
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Chen MK, Tsai HT, Chung TT, Su SC, Kao TY, Tseng HC, Liu TH, Chiou HL, Yang SF. Glutathione S-transferase P1 and alpha gene variants; role in susceptibility and tumor size development of oral cancer. Head Neck 2009; 32:1079-87. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Govekar RB, D'Cruz AK, Alok Pathak K, Agarwal J, Dinshaw KA, Chinoy RF, Gadewal N, Kannan S, Sirdeshmukh R, Sundaram CS, Malgundkar SA, Kane SV, Zingde SM. Proteomic profiling of cancer of the gingivo-buccal complex: Identification of new differentially expressed markers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:1451-62. [PMID: 21136964 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-related oral cancer is the most common cancer among Indian males, gingivo-buccal complex (GBC) being the most affected subsite due to the habit of chewing tobacco. Proteins from the lysates of microdissected normal and transformed epithelium from clinically well-characterized tissue samples of the GBC were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to identify differentially expressed proteins. Eleven protein spots showed differential expression, which could withstand the stringency of statistical evaluation. The observations were confirmed with additional tissues. Nine of these differentiators were identified by MS as lactate dehydrogenase B, α-enolase, prohibitin, cathepsin D, apolipoprotein A-I, tumor protein translationally controlled-1, an SFN family protein, 14-3-3σ and tropomyosin. Cluster analysis indicated that these proteins, as a coexpressed set, could distinguish normal and transformed epithelium. Functionally, these differentiator molecules are relevant to the pathways and processes that have been previously implicated in oral carcinogenesis and could therefore be investigated further as a panel of markers for management of cancer of the GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini B Govekar
- Tata Memorial Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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Tseng MY, Liu SY, Chen HR, Wu YJ, Chiu CC, Chan PT, Chiang WF, Liu YC, Lu CY, Jou YS, Chen JYF. Serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) B1 promotes oral cancer cell motility and is over-expressed in invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:771-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen CC, Cho YC, Lai CC, Hsu WH. Purification and characterization of a new Rhizopuspepsin from Rhizopus oryzae NBRC 4749. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6742-6747. [PMID: 19722576 DOI: 10.1021/jf8040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A secretory aspartic protease (also termed as rhizopuspepsin) was purified from Rhizopus oryzae NBRC 4749 by ion exchange chromatography with a yield of 45%. The enzyme was a nonglycoprotein with a molecular mass of 37 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. N-terminal sequence and LC-MS/MS analyses revealed that this rhizopuspepsin corresponded to the hypothetical protein RO3G_12822.1 in the R. oryzae genome database. Comparison of genomic and cDNA genes demonstrated that the rhizopuspepsin contained two introns, whereas only one intron was reported in other rhizopuspepsin genes. Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that this rhizopuspepsin was distinct from other rhizopuspepsins. The temperature and pH optima for the purified rhizopuspepsin were 50 degrees C and pH 3.0, respectively, and a half-life of about 3.5 h was observed at 40 degrees C. The enzyme preferentially cleaved the peptides with hydrophobic and basic amino acids in the P1 site but had no activity for the Glu, Pro, Trp, and aliphatic amino acids containing the beta-branch side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chang Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Roblick UJ, Roblick UJ, Bader FG, Hammarstedt L, Habermann JK, Hellman U, Becker S, Sundmäcker A, Gemoll T, Zimmermann K, Auer G, Munck-Wikland E. Proteomic analysis of protein expression in human tonsillar cancer: differentially expressed proteins characterize human tonsillar cancer. Acta Oncol 2009; 47:1493-501. [PMID: 18759147 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802314696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancer continues to be one of the most common tumor entities worldwide. Within this group of malignancies, tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma represent approximately 15-20% of all intraoral and oropharyngeal carcinomas in the United States. Accurate and early stage diagnosis still remains a major challenge, as patients are often presented at an advanced stage of disease, causing a low overall survival rate. Thus, new diagnostic markers are highly desirable and could allow for a more reliable diagnosis, with further insights into carcinogenesis and tumor biology. Furthermore, these markers could be the basis for new therapeutic targets and early disease detection. To address these issues, we decided to use a global proteomic approach to characterize tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 19 tonsillar carcinoma samples and 12 benign controls acquired from the corresponding normal epithelium were analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis. 2-DE gels were silver stained and analyzed using the PDQuest analysis software (BioRad). Tumor specific spots were detected and identified by consecutive MALDI-TOF-MS or MS/MS polypeptide identification. RESULTS In total, 70 proteins showed significant quantitative differences in protein expression, with 50 polypeptides accessible for identification. Of those 50 polypeptides, we were able to identify a total of 27 proteins and protein isoforms, significantly up- or down-regulated in tonsillar cancer samples. In addition to previously reported polypeptides in head and neck cancers, we were able to identify several new potential marker proteins in this study. CONCLUSION Our results show that a combination of tonsillar cancer specific proteins can be used for histopathological diagnosis and may serve as a basis for discovering further biomarkers for early detection and prediction of response to treatment in the future.
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Characterization of intracellular superoxide dismutase alterations in premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity: correlation with lymph node metastasis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1625-33. [PMID: 19521720 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in the expression of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and manganese SOD (Mn-SOD) in oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA expression was carried out in 50 pairs of OSCC tissue specimens and corresponding normal tissues. Mn-SOD protein expression was evaluated further in 65 OSCC tissue samples and 33 oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Significant (P < 0.001) upregulation of Mn-SOD mRNA expression was observed in OSCC tissues compared with the normal tissue counterparts, whereas no significant difference was detected in Cu/Zn-SOD expression. Significant increases in Mn-SOD protein expression were seen in both OPLs (P < 0.001) and OSCC tissue (P < 0.001) together with a high incidence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that Mn-SOD overexpression is a frequent and early event during oral carcinogenesis and could contribute to aggressive OSCC.
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Wang A, Liu X, Sheng S, Ye H, Peng T, Shi F, Crowe DL, Zhou X. Dysregulation of heat shock protein 27 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:167. [PMID: 19497117 PMCID: PMC2696470 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent proteomic studies identified Hsp27 as a highly over-expressed protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Clinical studies that attempted to evaluate the prognostic values of Hsp27 yielded inconsistent results, which may be due to inclusion of OSCC cases from multiple anatomic sites. In this study, to determine the utility of Hsp27 for prognosis, we focused on oral tongue SCC (OTSCC), one of the most aggressive forms of OSCC. Methods Archival clinical samples of 15 normal oral tongue mucosa, 31 dysplastic lesions, 80 primary OTSCC, and 32 lymph node metastases were examined for Hsp27 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical analyses were carried out to assess the prognostic value of Hsp27 expression for patients with this disease. Results Dysregulation of Hsp27 expression was observed in dysplastic lesions, primary OTSCC, and lymph node metastases, and appears to be associated with disease progression. Statistical analysis revealed that the reduced Hsp27 expression in primary tumor tissue was associated with poor differentiation. Furthermore, the higher expression of Hsp27 was correlated with better overall survival. Conclusion Our study confirmed that the dysregulation of Hsp27 expression is a frequent event during the progression of OTSCC. The expression of Hsp27 appears to be an independent prognostic marker for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxun Wang
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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Heat shock protein 27 as a new therapeutic target for radiation sensitization of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1387-94. [PMID: 19436268 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In a wide range of human cancers, increased levels of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) are closely associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, resistance to anticancer therapeutics, and thus poor prognosis. In this study, we evaluate the radiosensitizing effects of Hsp27 gene silencing using OGX-427, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), on the radioresistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) SQ20B cells. In vitro, the downregulation of Hsp27 significantly enhanced radiation-induced apoptotic and clonogenic death, and promoted Akt inactivation. In vivo, combining OGX-427 with local tumor irradiation (5 x 2 Gy) led to a significant regression of SQ20B tumors related to a high rate of apoptosis and decreased levels of glutathione antioxidant defenses. Increasing the total radiation dose (15 x 2 Gy) significantly amplified the radiosensitizing effect of OGX-427. Treatment of tumors with OGX-427 plus radiation resulted in a decrease in angiogenesis associated with a reduced activation of the Akt pathway. Furthermore, the combined treatment enhanced the survival of SQ20B-bearing mice and showed no signs of acute and delayed toxicity. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that Hsp27 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy in vivo and provide preclinical proof of principle for clinical trials using Hsp27 antisense technology in the treatment of patients with HNSCC radioresistant cancers.
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Zhong LP, Zhang L, Yang X, Pan HY, Zhou XJ, Wei KJ, Ye DX, Jiang Q, Chen WT, Zhang ZY. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in an in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:322-37. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ralhan R, Desouza LV, Matta A, Tripathi SC, Ghanny S, Dattagupta S, Thakar A, Chauhan SS, Siu KWM. iTRAQ-multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry-based identification of potential biomarkers of oral epithelial dysplasia and novel networks between inflammation and premalignancy. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:300-9. [PMID: 19072117 DOI: 10.1021/pr800501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the oral mucosa to carcinogens in tobacco is linked to inflammation and development of oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) with high risk of progression to cancer; there is currently no clinical methodology to identify high-risk lesions. We hypothesized that identification of differentially expressed proteins in OPLs in relation to normal oral tissues using proteomic approach will reveal changes in multiple cellular pathways and aid in biomarker discovery. Isobaric mass tags (iTRAQ)-labeled oral dysplasias and normal tissues were compared against pooled normal control by online liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Verification of biomarkers was carried out in an independent set of samples by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR. We identified 459 nonredundant proteins in OPLs, including structural proteins, signaling components, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and chaperones. A panel of three best-performing biomarkers identified by iTRAQ analysis and verified by immunohistochemistrystratifin (SFN), YWHAZ, and hnRNPKachieved a sensitivity of 0.83, 0.91, specificity of 0.74, 0.95, and predictive value of 0.87 and 0.96, respectively, in discriminating dysplasias from normal tissues, thereby confirming their utility as potential OPL biomarkers. Pathway analysis revealed direct interactions between all the three biomarkers and their involvement in two major networks involved in inflammation, signaling, proliferation, regulation of gene expression, and cancer. In conclusion, our work on determining the OPL proteome unraveled novel networks linking inflammation and development of epithelial dysplasia and their key regulatory proteins may serve as novel chemopreventive/therapeutic targets for early intervention. Additionally, we identified and verified a panel of OPL biomarkers that hold promise for large-scale validation for ultimate clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju Ralhan
- Departments of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3.
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Zhong LP, Wei KJ, Yang X, Zhang L, Zhou XJ, Pan HY, Li J, Chen WT, Zhang ZY. Increased expression of Annexin A2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:17-25. [PMID: 18822406 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was established with a line of human immortalized oral epithelia cells (HIOECs), a line of cancerous HB96 cells, and another kind of cells (HB56 cells) at the early stage of carcinogenesis. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis identified a panel of differentially expressed proteins among these cells, and Annexin A2 shown as one of the significantly up-regulated proteins accompanying cellular transformation. Annexin A2 was further validated for its expression in the three kinds of cells and in the clinical samples of tumour tissues and their adjacent normal epithelia from primary OSCC patients. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR detected increased Annexin A2 protein and mRNA levels in cancerous HB56 and HB96 cells over HIOECs. Immunohistochemistry showed elevated Annexin A2 protein expression in tumour tissues over the adjacent non-malignant epithelia from OSCC patients; however, the mRNA levels between tumour and normal tissues did not change significantly. Interestingly, levels of Annexin A2 protein expression negatively correlated with the tumour differentiation grades. The results presented here suggest that Annexin A2 protein may play important roles in carcinogenesis of OSCC, and it may also serve as a candidate biomarker for pathologic differentiation grade of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-ping Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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Ono A, Kumai T, Koizumi H, Nishikawa H, Kobayashi S, Tadokoro M. Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a proteomic analysis using archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Hum Pathol 2008; 40:41-9. [PMID: 18755499 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was performed using total protein from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. A wide range of proteins with molecular weights of 10 to greater than 200 kd was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using a recently developed protocol based on the heat-induced antigen retrieval technique. The extracted proteins from normal squamous epithelium (n = 53) and squamous cell carcinoma (n = 21) were fluorescently labeled and separated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We identified 728 differentially expressed proteins, with 144 up-regulated and 584 down-regulated as compared with normal squamous epithelial tissue samples. Nine proteins showing pronounced up-regulation in squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Among the candidate proteins identified, minichromosome maintenance 8, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 18, and heat shock protein 27 were analyzed in Western blotting, resulting in significant overexpression of heat shock protein 27 in squamous cell carcinoma over normal mucosa (P < .05). Furthermore, immunostaining revealed heat shock protein 27 overexpression not only in squamous cell carcinoma but in various stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (grades 1-3, n = 90), including dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. The expression levels of heat shock protein 27 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 1 to 3 and squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (P < .05). In the neoplastic lesions, heat shock protein 27 expression levels in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher than that in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (P < .05). These results may suggest a role of heat shock protein 27 in tumor development and progression in the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-squamous cell carcinoma sequence. Future experiments using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue-based proteomic analysis will be a powerful tool for various pathologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ono
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
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88
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Chen CB, Su YC, Huang TT, Ho HC, Chang YT, Tung YT, Lee WC. Differentially expressed serum haptoglobin alpha chain isoforms with potential application for diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 398:48-52. [PMID: 18727923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of molecular biomarkers is crucial to the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). METHODS Proteins from pre-surgery serum samples of patients with HNSCC and healthy individuals were analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) using a 17 cm-long immobilized pH gradient gel strip (large gel). The differentially expressed protein spots were detected by statistical analysis. Because 2 haptoglobin (Hp) alpha chains were found to be differentially expressed, the genotypic distribution of Hp alpha chains in patients and healthy individuals was assayed by polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression levels of Hp alpha chains in individuals carrying different Hp alleles were analyzed by 2-DE with a small gel. RESULTS Two isoforms of haptoglobin alpha2 chain (Hp alpha2) in patients' sera were found from 2-DE analysis to be up-regulated, while the isoforms of haptoglobin alpha1 chain (Hp alpha1) were significantly down-regulated. Apolipoprotein AII and 2 isoforms of apolipoprotein CII were also differentially expressed in the sera of patients with HNSCC. The Hp alpha2 chain was significantly up-regulated in the patients carrying at least one haptoglobin 2 allele, according to the spot intensities from scanned images of small-gel 2-DE. CONCLUSIONS The expression pattern of seven differentially expressed polypeptides and the up-regulation of Hp alpha2 in individuals with the Hp 2 allele are potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Bin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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89
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Chen YJ, Chang JTC, Liao CT, Wang HM, Yen TC, Chiu CC, Lu YC, Li HF, Cheng AJ. Head and neck cancer in the betel quid chewing area: recent advances in molecular carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1507-14. [PMID: 18754860 PMCID: PMC11159516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the 10 most frequent cancers worldwide, with an estimated over 500,000 new cases being diagnosed annually. The overall 5-year survival rate in patients with HNC is one of the lowest among common malignant neoplasms and has not significantly changed during the last two decades. Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shares part of HNC and has been reported to be increasing in the betel quid chewing area in recent years. During 2006, OSCC has become the sixth most common type of cancer in Taiwan, and it is also the fourth most common type of cancer among men. It follows that this type of cancer wreaks a high social and personal cost. Environmental carcinogens such as betel quid chewing, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking have been identified as major risk factors for head and neck cancer. There is growing interest in understanding the relationship between genetic susceptibility and the prevalent environmental carcinogens for HNC prevention. Within this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of HNC carcinogenesis in Taiwan, an endemic betel quid chewing area. Knowledge of molecular carcinogenesis of HNC may provide critical clues for diagnosis, prognosis, individualization of therapy and molecular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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90
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Zhang L, Yang X, Zhong LP, Zhou XJ, Pan HY, Wei KJ, Li J, Chen WT, Zhang ZY. Decreased expression of Annexin A1 correlates with pathologic differentiation grade in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 38:362-70. [PMID: 18673418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we established an in vitro cellular carcinogenesis model of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), including the human immortalized oral epithelia cells (HIOECs) and its derived cancerous HB96 cells. In this study, comparative proteomic analysis identified that Annexin A1 was one of the significantly down-regulated genes in the cancerous HB96 cells. To investigate Annexin A1 down-regulation and its potential usefulness as a molecular marker in OSCC, we further screened Annexin A1 expressions with a panel of OSCC lines, and clinical samples of cancerous and the paired adjacent normal tissues from primary OSCC patients. By Western blot analysis and real-time PCR, we showed that both Annexin A1 mRNA and protein expressions decreased in OSCC cell lines except in two cell lines for the mRNA levels. Immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR also showed that both Annexin A1 mRNA and protein expressions decreased in the cancerous tissues from OSCC patients compared with those in the paired adjacent non-malignant epithelia. More importantly, both Annexin A1 mRNA and protein expressions negatively correlated with the pathologic differentiation grades of cancerous tissues. The lower Annexin A1 mRNA or protein expressions correlated with the poorer pathologic differentiation grades. These results suggest that decreased expression of Annexin A1 contributes to the cancerous progression of OSCC, and Annexin A1 may be a potential biomarker for pathologic differentiation grade of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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91
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Weng LP, Wu CC, Hsu BL, Chi LM, Liang Y, Tseng CP, Hsieh LL, Yu JS. Secretome-Based Identification of Mac-2 Binding Protein as a Potential Oral Cancer Marker Involved in Cell Growth and Motility. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3765-75. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800042n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bao-Lian Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lang-Ming Chi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Proteomics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Public Health, and Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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92
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Chen CL, Pan TY, Kan SC, Kuan YC, Hong LY, Chiu KR, Sheu CS, Yang JS, Hsu WH, Hu HY. Genome sequence of the lytic bacteriophage P1201 from Corynebacterium glutamicum NCHU 87078: evolutionary relationships to phages from Corynebacterineae. Virology 2008; 378:226-32. [PMID: 18599103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
P1201 is a lytic corynephage of Corynebacterium glutamicum NCHU 87078. Its genome consists of a linear double-stranded DNA molecule of 70,579 base pairs, with 3'-protruding cohesive ends of ten nucleotides. We have identified 69 putative open reading frames, including three apparent genes (thymidylate synthase, terminase, and RNR alpha subunit genes) that are interrupted by an intein. Protein-splicing activities of these inteins were demonstrated in Escherichia coli. Three structural proteins including major capsid and major tail proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and identified by both LC-MS-MS and N-terminal sequence analyses. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that only about 8.7% of its putative gene products shared substantial protein sequence similarity with the lytic corynephage BFK20 from Brevibacterium flavum, the only corynephage whose genome had been sequenced to date, revealing that the P1201 genome is distinct from BFK20. The mosaic-like genome of P1201 indicates extensive horizontal gene transfer among P1201, Gordonia terrae phage GTE5, mycobacteriophages, and several regions of Corynebacterium spp. genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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93
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Identification of differentially expressed proteins in spontaneous thymic lymphomas from knockout mice with deletion of p53. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:18. [PMID: 18544163 PMCID: PMC2491604 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knockout mice with a deletion of p53 spontaneously develop thymic lymphomas. Two cell lines (SM5 and SM7), established from two independent tumours, exhibited about fifty to seventy two-fold differentially expressed proteins compared to wild type thymocytes by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Results Protein spots excised from 2D-PAGE gels, were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion and identified by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 47 protein spots were identified. Immunological verification was performed for several of the differentially regulated proteins where suitable antibodies could be obtained. Functional annotation clustering revealed similarities as well as differences between the tumours. Twelve proteins that changed similarly in both tumours included up-regulation of rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 2, proteasome subunit α type 3, transforming acidic coiled-coil containing protein 3, mitochondrial ornithine aminotransferase and epidermal fatty acid binding protein and down-regulation of adenylosuccinate synthetase, tubulin β-3 chain, a 25 kDa actin fragment, proteasome subunit β type 9, cofilin-1 and glia maturation factor γ. Conclusion Some of the commonly differentially expressed proteins are also differentially expressed in other tumours and may be putative diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for lymphomas.
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94
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Patel V, Hood BL, Molinolo AA, Lee NH, Conrads TP, Braisted JC, Krizman DB, Veenstra TD, Gutkind JS. Proteomic analysis of laser-captured paraffin-embedded tissues: a molecular portrait of head and neck cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1002-14. [PMID: 18281532 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), the sixth most prevalent cancer among men worldwide, is associated with poor prognosis, which has improved only marginally over the past three decades. A proteomic analysis of HNSCC lesions may help identify novel molecular targets for the early detection, prevention, and treatment of HNSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Laser capture microdissection was combined with recently developed techniques for protein extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues and a novel proteomics platform. Approximately 20,000 cells procured from FFPE tissue sections of normal oral epithelium and well, moderately, and poorly differentiated HNSCC were processed for mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS A large number of proteins expressed in normal oral epithelium and HNSCC, including cytokeratins, intermediate filaments, differentiation markers, and proteins involved in stem cell maintenance, signal transduction, migration, cell cycle regulation, growth and angiogenesis, matrix degradation, and proteins with tumor suppressive and oncogenic potential, were readily detected. Of interest, the relative expression of many of these molecules followed a distinct pattern in normal squamous epithelia and well, moderately, and poorly differentiated HNSCC tumor tissues. Representative proteins were further validated using immunohistochemical studies in HNSCC tissue sections and tissue microarrays. CONCLUSIONS The ability to combine laser capture microdissection and in-depth proteomic analysis of FFPE tissues provided a wealth of information regarding the nature of the proteins expressed in normal squamous epithelium and during HNSCC progression, which may allow the development of novel biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value and the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Craniofacial and Dental Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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95
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Wang Z, Jiang L, Huang C, Li Z, Chen L, Gou L, Chen P, Tong A, Tang M, Gao F, Shen J, Zhang Y, Bai J, Zhou M, Miao D, Chen Q. Comparative proteomics approach to screening of potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1639-50. [PMID: 18458027 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700520-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates that a comprehensive strategy of proteomics identification combined with further validation and detailed functional analysis should be adopted in the field of cancer biomarker discovery. A comparative proteomics approach was utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins in 10 oral squamous carcinoma samples paired with their corresponding normal tissues. A total of 52 significantly and consistently altered proteins were identified with eight of these being reported for the first time in oral squamous carcinoma. Of the eight newly implicated proteins, RACK1 was chosen for detailed analysis. RACK1 was demonstrated to be up-regulated in cancer at both the mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the enhanced expression of RACK1 was correlated with the severity of the epithelial dysplasia as well as clinical stage, lymph node involvement, and recurrence, which are known indicators of a relatively poor prognosis in oral squamous carcinoma patients. RNA interference specifically targeted to silence RACK1 could initiate apoptosis of oral squamous carcinoma cells. Taken together, the results indicate that RACK1 is up-regulated in oral squamous carcinoma, not only being closely related to cell proliferation and apoptosis but also linked to clinical invasiveness and metastasis in carcinogenesis. The observations suggest that RACK1 may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring in the therapy of oral squamous carcinoma. Further this comprehensive strategy could be used for identifying other differentially expressed proteins that have potential to be candidate biomarkers of oral squamous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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96
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Matta A, DeSouza LV, Shukla NK, Gupta SD, Ralhan R, Siu KWM. Prognostic significance of head-and-neck cancer biomarkers previously discovered and identified using iTRAQ-labeling and multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2078-87. [PMID: 18407684 DOI: 10.1021/pr7007797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostic oncoproteomics is an emerging field; at present, studies on evaluation of prognostic utility of potential biomarkers identified using proteomic techniques are limited. Analysis with isobaric mass tags (iTRAQ) by multidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in human head-and-neck/oral squamous cell carcinomas (HNOSCCs) versus noncancerous head-and-neck tissues has led to the discovery, identification, and verification of consistently increased expression of a panel of proteins, including stratifin (14-3-3sigma) and YWHAZ (14-3-3zeta), that may serve as potential cancer biomarkers. Herein, we describe the prognostic utility of these two candidate biomarkers for head-and-neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNOSCC). To determine the clinical significance of stratifin and YWHAZ in head-and-neck tumorigenesis, the expressions of these two proteins were analyzed in HNOSCCs (51 cases) and nonmalignant tissues (39 cases) using immunohistochemistry. Significant increase in stratifin expression was observed in the HNOSCCs as compared to the nonmalignant mucosa [p=0.003, Odd's Ratio (OR)=3.8, 95% CI=1.6-9.2]. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis reveals correlation of stratifin overexpression with reduced disease-free survival of HNOSCC patients (p=0.06). The most intriguing finding is the significant decrease in median disease-free survival (13 months) in HNOSCC patients showing overexpression of both stratifin and YWHAZ proteins, as compared to patients that did not show overexpression of these proteins (median disease-free survival=38 months, p=0.019), underscoring their utility as adverse prognosticators for HNOSCCs. Co-immunoprecipitation assays show the formation of stratifin-YWHAZ heterodimers in HNOSCC cells and tissue samples, and interactions with NFkappaB, beta-catenin, and Bcl-2 proteins. These results suggest the involvement of these proteins in the development of head-and-neck cancer and their association with adverse disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Matta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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97
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Ralhan R, Desouza LV, Matta A, Tripathi SC, Ghanny S, Datta Gupta S, Bahadur S, Siu KWM. Discovery and verification of head-and-neck cancer biomarkers by differential protein expression analysis using iTRAQ labeling, multidimensional liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1162-73. [PMID: 18339795 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700500-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidimensional LC-MS/MS has been used for the analysis of biological samples labeled with isobaric mass tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in human head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in relation to non-cancerous head-and-neck tissues (controls) for cancer biomarker discovery. Fifteen individual samples (cancer and non-cancerous tissues) were compared against a pooled non-cancerous control (prepared by pooling equal amounts of proteins from six non-cancerous tissues) in five sets by on-line and off-line separation. We identified 811 non-redundant proteins in HNSCCs, including structural proteins, signaling components, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and chaperones. A panel of proteins showing consistent differential expression in HNSCC relative to the non-cancerous controls was discovered. Some of the proteins include stratifin (14-3-3sigma); YWHAZ (14-3-3zeta); three calcium-binding proteins of the S100 family, S100-A2, S100-A7 (psoriasin), and S100-A11 (calgizarrin); prothymosin alpha (PTHA); L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain; glutathione S-transferase Pi; APC-binding protein EB1; and fascin. Peroxiredoxin2, carbonic anhydrase I, flavin reductase, histone H3, and polybromo-1D (BAF180) were underexpressed in HNSCCs. A panel of the three best performing biomarkers, YWHAZ, stratifin, and S100-A7, achieved a sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.91 in discriminating cancerous from non-cancerous head-and-neck tissues. Verification of differential expression of YWHAZ, stratifin, and S100-A7 proteins in clinical samples of HNSCCs and paired and non-paired non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and RT-PCR confirmed their overexpression in head-and-neck cancer. Verification of YWHAZ, stratifin, and S100-A7 in an independent set of HNSCCs achieved a sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.87 in discriminating cancerous from non-cancerous head-and-neck tissues, thereby confirming their overexpressions and utility as credible cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju Ralhan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M2J 1P3, Canada.
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98
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Schwartz JL, Panda S, Beam C, Bach LE, Adami GR. RNA from brush oral cytology to measure squamous cell carcinoma gene expression. J Oral Pathol Med 2008; 37:70-7. [PMID: 18197850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA expression analysis of oral keratinocytes can be used to detect early stages of disease such as oral cancer or to monitor on-going treatment responses of the same or other oral diseases. A limitation is the inability to obtain high quality RNA from oral tissue without using biopsies. While oral cytology cell samples can be obtained from patients in a minimally invasive manner they have not been validated for quantitative analysis of RNA expression. METHODS As a starting point in the analysis of tumor markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we examined RNA in brush cytology samples from hamsters treated with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene to induce oral carcinoma. Three separate samples from each animal were assessed for expression of candidate marker genes and control genes measured with real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Brush oral cytology samples from normal mucosa were shown to consist almost exclusively of epithelial cells. Remarkably, ss-2 microglobulin and cytochrome p450, 1B1 (CYP1B1) RNA showed potential utility as markers of OSCC in samples obtained in this rapid and non-surgical manner. CONCLUSION Brush oral cytology may prove useful as a source of RNA for gene expression analysis during the progression of diseases of the oral epithelium such as OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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99
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Ye H, Yu T, Temam S, Ziober BL, Wang J, Schwartz JL, Mao L, Wong DT, Zhou X. Transcriptomic dissection of tongue squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:69. [PMID: 18254958 PMCID: PMC2262071 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The head and neck/oral squamous cell carcinoma (HNOSCC) is a diverse group of cancers, which develop from many different anatomic sites and are associated with different risk factors and genetic characteristics. The oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is one of the most common types of HNOSCC. It is significantly more aggressive than other forms of HNOSCC, in terms of local invasion and spread. In this study, we aim to identify specific transcriptomic signatures that associated with OTSCC. Results Genome-wide transcriptomic profiles were obtained for 53 primary OTSCCs and 22 matching normal tissues. Genes that exhibit statistically significant differences in expression between OTSCCs and normal were identified. These include up-regulated genes (MMP1, MMP10, MMP3, MMP12, PTHLH, INHBA, LAMC2, IL8, KRT17, COL1A2, IFI6, ISG15, PLAU, GREM1, MMP9, IFI44, CXCL1), and down-regulated genes (KRT4, MAL, CRNN, SCEL, CRISP3, SPINK5, CLCA4, ADH1B, P11, TGM3, RHCG, PPP1R3C, CEACAM7, HPGD, CFD, ABCA8, CLU, CYP3A5). The expressional difference of IL8 and MMP9 were further validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The Gene Ontology analysis suggested a number of altered biological processes in OTSCCs, including enhancements in phosphate transport, collagen catabolism, I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling cascade, extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis, chemotaxis, as well as suppressions of superoxide release, hydrogen peroxide metabolism, cellular response to hydrogen peroxide, keratinization, and keratinocyte differentiation in OTSCCs. Conclusion In summary, our study provided a transcriptomic signature for OTSCC that may lead to a diagnosis or screen tool and provide the foundation for further functional validation of these specific candidate genes for OTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ye
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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100
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Cytokeratin fragments in the serum: their utility for the management of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:722-32. [PMID: 18203649 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Oral cancer is the most predominant malignancy in the Indian subcontinent due to the widespread habits of chewing tobacco and related products. Patients with oral tumours have a high risk of early locoregional relapse. Early detection of disease progression remains a challenging task mainly due to the lack of adequate early prognostic markers. CEA, SCC Ag, CA-125, serum cytokeratin (CK) fragments, Cyfra 21-1 (CK 19), TPS (CK 18), TPA (CK 8, 18, and 19) etc. are being used as serum markers for the prediction of prognosis of various malignancies. This review presents the available literature on serum CK markers in different malignancies evaluates their utility in the management of oral cancer, and identifies the lacunae which need to be addressed to develop sensitive and specific assays for early detection of recurrence, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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