51
|
Wucherpfennig KW, Cartwright AN. Genetic screens to study the immune system in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 41:55-61. [PMID: 27309352 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies now enable systematic discovery of genes that regulate key pathways in the complex interaction between immune cells and tumor cells. Discovery screens are feasible in an in vivo setting, allowing identification of genes that limit the effectiveness of anti-tumor immunity. In vivo discovery screens can be informed by single-cell RNA-seq experiments that define the differentially expressed genes between functionally distinct immune cell subpopulations, both in humans and relevant animal models. Novel targets for cancer immunotherapy are being defined by the in depth functional annotation of immunosuppressive pathways in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Adam Nr Cartwright
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Huo Y, Su T, Cai Q, Macara IG. An In Vivo Gain-of-Function Screen Identifies the Williams-Beuren Syndrome Gene GTF2IRD1 as a Mammary Tumor Promoter. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2089-2096. [PMID: 27239038 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad implementation of precision medicine in cancer is impeded by the lack of a complete inventory of the genes involved in tumorigenesis. We performed in vivo screening of ∼1,000 genes that are associated with signaling for positive roles in breast cancer, using lentiviral expression vectors in primary MMTV-ErbB2 mammary tissue. Gain of function of five genes, including RET, GTF2IRD1, ADORA1, LARS2, and DPP8, significantly promoted mammary tumor growth. We further studied one tumor-promoting gene, the transcription factor GTF2IRD1. The mis-regulation of genes downstream of GTF2IRD1, including TβR2 and BMPR1b, also individually promoted mammary cancer development, and silencing of TβR2 suppressed GTF2IRD1-driven tumor promotion. In addition, GTF2IRD1 is highly expressed in human breast tumors, correlating with high tumor grades and poor prognosis. Our in vivo approach is readily expandable to whole-genome annotation of tumor-promoting genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Huo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy Su
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ian G Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
McKinnon T, Venier R, Dickson BC, Kabaroff L, Alkema M, Chen L, Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J, Gladdy RA. Kras activation in p53-deficient myoblasts results in high-grade sarcoma formation with impaired myogenic differentiation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14220-32. [PMID: 25992772 PMCID: PMC4546462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While genomic studies have improved our ability to classify sarcomas, the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and progression of many sarcoma subtypes are unknown. To better understand developmental origins and genetic drivers involved in rhabdomyosarcomagenesis, we describe a novel sarcoma model system employing primary murine p53-deficient myoblasts that were isolated and lentivirally transduced with KrasG12D. Myoblast cell lines were characterized and subjected to proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and differentiation assays to assess the effects of transgenic KrasG12D expression. KrasG12D overexpression transformed p53−/− myoblasts as demonstrated by an increased anchorage-independent growth. Induction of differentiation in parental myoblasts resulted in activation of key myogenic regulators. In contrast, Kras-transduced myoblasts had impaired terminal differentiation. p53−/− myoblasts transformed by KrasG12D overexpression resulted in rapid, reproducible tumor formation following orthotopic injection into syngeneic host hindlimbs. Pathological analysis revealed high-grade sarcomas with myogenic differentiation based on the expression of muscle-specific markers, such as Myod1 and Myog. Gene expression patterns of murine sarcomas shared biological pathways with RMS gene sets as determined by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and were 61% similar to human RMS as determined by metagene analysis. Thus, our novel model system is an effective means to model high-grade sarcomas along the RMS spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy McKinnon
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Venier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Leah Kabaroff
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Manon Alkema
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Li Chen
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gladdy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Stem Cell Program, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Jastrzebski K, Evers B, Beijersbergen RL. Pooled shRNA Screening in Mammalian Cells as a Functional Genomic Discovery Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1470:49-73. [PMID: 27581284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6337-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomic screens using shRNA technology are a great tool in biomedical research. As more labs gain access to the necessary reagents and technology to perform such screens, some may lack in-depth knowledge on the difficulties often encountered. With this protocol, we aim to point out the most important caveats of performing shRNA based screens and provide a streamlined workflow that can be easily adapted to meet the specific needs of any particular screening project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jastrzebski
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Evers
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and NKI Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
RNAi-mediated screening has been an integral tool for biological discovery for the past 15 years. A variety of approaches have been employed for implementation of this technique, including pooled, depletion/enrichment screening with lentiviral shRNAs, and segregated screening of panels of individual siRNAs. The latter approach of siRNA panel screening requires efficient methods for transfection of siRNAs into the target cells. In the case of suspension leukemia cell lines and primary cells, many of the conventional transfection techniques using liposomal or calcium phosphate-mediated transfection provide very low efficiency. In this case, electroporation is the only transfection technique offering high efficiency transfection of siRNAs into the target leukemia cells. Here, we describe methods for optimization and implementation of siRNA electroporation into leukemia cell lines and primary patient specimens, and we further offer suggested electroporation settings for some commonly used leukemia cell lines.
Collapse
|
56
|
Gonzales KAU, Ng HH. Biological Networks Governing the Acquisition, Maintenance, and Dissolution of Pluripotency: Insights from Functional Genomics Approaches. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 80:189-98. [PMID: 26582790 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2015.80.027326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of transcripts encoded by the genome contributes to the diversity of cellular states. Functional genomics aims to comprehensively uncover the roles of these transcripts to reconstruct biological networks and transform this information into useful knowledge. High-throughput functional screening has served as a powerful genetic discovery tool by enabling massively parallel implementation of biological assays. In recent years, high-throughput screening has unearthed crucial players in the regulation of different aspects of pluripotency, which is a unique property that enables a cell to differentiate into multiple cell types of the three major lineages. Pluripotency thus represents an interesting biological paradigm for studying the acquisition, maintenance, and dissolution of cellular states. In this review, we highlight the major findings of high-throughput studies to dissect these three aspects of pluripotency for the mouse and human systems. Collectively, they provide new insights into cell fate maintenance and transition. In addition, we also discuss the opportunities and challenges awaiting high-throughput screening in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Gu L, Chu P, Lingeman R, McDaniel H, Kechichian S, Hickey RJ, Liu Z, Yuan YC, Sandoval JA, Fields GB, Malkas LH. The Mechanism by Which MYCN Amplification Confers an Enhanced Sensitivity to a PCNA-Derived Cell Permeable Peptide in Neuroblastoma Cells. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1923-31. [PMID: 26844271 PMCID: PMC4703743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of MYC family genes is a hallmark of many malignancies. Unfortunately, these proteins are not amenable to blockade by small molecules or protein-based therapeutic agents. Therefore, we must find alternative approaches to target MYC-driven cancers. Amplification of MYCN, a MYC family member, predicts high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) disease. We have shown that R9-caPep blocks the interaction of PCNA with its binding partners and selectively kills human NB cells, especially those with MYCN amplification, and we now show the mechanism. We found elevated levels of DNA replication stress in MYCN-amplified NB cells. R9-caPep exacerbated DNA replication stress in MYCN-amplified NB cells and NB cells with an augmented level of MYC by interfering with DNA replication fork extension, leading to Chk1 dependence and susceptibility to Chk1 inhibition. We describe how these effects may be exploited for treating NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Robert Lingeman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Heather McDaniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Steven Kechichian
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Bioinformatic Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Bioinformatic Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| | - John A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States of America
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Florida Atlantic University and The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States of America
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Siddique HR, Feldman DE, Chen CL, Punj V, Tokumitsu H, Machida K. NUMB phosphorylation destabilizes p53 and promotes self-renewal of tumor-initiating cells by a NANOG-dependent mechanism in liver cancer. Hepatology 2015; 62:1466-79. [PMID: 26174965 PMCID: PMC4618247 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stem cell populations are maintained through self-renewing divisions in which one daughter cell commits to a particular fate whereas the other retains the multipotent characteristics of its parent. The NUMB, a tumor suppressor, in conjunction with another tumor-suppressor protein, p53, preserves this property and acts as a barrier against deregulated expansion of tumor-associated stem cells. In this context, NUMB-p53 interaction plays a crucial role to maintain the proper homeostasis of both stem cells, as well as differentiated cells. Because the molecular mechanism governing the assembly and stability of the NUMB-p53 interaction/complex are poorly understood, we tried to identify the molecule(s) that govern this process. Using cancer cell lines, tumor-initiating cells (TICs) of liver, the mouse model, and clinical samples, we identified that phosphorylations of NUMB destabilize p53 and promote self-renewal of TICs in a pluripotency-associated transcription factor NANOG-dependent manner. NANOG phosphorylates NUMB by atypical protein kinase C zeta (aPKCζ), through the direct induction of Aurora A kinase (AURKA) and the repression of an aPKCζ inhibitor, lethal (2) giant larvae. By radioactivity-based kinase activity assays, we showed that NANOG enhances kinase activities of both AURKA and aPKCζ, an important upstream process for NUMB phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of NUMB by aPKCζ destabilizes the NUMB-p53 interaction and p53 proteolysis and deregulates self-renewal in TICs. CONCLUSION Post-translational modification of NUMB by the NANOG-AURKA-aPKCζ pathway is an important event in TIC self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Hence, the NANOG-NUMB-p53 signaling axis is an important regulatory pathway for TIC events in TIC self-renewal and liver tumorigenesis, suggesting a therapeutic strategy by targeting NUMB phosphorylation. Further in-depth in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to verify this suggestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur R. Siddique
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Douglas E. Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Chia-Lin Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Vasu Punj
- Division of Hematology and Bioinformatics Core, Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Tokumitsu
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
XIE CHENGZHI, LU ZHENHUI, LIU GUOXING, FANG YU, LIU JIEFENG, HUANG ZHAO, WANG FUSHENG, WU XIAOLONG, LEI XIAOHUA, LI XIAOCHENG, ZHANG YUEMING, HU ZECHENG, QIAN KE, HU JIXIONG, HUANG SHENGFU, ZHONG DEWU, XU XUNDI. Numb downregulation suppresses cell growth and is associated with a poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:653-60. [PMID: 26165304 PMCID: PMC4533774 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numb, an endocytic adaptor, is a known cell fate determinant that participates in asymmetric cell division. The present study aimed to explore the potential roles of Numb in hepatocarcinogenesis. Numb expression was investigated in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) with reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical examination; its association with the prognosis of HCC patients was analyzed. In addition, the effects of Numb deletion on proliferation of HCC cells and its relevant molecules were evaluated in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Numb overexpression was observed in 62% of adjacent non‑tumor tissues and 46% of tumor tissues. Overexpression of Numb in HCC was associated with histological grade, portal vein invasion and the number of tumors (P=0.001, 0.022 and 0.034 respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that Numb expression was an independent prognostic indicator of HCC patients. Methylation of the Numb promoter contributed to hepatocarcinogenesis. In vitro assays demonstrated that Numb silencing resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, downregulation of cyclin‑dependent protein kinase 4 (CDK4) and S‑phase kinase‑associated protein 2 (SKP2), and upregulation of Bcl‑2 homologous antagonist/killer (BAK) and cyclin‑dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21). The present study suggests that downregulation of Numb inhibits colony formation and cell proliferation, induces apoptosis of HCC cells and independently predicts the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Thus, Numb has a potential role in the development and progression of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CHENGZHI XIE
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - ZHENHUI LU
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, P.R. China
| | - GUOXING LIU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - YU FANG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - JIEFENG LIU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - ZHAO HUANG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - FUSHENG WANG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - XIAOLONG WU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - XIAOHUA LEI
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - XIAOCHENG LI
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - YUEMING ZHANG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - ZECHENG HU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - KE QIAN
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - JIXIONG HU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - SHENGFU HUANG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - DEWU ZHONG
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - XUNDI XU
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Loss-of-function screens can be performed in vivo using retrovirally modified tumor cells. This approach has been used for decades in viral insertional mutagenesis to identify proto-oncogenes. In this approach, tumors are infected with a library of retroviral vectors expressing short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), such that each cell receives only a single retroviral insertion, and the representation of proviruses is monitored during ongoing tumor growth or before and after cancer therapy. The resulting tumors are highly chimeric, allowing a large diversity of loss-of-function phenotypes to be monitored simultaneously in an unbiased manner. This approach, used in conjunction with RNAi, can identify genes that are essential for the growth of diverse malignancies in vivo. Here, we outline this approach and discuss key challenges in performing these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Crotty S, Pipkin ME. In vivo RNAi screens: concepts and applications. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:315-22. [PMID: 25937561 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics approaches that leverage the RNAi pathway have been applied in vivo to examine the roles of hundreds or thousands of genes; mainly in the context of cancer. Here, we discuss principles guiding the design of RNAi screens, parameters that determine success and recent developments that have improved accuracy and expanded the applicability of these approaches to other in vivo settings, including the immune system. We review recent studies that have applied in vivo RNAi screens in T cells to examine genes that regulate T cell differentiation during viral infection, and that control their accumulation in tumors in a model of adoptive T cell therapy. In this context, we put forward an argument as to why RNAi approaches in vivo are likely to provide particularly salient insight into immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Meacham CE, Lawton LN, Soto-Feliciano YM, Pritchard JR, Joughin BA, Ehrenberger T, Fenouille N, Zuber J, Williams RT, Young RA, Hemann MT. A genome-scale in vivo loss-of-function screen identifies Phf6 as a lineage-specific regulator of leukemia cell growth. Genes Dev 2015; 29:483-8. [PMID: 25737277 PMCID: PMC4358400 DOI: 10.1101/gad.254151.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Meacham et al. performed a genome-scale shRNA screen for modulators of B-cell leukemia progression in vivo and revealed dramatic distinctions between the relative effects of shRNAs on the growth of tumor cells in culture versus in their native microenvironment. They identified “context-specific” regulators of leukemia development, including the gene encoding the zinc finger protein Phf6. While inactivating mutations in Phf6 are commonly observed in human myeloid and T-cell malignancies, they found that Phf6 suppression in B-cell malignancies impairs tumor progression. We performed a genome-scale shRNA screen for modulators of B-cell leukemia progression in vivo. Results from this work revealed dramatic distinctions between the relative effects of shRNAs on the growth of tumor cells in culture versus in their native microenvironment. Specifically, we identified many “context-specific” regulators of leukemia development. These included the gene encoding the zinc finger protein Phf6. While inactivating mutations in PHF6 are commonly observed in human myeloid and T-cell malignancies, we found that Phf6 suppression in B-cell malignancies impairs tumor progression. Thus, Phf6 is a “lineage-specific” cancer gene that plays opposing roles in developmentally distinct hematopoietic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corbin E Meacham
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lee N Lawton
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Yadira M Soto-Feliciano
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Justin R Pritchard
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tobias Ehrenberger
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nina Fenouille
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Richard T Williams
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Peintner L, Dorstyn L, Kumar S, Aneichyk T, Villunger A, Manzl C. The tumor-modulatory effects of Caspase-2 and Pidd1 do not require the scaffold protein Raidd. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1803-11. [PMID: 25857265 PMCID: PMC4648327 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-interacting protein-associated ICH-1/CED-3 homologous protein with a death domain (RAIDD/CRADD) functions as a dual adaptor and is a constituent of different multi-protein complexes implicated in the regulation of inflammation and cell death. Within the PIDDosome complex, RAIDD connects the cell death-related protease, Caspase-2, with the p53-induced protein with a death domain 1 (PIDD1). As such, RAIDD has been implicated in DNA-damage-induced apoptosis as well as in tumorigenesis. As loss of Caspase-2 leads to an acceleration of tumor onset in the Eμ-Myc mouse lymphoma model, whereas loss of Pidd1 actually delays onset of this disease, we set out to interrogate the role of Raidd in cancer in more detail. Our data obtained analyzing Eμ-Myc/Raidd−/− mice indicate that Raidd is unable to protect from c-Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. Similarly, we failed to observe a modulatory effect of Raidd deficiency on DNA-damage-driven cancer. The role of Caspase-2 as a tumor suppressor and that of Pidd1 as a tumor promoter can therefore be uncoupled from their ability to interact with the Raidd scaffold, pointing toward the existence of alternative signaling modules engaging these two proteins in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Peintner
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology - An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - S Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology - An Alliance between SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - T Aneichyk
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Manzl
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of General Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Corallino S, Malabarba MG, Zobel M, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Plasticity Harnesses Endocytic Circuitries. Front Oncol 2015; 5:45. [PMID: 25767773 PMCID: PMC4341543 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to alter their phenotypic and morphological characteristics, known as cellular plasticity, is critical in normal embryonic development and adult tissue repair and contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as organ fibrosis and cancer. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a type of cellular plasticity. This transition involves genetic and epigenetic changes as well as alterations in protein expression and post-translational modifications. These changes result in reduced cell-cell adhesion, enhanced cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and altered organization of the cytoskeleton and of cell polarity. Among these modifications, loss of cell polarity represents the nearly invariable, distinguishing feature of EMT that frequently precedes the other traits or might even occur in their absence. EMT transforms cell morphology and physiology, and hence cell identity, from one typical of cells that form a tight barrier, like epithelial and endothelial cells, to one characterized by a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype. Time-resolved proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of cells undergoing EMT recently identified thousands of changes in proteins involved in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation and motility, DNA repair, and - unexpectedly - membrane trafficking (1). These results have highlighted a picture of great complexity. First, the EMT transition is not an all-or-none response but rather a gradual process that develops over time. Second, EMT events are highly dynamic and frequently reversible, involving both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. The net results is that EMT generates populations of mixed cells, with partial or full phenotypes, possibly accounting (at least in part) for the physiological as well as pathological cellular heterogeneity of some tissues. Endocytic circuitries have emerged as complex connectivity infrastructures for numerous cellular networks required for the execution of different biological processes, with a primary role in the control of polarized functions. Thus, they may be relevant for controlling EMT or certain aspects of it. Here, by discussing a few paradigmatic cases, we will outline how endocytosis may be harnessed by the EMT process to promote dynamic changes in cellular identity, and to increase cellular flexibility and adaptation to micro-environmental cues, ultimately impacting on physiological and pathological processes, first and foremost cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Martina Zobel
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia , Milan , Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Machida K, Feldman DE, Tsukamoto H. TLR4-dependent tumor-initiating stem cell-like cells (TICs) in alcohol-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 815:131-44. [PMID: 25427905 PMCID: PMC10578031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09614-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse predisposes individuals to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and synergistically heightens the HCC risk in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The mechanisms of this synergism have been elusive until our recent demonstration of the obligatory role of ectopically expressed TLR4 in liver tumorigenesis in alcohol-fed HCV Ns5a or Core transgenic mice. CD133+/CD49f+ tumor-initiating stem cell-like cells (TICs) isolated from these models are tumorigenic in a manner dependent on TLR4 and NANOG. TICs' tumor-initiating activity and chemoresistance are causally associated with inhibition of TGF-β tumor suppressor pathway due to NANOG-mediated expression of IGF2BP3 and YAP1. TLR4/NANOG activation causes p53 degradation via phosphorylation of the protective protein NUMB and its dissociation from p53 by the oncoprotein TBC1D15. Nutrient deprivation reduces overexpressed TBC1D15 in TICs via autophagy-mediated degradation, suggesting a possible role of this oncoprotein in linking metabolic reprogramming and self-renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Machida
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo Street, MMR-402, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-9141, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
BMI1 is a known oncogenic transcriptional repressor in glioblastoma stem-like cells, but its downstream mediators are poorly understood. Recently, in Cancer Cell, Gargiulo et al. (2013) designed a rational in vivo RNAi screen based on BMI1 ChIP-seq from neural progenitors and identified functional tumor suppressor targets, including Atf3 and Cbx7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Braun
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Gargiulo G, Serresi M, Cesaroni M, Hulsman D, van Lohuizen M. In vivo shRNA screens in solid tumors. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2880-902. [PMID: 25411954 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LOF) experiments targeting multiple genes during tumorigenesis can be implemented using pooled shRNA libraries. RNAi screens in animal models rely on the use of multiple shRNAs to simultaneously disrupt gene function, as well as to serve as barcodes for cell fate outcomes during tumorigenesis. Here we provide a protocol for performing RNAi screens in orthotopic mouse tumor models, referring to glioma and lung adenocarcinoma as specific examples. The protocol aims to provide guidelines for applying RNAi to a diverse spectrum of solid tumors and to highlight crucial considerations when designing and performing these studies. It covers shRNA library assembly and packaging into lentiviral particles, and transduction into tumor-initiating cells (TICs), followed by in vivo transplantation, tumor DNA recovery, sequencing and analysis. Depending on the target genes and tumor model, tumor suppressors and oncogenes can be identified or biological pathways can be dissected in 6-9 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Gargiulo
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michela Serresi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matteo Cesaroni
- Fels Institute, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Hulsman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van Lohuizen
- 1] Division of Molecular Genetics, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. [2] Cancer Genomics Centre, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Rytlewski JA, Beronja S. RNAi in the mouse: rapid and affordable gene function studies in a vertebrate system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 4:45-57. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Rytlewski
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
| | - Slobodan Beronja
- Human Biology Division; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
The great majority of targeted anticancer drugs inhibit mutated oncogenes that display increased activity. Yet many tumors do not contain such actionable aberrations, such as those harboring loss-of-function mutations. The notion of targeting synthetic lethal vulnerabilities in cancer cells has provided an alternative approach to exploiting more of the genetic and epigenetic changes acquired during tumorigenesis. Here, we review synthetic lethality as a therapeutic concept that exploits the inherent differences between normal cells and cancer cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the screening approaches that can be used to identify synthetic lethal interactions in human cells and present several recently identified interactions that may be pharmacologically exploited. Finally, we indicate some of the challenges of translating synthetic lethal interactions into the clinic and how these may be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Fece de la Cruz
- CeMM - Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Silva G, Noronha NY, Komoto TT, Fachin AL, Marins M. Evaluation RNAi silencing in the DH82 canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line. BMC Proc 2014. [PMCID: PMC4210708 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
|
71
|
Chew SK, Lu D, Campos LS, Scott KL, Saci A, Wang J, Collinson A, Raine K, Hinton J, Teague JW, Jones D, Menzies A, Butler AP, Gamble J, O'Meara S, McLaren S, Chin L, Liu P, Futreal PA. Polygenic in vivo validation of cancer mutations using transposons. Genome Biol 2014; 15:455. [PMID: 25260652 PMCID: PMC4210617 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo validation of cancer mutations and genes identified in cancer genomics is resource-intensive because of the low throughput of animal experiments. We describe a mouse model that allows multiple cancer mutations to be validated in each animal line. Animal lines are generated with multiple candidate cancer mutations using transposons. The candidate cancer genes are tagged and randomly expressed in somatic cells, allowing easy identification of the cancer genes involved in the generated tumours. This system presents a useful, generalised and efficient means for animal validation of cancer genes.
Collapse
|
72
|
Edwards SKE, Baron J, Moore CR, Liu Y, Perlman DH, Hart RP, Xie P. Mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) is a novel oncogene in B lymphocytes. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:56. [PMID: 25200342 PMCID: PMC4172902 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of novel genetic risk factors is imperative for a better understanding of B lymphomagenesis and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. TRAF3, a critical regulator of B cell survival, was recently recognized as a tumor suppressor gene in B lymphocytes. The present study aimed to identify novel oncogenes involved in malignant transformation of TRAF3-deficient B cells. Methods We used microarray analysis to identify genes differentially expressed in TRAF3−/− mouse splenic B lymphomas. We employed lentiviral vector-mediated knockdown or overexpression to manipulate gene expression in human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. We analyzed cell apoptosis and proliferation using flow cytometry, and performed biochemical studies to investigate signaling mechanisms. To delineate protein-protein interactions, we applied affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry-based sequencing. Results We identified mutated in colorectal cancer (MCC) as a gene strikingly up-regulated in TRAF3-deficient mouse B lymphomas and human MM cell lines. Aberrant up-regulation of MCC also occurs in a variety of primary human B cell malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and MM. In contrast, MCC expression was not detected in normal or premalignant TRAF3−/− B cells even after treatment with B cell stimuli, suggesting that aberrant up-regulation of MCC is specifically associated with malignant transformation of B cells. In elucidating the functional roles of MCC in malignant B cells, we found that lentiviral shRNA vector-mediated knockdown of MCC induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in human MM cells. Experiments of knockdown and overexpression of MCC allowed us to identify several downstream targets of MCC in human MM cells, including phospho-ERK, c-Myc, p27, cyclin B1, Mcl-1, caspases 8 and 3. Furthermore, we identified 365 proteins (including 326 novel MCC-interactors) in the MCC interactome, among which PARP1 and PHB2 were two hubs of MCC signaling pathways in human MM cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that in sharp contrast to its tumor suppressive role in colorectal cancer, MCC functions as an oncogene in B cells. Our findings suggest that MCC may serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in B cell malignancies, including NHL and MM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-014-0056-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
73
|
Francis SM, Taylor CA, Tang T, Liu Z, Zheng Q, Dondero R, Thompson JE. SNS01-T modulation of eIF5A inhibits B-cell cancer progression and synergizes with bortezomib and lenalidomide. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1643-52. [PMID: 24569836 PMCID: PMC4435495 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rates of recurrence and low median survival in many B-cell cancers highlight a need for new targeted therapeutic modalities. In dividing cells, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is hypusinated and involved in regulation of protein synthesis and proliferation, whereas the non-hypusinated form of eIF5A is a potent inducer of cell death in malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate the potential of modulating eIF5A expression as a novel approach to treating B-cell cancers. SNS01-T is a nonviral polyethylenimine-based nanoparticle, designed to induce apoptosis selectively in B-cell cancers by small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of hypusinated eIF5A and plasmid-based overexpression of a non-hypusinable eIF5A mutant. In this study, we show that SNS01-T is preferentially taken up by malignant B cells, inhibits tumor growth in multiple animal models of B-cell cancers without damaging normal tissues, and synergizes with the current therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide to inhibit tumor progression. The results collectively demonstrate the potential of SNS01-T as a novel therapeutic for treatment of a diverse range of B-cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Francis
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongda Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qifa Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John E Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Senesco Technologies, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Molyneux SD, Waterhouse PD, Shelton D, Shao YW, Watling CM, Tang QL, Harris IS, Dickson BC, Tharmapalan P, Sandve GK, Zhang X, Bailey SD, Berman H, Wunder JS, Izsvák Z, Lupien M, Mak TW, Khokha R. Human somatic cell mutagenesis creates genetically tractable sarcomas. Nat Genet 2014; 46:964-72. [DOI: 10.1038/ng.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
75
|
Hong J, Liu Z, Zhu H, Zhang X, Liang Y, Yao S, Wang F, Xie X, Zhang B, Tan T, Fu L, Nie J, Cheng C. The tumor suppressive role of NUMB isoform 1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:5602-14. [PMID: 24980814 PMCID: PMC4170621 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal quamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the predominant histological type of esophageal carcinoma in Asian populations. To date, few biomarkers have been identified for ESCC. In present study, we found a tumor suppressor, NUMB isoform 1 (NUMB-1), as a promising prognostic biomarker for patients with ESCC. NUMB-1 mRNA was downregulated in 66.7% of primary ESCC tissues when compared with matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. The low expression of NUMB-1 was significantly associated with high tumor recurrence (p=0.029) and poor post-operative overall survival (p=0.016). To further explore the underlying mechanisms by which NUMB-1 regulates ESCC, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of NUMB-1 inhibited cell proliferation through inducing G2/M phase arrest, which was accompanied by an increase in p21 and cyclin B1-cdc2 levels. However, it had no impact on apoptosis of ESCC cells. In addition, overexpression of NUMB-1 prevented epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inhibited invasion of ESCC cells and NOTCH pathway, suppressed Aurora-A activity by preventing phosphorylation of Aurora-A at T288 which resulted in cell cycle arrest. Taken together, our findings suggested NUMB-1 functions as a tumor-suppressor and serves as a prognositc biomarker for ESCC patients; thus, NUMB-1 may be a potential novel therapeutic target for treatment of ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmou Hong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongju Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,USA
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,USA
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Nie
- Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
RNA interference screening to detect targetable molecules in hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2014; 21:283-8. [DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
77
|
Burotto M, Chiou VL, Lee JM, Kohn EC. The MAPK pathway across different malignancies: a new perspective. Cancer 2014; 120:3446-56. [PMID: 24948110 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated (MAPK/ERK) pathway is activated by upstream genomic events and/or activation of multiple signaling events in which information coalesces at this important nodal pathway point. This pathway is tightly regulated under normal conditions by phosphatases and bidirectional communication with other pathways, like the protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/m-TOR) pathway. Recent evidence indicates that the MAPK/ERK signaling node can function as a tumor suppressor as well as the more common pro-oncogenic signal. The effect that predominates depends on the intensity of the signal and the context or tissue in which the signal is aberrantly activated. Genomic profiling of tumors has revealed common mutations in MAPK/ERK pathway components, such as v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF). Currently approved for the treatment of melanoma, inhibitors of BRAF kinase are being studied alone and in combination with inhibitors of the MAPK and other pathways to optimize the treatment of many tumor types. Therapies targeted toward MAPK/ERK components have various response rates when used in different solid tumors, such as colorectal cancer and ovarian cancer. Understanding the differential nature of activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway in each tumor type is critical in developing single and combination regimens, because different tumors have unique mechanisms of primary and secondary signaling and subsequent sensitivity to drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Burotto
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Shanmugam I, Abbas M, Ayoub F, Mirabal S, Bsaili M, Caulder EK, Weinstock DM, Tomkinson AE, Hromas R, Shaheen M. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 20 regulates Rad17 stability, checkpoint kinase 1 phosphorylation and DNA repair by homologous recombination. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22739-22748. [PMID: 24923443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.550459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad17 is a subunit of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 clamp loader complex, which is required for Chk1 activation after DNA damage. Rad17 has been shown to be regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We have identified a deubiquitylase, USP20 that is required for Rad17 protein stability in the steady-state and post DNA damage. We demonstrate that USP20 and Rad17 interact, and that this interaction is enhanced by UV exposure. We show that USP20 regulation of Rad17 is at the protein level in a proteasome-dependent manner. USP20 depletion results in poor activation of Chk1 protein by phosphorylation, consistent with Rad17 role in ATR-mediated phosphorylation of Chk1. Similar to other DNA repair proteins, USP20 is phosphorylated post DNA damage, and its depletion sensitizes cancer cells to damaging agents that form blocks ahead of the replication forks. Similar to Chk1 and Rad17, which enhance recombinational repair of collapsed replication forks, we demonstrate that USP20 depletion impairs DNA double strand break repair by homologous recombination. Together, our data establish a new function of USP20 in genome maintenance and DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilanchezhian Shanmugam
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Mohammad Abbas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Farhan Ayoub
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Susan Mirabal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Manal Bsaili
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Erin K Caulder
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Alan E Tomkinson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, and
| | - Monte Shaheen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dept of Internal Medicine, and the Cancer Center, University Of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131,.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Brady DC, Crowe MS, Turski ML, Hobbs GA, Yao X, Chaikuad A, Knapp S, Xiao K, Campbell SL, Thiele DJ, Counter CM. Copper is required for oncogenic BRAF signalling and tumorigenesis. Nature 2014; 509:492-6. [PMID: 24717435 PMCID: PMC4138975 DOI: 10.1038/nature13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF kinase is mutated, typically Val 600→Glu (V600E), to induce an active oncogenic state in a large fraction of melanomas, thyroid cancers, hairy cell leukaemias and, to a smaller extent, a wide spectrum of other cancers. BRAF(V600E) phosphorylates and activates the MEK1 and MEK2 kinases, which in turn phosphorylate and activate the ERK1 and ERK2 kinases, stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway to promote cancer. Targeting MEK1/2 is proving to be an important therapeutic strategy, given that a MEK1/2 inhibitor provides a survival advantage in metastatic melanoma, an effect that is increased when administered together with a BRAF(V600E) inhibitor. We previously found that copper (Cu) influx enhances MEK1 phosphorylation of ERK1/2 through a Cu-MEK1 interaction. Here we show decreasing the levels of CTR1 (Cu transporter 1), or mutations in MEK1 that disrupt Cu binding, decreased BRAF(V600E)-driven signalling and tumorigenesis in mice and human cell settings. Conversely, a MEK1-MEK5 chimaera that phosphorylated ERK1/2 independently of Cu or an active ERK2 restored the tumour growth of murine cells lacking Ctr1. Cu chelators used in the treatment of Wilson disease decreased tumour growth of human or murine cells transformed by BRAF(V600E) or engineered to be resistant to BRAF inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that Cu-chelation therapy could be repurposed to treat cancers containing the BRAF(V600E) mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donita C Brady
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Matthew S Crowe
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Michelle L Turski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Xiaojie Yao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute and Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kunhong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- 1] Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Murugaesu N, Iravani M, van Weverwijk A, Ivetic A, Johnson DA, Antonopoulos A, Fearns A, Jamal-Hanjani M, Sims D, Fenwick K, Mitsopoulos C, Gao Q, Orr N, Zvelebil M, Haslam SM, Dell A, Yarwood H, Lord CJ, Ashworth A, Isacke CM. An in vivo functional screen identifies ST6GalNAc2 sialyltransferase as a breast cancer metastasis suppressor. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:304-17. [PMID: 24520024 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To interrogate the complex mechanisms involved in the later stages of cancer metastasis, we designed a functional in vivo RNA interference (RNAi) screen combined with next-generation sequencing. Using this approach, we identified the sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 as a novel breast cancer metastasis suppressor. Mechanistically, ST6GalNAc2 silencing alters the profile of O-glycans on the tumor cell surface, facilitating binding of the soluble lectin galectin-3. This then enhances tumor cell retention and emboli formation at metastatic sites leading to increased metastatic burden, events that can be completely blocked by galectin-3 inhibition. Critically, elevated ST6GALNAC2, but not galectin-3, expression in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers significantly correlates with reduced frequency of metastatic events and improved survival. These data demonstrate that the prometastatic role of galectin-3 is regulated by its ability to bind to the tumor cell surface and highlight the potential of monitoring ST6GalNAc2 expression to stratify patients with breast cancer for treatment with galectin-3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Murugaesu
- 1The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research; 2Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, James Black Centre; and 3Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
RNA interference has become an indispensable tool for loss-of-function studies across eukaryotes. By enabling stable and reversible gene silencing, shRNAs provide a means to study long-term phenotypes, perform pool-based forward genetic screens and examine the consequences of temporary target inhibition in vivo. However, efficient implementation in vertebrate systems has been hindered by technical difficulties affecting potency and specificity. Focusing on these issues, we analyse current strategies to obtain maximal knockdown with minimal off-target effects.
Collapse
|
82
|
Zender L. Cancer: interference identifies immune modulators. Nature 2014; 506:39-40. [PMID: 24476819 DOI: 10.1038/nature13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Zender
- University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, and at the German Center for Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). Recent progress suggests that proteins involved in epigenetic control are amenable to drug intervention, but little is known about the cancer-specific dependency on epigenetic regulators for cell survival and proliferation. We used a mouse model of human AML induced by the MLL-AF9 fusion oncogene and an epigenetic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) library to screen for novel potential drug targets. As a counter-screen for general toxicity of shRNAs, we used normal mouse bone marrow cells. One of the best candidate drug targets identified in these screens was Jmjd1c. Depletion of Jmjd1c impairs growth and colony formation of mouse MLL-AF9 cells in vitro as well as establishment of leukemia after transplantation. Depletion of JMJD1C impairs expansion and colony formation of human leukemic cell lines, with the strongest effect observed in the MLL-rearranged ALL cell line SEM. In both mouse and human leukemic cells, the growth defect upon JMJD1C depletion appears to be primarily due to increased apoptosis, which implicates JMJD1C as a potential therapeutic target in leukemia.
Collapse
|
84
|
Abstract
DNA damage response genes play vital roles in the maintenance of a healthy genome. Defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes, especially mutation or aberrant downregulation, are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease, including a predisposition to the development of neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. On the other hand, upregulation of DNA damage response and repair genes can also cause cancer, as well as increase resistance of cancer cells to DNA damaging therapy. In recent years, it has become evident that many of the genes involved in DNA damage repair have additional roles in tumorigenesis, most prominently by acting as transcriptional (co-)factors. Although defects in these genes are causally connected to tumor initiation, their role in tumor progression is more controversial and it seems to depend on tumor type. In some tumors like melanoma, cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair gene upregulation is associated with tumor metastasis, whereas in a number of other cancers the opposite has been observed. Several genes that participate in the DNA damage response, such as RAD9, PARP1, BRCA1, ATM and TP53 have been associated with metastasis by a number of in vitro biochemical and cellular assays, by examining human tumor specimens by immunohistochemistry or by DNA genome-wide gene expression profiling. Many of these genes act as transcriptional effectors to regulate other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, they are aberrantly expressed in numerous human tumors and are causally related to tumorigenesis. However, whether the DNA damage repair function of these genes is required to promote metastasis or another activity is responsible (e.g., transcription control) has not been determined. Importantly, despite some compelling in vitro evidence, investigations are still needed to demonstrate the role of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes in regulating metastatic phenotypes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Deschênes-Simard X, Kottakis F, Meloche S, Ferbeyre G. ERKs in cancer: friends or foes? Cancer Res 2014; 74:412-9. [PMID: 24408923 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2) cascade regulates a variety of cellular processes by phosphorylating multiple target proteins. The outcome of its activation ranges from stimulation of cell survival and proliferation to triggering tumor suppressor responses such as cell differentiation, cell senescence, and apoptosis. This pathway is intimately linked to cancer as several of its upstream activators are frequently mutated in human disease and are shown to accelerate tumorigenesis when engineered in the mouse genome. However, measurement of activated ERKs in human cancers or mouse models does not always support a role in tumorigenesis, and data consistent with a role in tumor suppression have been reported as well. The intensity of ERK signaling, negative feedback loops that regulate the pathway, and cross-talks with other signaling pathways, seem to be of primary importance in determining the final cellular outcome. Cell senescence, a putative tumor-suppression mechanism, depends on high-intensity ERK signals that trigger phosphorylation-dependent protein degradation of multiple proteins required for cell-cycle progression. This response may be circumvented during carcinogenesis by a variety of mechanisms, some of them yet to be discovered, which in essence turn ERK functions from tumor suppression to tumor promotion. The use of pharmacologic inhibitors targeting this pathway must be carefully evaluated so they are applied to cases in which ERKs are mainly oncogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Deschênes-Simard
- Authors' Affiliations: Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire; Department of Pharmacology and Program in Molecular Biology, Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Study of DNA copy-number variation is a key part of cancer genomics. With the help of a comprehensive multistep computational procedure described here, copy-number profiles of tumor tissues or individual tumor cells may be generated and interpreted, starting with data acquired by next-generation sequencing. Several of the methods presented are specifically designed to handle cancer-related copy-number profiles. These include accounting for variation of ploidy and distilling somatic copy number alterations from the inherited background.
Collapse
|
87
|
An in vivo RNAi screen identifies SALL1 as a tumor suppressor in human breast cancer with a role in CDH1 regulation. Oncogene 2013; 33:4273-8. [PMID: 24292671 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The gold standard for determining the tumorigenic potential of human cancer cells is a xenotransplantation into immunodeficient mice. Higher tumorigenicity of cells is associated with earlier tumor onset. Here, we used xenotransplantation to assess the tumorigenic potential of human breast cancer cells following RNA interference-mediated inhibition of over 5000 genes. We identify 16 candidate tumor suppressors, one of which is the zinc-finger transcription factor SALL1. Analyzing this particular molecule in more detail, we show that inhibition of SALL1 correlates with reduced levels of CDH1, an important contributor to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, SALL1 expression led to an increased migration and more than twice as many cells expressing a cancer stem cell signature. Also, SALL1 expression correlates with the survival of breast cancer patients. These findings cast new light on a gene that has previously been described to be relevant during embryogenesis, but not carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
88
|
In Vivo RNAi-Based Screens: Studies in Model Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2013; 4:646-65. [PMID: 24705267 PMCID: PMC3927573 DOI: 10.3390/genes4040646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique widely used for gene silencing in organisms and cultured cells, and depends on sequence homology between double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and target mRNA molecules. Numerous cell-based genome-wide screens have successfully identified novel genes involved in various biological processes, including signal transduction, cell viability/death, and cell morphology. However, cell-based screens cannot address cellular processes such as development, behavior, and immunity. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans are two model organisms whose whole bodies and individual body parts have been subjected to RNAi-based genome-wide screening. Moreover, Drosophila RNAi allows the manipulation of gene function in a spatiotemporal manner when it is implemented using the Gal4/UAS system. Using this inducible RNAi technique, various large-scale screens have been performed in Drosophila, demonstrating that the method is straightforward and valuable. However, accumulated results reveal that the results of RNAi-based screens have relatively high levels of error, such as false positives and negatives. Here, we review in vivo RNAi screens in Drosophila and the methods that could be used to remove ambiguity from screening results.
Collapse
|
89
|
Herter-Sprie GS, Kung AL, Wong KK. New cast for a new era: preclinical cancer drug development revisited. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3639-45. [PMID: 23999436 DOI: 10.1172/jci68340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted agents promise to revolutionize therapeutics by reducing morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. However, despite an urgent need for more effective anticancer compounds, current preclinical drug evaluations largely fail to satisfy the demand. New preclinical strategies, including the improvement of sophisticated mouse models and co-clinical study designs, are being used to augment the predictive value of animal-based translational cancer research. Here, we review the development of successful preclinical antineoplastic agents, their associated limitations, and alternative methods to predict clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
90
|
Kang Y, Ding M, Tian G, Guo H, Wan Y, Yao Z, Li B, Lin D. Overexpression of Numb suppresses tumor cell growth and enhances sensitivity to cisplatin in epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:313-9. [PMID: 23624653 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive and conventional treatment-resistant tumor with a dismal prognosis. Among the three histological subtypes of MPM, the epithelioid is the most common type. Numb is considered as a tumor suppressor playing a critical role in controlling asymmetric cell division, maintenance of stem cell compartments, ubiquitination of specific substrates and regulating Notch-, Hedgehog- and TP53-activated pathways. The present study was designed to analyze the role of Numb in epithelioid MPM. We investigated the expression of Numb in 39 epithelioid MPM and 22 normal pleural tissues by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we overexpressed Numb in NCI-H2452, an epithelioid human MPM cell line, and investigated the effect of Numb overexpression on the proliferation, apoptosis and sensitivity to cisplatin in cells. The expression of Numb was significantly lower in MPM compared to the control group and Numb had an inverse correlation with the ki-67 labeling index. Loss of Numb expression was associated with poor prognosis in epithelioid MPM. Overexpression of Numb in NCI-H2452 cells significantly inhibited proliferation, promoted apoptosis and enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin. Moreover, Numb overexpression activated caspase-9 and caspase-3 through release of cytochrome c as well as downregulation of XIAP and survivin. We speculate that cytochrome c/caspase signaling is a possible mechanism through which Numb enhances the apoptosis of NCI-H2452 cells. These results suggest that Numb may be involved in epithelioid MPM development, and its upregulation may confer sensitivity to cisplatin, suggesting potential therapeutic options for MPM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmeng Kang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Stegh AH. Toward personalized cancer nanomedicine - past, present, and future. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:48-65. [PMID: 22858688 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are composed of highly proliferate, migratory, invasive, and therapy-evading cells. These characteristics are conferred by an enormously complex landscape of genomic, (epi-)genetic, and proteomic aberrations. Recent efforts to comprehensively catalogue these reversible and irreversible modifications have began to identify molecular mechanisms that contribute to cancer pathophysiology, serve as novel therapeutic targets, and may constitute biomarkers for early diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses. With constantly evolving technologies that will ultimately enable a complete survey of cancer genomes, the challenges for discovery cancer science and drug development are daunting. Bioinformatic and functional studies must differentiate cancer-driving and -contributing mutations from mere bystanders or 'noise', and have to delineate their molecular mechanisms of action as a function of collaborating oncogenic and tumor suppressive signatures. In addition, the translation of these genomic discoveries into meaningful clinical endpoints requires the development of co-extinction strategies to therapeutically target multiple cancer genes, to robustly deliver therapeutics to tumor sites, and to enable widespread dissemination of therapies within tumor tissue. In this perspective, I will describe the most current paradigms to study and validate cancer gene function. I will highlight advances in the area of nanotechnology, in particular, the development of RNA interference (RNAi)-based platforms to more effectively deliver therapeutic agents to tumor sites, and to modulate critical cancer genes that are difficult to target using conventional small-molecule- or antibody-based approaches. I will conclude with an outlook on the deluge of challenges that genomic and bioengineering sciences must overcome to make the long-awaited era of personalized nano-medicine a clinical reality for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Stegh
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, The Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Onodera Y, Nam JM, Sabe H. Intracellular trafficking of integrins in cancer cells. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:1-9. [PMID: 23711790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric cell surface receptors, which principally mediate the interaction between cells and their extracellular microenvironments. Because of their pivotal roles in cancer proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis, integrins have been recognized as promising targets for cancer treatment. As is the case with other receptors, the localization of integrins on the cell surface has provided opportunities to block their functions by various inhibitory monoclonal antibodies. A number of small molecule agents blocking integrin-ligand binding have also been established, and some such agents are currently on the market or in clinical trials for some diseases including cancer. This review exclusively focuses on another strategy for cancer therapy, which comes from the obligate localization of integrins on the cell surface; targeting the intracellular trafficking of integrins. A number of studies have shown the essential roles of integrin trafficking in hallmarks of cancer, such as activation of oncogenic signaling pathways as well as acquisition of invasiveness. Recent findings have shown that increased integrin recycling activity is associated with some types of gain-of-function mutations of p53, a common feature of diverse types of cancers, which also indicates that targeting integrin recycling could be widely applicable and effective against many cancers. We also discuss possible therapeutic contexts where integrin trafficking can be effectively targeted, and what molecular interfaces may hopefully be druggable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Onodera
- Department of Molecular Biology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Oricchio E, Wendel HG. Functional genomics lead to new therapies in follicular lymphoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1293:18-24. [PMID: 23676193 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances allow analysis of genomic changes in cancer in unprecedented detail. The next challenge is to prioritize the multitude of genetic aberrations found and identify therapeutic opportunities. We recently completed a study that illustrates the use of unbiased genetic screens and murine cancer models to find therapeutic targets among complex genomic data. We genetically dissected the common deletion of chromosome 6q and identified the ephrin receptor A7 (EPHA7) as a tumor suppressor in lymphoma. Notably, EPHA7 encodes a soluble splice variant that acts as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. Accordingly, we developed an antibody-based strategy to specifically deliver EPHA7 back to tumors that have lost this gene. Recent sequencing studies have implicated EPHA7 in lung cancer and other tumors, suggesting a broader therapeutic potential for antibody-mediated delivery of this tumor suppressor for cancer therapy. Together, our comprehensive approach provides new insights into cancer biology and may directly lead to the development of new cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Oricchio
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Gargiulo G, Cesaroni M, Serresi M, de Vries N, Hulsman D, Bruggeman SW, Lancini C, van Lohuizen M. In vivo RNAi screen for BMI1 targets identifies TGF-β/BMP-ER stress pathways as key regulators of neural- and malignant glioma-stem cell homeostasis. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:660-76. [PMID: 23680149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mouse and human neural progenitor and glioblastoma "stem-like" cells, we identified key targets of the Polycomb-group protein BMI1 by combining ChIP-seq with in vivo RNAi screening. We discovered that Bmi1 is important in the cellular response to the transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, in part converging on the Atf3 transcriptional repressor. We show that Atf3 is a tumor-suppressor gene inactivated in human glioblastoma multiforme together with Cbx7 and a few other candidates. Acting downstream of the ER stress and BMP pathways, ATF3 binds to cell-type-specific accessible chromatin preloaded with AP1 and participates in the inhibition of critical oncogenic networks. Our data support the feasibility of combining ChIP-seq and RNAi screens in solid tumors and highlight multiple p16(INK4a)/p19(ARF)-independent functions for Bmi1 in development and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Gargiulo
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Tumor suppressor activity of the ERK/MAPK pathway by promoting selective protein degradation. Genes Dev 2013; 27:900-15. [PMID: 23599344 DOI: 10.1101/gad.203984.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of growth factor signaling pathways paradoxically triggers a cell cycle arrest known as cellular senescence. In primary cells expressing oncogenic ras, this mechanism effectively prevents cell transformation. Surprisingly, attenuation of ERK/MAP kinase signaling by genetic inactivation of Erk2, RNAi-mediated knockdown of ERK1 or ERK2, or MEK inhibitors prevented the activation of the senescence mechanism, allowing oncogenic ras to transform primary cells. Mechanistically, ERK-mediated senescence involved the proteasome-dependent degradation of proteins required for cell cycle progression, mitochondrial functions, cell migration, RNA metabolism, and cell signaling. This senescence-associated protein degradation (SAPD) was observed not only in cells expressing ectopic ras, but also in cells that senesced due to short telomeres. Individual RNAi-mediated inactivation of SAPD targets was sufficient to restore senescence in cells transformed by oncogenic ras or trigger senescence in normal cells. Conversely, the anti-senescence viral oncoproteins E1A, E6, and E7 prevented SAPD. In human prostate neoplasms, high levels of phosphorylated ERK were found in benign lesions, correlating with other senescence markers and low levels of STAT3, one of the SAPD targets. We thus identified a mechanism that links aberrant activation of growth signaling pathways and short telomeres to protein degradation and cellular senescence.
Collapse
|
96
|
Tyner JW. Rapid Identification of Therapeutic Targets in Hematologic Malignancies via Functional Genomics. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 2:83-93. [PMID: 23556079 DOI: 10.1177/2040620711403028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of gene-targeted drugs has transformed cancer therapy. The hallmark example of this strategy is use of the ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib for treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This remarkable clinical success has also stimulated an expansive search for personalized gene targets in all patients to facilitate broad application of targeted therapy for cancer. However, achievement of this objective will require simultaneous work towards several complementary goals. The first step towards broad application of gene-targeted therapy must entail a rapid means to identify target oncogenes in individual patients. Next, we must identify well-tolerated, gene-specific drugs that are collectively effective against a wide diversity of gene targets. Finally, we must develop protocols by which individual patients are matched with appropriate, gene-targeted drugs in a clinically relevant time frame. While these may seem like difficult tasks, we are fortunate to have a wide variety of new and rapidly evolving research tools at our disposal. These include next-generation sequencing of the genome and transcriptome, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/copy number variations (CNV) and gene expression microarrays, and RNAi libraries for the application of functional screens. In this review we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of these techniques with the goal of demonstrating that no single technique will be sufficient as a standalone technology, but rather it will be the integration of all techniques that will enable broad application of gene-targeted cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
97
|
Reavie L, Buckley SM, Loizou E, Takeishi S, Aranda-Orgilles B, Ndiaye-Lobry D, Abdel-Wahab O, Ibrahim S, Nakayama KI, Aifantis I. Regulation of c-Myc ubiquitination controls chronic myelogenous leukemia initiation and progression. Cancer Cell 2013; 23:362-75. [PMID: 23518350 PMCID: PMC3609428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating leukemia-initiating cell (LIC) function are of important clinical significance. We use chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as a model of LIC-dependent malignancy and identify the interaction between the ubiquitin ligase Fbw7 and its substrate c-Myc as a regulator of LIC homeostasis. Deletion of Fbw7 leads to c-Myc overexpression, p53-dependent LIC-specific apoptosis, and the eventual inhibition of tumor progression. A decrease of either c-Myc protein levels or attenuation of the p53 response rescues LIC activity and disease progression. Further experiments showed that Fbw7 expression is required for survival and maintenance of human CML LIC. These studies identify a ubiquitin ligase:substrate pair regulating LIC activity, suggesting that targeting of the Fbw7:c-Myc axis is an attractive therapy target in refractory CML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Disease Progression
- F-Box Proteins/genetics
- F-Box Proteins/metabolism
- F-Box-WD Repeat-Containing Protein 7
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
- Ubiquitination
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linsey Reavie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shannon M. Buckley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Evangelia Loizou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shoichiro Takeishi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1–1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Beatriz Aranda-Orgilles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Delphine Ndiaye-Lobry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10016, NY, USA
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York 10016, NY, USA
| | - Sherif Ibrahim
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1–1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Address Correspondence To: Iannis Aifantis, Ph.D., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, SRB 1304, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Alvarez-Calderon F, Gregory MA, DeGregori J. Using functional genomics to overcome therapeutic resistance in hematological malignancies. Immunol Res 2013; 55:100-15. [PMID: 22941562 PMCID: PMC3673782 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite great advances in our understanding of the driving events involved in malignant transformation, only a small number of oncogenic drivers have been targeted and translated into tangible clinical benefit. Moreover, even when a targeted therapy can be shown to effectively inhibit an oncogenic driver, leading to cancer remission, disease persistence and/or relapse is typically inevitable. Reemergence of the cancer can result from either intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms that result in failure to eliminate all cancer cells. Intrinsic mechanisms of resistance include tumor heterogeneity and pathways that can compensate for the inhibition of the oncogenic driver. Acquired resistance mechanisms include mutation of the oncogenic driver to directly prevent drug-mediated inhibition and the activation of compensatory survival pathways. RNA interference (RNAi)-based screening provides a powerful approach for the interrogation of both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. The availability of short interfering (si)RNA libraries targeting all human and mouse genes has made it possible to perform large-scale unbiased screens to identify pathways that are specifically required in cancer cells of particular genotypes or following particular treatments, facilitating the design of potential new therapeutic strategies that may limit resistance mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how RNAi screens can be used to uncover critical growth and survival pathways and aid in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for improved treatment of hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alvarez-Calderon
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
| | - Mark A. Gregory
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
| | - James DeGregori
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado – Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO and National Jewish Health, Denver CO
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zmajkovicova K, Jesenberger V, Catalanotti F, Baumgartner C, Reyes G, Baccarini M. MEK1 is required for PTEN membrane recruitment, AKT regulation, and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Mol Cell 2013; 50:43-55. [PMID: 23453810 PMCID: PMC3625979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways are prominent effectors of oncogenic Ras. These pathways negatively regulate each other, but the mechanism involved is incompletely understood. We now identify MEK1 as an essential regulator of lipid/protein phosphatase PTEN, through which it controls phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate accumulation and AKT signaling. MEK1 ablation stabilizes AKT activation and, in vivo, causes a lupus-like autoimmune disease and myeloproliferation. Mechanistically, MEK1 is necessary for PTEN membrane recruitment as part of a ternary complex containing the multidomain adaptor MAGI1. Complex formation is independent of MEK1 kinase activity but requires phosphorylation of T292 on MEK1 by activated ERK. Thus, inhibiting the ERK pathway reduces PTEN membrane recruitment, increasing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate accumulation and AKT activation. Our data offer a conceptual framework for the observation that activation of the PI3K pathway frequently mediate resistance to MEK inhibitors and for the promising results obtained by combined MEK/PI3K inhibition in preclinical cancer models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Zmajkovicova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Feldman DE, Chen C, Punj V, Machida K. The TBC1D15 oncoprotein controls stem cell self-renewal through destabilization of the Numb-p53 complex. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57312. [PMID: 23468968 PMCID: PMC3584131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell populations are maintained through self-renewing divisions in which one daughter cell commits to a specific fate while the other retains the multipotent characteristics of its parent. The p53 tumor suppressor, in conjunction with its interacting partner protein Numb, preserves this asymmetry and functions as a vital barrier against the unchecked expansion of tumor stem cell pools; however, little is known about the biological control of the Numb-p53 interaction. We show here that Numb and p53 are the constituents of a high molecular mass complex, which is disintegrated upon activation of aPKCζ, a Numb kinase. Using large-scale affinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry, we identify TBC1D15 as a Numb-associated protein and demonstrate that its amino-terminal domain disengages p53 from Numb, triggering p53 proteolysis and promoting self-renewal and pluripotency. Cellular levels of TBC1D15 are diminished upon acute nutrient deprivation through autophagy-mediated degradation, indicating that TBC1D15 serves as a conduit through which cellular metabolic status is linked to self-renewal. The profound deregulation of TBC1D15 expression exhibited in a diverse array of patient tumors underscores its proposed function as an oncoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Feldman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chialin Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vasu Punj
- Bioinformatics Core, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Southern California and Division of Hematology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|