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Manso AP, Leite ML, Comeau P, Dietrich C, Ghaffari S, Lange D, Branda N. Exploring the use of a Ruthenium complex incorporated into a methacrylate-based dental material for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2022; 20:22808000221112989. [PMID: 35856607 DOI: 10.1177/22808000221112989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a blue light photosensitizer (PS), Ruthenium II complex (Ru), on the chemical, physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of experimental dental resin blends. METHODS The experimental resin (BisEMA, TEEGDMA, HPMA, ethanol, and photoinitiator) was loaded with Ru at 0.00%, 0.07%, 0.14%, 0.28%, 0.56%, 1.12%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% w/w. Samples were evaluated for the degree of conversion (DC) after 30 and 60 s curing-time (n = 6). Selected formulations (0.00%, 0.28%, 0.56%, 1.12%) were further tested for shear bond strength (SBS) (n = 15); flexural strength (FS) (n = 12); and antimicrobial properties (CFUs), in dark and light conditions. These latter tests were performed on specimens stored for 24-h or 2-month in 37°C water. Water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) tests were also performed (n = 12). Data were analyzed either by a one- or two-factor general linear model (α = 0.05). RESULTS Overall, Ru concentration above 1.2% resulted in reduced DC. In SBS results, only the 1.12%Ru resin blend samples had statistically lower values compared to the 0.00%Ru resin blend at 24-h storage (p = 0.004). In addition, no differences in SBS were detected among the experimental groups after 2-month storage in water. Meanwhile, FS increased for all experimental groups under similar aging conditions (p < 0.001). Antimicrobial properties were improved upon inclusion of Ru and application of light (p < 0.001 for both) at 24-h and 2-month storage. Lastly, no detectable changes in WS or SL were observed for the Ru-added resins compared to the 0.00%Ru resin blend. However, the 0.28% Ru blend presented significantly higher WS compared to the 0.56% Ru blend (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Stable SBS, improved FS, and sustained antimicrobial properties after aging gives significant credence to our approach of adding the Ruthenium II complex into dental adhesive resin blends intended for an aPDT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pigozzo Manso
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maria Luísa Leite
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia Comeau
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Claudia Dietrich
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sahand Ghaffari
- Department of Urological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Urological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Branda
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Steinke SJ, Gupta S, Piechota EJ, Moore CE, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Photocytotoxicity and photoinduced phosphine ligand exchange in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1933-1945. [PMID: 35308843 PMCID: PMC8848995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tris-heteroleptic Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) coordination, cis-[Ru(phen)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (1a, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-[Ru(biq)(phen)(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (2a, biq = 2,2′-biquinoline), were synthesized and characterized for photochemotherapeutic applications. Upon absorption of visible light, 1a exchanges a CH3CN ligand for a solvent water molecule. Surprisingly, the steady-state irradiation of 2a followed by electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopies reveals the photosubstitution of the PPh3 ligand. Phosphine photoinduced ligand exchange with visible light from a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex has not previously been reported, and calculations reveal that it results from a trans-type influence in the excited state. Complexes 1a and 2a are not toxic against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but upon irradiation with blue light, the activity of both complexes increases by factors of >4.2 and 5.8, respectively. Experiments with PPh3 alone show that the phototoxicity observed for 2a does not arise from the released phosphine ligand, indicating the role of the photochemically generated ruthenium aqua complex on the biological activity. These complexes represent a new design motif for the selective release of PPh3 and CH3CN for use in photochemotherapy. New Ru(ii) complexes exhibit selective ligand dissociation driven by an excited state trans-type influence. The complexes are not toxic to triple-negative breast cancer cells in the dark, but induce cell death upon irradiation with visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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Schmorl S, Börner M, Kersting B. Stable thiolate adducts of Rh 2(OAc) 4 - assembly of hexametallic Ni 4Rh 2 complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:59-62. [PMID: 34889331 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiolate adducts of dirhodium(II) tetraacetate have proven difficult to prepare. We isolated a stable, paramagnetic Ni4Rh2 adduct containing Ni-based metallothiolates bound in axial positions of the Rh24+ core. The adduct formation is accompanied by a change of the magnetic exchange interaction in the dinuclear Ni2 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schmorl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin Börner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Berthold Kersting
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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55
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Ni L, Chang W, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Chen P, Zhang H, Zhao H, Zha J, Jiang S, Tao L, Zhou Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Diao G. Exploring Anticancer Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships of Binuclear Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8571-8583. [PMID: 35005923 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dimeric mixed-ligand oxidovanadium complexes [V2O2(1,3-pdta)(bpy)2]·9H2O (1) and [V2O2(1,3-pdta)(phen)2]·6H2O (2) feature a symmetric binuclear structure bridged by 1,3-pdta, which is different from our previous reported asymmetric binuclear complex [V2O2(edta)(phen)2]·11H2O (3).In this study, a wide range of analytical techniques were carried out to fully characterize the complexes 1 and 2 and further investigate their structural stabilities. Density functional theory calculations of 1 and 2 also suggest that they might have good reactivity with biomolecules as anticancer agents. To assess and screen the antitumor activities of compounds 1-3 together with their four corresponding monomeric complexes [VO(ida)(phen)], [VO(ida)(bpy)], [VO(OH)(phen)2]Cl, and [VO(Hedta)]-, we have performed in vitro experiments with hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cell lines by MTT analyses. Complex 2 was found to have the highest inhibitory potency against the growth of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells (IC50 = 2.07 ± 0.72 μM for HepG2; 13.00 ± 3.06 μM for SMMC-7721) compared to other compounds. The structure-activity relationship studies showed that the antitumor effect of compound 2 is higher than that of other compounds. After studying the monomeric compounds of 1-3, their effects were also ranked. Moreover, complex 2 displayed stronger binding affinity toward calf thymus DNA (Kb = 5.71 × 104 M-1) and cleavage activities than the other complexes (Kb = 1.34 × 104 M-1 for 1 and 5.22 × 104 M-1 for 3, respectively). We further extended the cellular mechanisms of drug action and found that 2 could block DNA synthesis and cell division of HepG2 and 7721 cells and further induce apoptosis by flow cytometry assays. In short, these results indicate that binuclear oxidovanadium compounds could have potential as simple, effective, and safe antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zha
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengsheng Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tao
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowang Diao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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56
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Gupta S, Vandevord JM, Loftus LM, Toupin N, Al-Afyouni MH, Rohrabaugh TN, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ru(II)-Based Acetylacetonate Complexes Induce Apoptosis Selectively in Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18964-18974. [PMID: 34846875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, chemical and biological characterization of seven Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing acetylacetonate (acac) ligands are reported. Electronic absorption spectra were determined and electrochemical potentials consistent with Ru(III/II) couples ranging from +0.60 to +0.73 V vs Ag/AgCl were measured. A series of complexes were screened against MDA-MB-231, DU-145, and MCF-10A cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicities in cancer and normal cell lines. Although most complexes were either nontoxic or equipotent in cancer cells and normal cell lines, compound 1, [Ru(dpqy)(acac)(py)](PF6), where dqpy is 2,6-di(quinolin-2-yl)pyridine, showed up to 2.5:1.0 selectivity for cancer as compared to normal cells, along with nanomolar EC50 values in MDA-MB-231 cells. Lipophilicity, determined as the octanol/water partition coefficient, log Po/w, ranged from -0.33 (0.06) to 1.15 (0.10) for the complexes. Although cytotoxicity was not correlated with electrochemical potentials, a moderate linear correlation between lipophilicity and toxicities was observed. Cell death mechanism studies indicated that several of the Ru-acac compounds, including 1, induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jessica M Vandevord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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57
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Heller ER, Richardson JO. Spin Crossover of Thiophosgene via Multidimensional Heavy-Atom Quantum Tunneling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20952-20961. [PMID: 34846871 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The spin-crossover reaction of thiophosgene has drawn broad attention from both experimenters and theoreticians as a prime example of radiationless intramolecular decay via intersystem crossing. Despite multiple attempts over 20 years, theoretical predictions have typically been orders of magnitude in error relative to the experimentally measured triplet lifetime. We address the T1 → S0 transition by the first application of semiclassical golden-rule instanton theory in conjunction with on-the-fly electronic-structure calculations based on multireference perturbation theory. Our first-principles approach provides excellent agreement with the experimental rates. This was only possible because instanton theory goes beyond previous methods by locating the optimal tunneling pathway in full dimensionality and thus captures "corner cutting" effects. Since the reaction is situated in the Marcus inverted regime, the tunneling mechanism can be interpreted in terms of two classical trajectories, one traveling forward and one backward in imaginary time, which are connected by particle-antiparticle creation and annihilation events. The calculated mechanism indicates that the spin crossover is sped up by many orders of magnitude due to multidimensional quantum tunneling of the carbon atom even at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Heller
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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58
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Jiang B, Martí AA. Probing Amyloid Nanostructures Using Photoluminescent Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Material Science & NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main St, Chemistry MS60 Houston Texas 77005 United States
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59
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Loftus LM, Olson EC, Stewart DJ, Phillips AT, Arumugam K, Cooper TM, Haley JE, Grusenmeyer TA. Zn Coordination and the Identity of the Halide Ancillary Ligand Dramatically Influence the Excited-State Dynamics and Bimolecular Reactions of 2,3-Di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[ g]quinoxaline. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16570-16583. [PMID: 34662517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of coordination complexes with ligands containing nitrogen heterocycles have been extensively studied for decades. One subclass of these materials, metal complexes utilizing substituted pyrazines and quinoxalines as ligands, has been employed in a variety of photochemical applications ranging from photodynamic therapy to organic light-emitting diodes. A vast majority of this work focuses on characterization of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states in these metal complexes; however, literature reports rarely investigate the photophysics of the parent pyrazine or quinoxaline ligand or perform control experiments utilizing metal complexes that lack low-lying charge-transfer (CT) states in order to determine how metal-atom coordination influences the photophysical properties of the ligand. With this in mind, we examined the steady-state and time-resolved photophysics of 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoxaline (dpb) and explored how the coordination of ZnX2 (X = Cl-, Br-, I-) affects the photophysical properties of dpb. In dpb, we find that the dominant mode of deactivation from the singlet excited state is intersystem crossing (ISC). Coordination of ZnX2 perturbs the relative energies of the ππ* and nπ* excited states of dpb, leading to drastically different rates of ISC as well as radiative and nonradiative decay in the [Zn(dpb)X2] complexes compared to dpb. These differences in the rates change the dominant singlet-excited-state decay pathway from ISC in dpb to a mixture of ISC and fluorescence in [Zn(dpb)Cl2] and [Zn(dpb)Br2] and to nonradiative decay in [Zn(dpb)I2]. Coordination of ZnX2 and the choice of the halide ligand also have profound effects on the rate constants for excited-state bimolecular reactions, including triplet-triplet annihilation and oxygen quenching. These results demonstrate that metal coordination, even in complexes lacking low-lying CT states, and the choice of the ancillary ligand can dramatically alter the photophysical properties of chromophores containing nitrogen heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Loftus
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,General Dynamics Information Technology, 5100 Springfield Pike, Dayton, Ohio 45431, United States
| | - Emma C Olson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - David J Stewart
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Alexis T Phillips
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States.,Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education, Dayton, Ohio 45420, United States
| | - Kuppuswamy Arumugam
- Wright State University, Department of Chemistry, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Thomas M Cooper
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Joy E Haley
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
| | - Tod A Grusenmeyer
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Functional Materials Division, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-7750, United States
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Antitumor Immune Response Triggered by Metal-Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy: Where Are We? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111788. [PMID: 34834202 PMCID: PMC8620627 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes based on transition metals have rich photochemical and photophysical properties that are derived from a variety of excited state electronic configurations triggered by visible and near-infrared light. These properties can be exploited to produce powerful energy and electron transfer processes that can lead to oxygen-(in)dependent photobiological activity. These principles are the basis of photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a clinically approved treatment that offers a promising, effective, and noninvasive complementary treatment or even an alternative to treat several types of cancers. PDT is based on a reaction involving a photosensitizer (PS), light, and oxygen, which ultimately generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, skin photosensitivity, due to the accumulation of PSs in skin cells, has hampered, among other elements, its clinical development and application. Therefore, these is an increasing interest in the use of (metal-based) PSs that are more specific to tumor cells. This may increase efficacy and corollary decrease side-effects. To this end, metal-containing nanoparticles with photosensitizing properties have recently been developed. In addition, several studies have reported that the use of immunogenic/immunomodulatory metal-based nanoparticles increases the antitumor efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy mediated by anti-PD-(L)1 or CTLA-4 antibodies. In this review, we discuss the main metal complexes used as PDT PSs. Lastly, we review the preclinical studies associated with metal-based PDT PSs and immunotherapies. This therapeutic association could stimulate PDT.
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Vinck R, Karges J, Tharaud M, Cariou K, Gasser G. Physical, spectroscopic, and biological properties of ruthenium and osmium photosensitizers bearing diversely substituted 4,4'-di(styryl)-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14629-14639. [PMID: 34581373 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Capitalising on the previous identification of a distyryl coordinated Ru(II) polypyridine complex as a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, eight new complexes were synthesized by modifications of the ligands or by changing the metal coordinated. We report in this work the effects of these modifications on the physical, spectroscopic, and biological properties of the synthesized complexes. Subtle structural modifications of the distyryl ligand only had a moderate effect on the corresponding complexes' visible light absorption and singlet oxygen quantum yield. These modifications however had a significant effect on the lipophilicity, the cellular uptake and the phototoxicity of the complexes. Although the lipophilicity of the complexes had a somewhat expected effect on their cellular uptake, this last parameter could not be directly correlated to their phototoxicity, revealing other underlying phenomena. Overall, this work allowed identification of two promising ruthenium complexes as photosensitisers for photodynamic therapy and provides some guidance on how to design better photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Biogéochimie à l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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62
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Lanquist AP, Gupta S, Al-Afyouni KF, Al-Afyouni M, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Trifluoromethyl substitution enhances photoinduced activity against breast cancer cells but reduces ligand exchange in Ru(ii) complex. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12056-12067. [PMID: 34667571 PMCID: PMC8457392 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of five ruthenium complexes containing triphenyl phosphine groups known to enhance both cellular penetration and photoinduced ligand exchange, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(P(p-R-Ph)3)(CH3CN)]2+, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and P(p-R-Ph)3 represent para-substituted triphenylphosphine ligands with R = -OCH3 (1), -CH3 (2) -H (3), -F (4), and -CF3 (5), were synthesized and characterized. The photolysis of 1-5 in water with visible light (λ irr ≥ 395 nm) results in the substitution of the coordinated acetonitrile with a solvent molecule, generating the corresponding aqua complex as the single photoproduct. A 3-fold variation in quantum yield was measured with 400 nm irradiation, Φ 400, where 1 is the most efficient with a Φ 400 = 0.076(2), and 5 the least photoactive complex, with Φ 400 = 0.026(2). This trend is unexpected based on the red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption of 1 as compared to that of 5, but can be correlated to the substituent Hammett para parameters and pK a values of the ancillary phosphine ligands. Complexes 1-5 are not toxic towards the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but 3 and 5 are >4.2 and >19-fold more cytotoxic upon irradiation with blue light, respectively. A number of experiments point to apoptosis, and not to necrosis or necroptosis, as the mechanism of cell death by 5 upon irradiation. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the role of phosphine ligands on photoinduced ligand substitution and show the enhancement afforded by -CF3 groups on photochemotherapy, which will aid the future design of photocages for photochemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Malik Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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63
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Estalayo-Adrián S, Blasco S, Bright SA, McManus GJ, Orellana G, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. Effect of Alkyl Chain Length on the Photophysical, Photochemical, and Photobiological Properties of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes for Their Application as DNA-Targeting, Cellular-Imaging, and Light-Activated Therapeutic Agents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6664-6681. [PMID: 35006970 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of six Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes (1-6) which contain phenanthroline-based ligands functionalized with alkyl chains of different lengths (one methyl group, 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains) and either 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene (TAP) as ancillary ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The influence of the alkyl chain length on their photophysical and photochemical properties as well as in their photobiological applications has been elucidated by monitoring the changes in their MLCT-centered absorption and emission bands. The presence of one methyl group or 10 carbon alkyl chains does not seem to significantly affect the photophysical and photochemical properties of the resulting Ru(II) complexes when compared to the well-known [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Ru(TAP)2phen]2+. However, an effect on their emission properties and in their ability to photosensitize singlet oxygen is observed for the Ru(II) complexes containing 21 carbon alkyl chains. The binding of these complexes to salmon testes DNA (stDNA) was investigated by observing the changes in the photophysical properties. Complexes 1, 2, 4, and 5 all showed changes in their MLCT bands that could be analyzed using conventional fitting methods, such as the Bard equation. In contrast, complexes 3 and 6, possessing long aliphatic chains, gave rise to nonclassic behavior. In addition to these analyses, both thermal denaturation and circular dichroism studies of 1-6 were carried out in the presence of stDNA which confirmed that these complexes bind to DNA. Confocal microscopy and viability studies in HeLa cervical cancer cells reveal an alkyl chain-length dependence on the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the resulting Ru(II) complexes due to an enhancement of their lipophilicity with increasing alkyl chain length. Thus, complexes containing 10 and 21 carbon alkyl chains are rapidly taken up into HeLa cells and, in particular, those with 21 carbon alkyl chains show a significant phototoxicity against the same cell line. Therefore, this study provides further insight into the possible modulation of the photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological properties of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes by varying the length of the alkyl chains attached to the polypyridyl ligands coordinated to the Ru(II) center and the nature of the auxiliary groups, which we show has a significant effect on photophysical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Estalayo-Adrián
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Salvador Blasco
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sandra A Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gavin J McManus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Guillermo Orellana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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64
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Chen Y, Bai L, Zhang P, Zhao H, Zhou Q. The Development of Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:5679. [PMID: 34577150 PMCID: PMC8465985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents. In this mini-review, we summarized the progress in Ru(II)-based PACT agents, as well as challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (L.B.); (P.Z.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Baptista FA, Krizsan D, Stitch M, Sazanovich IV, Clark IP, Towrie M, Long C, Martinez-Fernandez L, Improta R, Kane-Maguire NAP, Kelly JM, Quinn SJ. Adenine Radical Cation Formation by a Ligand-Centered Excited State of an Intercalated Chromium Polypyridyl Complex Leads to Enhanced DNA Photo-oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14766-14779. [PMID: 34464120 PMCID: PMC8447253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
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Assessment of the
DNA photo-oxidation and synthetic photocatalytic
activity of chromium polypyridyl complexes is dominated by consideration
of their long-lived metal-centered excited states. Here we report
the participation of the excited states of [Cr(TMP)2dppz]3+ (1) (TMP = 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline;
dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine) in DNA photoreactions. The interactions of
enantiomers of 1 with natural DNA or with oligodeoxynucleotides
with varying AT content (0–100%) have been studied by steady
state UV/visible absorption and luminescence spectroscopic methods,
and the emission of 1 is found to be quenched in all
systems. The time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and visible absorption
spectra (TA) of 1 following excitation in the region
between 350 to 400 nm reveal the presence of relatively long-lived
dppz-centered states which eventually yield the emissive metal-centered
state. The dppz-localized states are fully quenched when bound by
GC base pairs and partially so in the presence of an AT base-pair
system to generate purine radical cations. The sensitized formation
of the adenine radical cation species (A•+T) is identified by assigning the TRIR spectra with help of
DFT calculations. In natural DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides containing
a mixture of AT and GC of base pairs, the observed time-resolved spectra
are consistent with eventual photo-oxidation occurring predominantly
at guanine through hole migration between base pairs. The combined
targeting of purines leads to enhanced photo-oxidation of guanine.
These results show that DNA photo-oxidation by the intercalated 1, which locates the dppz in contact with the target purines,
is dominated by the LC centered excited state. This work has implications
for future phototherapeutics and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorottya Krizsan
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark Stitch
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Conor Long
- The School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Lara Martinez-Fernandez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry(IADCHEM) Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Improta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, 80136 Naples, Italy
| | - Noel A P Kane-Maguire
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613-1120, United States
| | - John M Kelly
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan J Quinn
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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66
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Yang M, Zhao H, Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Feng Q, Duan X, Wang S, Tang Y. CO/light dual-activatable Ru(ii)-conjugated oligomer agent for lysosome-targeted multimodal cancer therapeutics. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11515-11524. [PMID: 34667555 PMCID: PMC8447874 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-activatable and subcellular organelle-targeted agents with multimodal therapeutics are urgently desired for highly precise and effective cancer treatment. Herein, a CO/light dual-activatable Ru(ii)-oligo-(thiophene ethynylene) (Ru-OTE) for lysosome-targeted cancer therapy is reported. Ru-OTE is prepared via the coordination-driven self-assembly of a cationic conjugated oligomer (OTE-BN) ligand and a Ru(ii) center. Upon the dual-triggering of internal gaseous signaling molecular CO and external light, Ru-OTE undergoes ligand substitution and releases OTE-BN followed by dramatic fluorescence recovery, which could be used for monitoring drug delivery and imaging guided anticancer treatments. The released OTE-BN selectively accumulates in lysosomes, physically breaking their integrity. Then, the generated cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2) causes severe lysosome damage, thus leading to cancer cell death via photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, the release of the Ru(ii) core also suppresses cancer cell growth as an anticancer metal drug. Its significant anticancer effect is realized via the multimodal therapeutics of physical disruption/PDT/chemotherapy. Importantly, Ru-OTE can be directly photo-activated using a two-photon laser (800 nm) for efficient drug release and near-infrared PDT. Furthermore, Ru-OTE with light irradiation inhibits tumor growth in an MDA-MB-231 breast tumor model with negligible side effects. This study demonstrates that the development of an activatable Ru(ii)-conjugated oligomer potential drug provides a new strategy for effective subcellular organelle-targeted multimodal cancer therapeutics. The anticancer therapeutics of lysosome disruption/PDT/chemotherapy based on Ru-OTE complex was achieved, which provides a new strategy for developing multimodal and effective stimuli-activatable subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapeutics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences P. R. China
| | - Yanli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710119 P. R. China
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Sadlej A, Jaźwiński J. Complexation in situ of 1-methylpiperidine, 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidin, and 1,2-dimethylpiperidine with rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chiral recognition, and density functional theory studies. Chirality 2021; 33:660-674. [PMID: 34425025 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Complexation in situ of 1-methylpiperidine, racemic 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidin, and racemic 1,2-dimethylpiperidine with rhodium(II) tetracarboxylates in chloroform was studied by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) methods. As substrates, three dirhodium(II) compounds were applied, tetraacetate, tetrakistrifluoroacetate, and a derivative of optically pure Mosher's acid. Due to conformational flexibility, free and complexed ligands can adopt potentially various conformations. The NMR titration experiments revealed the subsequent formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, depending on the molar ratio of substrate to ligand. Conformations of free and complexed ligands were examined by the comparison of experimental and DFT gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) calculated chemical shifts and by the analysis of the internal energy of the compounds. For some ligand and substrate combinations, a mixture of complexes differing in ligand conformations was formed. Complexes of Mosher's acid derivative of rhodium(II) with racemic 1,2-dimethylpyrrolidin and 1,2-dimethylpiperidine exhibited NMR chiral recognition phenomenon, manifested by splitting of signals in 13 C NMR and 1 H,13 C HSQC spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sadlej
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Jaźwiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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68
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Huang X, Sun X, Wang W, Shen Q, Shen Q, Tang X, Shao J. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for tumor phototherapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3756-3777. [PMID: 33870980 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are constructed from metal ions/cluster nodes and functional organic ligands through coordination bonds. Owing to the advantages of diverse synthetic methods, easy modification after synthesis, large adsorption capacity for heavy metals, and short equilibrium time, considerable attention has recently been paid to MOFs for tumor phototherapy. Through rational tuning of metal ions and ligands, MOFs present abundant properties for various applications. Light-triggered phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is an emerging cancer treatment approach. Nanosized MOFs can be applied as phototherapeutic agents to accomplish phototherapy with excellent phototherapeutic efficacy. This review outlines the latest advances in the field of phototherapy with various metal ion-based MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Weili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
| | - Xuna Tang
- Department of Endodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 30 Zhongyang, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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69
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Wei F, Kuang S, Rees TW, Liao X, Liu J, Luo D, Wang J, Zhang X, Ji L, Chao H. Ruthenium(II) complexes coordinated to graphitic carbon nitride: Oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizers which produce multiple ROS for photodynamic therapy in hypoxia. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121064. [PMID: 34391019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by tumor hypoxia as PDT efficiency depends on O2 concentration. A novel oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizer (Ru-g-C3N4) was therefore designed and synthesized via a facile one-pot method in order to overcome tumor hypoxia-induced PDT resistance. The photosensitizer is based on [Ru(bpy)2]2+ coordinated to g-C3N4 nanosheets by Ru-N bonding. Compared to pure g-C3N4, the resulting nanosheets exhibit increased water solubility, stronger visible light absorption, and enhanced biocompatibility. Once Ru-g-C3N4 is taken up by hypoxic tumor cells and exposed to visible light, the nanosheets not only catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 and H2O to generate O2, but also catalyze H2O2 and O2 concurrently to produce multiple ROS (•OH, •O2-, and 1O2). In addition, Ru-g-C3N4 affords luminescence imaging, while continuously generating O2 to alleviate hypoxia greatly improving PDT efficacy. To the best of our knowledge, this oxygen self-sufficient photosensitizer produced via grafting a metal complex onto g-C3N4 is the first of its type to be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangmian Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Shi Kuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Thomas W Rees
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jiangping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Diqing Luo
- Department of Dermatology, The Eastern Division of the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidate, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, S.A.R., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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Holden L, Burke CS, Cullinane D, Keyes TE. Strategies to promote permeation and vectorization, and reduce cytotoxicity of metal complex luminophores for bioimaging and intracellular sensing. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1021-1049. [PMID: 34458823 PMCID: PMC8341117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal luminophores are emerging as important tools for intracellular imaging and sensing. Their putative suitability for such applications has long been recognised but poor membrane permeability and cytotoxicity were significant barriers that impeded early progress. In recent years, numerous effective routes to overcoming these issues have been reported, inspired in part, by advances and insights from the pharmaceutical and drug delivery domains. In particular, the conjugation of biomolecules but also other less natural synthetic species, from a repertoire of functional motifs have granted membrane permeability and cellular targeting. Such motifs can also reduce cytotoxicity of transition metal complexes and offer a valuable avenue to circumvent such problems leading to promising metal complex candidates for application in bioimaging, sensing and diagnostics. The advances in metal complex probes permeability/targeting are timely, as, in parallel, over the past two decades significant technological advances in luminescence imaging have occurred. In particular, super-resolution imaging is enormously powerful but makes substantial demands of its imaging contrast agents and metal complex luminophores frequently possess the photophysical characteristics to meet these demands. Here, we review some of the key vectors that have been conjugated to transition metal complex luminophores to promote their use in intra-cellular imaging applications. We evaluate some of the most effective strategies in terms of membrane permeability, intracellular targeting and what impact these approaches have on toxicity and phototoxicity which are important considerations in a luminescent contrast or sensing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan Holden
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Christopher S Burke
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - David Cullinane
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, and National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University Dublin 9 Ireland
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71
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Maschietto F, Campetella M, Sanz García J, Adamo C, Ciofini I. Chasing unphysical TD-DFT excited states in transition metal complexes with a simple diagnostic tool. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204102. [PMID: 34241186 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition Metal Complexes (TMCs) are known for the rich variety of their excited states showing different nature and degrees of locality. Describing the energies of these excited states with the same degree of accuracy is still problematic when using time-dependent density functional theory in conjunction with the most current density functional approximations. In particular, the presence of unphysically low lying excited states possessing a relevant Charge Transfer (CT) character may significantly affect the spectra computed at such a level of theory and, more relevantly, the interpretation of their photophysical behavior. In this work, we propose an improved version of the MAC index, recently proposed by the authors and collaborators, as a simple and computationally inexpensive diagnostic tool that can be used for the detection and correction of the unphysically predicted low lying excited states. The analysis, performed on five prototype TMCs, shows that spurious and ghost states can appear in a wide spectral range and that it is difficult to detect them only on the basis of their CT extent. Indeed, both delocalization of the excited state and CT extent are criteria that must be combined, as in the MAC index, to detect unphysical states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marco Campetella
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan Sanz García
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
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Kumar P, Mondal I, Kulshreshtha R, Patra AK. Development of novel ruthenium(II)-arene complexes displaying potent anticancer effects in glioblastoma cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:13294-13310. [PMID: 32936191 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBs) are highly aggressive and malignant brain tumors, which are highly resistant to conventional multimodal treatments, leading to their abysmal prognosis. Herein, we designed two organometallic half-sandwich Ru(ii)-η6-p-cymene complexes containing Schiff bases derived from 3-aminoquinoline and 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde (L1) and 2-hydroxy-naphthaldehyde (L2), namely [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] (1) and [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] (2), respectively, and studied their activity on GB cells. Both complexes were structurally characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which exhibited their half-sandwich three-legged piano-stool geometry. Furthermore, we studied their physicochemical behavior, solution speciation, aquation kinetics, and photo-substitution reactions using various spectroscopic methods. The complexes exhibited a moderate binding affinity with calf-thymus (CT)-DNA (Kb ∼ 105 M-1). The complexes effectively interacted with human serum albumin (HSA) (K ∼ 105 M-1) with preferential tryptophan binding, as determined via synchronous fluorescence studies. The in vitro studies showed their significant antiproliferative activity against an aggressive human GB cell line, LN-229 (IC50 = 22.8 μM), with moderate selectivity relative to normal mouse fibroblast L929 cells. Notably, [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L1)Cl] (1) exhibited a higher selectivity index (S.I.) than [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(L2)Cl] (2) and cisplatin. We evaluated the clonogenic potential of the GB cells using a colony formation assay in the presence of complex 1. Excitingly, it showed ∼75% inhibition of the clonogenic potential of GB cells at the IC50 concentration. Complex 1 also effectively lowered the migratory potential of the GB cells, as assessed by the wound healing assay. The studied compound led to the apoptosis of GB cells, as evidenced by nuclear condensation, blebbing, and enhanced caspase 3/7 activity, and thus has anticipated utility in the treatment of GBs using photochemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Smith CB, Days LC, Alajroush DR, Faye K, Khodour Y, Beebe SJ, Holder AA. Photodynamic Therapy of Inorganic Complexes for the Treatment of Cancer †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:17-41. [PMID: 34121188 DOI: 10.1111/php.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medicinal tool that uses a photosensitizer and a light source to treat several conditions, including cancer. PDT uses reactive oxygen species such as cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) to induce cell death in cancer cells. Chemotherapy has historically utilized the cytotoxic effects of many metals, especially transition metal complexes. However, chemotherapy is a systemic treatment so all cells in a patient's body are exposed to the same cytotoxic effects. Transition metal complexes have also shown high cytotoxicity as PDT agents. PDT is a potential localized method for treating several cancer types by using inorganic complexes as photosensitizing agents. This review covers several in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials that reported on the anticancer properties of inorganic pharmaceuticals used in PDT against different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe B Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Lindsay C Days
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Duaa R Alajroush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Khadija Faye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Yara Khodour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Stephen J Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Centre for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Alvin A Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
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74
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Wang LL, Wang HH, Wang H, Liu HY. Photoinduced Electron Transfer between DNA and Water-Soluble Porphyrins. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5683-5693. [PMID: 34042460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of five kinds of porphyrins (H2TMPyP, ZnTMPyP, PdTMPyP, H2TPPS, and ZnTPPS) complexed with model DNAs (ctDNA and dGMP) have been investigated using steady-state absorption, circular dichroism (CD), and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Upon addition of ctDNA (or dGMP), larger hypochromism and red shifts are observed for H2TMPyP and PdTMPyP compared to the other samples. The steady-state measurements have suggested that the binding modes of H2TMPyP-ctDNA and PdTMPyP-ctDNA are partial intercalation and full intercalation, respectively, while ZnTMPyP-ctDNA shows outside groove binding. No significant interaction was observed between both H2TPPS and ZnTPPS with two kinds of DNA. Upon excitation of the porphyrins into the higher excited state S2 (Soret band), the appearance of the transient absorption from ∼500 to ∼620 nm at about 0.05 ps in H2TMPyP-ctDNA, H2TMPyP-dGMP, and PdTMPyP-dGMP indicates the occurrence of the electron transfer (ET) from guanine to H2TMPyP and PdTMPyP. The forward ET are extremely fast (kf ≥ 1.0 × 1013 s-1), and the backward ET rates are ∼5.6 × 1012 and ∼4.0 × 1012 s-1, respectively. The complexation with DNA may lead to the shorter lifetime of the fluorescence of H2TMPyP and PdTMPyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hua-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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75
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Shi H, Lou J, Lin S, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhang P, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Diatom-like silica-protein nanocomposites for sustained drug delivery of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 221:111489. [PMID: 34000586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the unique glass cell wall of diatom, we design a new nanostructure of human serum albumin nanoparticle (HSANP) coated with silica (HSA/SiO2), which consists of a core-satellite assembly of small silica nanoparticles on a single HSANP. The HSA/SiO2 nanoparticles are used for delivering ruthenium polypyridyl complexes into cells. The silica coating increases the Ru loading efficiency, and prevents the burst release of Ru from HSA/SiO2. The Ru release rate can be controlled by adjusting the amount of coated silica on HSANP, affording a drug delivery system with controlled drug release rate. The Ru-HSA/SiO2 nanoparticles show high stability in physiological condition, and significantly increase the Ru uptake into cells, which proceeds via clathrin-mediated endocytosis into the lysosomes. The silica coating takes no effect on the fluorescence intensity and ROS generation of loaded Ru in HSA/SiO2. Furthermore, Ru4-HSA/SiO2 exhibit weak cytotoxicity in dark, however, the nanodrug can be activated by light irradiation and generate ROS to damage cells, thus achieving an excellent photodynamic therapy efficiency. Therefore, the diatom-like nanostructure can function as sustained drug delivery nanocarrier of ruthenium polypyridyl complex and can be used for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Shi
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jingxue Lou
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Simin Lin
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yatao Hu
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yangzhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Qianling Zhang
- Graphene Composite Research Center, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China.
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76
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Jain A, Garrett NT, Malone ZP. Ruthenium-based Photoactive Metalloantibiotics †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:6-16. [PMID: 33882620 DOI: 10.1111/php.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most urgent public health problems. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising therapy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The aPDT combines a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive oxygen species to induce bacterial inactivation. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are significant because they possess unique photophysical properties that allow them to produce reactive oxygen species upon photoirradiation, which leads to cytotoxicity. These antimicrobial agents cause bacterial cell death by DNA and cytoplasmic membrane damage. This article presents a comprehensive review of photoactive antimicrobial properties of kinetically inert and labile ruthenium complexes, nanoparticles coupled photoactive ruthenium complexes, and photoactive ruthenium nanoparticles. Additionally, limitations of current ruthenium-based photoactive antimicrobial agents and future directions for the development of antibiotic-resistant photoactive antimicrobial agents are discussed. It is important to raise awareness for the ruthenium-based aPDT agents in order to develop a new class of photoactive metalloantibiotics capable of combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijita Jain
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Noah T Garrett
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Zachary P Malone
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
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77
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Perka S, Vuradi RK, Gopu S, Nambigari N, K VR, Sirasani S. Influence of Co(III) Polypyridyl Complexes on Luminescence Behavior, DNA Binding, Photocleavage, Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Docking Studies. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1009-1021. [PMID: 33880704 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A new ligand FIPB = 5-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)furan-2-yl-2-boronic acid, having three cobalt(III) polypyridyl complexes [Co(phen)2(FIPB)]3+(1) {FIPB = 5-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)furan-2-yl-2-boronic acid}, (phen = 1,10-Phenanthroline), [Co(bpy)2(FIPB)]3+(2) (bpy = 2,2'bipyridyl), [Co(dmb)2(FIPB)]3+(3) (dmb = 4, 4'-dimethyl 2, 2'-bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ES-MS,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, UV-Vis and FTIR. Their DNA binding behavior has been explored by various spectroscopic titrations and viscosity measurements, which indicated that all the complexes bind to calf thymus DNA by means of intercalation with different binding strengths. The binding properties of these all three complexes towards calf-thymus DNA (CT-DNA) have been investigated by UV-visible, emission spectroscopy and viscosity measurements.The experimental results suggested that three Co(III) complexes can intercalate into DNA base pairs,but with different binding affinities. Photo induced DNA cleavage studies have been performed and results indicate that three complexes efficiently cleave the pBR322-DNA in different forms. The three synthesized compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity by using Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis organisms, these results indicated that complex 1 was more activity compared to other two complexes against both tested microbial strains. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these complexes was evaluatedby MTT assay, and complex 1 shows higher cytotoxicity than complex 2 and 3 on HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Perka
- Department of Chemistry, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500007, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Vuradi
- Department of Chemistry, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500007, India
| | - Srinivas Gopu
- Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College for Women, Karimnagar, Telangana State, 505001, India
| | - Navaneetha Nambigari
- Department of Chemistry, UCS, Saifabad, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500007, India
| | - Venugopal Reddy K
- Department of Chemistry, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500007, India
| | - Satyanarayana Sirasani
- Department of Chemistry, UCS, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500007, India.
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78
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Karges J, Tharaud M, Gasser G. Polymeric Encapsulation of a Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizer for Folate-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Drug Resistant Cancers. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4612-4622. [PMID: 33818111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The currently used photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizers (PSs) are generally associated with a poor cancer cell selectivity, which is responsible for some undesirable side effects. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need for a selective drug delivery system for PDT PSs. Herein, the encapsulation of a promising Ru(II) polypyridine complex in a polymer with terminal folate groups to form nanoparticles is presented. While the Ru(II) complex itself has a cytotoxic effect in the dark, the encapsulation is able to overcome this drawback. Upon light exposure, the nanoparticles were found to be highly phototoxic in 2D monolayer cells as well as 3D multicellular tumor spheroids upon 480 or 595 nm irradiation. Importantly, the nanoparticles demonstrated a high selectivity for cancerous cells over noncancerous cells and were found to be active in drug resistant cancer cells lines, indicating that they are able to overcome drug resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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79
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Huang C, Liang C, Sadhukhan T, Banerjee S, Fan Z, Li T, Zhu Z, Zhang P, Raghavachari K, Huang H. In‐vitro and In‐vivo Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy with Biocompatible Iridium(III) Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Chao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi UP 221005 India
| | - Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen) Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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80
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Huang C, Liang C, Sadhukhan T, Banerjee S, Fan Z, Li T, Zhu Z, Zhang P, Raghavachari K, Huang H. In-vitro and In-vivo Photocatalytic Cancer Therapy with Biocompatible Iridium(III) Photocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9474-9479. [PMID: 33434379 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic anticancer profile of a IrIII photocatalyst (Ir3) with strong light absorption, high turnover frequency, and excellent biocompatibility is reported. Ir3 showed selective photo-cytotoxicity against cisplatin- and sorafenib-resistant cell lines while remaining dormant to normal cell lines in the dark. Ir3 exhibited excellent photo-catalytic oxidation of cellular co-enzyme, the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and amino acids via a single electron transfer mechanism. The photo-induced intracellular redox imbalance and change in mitochondrial membrane potential resulted in necrosis and apoptosis of cancer cells. Importantly, Ir3 exhibited high biocompatibility and photo-catalytic anticancer efficiency as evident from in vivo zebrafish and mouse cancer models. To the best of our knowledge, Ir3 is the first IrIII based photocatalyst with such a high biocompatibility and photocatalytic anticancer therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chao Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP, 221005, India
| | - Zhongxian Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zilin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | | | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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81
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Moreira LG, Almeida AM, Nield T, Camacho SA, Aoki PHB. Modulating photochemical reactions in Langmuir monolayers of Escherichia coli lipid extract with the binding mechanisms of eosin decyl ester and toluidine blue-O photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 218:112173. [PMID: 33799010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic damage to the cell envelope can inactivate microorganisms and may be applied to combat super-resistance phenomenon, empowered by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Efficiency in microbial inactivation is dependent on the incorporation of photosensitizers (PS) into the bacterial membranes to trigger oxidation reactions under illumination. Herein, Langmuir monolayers of Escherichia coli lipid extract were built to determine the binding mechanisms and oxidation outcomes induced by eosin decyl ester (EosDEC) and toluidine blue-O (TBO) PSs. Surface-pressure isotherms of the E. coli monolayers were expanded upon EosDEC and TBO, suggesting incorporation of both PSs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films reveled that the EosDEC and TBO binding mechanisms are dominated by electrostatic interactions with the anionic polar groups, with limited penetration into the chains. Light-irradiation reduced the relative area of E. coli monolayer on TBO, indicating an increased loss of material to the subphase owing to the chain cleavage, generated by contact-dependent reactions with excited states of TBO. In contrast, the increased relative area of E. coli monolayers containing EosDEC suggests lipid hydroperoxidation, which is PS contact-independent. Even considering a small chain penetration, the saturated EosDEC may have partitioned towards saturated reach domains, avoiding direct contact with membrane unsaturations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Moreira
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Almeida
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Tyler Nield
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil; Faculty of Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sabrina A Camacho
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil; IFSC, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Aoki
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil.
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82
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Ricciardi L, La Deda M. Recent advances in cancer photo-theranostics: the synergistic combination of transition metal complexes and gold nanostructures. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this mini review, we highlight advances in the last five years in light-activated cancer theranostics by using hybrid systems consisting of transition metal complexes (TMCs) and plasmonic gold nanostructures (AuNPs). TMCs are molecules with attractive properties and high potential in biomedical application. Due to their antiproliferative abilities, platinum-based compounds are currently first-choice drugs for the treatment of several solid tumors. Moreover, ruthenium, iridium and platinum complexes are well-known for their ability to photogenerate singlet oxygen, a highly cytotoxic reactive species with a key role in photodynamic therapy. Their potential is further extended by the unique photophysical properties, which make TMCs particularly suitable for bioimaging. Recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely investigated as one of the leading nanomaterials in cancer theranostics. AuNPs—being an inert and highly biocompatible material—represent excellent drug delivery systems, overcoming most of the side effects associated with the systemic administration of anticancer drugs. Furthermore, due to the thermoplasmonic properties, AuNPs proved to be efficient nano-sources of heat for photothermal therapy application. Therefore, the hybrid combination TMC/AuNPs could represent a synergistic merger of multiple functionalities for combinatorial cancer therapy strategies. Herein, we report the most recent examples of TMC/AuNPs systems in in-vitro in-vivo cancer tharanostics application whose effects are triggered by light-exposure in the Vis–NIR region, leading to a spatial and temporal control of the TMC/AuNPs activation for light-mediated precision therapeutics.
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83
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Lenis-Rojas OA, Robalo MP, Tomaz AI, Fernandes AR, Roma-Rodrigues C, Teixeira RG, Marques F, Folgueira M, Yáñez J, Gonzalez AA, Salamini-Montemurri M, Pech-Puch D, Vázquez-García D, Torres ML, Fernández A, Fernández JJ. Half-Sandwich Ru( p-cymene) Compounds with Diphosphanes: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation As Potential Anticancer Metallodrugs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2914-2930. [PMID: 33570919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes are currently considered attractive alternatives to the widely used platinum-based drugs. We present herein the synthesis and characterization of half-sandwich ruthenium compounds formulated as [Ru(p-cymene)(L)Cl][CF3SO3] (L = 1,1-bis(methylenediphenylphosphano)ethylene, 1; L = 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphano)ethylene, 2), which were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H and 31P{1H} NMR, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements and cyclic voltammetry. The molecular structures for both complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT assay against human tumor cells, namely ovarian (A2780) and breast (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231). Both complexes were active against breast adenocarcinoma cells, with complex 1 exhibiting a quite remarkable cytotoxicity in the submicromolar range. Interestingly, at concentrations equivalent to the IC50 values in the MCF7 cancer cells, complexes 1 and 2 presented lower cytotoxicity in normal human primary fibroblasts. The antiproliferative effects of 1 and 2 in MCF7 cells might be associated with the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to a combined cell death mechanism via apoptosis and autophagy. Despite the fact that in vitro a partial intercalation between complexes and DNA was observed, no MCF7 cell cycle delay or arrest was observed, indicating that DNA might not be a direct target. Complexes 1 and 2 both exhibited a moderate to strong interaction with human serum albumin, suggesting that protein targets may be involved in their mode of action. Their acute toxicity was evaluated in the zebrafish model. Complex 1 (the most toxic of the two) exhibited a lethal toxicity LC50 value about 1 order of magnitude higher than any IC50 concentrations found for the cancer cell models used, highlighting its therapeutic relevance as a drug candidate in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Lenis-Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB, Av. da República, EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Paula Robalo
- Área Departamental de Engenharia Química, ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Tomaz
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1049-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra R Fernandes
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Catarina Roma-Rodrigues
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ricardo G Teixeira
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1049-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologías Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10 (km 139.7), 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Mónica Folgueira
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 6BT, U.K
| | - Julián Yáñez
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Anabel Alba Gonzalez
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Martín Salamini-Montemurri
- Neurover Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA) and Department of Biology, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Dawrin Pech-Puch
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km. 15.5, carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, A.P. 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Digna Vázquez-García
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Margarita López Torres
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús J Fernández
- Departamento de Química & Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
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84
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Liu ZY, Zhang J, Sun YM, Zhu CF, Lu YN, Wu JZ, Li J, Liu HY, Ye Y. Photodynamic antitumor activity of Ru(ii) complexes of imidazo-phenanthroline conjugated hydroxybenzoic acid as tumor targeting photosensitizers. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:438-446. [PMID: 31833531 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two novel Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes bearing imidazo-phenanthroline conjugated hydroxybenzoic acid groups were designed to enhance the tumor targeting ability as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. [Ru(bpy)2(phcpip)] (ClO4)2 (Ru-1) and [Ru(bpy)2(ohcpip)] (ClO4)2 (Ru-2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; phcpip = 2-(3-carboxyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) imidazo [4,5-f]phenanthroline; ohcpip = 2-(2-hydroxyl-3-carboxyphenyl) imidazo [4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline) were synthesized and their photodynamic antitumor activities were investigated. Both complexes displayed high photocytotoxicity toward cancerous cell lines HepG2, A549, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231, but low photocytotoxicity toward normal cell lines GES-1 and Huvec. They were mainly localized at the nucleus of HepG2 cells after 24 h incubation, arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and induced cancer cell apoptosis through reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated pathways. Tumor targeting of the complexes is attributed to stronger molecular binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China.
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85
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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86
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Lord RM, Zegke M, Basri AM, Pask CM, McGowan PC. Rhodium(III) Dihalido Complexes: The Effect of Ligand Substitution and Halido Coordination on Increasing Cancer Cell Potency. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2076-2086. [PMID: 33463147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis of eight new rhodium(III) dihalido complexes, [RhX2(L)(LH)] (where X = Cl or I), which incorporate two bidentate N-(3-halidophenyl)picolinamide ligands. The ligands have different binding modes in the complexes, whereby one is neutral and bound via N,N (LH) coordination, while the other is anionic and bound via N,O (L) coordination. The solid state and solution studies confirm multiple isomers are present when X = Cl; however, after a halide exchange with potassium iodide (X = I) the complexes exist exclusively as single stable trans isomers. NMR studies reveal the Rh(III) trans diiodido complexes remain stable in aqueous solution with no ligand exchange reported over 96 h. Chemosensitivity data against a range of cancer cell lines show two cytotoxic complexes, where L = N-(3-bromophenyl)picolinamide ligand. The results have been compared to the analogous Ru(III) complexes and overall highlight the Rh(III) trans diiodido complex to be ∼78× more cytotoxic than the analogous Rh(III) dichlorido complex, unlike the Ru(III) complexes which are equitoxic against all cell lines. Additionally, the Rh(III) trans diiodido complex is more selective toward cancerous cells, with selectivity index (SI) values >25-fold higher than cisplatin against colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne M Lord
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7JT, U.K
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Markus Zegke
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K
| | - Aida M Basri
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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87
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Lin S, Turro C. Dirhodium Complexes as Panchromatic Sensitizers, Electrocatalysts, and Photocatalysts. Chemistry 2021; 27:5379-5387. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 W. 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The Ohio State University 100 W. 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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88
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Yuan J, Peng R, Su D, Zhang X, Zhao H, Zhuang X, Chen M, Zhang X, Yuan L. Cell membranes targeted unimolecular prodrug for programmatic photodynamic-chemo therapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:3502-3511. [PMID: 33537100 PMCID: PMC7847693 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as one of the most up-and-coming non-invasive therapeutic modalities for cancer therapy in rencent years. However, its therapeutic effect was still hampered by the short life span, limited diffusion distance and ineluctable depletion of singlet oxygen (1O2), as well as the hypoxic microenvironment in the tumor tissue. Such problems have limited the application of PDT and appropriate solutions are highly demand. Methods: Herein, a programmatic treatment strategy is proposed for the development of a smart molecular prodrug (D-bpy), which comprise a two-photon photosensitizer and a hypoxia-activated chemotherapeutic prodrug. A rhodamine dye was designed to connect them and track the drug release by the fluorescent signal generated through azo bond cleavage. Results: The prodrug (D-bpy) can stay on the cell membrane and enrich at the tumor site. Upon light irradiation, the therapeutic effect was enhanced by a stepwise treatment: (i) direct generation of 1O2 on the cell membrane induced membrane destruction and promoted the D-bpy uptake; (ii) deep tumor hypoxia caused by two-photon PDT process further triggered the activation of the chemotherapy prodrug. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments, D-bpy have exhabited excellent tumor treatment effect. Conclusion: The innovative programmatic treatment strategy provides new strategy for the design of follow-up anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Dongdong Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Hepeng Zhao
- College of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Xiujuan Zhuang
- College of Physics and Microelectronics Science, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R China
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89
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Kang L, Wang B, Thetford A, Wu K, Danaie M, He Q, Gibson EK, Sun L, Asakura H, Catlow CRA, Wang FR. Design, Identification, and Evolution of a Surface Ruthenium(II/III) Single Site for CO Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Adam Thetford
- Department of Chemistry The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Ke Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Mohsen Danaie
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre Diamond Light Source Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Qian He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117575 Singapore
| | - Emma K. Gibson
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Ling‐Dong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Hiroyuki Asakura
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries Kyoto University Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- Department of Chemistry University College London London WC1H 0AJ UK
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Feng Ryan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK
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90
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Deshpande MS, Morajkar SM, Srinivasan BR, Ahirwar MB, Deshmukh MM. Effect of the electronic structure on the robustness of ruthenium( ii) bis-phenanthroline compounds for photodissociation of the co-ligand: synthesis, structural characterization, and density functional theory study. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodissociation of co-ligand in cis-[Ru(phen)2(L)2](PF6)2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, L = isoquinoline 1; phthalazine 2), upon blue light irradiation was investigated via both experimental and DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mini Bharati Ahirwar
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
- Sagar
- India
| | - Milind M. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
- Sagar
- India
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91
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Kumar P, Singh P, Saren S, Pakira S, Sivakumar S, Patra AK. Kinetically labile ruthenium(II) complexes of terpyridines and saccharin: effect of substituents on photoactivity, solvation kinetics, and photocytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8196-8217. [PMID: 34031678 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00246e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we designed six kinetically labile ruthenium(ii) complexes containing saccharin (sac) and 4'-substituted-2,2':6',2''-terpyridines (R-tpy), viz. trans-[Ru(sac)2(H2O)3(dmso-S)] (1) and [RuII(R-tpy)(sac)2(X)] [X = solvent molecule] (2-6). We intentionally kept the labile hydrolysable Ru-X bonds that were potentially activated via solvent-exchange reactions. This strategy generates a coordinative vacancy that allows further binding with potential biological targets. To gain insight into the electronic effects of ancillary ligands on Ru-X ligand-exchange kinetics or photoreactions, we have used a series of substituted terpyridines (R-tpy) and studied their solvation kinetics. The ternary complexes were also studied for their potential utility in Ru-assisted photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) synergized with release of saccharin as a highly selective carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) inhibitor, over-expressed in hypoxic tumors. The ternary complexes exhibit distorted octahedral geometry around Ru(ii) from two monodentate transoidal saccharin in the axial position, and tridentate terpyridines and labile solvent molecules at the basal plane (2-6). We studied their speciation, solvation kinetics, and photoreactivity in the presence of green LED light (λirr = 530 nm). All the complexes are relatively labile and undergo solvation in coordinating solvents (e.g. DMSO/DMF). The complexes undergo the ligand-substitution reaction, and their speciation and kinetics were studied by UV-Vis, ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and structural analysis. We also attempted to assess the effect of various substituents on the ancillary terpyridine ligand (R-tpy) in photo-reactivity and ligand-exchange reactions. The photo-induced absorption and emission measurements suggested dissociation of the saccharin from the Ru-center supporting PACT pathways. The complexes display a significant binding affinity with CT-DNA (Kb ∼ 104-105 M-1) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (KBSA ∼ 105 M-1). Cytotoxicity was studied in the dark and the presence of low energy UV-A light (365 nm) in cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF7). Photoirradiation of the complexes induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) assessed using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and intracellular DCFDA assays. The complexes are sufficiently internalized in cancer cells throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus and induce apoptosis as studied by staining with dual dyes using confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyaranjan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerana Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India and Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sanjoy Saren
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sandip Pakira
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sri Sivakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, DST Thematic Unit of Excellence on Soft Nanofabrication, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashis K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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92
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Peng YB, He W, Niu Q, Tao C, Zhong XL, Tan CP, Zhao P. Mitochondria-targeted cyclometalated rhodium(III) complexes: synthesis, characterization and anticancer research. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9068-9075. [PMID: 34113944 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the landscape of inorganic medicinal chemistry has been dominated by investigations on platinum or ruthenium, while the research based on other metal centers such as rhodium has been relatively insufficient. In this work, a series of cyclometalated rhodium(iii) complexes with imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline containing different aromatic rings were synthesized and characterized. Notably, all the complexes displayed stronger anticancer activity against various cancer cells compared with cisplatin. A mechanism study revealed that the rhodium complexes accumulated in the mitochondria, elevated the levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and released cytochrome c, indicating severe mitochondrial damage during the anticancer activity. Further studies illustrated that the rhodium complexes caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, upregulated the expression of p53 and reduced the ratio of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated x (Bax), which ultimately resulted in cellular apoptosis. Overall, through mitochondrial pathways, these Rh(iii) complexes could induce cellular apoptosis to a larger extent than cisplatin and should be paid close attention as promising chemotherapeutic drugs in anticancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Education Mega Centre, No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China. and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China.
| | - Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China.
| | - Qiang Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Education Mega Centre, No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Can Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Education Mega Centre, No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhong
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Education Mega Centre, No. 280, Waihuandong Road, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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93
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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94
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Lee SY, Kim CY, Nam TG. Ruthenium Complexes as Anticancer Agents: A Brief History and Perspectives. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5375-5392. [PMID: 33299303 PMCID: PMC7721113 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s275007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum (Pt)-based anticancer drugs such as cisplatin have been used to treat various cancers. However, they have some limitations including poor selectivity and toxicity towards normal cells and increasing chemoresistance. Therefore, there is a need for novel metallo-anticancers, which has not been met for decades. Since the initial introduction of ruthenium (Ru) polypyridyl complex, a number of attempts at structural evolution have been conducted to improve efficacy. Among them, half-sandwich Ru-arene complexes have been the most prominent as an anticancer platform. Such complexes have clearly shown superior anticancer profiles such as increased selectivity toward cancer cells and ameliorating toxicity against normal cells compared to existing Pt-based anticancers. Currently, several Ru complexes are under human clinical trials. For improvement in selectivity and toxicity associated with chemotherapy, Ru complexes as photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), which can selectively activate prodrug moieties in a specific region, have also been investigated. With all these studies on these interesting entities, new metallo-anticancer drugs to at least partially replace existing Pt-based anticancers are anticipated. This review covers a brief description of Ru-based anticancer complexes and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeul Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do15588, Republic of Korea
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95
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Zhang B, Xiao J, Wang X, Li P, Su W. Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity of half-sandwich rhodium(III) complexes with curcuminoids. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102049. [PMID: 33059109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Half-sandwich Cp*-Rh complexes containing curcuminoids ([Rh(η5-Cp*)(L)(Py)]PF6, 1-3, L = curcuminoid ligands L1-L3) were prepared, characterized and studied for anticancer activity. Complex 1 was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex 3 presented excellent photodynamic anticancer effect in light (>400 nm) showing IC50 values of 7.5 and 4.3 μM against HepG2, SKOV3 and HeLa, respectively, along with the 12.4, 7.9 and 4.7-fold lower toxicity in the dark. Confocal fluorescence images show that the complex primarily targeted mitochondrial localization. These results suggest that the complex 3 was a valuable agent with higher efficacy for chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, which can achieve real-time image guidance in cancer therapy for the fluorescence of the complex as imaging signals. This investigation provides a valuable route to design novel half-sandwich Cp*-Rh complexes with higher efficacy for photodynamic anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, PR China
| | - Jun'an Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, PR China.
| | - Wei Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, PR China.
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96
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da Silva CFN, Chrispim PBH, Possato B, Portapilla GB, Rohrabaugh TN, Ramos LCB, Santana da Silva R, de Albuquerque S, Turro C, Nikolaou S. Anticancer and antitrypanosomal activities of trinuclear ruthenium compounds with orthometalated phenazine ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16440-16452. [PMID: 32776028 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium complexes with orthometalated phenazines of general formula [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ2-OAc)5(L)(py)2]PF6 (L = dppn, benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 1; dppz, dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 2; CH3-dppz, 7-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 3; Cl-dppz, 7-chlorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, 4) were investigated for their cytotoxic activity toward the B16F10 murine melanoma and the L929 non-cancer cell lines and against Trypanosoma cruzi (2-4). This study also reports a multi-technique investigation into how complexes 1-4 interact with DNA and human serum albumin, HSA. At concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 μM, all the complexes reduced B16F10 murine melanoma cell viability by over 50%. Complex 4 had the highest cytotoxic effect in the series, diminishing B16F10 cell viability to 38% at 2 μM, with an overall order for anticancer activity of 4 > 2 > 3 > 1. Complexes 2-4 showed remarkable activity in inhibiting epimastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi. Complex 2 showed better antitrypanosomal activity than the reference drug (IC50 = 1.19 μM and IC50 = 0.25 μM for epimastigote and amastigotes forms, respectivily). Ethidium bromide (EB) displacement assays showed that DNA intercalation progressively increases with the extension of the π-conjugation of the cyclometalating ligand and the presence of substituents in the phenazinic portion (1 > 4-3 > 2), showing that complex 1 is a stronger intercalator than EB itself (Kapp > 107 M-1). Viscosity measurements followed the same trend. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells and antitrypanosomal activity follow the same order, which is different to the tendency of DNA intercalation, suggesting DNA is not the main target of these complexes. Compound 1-4 showed very high affinity with HSA (Kb ∼109 M-1). Circular dichroism results also showed that the complexes alter significantly the secondary structure of the HSA, lowering the α-helix % from 86.2 (pure protein) to less than 5% for compounds 1, 2 and 4 at 2.8 μM. These findings demonstrated the important role of phenazines for the biological activity of triruthenium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fontes Neves da Silva
- LABIQSC2 (Laboratório de Atividade Biológica e Química Supramolecular de Compostos de Coordenação), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Fayad C, Audi H, Khnayzer RS, Daher CF. The anti-cancer effect of series of strained photoactivatable Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes on non-small-cell lung cancer and triple negative breast cancer cells. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 26:43-55. [PMID: 33221954 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes have been recently reported as potential chemotherapeutic agents that offer tumor selectivity and low tumor resistance. This study investigates the photochemistry and the effect of four strained photoactivatable polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes on non-small-cell lung cancer (A549) and triple negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. All four ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(bpy)2dmbpy]Cl2 (C1) where (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and dmbpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), [Ru(phen)2dmbpy]Cl2 (C2) where (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), [Ru(dpphen)2dmbpy]Cl2 (C3) (where dpphen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and [Ru(BPS)2dmbpy]Na2 (C4) where (BPS = bathophenanthroline disulfonate) eject the dmbpy ligand upon activation by blue light. Determination of the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) revealed that C3 was the only lipophilic complex (log P = 0.42). LC-MS/MS studies showed that C3 presented the highest cellular uptake. The cytotoxic effect of the complexes was evaluated with and without blue light activation using WST-1 kit. Data indicated that C3 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity after 72 h (MDA-MB-231, IC50 = 0.73 µM; A549, IC50 = 1.26 µM) of treatment. The phototoxicity indices of C3 were 6.56 and 4.64 for MDA-MB-230 and A549, respectively. Upon light activation, C3 caused significant ROS production and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells as shown by flow cytometry. It also significantly increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and PERK levels without affecting caspase-3 expression. C3 exhibited poor dark toxicity (IC50 = 74 μM) on rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In conclusion, the physical property of the complexes dictated by the variable ancillary ligands influenced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. C3 may be considered a promising selective photoactivatable chemotherapeutic agent that induces ROS production and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Fayad
- Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Hassib Audi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rony S Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Costantine F Daher
- Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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98
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Schneider KRA, Chettri A, Cole HD, Reglinski K, Brückmann J, Roque JA, Stumper A, Nauroozi D, Schmid S, Lagerholm CB, Rau S, Bäuerle P, Eggeling C, Cameron CG, McFarland SA, Dietzek B. Intracellular Photophysics of an Osmium Complex bearing an Oligothiophene Extended Ligand. Chemistry 2020; 26:14844-14851. [PMID: 32761643 PMCID: PMC7704931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This contribution describes the excited-state properties of an Osmium-complex when taken up into human cells. The complex 1 [Os(bpy)2 (IP-4T)](PF6 )2 with bpy=2,2'-bipyridine and IP-4T=2-{5'-[3',4'-diethyl-(2,2'-bithien-5-yl)]-3,4-diethyl-2,2'-bithiophene}imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline) can be discussed as a candidate for photodynamic therapy in the biological red/NIR window. The complex is taken up by MCF7 cells and localizes rather homogeneously within in the cytoplasm. To detail the sub-ns photophysics of 1, comparative transient absorption measurements were carried out in different solvents to derive a model of the photoinduced processes. Key to rationalize the excited-state relaxation is a long-lived 3 ILCT state associated with the oligothiophene chain. This model was then tested with the complex internalized into MCF7 cells, since the intracellular environment has long been suspected to take big influence on the excited state properties. In our study of 1 in cells, we were able to show that, though the overall model remained the same, the excited-state dynamics are affected strongly by the intracellular environment. Our study represents the first in depth correlation towards ex-vivo and in vivo ultrafast spectroscopy for a possible photodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian R. A. Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Avinash Chettri
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Houston D. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Katharina Reglinski
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- University Hospital JenaBachstraße 1807743JenaGermany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - John A. Roque
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of North Carolina at GreensboroGreensboroNorth Carolina27402USA
| | - Anne Stumper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sylvia Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | | | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced MaterialsUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Applied Optic and BiophysicsFriedrich-Schiller University JenaMax-Wien-Platz 107743JenaGermany
- <MRC Human Immunology Unit & Wolfson Imaging Center OxfordHeadley WayOxfordOX3 9DSUK
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTX76019-0065USA
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional Interfaces (K.R.A.S., A.C., B.D.)Department Biophysical Imaging (K.R., C.E.)Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-Schiller-University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
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99
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Kang L, Wang B, Thetford A, Wu K, Danaie M, He Q, Gibson EK, Sun LD, Asakura H, Catlow CRA, Wang FR. Design, Identification, and Evolution of a Surface Ruthenium(II/III) Single Site for CO Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1212-1219. [PMID: 32978789 PMCID: PMC7839529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RuII compounds are widely used in catalysis, photocatalysis, and medical applications. They are usually obtained in a reductive environment as molecular O2 can oxidize RuII to RuIII and RuIV . Here we report the design, identification and evolution of an air-stable surface [bipy-RuII (CO)2 Cl2 ] site that is covalently mounted onto a polyphenylene framework. Such a RuII site was obtained by reduction of [bipy-RuIII Cl4 ]- with simultaneous ligand exchange from Cl- to CO. This structural evolution was witnessed by a combination of in situ X-ray and infrared spectroscopy studies. The [bipy-RuII (CO)2 Cl2 ] site enables oxidation of CO with a turnover frequency of 0.73×10-2 s-1 at 462 K, while the RuIII site is completely inert. This work contributes to the study of structure-activity relationship by demonstrating a practical control over both geometric and electronic structures of single-site catalysts at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Bolun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Adam Thetford
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ke Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mohsen Danaie
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Qian He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Emma K Gibson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Ling-Dong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hiroyuki Asakura
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - C Richard A Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Feng Ryan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
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100
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Karges J, Chao H, Gasser G. Critical discussion of the applications of metal complexes for 2-photon photodynamic therapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2020; 25:1035-1050. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-020-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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