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Zhu YH, Hyun J, Pan YZ, Hopper JE, Rizo J, Wu JQ. Roles of the fission yeast UNC-13/Munc13 protein Ync13 in late stages of cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2259-2279. [PMID: 30044717 PMCID: PMC6249806 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a complicated yet conserved step of the cell-division cycle that requires the coordination of multiple proteins and cellular processes. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized protein, Ync13, and its roles during fission yeast cytokinesis. Ync13 is a member of the UNC-13/Munc13 protein family, whose animal homologues are essential priming factors for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex assembly during exocytosis in various cell types, but no roles in cytokinesis have been reported. We find that Ync13 binds to lipids in vitro and dynamically localizes to the plasma membrane at cell tips during interphase and at the division site during cytokinesis. Deletion of Ync13 leads to defective septation and exocytosis, uneven distribution of cell-wall enzymes and components of cell-wall integrity pathway along the division site and massive cell lysis during cell separation. Interestingly, loss of Ync13 compromises endocytic site selection at the division plane. Collectively, we find that Ync13 has a novel function as an UNC-13/Munc13 protein in coordinating exocytosis, endocytosis, and cell-wall integrity during fission yeast cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Joanne Hyun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yun-Zu Pan
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - James E Hopper
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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52
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Ovchynnikova E, Aglialoro F, von Lindern M, van den Akker E. The Shape Shifting Story of Reticulocyte Maturation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:829. [PMID: 30050448 PMCID: PMC6050374 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The final steps of erythropoiesis involve unique cellular processes including enucleation and reorganization of membrane proteins and the cytoskeleton to produce biconcave erythrocytes. Surprisingly this process is still poorly understood. In vitro erythropoiesis protocols currently produce reticulocytes rather than biconcave erythrocytes. In addition, immortalized lines and iPSC-derived erythroid cell suffer from low enucleation and suboptimal final maturation potential. In light of the increasing prospect to use in vitro produced erythrocytes as (personalized) transfusion products or as therapeutic delivery agents, the mechanisms driving this last step of erythropoiesis are in dire need of resolving. Here we review the elusive last steps of reticulocyte maturation with an emphasis on protein sorting during the defining steps of reticulocyte formation during enucleation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ovchynnikova
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Aglialoro
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emile van den Akker
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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53
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Wersäll A, Williams CM, Brown E, Iannitti T, Williams N, Poole AW. Mouse Platelet Ral GTPases Control P-Selectin Surface Expression, Regulating Platelet-Leukocyte Interaction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:787-800. [PMID: 29437579 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE RalA and RalB GTPases are important regulators of cell growth, cancer metastasis, and granule secretion. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of Ral GTPases in platelets with the use of platelet-specific gene-knockout mouse models. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study shows that platelets from double knockout mice, in which both GTPases have been deleted, show markedly diminished (≈85% reduction) P-selectin translocation to the surface membrane, suggesting a critical role in α-granule secretion. Surprisingly, however, there were only minor effects on stimulated release of soluble α- and δ-granule content, with no alteration in granule count, morphology, or content. In addition, their expression was not essential for platelet aggregation or thrombus formation. However, absence of surface P-selectin caused a marked reduction (≈70%) in platelet-leukocyte interactions in blood from RalAB double knockout mice, suggesting a role for platelet Rals in platelet-mediated inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Platelet Ral GTPases primarily control P-selectin surface expression, in turn regulating platelet-leukocyte interaction. Ral GTPases could therefore be important novel targets for the selective control of platelet-mediated immune cell recruitment and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wersäll
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.).
| | - Chris M Williams
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Edward Brown
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Tommaso Iannitti
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Neil Williams
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
| | - Alastair W Poole
- From the School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.W., C.M.W., E.B., A.W.P.); and KWS Biotest, Portishead, Bristol, United Kingdom (T.I., N.W.)
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54
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55
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Vertii A, Kaufman PD, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. New dimensions of asymmetric division in vertebrates. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:87-102. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Paul D. Kaufman
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse New York13210
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
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56
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Park M, Krause C, Karnahl M, Reichardt I, El Kasmi F, Mayer U, Stierhof YD, Hiller U, Strompen G, Bayer M, Kientz M, Sato MH, Nishimura MT, Dangl JL, Sanderfoot AA, Jürgens G. Concerted Action of Evolutionarily Ancient and Novel SNARE Complexes in Flowering-Plant Cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2018; 44:500-511.e4. [PMID: 29396117 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane vesicles delivered to the cell-division plane fuse with one another to form the partitioning membrane during plant cytokinesis, starting in the cell center. In Arabidopsis, this requires SNARE complexes involving the cytokinesis-specific Qa-SNARE KNOLLE. However, cytokinesis still occurs in knolle mutant embryos, suggesting contributions from KNOLLE-independent SNARE complexes. Here we show that Qa-SNARE SYP132, having counterparts in lower plants, functionally overlaps with the flowering plant-specific KNOLLE. SYP132 mutation causes cytokinesis defects, knolle syp132 double mutants consist of only one or a few multi-nucleate cells, and SYP132 has the same SNARE partners as KNOLLE. SYP132 and KNOLLE also have non-overlapping functions in secretion and in cellularization of the embryo-nourishing endosperm resulting from double fertilization unique to flowering plants. Evolutionarily ancient non-specialized SNARE complexes originating in algae were thus amended by the appearance of cytokinesis-specific SNARE complexes, meeting the high demand for membrane-fusion capacity during endosperm cellularization in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misoon Park
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Krause
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Karnahl
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ilka Reichardt
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - York-Dieter Stierhof
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Hiller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Microscopy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Strompen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marika Kientz
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Masa H Sato
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anton A Sanderfoot
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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57
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Endosomal Trafficking During Mitosis and Notch-Dependent Asymmetric Division. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:301-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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58
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Abstract
Polarized exocytosis is generally considered as the multistep vesicular trafficking process in which membrane-bounded carriers are transported from the Golgi or endosomal compartments to specific sites of the plasma membrane. Polarized exocytosis in cells is achieved through the coordinated actions of membrane trafficking machinery and cytoskeleton orchestrated by signaling molecules such as the Rho family of small GTPases. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of polarized exocytosis is essential to our understanding of a wide range of pathophysiological processes from neuronal development to tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zeng
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018
| | - Shanshan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education and Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018
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59
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Gulluni F, Martini M, Hirsch E. Cytokinetic Abscission: Phosphoinositides and ESCRTs Direct the Final Cut. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3561-3568. [PMID: 28419521 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinetic abscission involves the fine and regulated recruitment of membrane remodeling proteins that participate in the abscission of the intracellular bridge that connects the two dividing cells. This essential process is mediated by the concomitant activity of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and the vesicular trafficking directed to the midbody. Phosphoinositides (PtdIns), produced at plasma membrane, and endosomes, act as molecular intermediates by recruiting effector proteins involved in multiple cellular processes, such as intracellular signaling, endo- and exo-cytosis, and membrane remodeling events. Emerging evidences suggest that PtdIns have an active role in recruiting key elements that control the stability and the remodeling of the cytoskeleton from the furrow ingression to the abscission, at the end of cytokinesis. Accordingly, a possible concomitant and coordinated activity between PtdIns production and ESCRT machinery assembly could also exist and recent findings are pointing the attention on poorly understood ESCRT subunits potentially able to associate with PtdIns rich membranes. Although further studies are required to link PtdIns to ESCRT machinery during abscission, this might represent a promising field of study. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3561-3568, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gulluni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Miriam Martini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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60
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Bernabé-Rubio M, Alonso MA. Routes and machinery of primary cilium biogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4077-4095. [PMID: 28624967 PMCID: PMC11107551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are solitary, microtubule-based protrusions of the cell surface that play fundamental roles as photosensors, mechanosensors and biochemical sensors. Primary cilia dysfunction results in a long list of developmental and degenerative disorders that combine to give rise to a large spectrum of human diseases affecting almost any major body organ. Depending on the cell type, primary ciliogenesis is initiated intracellularly, as in fibroblasts, or at the cell surface, as in renal polarized epithelial cells. In this review, we have focused on the routes of primary ciliogenesis placing particular emphasis on the recently described pathway in renal polarized epithelial cells by which the midbody remnant resulting from a previous cell division event enables the centrosome for initiation of primary cilium assembly. The protein machinery implicated in primary cilium formation in epithelial cells, including the machinery best known for its involvement in establishing cell polarity and polarized membrane trafficking, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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61
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Chang YW, Huang YS. Midbody localization of vinexin recruits rhotekin to facilitate cytokinetic abscission. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2046-2057. [PMID: 28118077 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1284713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinexin is a SH3 domain-containing adaptor protein that has diverse roles in cell adhesion, signal transduction, gene regulation and stress granule assembly. In this study, we found that vinexin localizes at the midbody during cell division and facilitates cytokinesis. Knockdown of vinexin in HeLa cells delayed the mitotic cell cycle progression and increased the time of cell abscission and the failure to resolve the cytoplasmic bridge. Midbody-localized vinexin is essential for recruiting rhotekin to this structure for cytokinesis because overexpression of a vinexin mutant without a rhotekin-binding motif or knockdown of rhotekin also impaired cytokinetic abscission and increased the number of cells arrested at the midbody stage. Aberrant expression of vinexin and rhotekin in various cancers has been implicated to promote metastasis because of their functions in cell adhesion and signaling. Our findings reveal a novel role of vinexin and rhotekin in cytokinetic abscission and provide another perspective of how both molecules may affect oncogenic transformation via this fundamental cell cycle process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chang
- a Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- a Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan
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62
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Masgrau A, Battola A, Sanmartin T, Pryszcz LP, Gabaldón T, Mendoza M. Distinct roles of the polarity factors Boi1 and Boi2 in the control of exocytosis and abscission in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3082-3094. [PMID: 28904204 PMCID: PMC5662264 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The budding yeast cortical proteins Boi1 and Boi2 were previously implicated in polarized growth and in inhibition of cytokinesis as part of the NoCut abscission checkpoint. This report establishes an essential role of Boi1 and Boi2 in vesicle exocytosis during bud growth, whereas Boi2 (but not Boi1) is required for abscission inhibition. Boi1 and Boi2 (Boi1/2) are budding yeast plasma membrane proteins that function in polarized growth, and in cytokinesis inhibition in response to chromosome bridges via the NoCut abscission checkpoint. How Boi1/2 act in these two distinct processes is not understood. We demonstrate that Boi1/2 are required for a late step in the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane of the growing bud. Cells lacking Boi1/2 accumulate secretory vesicles and are defective in bud growth. In contrast, Boi2 is specifically required for abscission inhibition in cells with chromatin bridges. The SH3 domain of Boi2, which is dispensable for bud growth and targets Boi2 to the site of abscission, is necessary and sufficient for abscission inhibition. Gain of function of the exocyst, a conserved protein complex involved in tethering of exocytic vesicles to the plasma membrane, rescued secretion and bud growth defects in boi mutant cells, and abrogated NoCut checkpoint function. Thus Boi2 functions redundantly with Boi1 to promote the fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane at sites of polarized growth, and acts as an abscission inhibitor during cytokinesis in response to chromatin bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Masgrau
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Battola
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trinidad Sanmartin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leszek P Pryszcz
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Mendoza
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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63
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Growing functions of the ESCRT machinery in cell biology and viral replication. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:613-634. [PMID: 28620025 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The vast expansion in recent years of the cellular processes promoted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has reinforced its identity as a modular system that uses multiple adaptors to recruit the core membrane remodelling activity at different intracellular sites and facilitate membrane scission. Functional connections to processes such as the aurora B-dependent abscission checkpoint also highlight the importance of the spatiotemporal regulation of the ESCRT machinery. Here, we summarise the role of ESCRTs in viral budding, and what we have learned about the ESCRT pathway from studying this process. These advances are discussed in the context of areas of cell biology that have been transformed by research in the ESCRT field, including cytokinetic abscission, nuclear envelope resealing and plasma membrane repair.
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64
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Lepore D, Spassibojko O, Pinto G, Collins RN. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of Sec4p controls membrane deposition during cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2017; 214:691-703. [PMID: 27621363 PMCID: PMC5021095 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201602038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Sec4p is a critical regulator of polarized membrane traffic. Lepore et al. show that the polo-like kinase Cdc5p phosphorylates Sec4p, which promotes coordinated membrane deposition during cytokinesis. Intracellular trafficking is an essential and conserved eukaryotic process. Rab GTPases are a family of proteins that regulate and provide specificity for discrete membrane trafficking steps by harnessing a nucleotide-bound cycle. Global proteomic screens have revealed many Rab GTPases as phosphoproteins, but the effects of this modification are not well understood. Using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rab GTPase Sec4p as a model, we have found that phosphorylation negatively regulates Sec4p function by disrupting the interaction with the exocyst complex via Sec15p. We demonstrate that phosphorylation of Sec4p is a cell cycle–dependent process associated with cytokinesis. Through a genomic kinase screen, we have also identified the polo-like kinase Cdc5p as a positive regulator of Sec4p phosphorylation. Sec4p spatially and temporally localizes with Cdc5p exclusively when Sec4p phosphorylation levels peak during the cell cycle, indicating Sec4p is a direct Cdc5p substrate. Our data suggest the physiological relevance of Sec4p phosphorylation is to facilitate the coordination of membrane-trafficking events during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Lepore
- Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Olya Spassibojko
- Cornell Undergraduate Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Gabrielle Pinto
- Cornell Undergraduate Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Ruth N Collins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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65
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Thieleke-Matos C, Osório DS, Carvalho AX, Morais-de-Sá E. Emerging Mechanisms and Roles for Asymmetric Cytokinesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 332:297-345. [PMID: 28526136 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis completes cell division by physically separating the contents of the mother cell between the two daughter cells. This event requires the highly coordinated reorganization of the cytoskeleton within a precise window of time to ensure faithful genomic segregation. In addition, recent progress in the field highlighted the importance of cytokinesis in providing particularly important cues in the context of multicellular tissues. The organization of the cytokinetic machinery and the asymmetric localization or inheritance of the midbody remnants is critical to define the spatial distribution of mechanical and biochemical signals. After a brief overview of the conserved steps of animal cytokinesis, we review the mechanisms controlling polarized cytokinesis focusing on the challenges of epithelial cytokinesis. Finally, we discuss the significance of these asymmetries in defining embryonic body axes, determining cell fate, and ensuring the correct propagation of epithelial organization during proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thieleke-Matos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division and Genomic stability, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D S Osório
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cytoskeletal Dynamics, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A X Carvalho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cytoskeletal Dynamics, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - E Morais-de-Sá
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Cell Division and Genomic stability, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, and i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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66
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Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric localization of cellular components that allows cells to carry out their specialized functions, be they epithelial barrier function, transmission of action potentials in nerve cells, or modulation of the immune response. The establishment and maintenance of cell polarity requires the directed trafficking of membrane proteins and lipids - essential processes that are mediated by Rab GTPases. Interestingly, several of the Rabs that impact polarity are present in the earliest eukaryotes, and the Rab polarity repertoire has expanded as cells have become more complex. There is a substantial conservation of Rab function across diverse cell types. Rabs act through an assortment of effector proteins that include scaffolding proteins, cytoskeletal motors, and other small GTPases. In this review we highlight the similarities and differences in Rab function for the instruction of polarity in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Parker
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Christopher Cox
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine , University of Arizona , Tucson , AZ , USA
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67
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Sun TY, Wang HY, Kwon JW, Yuan B, Lee IW, Cui XS, Kim NH. Centriolin, a centriole-appendage protein, regulates peripheral spindle migration and asymmetric division in mouse meiotic oocytes. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1774-1780. [PMID: 28075662 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1264544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike somatic cells mitosis, germ cell meiosis consists of 2 consecutive rounds of division that segregate homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids, respectively. The meiotic oocyte is characterized by an absence of centrioles and asymmetric division. Centriolin is a relatively novel centriolar protein that functions in mitotic cell cycle progression and cytokinesis. Here, we explored the function of centriolin in meiosis and showed that it is localized to meiotic spindles and concentrated at the spindle poles and midbody during oocyte meiotic maturation. Unexpectedly, knockdown of centriolin in oocytes with either siRNA or Morpholino micro-injection, did not affect meiotic spindle organization, cell cycle progression, or cytokinesis (as indicated by polar body emission), but led to a failure of peripheral meiotic spindle migration, large polar body emission, and 2-cell like oocytes. These data suggest that, unlike in mitotic cells, the centriolar protein centriolin does not regulate cytokinesis, but plays an important role in regulating asymmetric division of meiotic oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Sun
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Kwon
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Bao Yuan
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea.,b Department of Laboratory Animal , College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - In-Won Lee
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- a Department of Animal Sciences , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Korea.,b Department of Laboratory Animal , College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun , China
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68
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is utilized in many stem cell systems to produce two daughter cells with different cell fates. Despite the fundamental importance of ACD during development and tissue homeostasis, the nature of ACD is far from being fully understood. Step-by-step observation of events during ACD allows us to understand processes that lead to ACD. Here we describe examples of how we evaluate ACD in vivo using the Drosophila male germline stem cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Inaba
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA.
| | - Yukiko M Yamashita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
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69
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Abstract
The midbody is a protein-dense assembly that forms during cytokinesis when the actomyosin ring constricts around bundling central spindle microtubules. After its initial description by Walther Flemming in the late nineteenth century and its rediscovery through electron microscopy in the 1960s and 1970s, its ultrastructural organization and the sequential recruitment of its molecular constituents has only been elucidated in the past decade. Recently, it has become clear that the midbody can serve as a polarity cue during asymmetric cell division, cell polarization, and spindle orientation by coordinating cytoskeletal organization, vesicular transport, and localized cortical cues. In this chapter, these newly emerging functions will be discussed as well as asymmetries during midbody formation and their consequences for cellular organization in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pohl
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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70
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Tanaka T, Goto K, Iino M. Diverse Functions and Signal Transduction of the Exocyst Complex in Tumor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:939-957. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; School of Medicine; Yamagata University; Yamagata Japan
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71
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Jiang W, Wang Z, Jia Y. CEP55 overexpression predicts poor prognosis in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:236-242. [PMID: 28123547 PMCID: PMC5244839 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) involves alterations in multiple genes with corresponding proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) shares certain features with oncogenes, and CEP55 overexpression is associated with the development and progression of malignant tumors. The present study aimed to analyze, for the first time, whether CEP55 expression is related to clinicopothalogic features in the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), as well as patient survival. A total of 110 patients with mid-thoracic ESCC who suffered from Ivor-Lewis were enrolled. The CEP55 expression profile of these patients in tumour tissues and corresponding healthy esophageal mucosa (CHEM) was detected by immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Correlations between CEP55 expression and clinicopathological factors were analyzed using χ2 test. The log-rank test was employed to calculate survival rate. A Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent prognostic factors. The results demonstrated that CEP55 expression in ESCC was significantly higher than that of CHEM (P<0.001). Overexpression of CEP55 was significantly associated with differentiation degree (P=0.022), T stage (P=0.019), lymph node metastasis (P=0.033), clinicopathological staging (P=0.002) and tumor recurrence (P=0.021) in locally advanced ESCC patients. In addition, CEP55 overexpression was significantly associated with reduced overall survival of patients after surgery (P=0.012). The 5-year survival rate of patients without CEP55 overexpression was significantly higher than that of patients with CEP55 overexpression (P=0.012). Therefore, these findings suggest that CEP55 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in locally advanced ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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72
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Liu Q, Liu F, Yu KL, Tas R, Grigoriev I, Remmelzwaal S, Serra-Marques A, Kapitein LC, Heck AJR, Akhmanova A. MICAL3 Flavoprotein Monooxygenase Forms a Complex with Centralspindlin and Regulates Cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20617-29. [PMID: 27528609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the antiparallel array of microtubules forming the central spindle organizes the midbody, a structure that anchors the ingressed cleavage furrow and guides the assembly of abscission machinery. Here, we identified a role for the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL3, an actin disassembly factor, in organizing midbody-associated protein complexes. By combining cell biological assays with cross-linking mass spectrometry, we show that MICAL3 is recruited to the central spindle and the midbody through a direct interaction with the centralspindlin component MKLP1. Knock-out of MICAL3 leads to an increased frequency of cytokinetic failure and a delayed abscission. In a mechanism independent of its enzymatic activity, MICAL3 targets the adaptor protein ELKS and Rab8A-positive vesicles to the midbody, and the depletion of ELKS and Rab8A also leads to cytokinesis defects. We propose that MICAL3 acts as a midbody-associated scaffold for vesicle targeting, which promotes maturation of the intercellular bridge and abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Fan Liu
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Lou Yu
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Roderick Tas
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Sanne Remmelzwaal
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Andrea Serra-Marques
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
| | - Albert J R Heck
- the Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- From the Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht and
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73
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Bernabé-Rubio M, Andrés G, Casares-Arias J, Fernández-Barrera J, Rangel L, Reglero-Real N, Gershlick DC, Fernández JJ, Millán J, Correas I, Miguez DG, Alonso MA. Novel role for the midbody in primary ciliogenesis by polarized epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 214:259-73. [PMID: 27458130 PMCID: PMC4970324 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201601020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells assemble a primary cilium by an unknown mechanism. After cytokinesis, the central part of the intercellular bridge, which is referred to as the midbody, is inherited as a remnant by one of the daughter cells. Here, Bernabé-Rubio et al. show that the midbody remnant meets the centrosome at the cell apex, enabling primary ciliogenesis. The primary cilium is a membrane protrusion that is crucial for vertebrate tissue homeostasis and development. Here, we investigated the uncharacterized process of primary ciliogenesis in polarized epithelial cells. We show that after cytokinesis, the midbody is inherited by one of the daughter cells as a remnant that initially locates peripherally at the apical surface of one of the daughter cells. The remnant then moves along the apical surface and, once proximal to the centrosome at the center of the apical surface, enables cilium formation. The physical removal of the remnant greatly impairs ciliogenesis. We developed a probabilistic cell population–based model that reproduces the experimental data. In addition, our model explains, solely in terms of cell area constraints, the various observed transitions of the midbody, the beginning of ciliogenesis, and the accumulation of ciliated cells. Our findings reveal a biological mechanism that links the three microtubule-based organelles—the midbody, the centrosome, and the cilium—in the same cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Bernabé-Rubio
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Germán Andrés
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Fernández-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Rangel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Reglero-Real
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David C Gershlick
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - José J Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David G Miguez
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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74
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Li X, Tran KM, Aziz KE, Sorokin AV, Chen J, Wang W. Defining the Protein-Protein Interaction Network of the Human Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Family. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3030-44. [PMID: 27432908 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation, which plays a vital role in a variety of human cellular processes, is coordinated by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Genomic studies provide compelling evidence that PTPs are frequently mutated in various human cancers, suggesting that they have important roles in tumor suppression. However, the cellular functions and regulatory machineries of most PTPs are still largely unknown. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the protein-protein interaction network of the human PTP family, we performed a global proteomic study. Using a Minkowski distance-based unified scoring environment (MUSE) for the data analysis, we identified 940 high confidence candidate-interacting proteins that comprise the interaction landscape of the human PTP family. Through a gene ontology analysis and functional validations, we connected the PTP family with several key signaling pathways or cellular functions whose associations were previously unclear, such as the RAS-RAF-MEK pathway, the Hippo-YAP pathway, and cytokinesis. Our study provides the first glimpse of a protein interaction network for the human PTP family, linking it to a number of crucial signaling events, and generating a useful resource for future studies of PTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kim My Tran
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kathryn E Aziz
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Alexey V Sorokin
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Junjie Chen
- From the ‡Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Wenqi Wang
- §Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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75
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Hung HF, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. Methods to analyze novel liaisons between endosomes and centrosomes. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 130:47-58. [PMID: 26360027 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For some time, it has been known that recycling endosomes (REs) are organized in a nebulous "pericentrosomal" region in interphase cells. However, the collective use of previously developed methods, including centrosome isolation, live cell imaging, and electron microscopy, suggested that there is much more going on between the centrosome and the RE than previously imagined. By exploiting these approaches, we uncovered novel roles of the centrosome in RE function and, conversely, novel roles for REs in centrosome function. We first found that REs dynamically localized to the centrosome throughout the cell cycle. More specifically, we found that REs interacted with appendages of the older centriole in interphase cells to control endosome recycling, and this interaction was governed by RE-machinery including the small GTPase Rab11. We next determined that REs carry centrosome proteins to spindle poles as part of the "centrosome maturation" process. Here we discuss the methods used and materials needed to complete these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hung
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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76
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Ettinger A, Kosodo Y, Huttner WB. Specific membrane dynamics during neural stem cell division. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 137:143-172. [PMID: 28065302 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells in the developing cerebral cortex, but also when grown in culture, display a range of distinct phenomena during cytokinesis. Cleavage furrow ingression in neural progenitor cells can bisect their basal processes and, later on, result in midbody formation at the apical surface. After abscission, these midbodies are released as membrane-bound particles into the extracellular space, in contrast to uptake and degradation of postabscission midbodies in other cell types. Whether these cellular dynamics are unique to neural stem cells, or more ubiquitously found, and what biological significance these processes have for cell differentiation or cell-cell communication, are open questions that require a combination of approaches. Here, we discuss techniques to study the specific membrane dynamics underlying the basal process splitting and postabscission midbody release in neural stem cells. We provide some basic concepts and protocols to isolate, enrich and stain released midbodies, and follow midbody dynamics over time. Moreover, we discuss techniques to prepare cortical sections for high-voltage electron microscopy to visualize the fine basal processes of progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ettinger
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Kosodo
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - W B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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77
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Resolving new ultrastructural features of cytokinetic abscission with soft-X-ray cryo-tomography. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27629. [PMID: 27282220 PMCID: PMC4901327 DOI: 10.1038/srep27629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cytokinetic abscission is mediated by the ESCRT membrane fission machinery. While much has been clarified on the topology and kinetics of abscission through high-resolution microscopy, key questions regarding the mechanism of abscission remain open. Here we apply cryogenic soft-X-ray tomography to elucidate new ultrastructural details in the intercellular membrane bridge connecting cells undergoing abscission. In particular, we resolve defined ring-like structures inside the midbody dark zone that have been inaccessible to EM, and identify membrane extrusions at the abscission sites. In cells at late stages of abscission we resolve a complex array of helical spirals, extending the structural information obtained by EM. Our results highlight the advantages of soft-X-ray tomography and emphasize the importance of using complementary approaches for characterizing cellular structures. Notably, by providing new structural data from intact cells we present a realistic view on the topology of abscission and suggest new mechanistic models for ESCRT mediated abscission.
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78
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Inamdar SM, Hsu SC, Yeaman C. Probing Functional Changes in Exocyst Configuration with Monoclonal Antibodies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:51. [PMID: 27376061 PMCID: PMC4891948 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial regulation of exocytosis relies on the exocyst, a hetero-octameric protein complex that tethers vesicles to fusion sites at the plasma membrane. Nevertheless, our understanding of mechanisms regulating exocyst assembly/disassembly, localization, and function are incomplete. Here, we have exploited a panel of anti-Sec6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to probe possible configurational changes accompanying transitions in exocyst function in epithelial MDCK cells. Sec6 is quantitatively associated with Sec8 in high molecular weight complexes, as shown by gel filtration and co-immunoprecipitation studies. We mapped epitopes recognized by more than 20 distinct mAbs to one of six Sec6 segments. Surprisingly, mAbs that bound epitopes in each segment labeled distinct subcellular structures. In general, antibodies to epitopes in N-terminal domains labeled Sec6 in either cytosolic or nuclear pools, whereas those that bound epitopes in C-terminal domains labeled membrane-associated Sec6. In this latter group, we identified antibodies that labeled distinct Sec6 populations at the apical junctional complex, desmosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and vimentin-type intermediate filaments. That each antibody was specific was verified by both Sec6 RNAi and competition with fusion proteins containing each domain. Comparison of non-polarized and polarized cells revealed that many Sec6 epitopes either redistribute or become concealed during epithelial polarization. Transitions in exocyst configurations may be regulated in part by the actions of Ral GTPases, because the exposure of Sec6 C-terminal domain epitopes at the plasma membrane is significantly reduced upon RalA RNAi. To determine whether spatio-temporal changes in epitope accessibility was correlated with differential stability of interactions between Sec6 and other exocyst subunits, we quantified relative amounts of each subunit that co-immunoprecipitated with Sec6 when antibodies to N-terminal or C-terminal epitopes were used. Antibodies to Sec6NT co-precipitated substantially more Sec5, -10, -15, Exo70 and -84 than did those to Sec6CT. In contrast, antibodies to Sec6CT co-precipitated more Sec3 and Sec8 than did those to Sec6NT. These results are consistent with a model in which exocyst activation during periods of rapid membrane expansion is accompanied by molecular rearrangements within the holocomplex or association with accessory proteins, which expose the Sec6 C-terminal domain when the complex is membrane-bound and conceal it when the complex is cytoplasmic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi M Inamdar
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Shu-Chan Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Charles Yeaman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of IowaIowa City, IA, USA
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79
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Abstract
Cytokinesis is an essential step of cell proliferation leading to the physical separation of the dividing cells. Cytokinesis relies on both large scale and local scale cell shape changes, and terminates with the final abscission cut that requires close apposition of the plasma membrane. While furrow ingression is a prominent feature of the early phase of cytokinesis and is easy to visualize in all models, from dividing eggs to culture cells, the later steps of cytokinesis until abscission can be much more difficult to visualize. One key issue is to combine live-cell imaging over several hours and detailed, structural analysis of the cell shape changes in 3D, in particular at the time of cytokinetic abscission. Here, we describe the methodologies that we recently developed for studying cytokinetic abscission in human culture cells using live-cell phase-contrast microscopy, combined with correlative scanning electron microscopy. This allows us to determine the membrane surface and underlying cytoskeleton of the intercellular bridge with unprecedented precision and to determine the fate of the midbody remnant after abscission.
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80
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Wang N, Lee IJ, Rask G, Wu JQ. Roles of the TRAPP-II Complex and the Exocyst in Membrane Deposition during Fission Yeast Cytokinesis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002437. [PMID: 27082518 PMCID: PMC4833314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage-furrow tip adjacent to the actomyosin contractile ring is believed to be the predominant site for plasma-membrane insertion through exocyst-tethered vesicles during cytokinesis. Here we found that most secretory vesicles are delivered by myosin-V on linear actin cables in fission yeast cytokinesis. Surprisingly, by tracking individual exocytic and endocytic events, we found that vesicles with new membrane are deposited to the cleavage furrow relatively evenly during contractile-ring constriction, but the rim of the cleavage furrow is the main site for endocytosis. Fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane requires vesicle tethers. Our data suggest that the transport particle protein II (TRAPP-II) complex and Rab11 GTPase Ypt3 help to tether secretory vesicles or tubulovesicular structures along the cleavage furrow while the exocyst tethers vesicles at the rim of the division plane. We conclude that the exocyst and TRAPP-II complex have distinct localizations at the division site, but both are important for membrane expansion and exocytosis during cytokinesis. Two putative vesicle tethers—the exocyst and TRAPP-II complexes—localize differently at the division plane to ensure efficient plasma-membrane deposition along the whole cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cytokinesis partitions a mother cell into two daughter cells at the end of each cell-division cycle. A significant amount of new plasma membrane is needed at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in many cell types. Membrane expansion is achieved through the balance of exocytosis and endocytosis. It is poorly understood where and when the membrane is deposited and retrieved during cytokinesis. By tracking individual vesicles with high spatiotemporal resolution and using electron microscopy, we found that new membrane is deposited relatively evenly along the cleavage furrow in fission yeast, while the rim of the division plane is the predominant site for endocytosis. The secretory vesicles/compartments carrying new membrane are mainly delivered along formin-nucleated actin cables by myosin-V motors. Surprisingly, we find that both exocytosis and endocytosis at the division site are ramped up before contractile-ring constriction and last until daughter-cell separation. We discovered that two putative vesicle tethers, the exocyst and TRAPP-II complexes, localize to different sites at the cleavage furrow to promote tethering of different, yet overlapping, classes of secretory vesicles/compartments for exocytosis and new membrane deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Galen Rask
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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81
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Weiderhold KN, Fadri-Moskwik M, Pan J, Nishino M, Chuang C, Deeraksa A, Lin SH, Yu-Lee LY. Dynamic Phosphorylation of NudC by Aurora B in Cytokinesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153455. [PMID: 27074040 PMCID: PMC4830538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution protein C (NudC) is a mitotic regulator that plays a role in cytokinesis. However, how NudC is regulated during cytokinesis remains unclear. Here, we show that NudC is phosphorylated by Aurora B, a kinase critical for cell abscission. NudC is co-localized with Aurora B at the midbody and co-immunoprecipitated with Aurora B in mitosis. Inhibition of Aurora B by ZM447439 reduced NudC phosphorylation, suggesting that NudC is an Aurora B substrate in vivo. We identified T40 on NudC as an Aurora B phosphorylation site. NudC depletion resulted in cytokinesis failure with a dramatic elongation of the intercellular bridge between daughter cells, sustained Aurora B activity at the midbody, and reduced cell abscission. These cytokinetic defects can be rescued by the ectopic expression of wild-type NudC. Reconstitution with T40A phospho-defective NudC was found to rescue the cytokinesis defect. In contrast, reconstitution with the T40D phospho-mimetic NudC was inefficient in supporting the completion of cytokinesis. These results suggest that that dynamic phosphorylation of NudC by Aurora B regulates cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N. Weiderhold
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Fadri-Moskwik
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michiya Nishino
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carol Chuang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arpaporn Deeraksa
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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82
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Martin-Urdiroz M, Deeks MJ, Horton CG, Dawe HR, Jourdain I. The Exocyst Complex in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:24. [PMID: 27148529 PMCID: PMC4828438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis involves the fusion of intracellular secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, thereby delivering integral membrane proteins to the cell surface and releasing material into the extracellular space. Importantly, exocytosis also provides a source of lipid moieties for membrane extension. The tethering of the secretory vesicle before docking and fusion with the plasma membrane is mediated by the exocyst complex, an evolutionary conserved octameric complex of proteins. Recent findings indicate that the exocyst complex also takes part in other intra-cellular processes besides secretion. These various functions seem to converge toward defining a direction of membrane growth in a range of systems from fungi to plants and from neurons to cilia. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst function in cell polarity, signaling and cell-cell communication and discuss implications for plant and animal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Deeks
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Connor G Horton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Helen R Dawe
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
| | - Isabelle Jourdain
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
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83
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Vu HL, Aplin AE. Targeting mutant NRAS signaling pathways in melanoma. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:111-116. [PMID: 26987942 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a devastating form of skin cancer and its incidence is increasing faster than any other preventable cancer in the United States. The mutant NRAS subset of melanoma is more aggressive and associated with poorer outcomes compared to non-NRAS mutant melanoma. The aggressive nature and complex molecular signaling conferred by this transformation has evaded clinically effective treatment options. This review examines the major downstream effectors of NRAS relevant in melanoma and the associated advances made in targeted therapies that focus on these effector pathways. We outline the history of MEK inhibition in mutant NRAS melanoma and recent advances with newer MEK inhibitors. Since MEK inhibitors will likely be optimized when combined with other targeted therapies, we focus on recently identified targets that can be used in combination with MEK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Linh Vu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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84
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Putzler S, Meyer I, Gräf R. CP91 is a component of the Dictyostelium centrosome involved in centrosome biogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:124-35. [PMID: 27005924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dictyostelium centrosome is a model for acentriolar centrosomes and it consists of a three-layered core structure surrounded by a corona harboring microtubule nucleation complexes. Its core structure duplicates once per cell cycle at the G2/M transition. Through proteomic analysis of isolated centrosomes we have identified CP91, a 91-kDa coiled coil protein that was localized at the centrosomal core structure. While GFP-CP91 showed almost no mobility in FRAP experiments during interphase, both GFP-CP91 and endogenous CP91 dissociated during mitosis and were absent from spindle poles from late prophase to anaphase. Since this behavior correlates with the disappearance of the central layer upon centrosome duplication, CP91 is a putative component of this layer. When expressed as GFP-fusions, CP91 fragments corresponding to the central coiled coil domain and the preceding N-terminal part (GFP-CP91cc and GFP-CP91N, respectively) also localized to the centrosome but did not show the mitotic redistribution of the full length protein suggesting a regulatory role of the C-terminal domain. Expression of all GFP-fusion proteins suppressed expression of endogenous CP91 and elicited supernumerary centrosomes. This was also very prominent upon depletion of CP91 by RNAi. Additionally, CP91-RNAi cells exhibited heavily increased ploidy due to severe defects in chromosome segregation along with increased cell size and defects in the abscission process during cytokinesis. Our results indicate that CP91 is a central centrosomal core component required for centrosomal integrity, proper centrosome biogenesis and, independently, for abscission during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Putzler
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Dept. of Cell Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Irene Meyer
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Dept. of Cell Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Gräf
- University of Potsdam, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Dept. of Cell Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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85
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Membrane Trafficking in Neuronal Development: Ins and Outs of Neural Connectivity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 322:247-80. [PMID: 26940520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During development, neurons progress through rapid yet stereotypical shape changes to achieve proper neuronal connectivity. This morphological progression requires carefully orchestrated plasma membrane expansion, insertion of membrane components including receptors for extracellular cues into the plasma membrane and removal and trafficking of membrane materials and proteins to specific locations. This review outlines the cellular machinery of membrane trafficking that play an integral role in neuronal cell shape change and function from initial neurite formation to pathway navigation and synaptogenesis.
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86
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Jiang W, Wang Z, Chen G, Jia Y. Prognostic significance of centrosomal protein 55 in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma after radical resection. Thorac Cancer 2016; 7:316-22. [PMID: 27148417 PMCID: PMC4846620 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a predominant pathologic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a high morbidity in China. Even at histological stage I, many patients still experience recurrence after radical surgery; therefore, it is critical to determine useful indicators to stratify patients according to recurrent risk. Centrosomal protein 55 (CEP55) shares certain characteristics with oncogenes and aberrant expression of CEP55 can lead to tumorigenesis. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of CEP55 in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods We enrolled 106 patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma who had received complete resection in our study. CEP55 expression levels in the pulmonary tissues of all patients were validated by Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. SPSS 17.0 software was employed to analyze the correlation between CEP55 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients, as well as prognosis. Results CEP55 overexpression was detected in 67 patients (63.2%). Overexpression is associated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.036), T stage (P = 0.000) and visceral pleural invasion (P = 0.009). Patients with CEP55 overexpression had worse survival compared with those with low expression (P = 0.043). Univariate analysis revealed that T stage (P = 0.000), differentiation degree (P = 0.002), visceral pleural invasion (P = 0.000), and tumor size (P = 0.013) were also significant prognostic factors. Conclusion CEP55 is a useful predicator to improve stratification of patients with stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
| | - Yang Jia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University Jinan Shandong China
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87
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Giansanti MG, Vanderleest TE, Jewett CE, Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Fabian L, Robinett CC, Brill JA, Loerke D, Fuller MT, Blankenship JT. Exocyst-Dependent Membrane Addition Is Required for Anaphase Cell Elongation and Cytokinesis in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005632. [PMID: 26528720 PMCID: PMC4631508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic and cytokinetic processes harness cell machinery to drive chromosomal segregation and the physical separation of dividing cells. Here, we investigate the functional requirements for exocyst complex function during cell division in vivo, and demonstrate a common mechanism that directs anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow progression during cell division. We show that onion rings (onr) and funnel cakes (fun) encode the Drosophila homologs of the Exo84 and Sec8 exocyst subunits, respectively. In onr and fun mutant cells, contractile ring proteins are recruited to the equatorial region of dividing spermatocytes. However, cytokinesis is disrupted early in furrow ingression, leading to cytokinesis failure. We use high temporal and spatial resolution confocal imaging with automated computational analysis to quantitatively compare wild-type versus onr and fun mutant cells. These results demonstrate that anaphase cell elongation is grossly disrupted in cells that are compromised in exocyst complex function. Additionally, we observe that the increase in cell surface area in wild type peaks a few minutes into cytokinesis, and that onr and fun mutant cells have a greatly reduced rate of surface area growth specifically during cell division. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy reveals a massive build-up of cytoplasmic astral membrane and loss of normal Golgi architecture in onr and fun spermatocytes, suggesting that exocyst complex is required for proper vesicular trafficking through these compartments. Moreover, recruitment of the small GTPase Rab11 and the PITP Giotto to the cleavage site depends on wild-type function of the exocyst subunits Exo84 and Sec8. Finally, we show that the exocyst subunit Sec5 coimmunoprecipitates with Rab11. Our results are consistent with the exocyst complex mediating an essential, coordinated increase in cell surface area that potentiates anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow ingression. The cell shape changes that underlie cell division are some of the most fundamental changes in cell morphology. Here, we show that a common membrane trafficking pathway is required for both the cell lengthening that occurs during anaphase, and the physical separation of a cell into two equal daughter cells. We measure and define the periods of surface area increase during cell division in Drosophila male germline cells, and demonstrate that subunits of the exocyst tethering complex are required for this process. Invagination of the cleavage furrow fails at an early stage in exocyst mutant spermatocytes, suggesting that membrane addition is part of the initial ingression mechanism. In the absence of exocyst complex function, vesicular trafficking pathways are disrupted, leading to enlarged cytoplasmic membrane stores, and disruption of Golgi architecture. In addition, a vesicular Rab protein, Rab11, biochemically associates with the exocyst complex subunit Sec5. These results suggest that remodeling of the plasma membrane and targeted increases in surface area are an active part of the fundamental mechanisms that permit eukaryotic cell division to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
| | | | - Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen C. Robinett
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret T. Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
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88
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Kettle E, Page SL, Morgan GP, Malladi CS, Wong CL, Boadle RA, Marsh BJ, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. A Cholesterol-Dependent Endocytic Mechanism Generates Midbody Tubules During Cytokinesis. Traffic 2015; 16:1174-92. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kettle
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Scott L. Page
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Garry P. Morgan
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Bioscience Precinct; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Chandra S. Malladi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Chin L. Wong
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Ross A. Boadle
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research; 176 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Brad J. Marsh
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Bioscience Precinct; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
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89
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Ueda H, Zhou J, Xie J, Davis MM. Distinct Roles of Cytoskeletal Components in Immunological Synapse Formation and Directed Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4117-25. [PMID: 26392461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of CD4(+) T cell activation and immunological synapse (IS) formation is the migration of the microtubule organization center and associated organelles toward the APCs. In this study, we found that when murine CD4(+) T cells were treated with a microtubule-destabilizing agent (vinblastine) after the formation of IS, the microtubule organization center dispersed and all of the major cellular organelles moved away from the IS. Cytokines were no longer directed toward the synapse but were randomly secreted in quantities similar to those seen in synaptic secretion. However, if the actin cytoskeleton was disrupted at the same time with cytochalasin D, the organelles did not shift away from the IS. These findings suggest that there is a complex interplay between the microtubules and actin cytoskeleton, where microtubules are important for directing particular cytokines into the synapse, but they are not involved in the amount of cytokines that are produced for at least 1 h after IS formation. In addition, we found that they play a critical role in mobilizing organelles to reorient toward the synapse during T cell activation and in stabilizing organelles against the force that is generated through actin polymerization so that they move toward the APCs. These findings show that there is a complex interplay between these major cytoskeletal components during synapse formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ueda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jie Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Jianming Xie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Mark M Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
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90
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Recycling of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter Glut4 regulated by the small GTPase RalA and the exocyst complex. Methods Cell Biol 2015. [PMID: 26360042 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Endocytic recycling represents a major mechanism for continuous supply of molecules to the plasma membrane. Particularly, outbound trafficking of the recycling endosome (RE) or RE-derived vesicles can be upregulated by cellular signaling, through mobilization of specialized protein complexes acting as transport machineries. Therefore, biochemical and functional characterization of cell signaling molecules that operate multimeric protein complexes in membrane transport provides important insights to signaling-regulated trafficking events. In this chapter, we described biochemical approaches and reporter assays in differentiated adipocytes to determine the activity and function of the small GTPase RalA, which relays upstream insulin signaling to the exocyst complex that targets intracellular vesicles bearing the Glut4 transporter to the plasma membrane. The experimental design outlined in this chapter can be applied to other regulated transport events facilitated by the exocyst complex, as well as other GTPases that operate distinct transport complexes in specific physiological settings.
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91
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Nakayama K. Regulation of cytokinesis by membrane trafficking involving small GTPases and the ESCRT machinery. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:1-6. [PMID: 26362026 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1085827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, cells undergo membrane remodeling to achieve changes in their size and shape. In addition, cell division entails local delivery and retrieval of membranes and specific proteins as well as remodeling of cytoskeletons, in particular, upon cytokinetic abscission. Accumulating lines of evidence highlight that endocytic membrane removal from and subsequent membrane delivery to the plasma membrane are crucial for the changes in cell size and shape, and that trafficking of vesicles carrying specific proteins to the abscission site participate in local remodeling of membranes and cytoskeletons. Furthermore, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has been shown to play crucial roles in cytokinetic abscission. Here, the author briefly overviews membrane-trafficking events early in cell division, and subsequently focus on regulation and functional significance of membrane trafficking involving Rab11 and Arf6 small GTPases in late cytokinesis phases and assembly of the ESCRT machinery in cytokinetic abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakayama
- a Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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92
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Role of the Exocyst Complex Component Sec6/8 in Genomic Stability. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3633-45. [PMID: 26283729 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00768-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exocyst is a heterooctomeric complex well appreciated for its role in the dynamic assembly of specialized membrane domains. Accumulating evidence indicates that this macromolecular machine also serves as a physical platform that coordinates regulatory cascades supporting biological systems such as host defense signaling, cell fate, and energy homeostasis. The isolation of multiple components of the DNA damage response (DDR) as exocyst-interacting proteins, together with the identification of Sec8 as a suppressor of the p53 response, suggested functional interactions between the exocyst and the DDR. We found that exocyst perturbation resulted in resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) and accelerated resolution of DNA damage. This occurred at the expense of genomic integrity, as enhanced recombination frequencies correlated with the accumulation of aberrant chromatid exchanges. Sec8 perturbation resulted in the accumulation of ATF2 and RNF20 and the promiscuous accumulation of DDR-associated chromatin marks and Rad51 repairosomes. Thus, the exocyst supports DNA repair fidelity by limiting the formation of repair chromatin in the absence of DNA damage.
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93
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Abstract
The exocyst is an octameric protein complex that is implicated in the tethering of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to SNARE-mediated fusion. Spatial and temporal control of exocytosis through the exocyst has a crucial role in a number of physiological processes, such as morphogenesis, cell cycle progression, primary ciliogenesis, cell migration and tumor invasion. In this Cell Science at a Glance poster article, we summarize recent works on the molecular organization, function and regulation of the exocyst complex, as they provide rationales to the involvement of this complex in such a diverse array of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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94
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Holly RM, Mavor LM, Zuo Z, Blankenship JT. A rapid, membrane-dependent pathway directs furrow formation through RalA in the early Drosophila embryo. Development 2015; 142:2316-28. [PMID: 26092850 DOI: 10.1242/dev.120998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane furrow formation is crucial in cell division and cytokinesis. Furrow formation in early syncytial Drosophila embryos is exceptionally rapid, with furrows forming in as little as 3.75 min. Here, we use 4D imaging to identify furrow formation, stabilization, and regression periods, and identify a rapid, membrane-dependent pathway that is essential for plasma membrane furrow formation in vivo. Myosin II function is thought to provide the ingression force for cytokinetic furrows, but the role of membrane trafficking pathways in guiding furrow formation is less clear. We demonstrate that a membrane trafficking pathway centered on Ras-like protein A (RalA) is required for fast furrow ingression in the early fly embryo. RalA function is absolutely required for furrow formation and initiation. In the absence of RalA and furrow function, chromosomal segregation is aberrant and polyploid nuclei are observed. RalA localizes to syncytial furrows, and mediates the movement of exocytic vesicles to the plasma membrane. Sec5, which is an exocyst complex subunit and localizes to ingressing furrows in wild-type embryos, becomes punctate and loses its cortical association in the absence of RalA function. Rab8 also fails to traffic to the plasma membrane and accumulates aberrantly in the cytoplasm in RalA disrupted embryos. RalA localization precedes F-actin recruitment to the furrow tip, suggesting that membrane trafficking might function upstream of cytoskeletal remodeling. These studies identify a pathway, which stretches from Rab8 to RalA and the exocyst complex, that mediates rapid furrow formation in early Drosophila embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Holly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Lauren M Mavor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - J Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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95
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Lian ATY, Hains PG, Sarcevic B, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. IQGAP1 is associated with nuclear envelope reformation and completion of abscission. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2058-74. [PMID: 25928398 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The final stage of mitosis is cytokinesis, which results in 2 independent daughter cells. Cytokinesis has 2 phases: membrane ingression followed by membrane abscission. IQGAP1 is a scaffold protein that interacts with proteins implicated in mitosis, including F-actin, myosin and CaM. IQGAP1 in yeast recruits actin and myosin II filaments to the contractile ring for membrane ingression. In contrast, we show that mammalian IQGAP1 is not required for ingression, but coordinates nuclear pore complex (NPC) reassembly and completion of abscission. Depletion of IQGAP1 disrupts Nup98 and mAb414 nuclear envelope localization and delays abscission timing. IQGAP1 phosphorylation increases 15-fold upon mitotic entry at S86, S330 and T1434, with the latter site being targeted by CDK2/Cyclin A and CDK1/Cyclin A/B in vitro. Expressing the phospho-deficient mutant IQGAP1-S330A impairs NPC reassembly in cells undergoing abscission. Thus, mammalian IQGAP1 functions later in mitosis than its yeast counterpart to regulate nuclear pore assembly in a S330 phosphorylation-dependent manner during the abscission phase of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey T Y Lian
- a Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney ; Westmead , New South Wales , Australia
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96
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Jeffery J, Sinha D, Srihari S, Kalimutho M, Khanna KK. Beyond cytokinesis: the emerging roles of CEP55 in tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2015; 35:683-90. [PMID: 25915844 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CEP55 was initially identified as a pivotal component of abscission, the final stage of cytokinesis, serving to regulate the physical separation of two daughter cells. Over the past 10 years, several studies have illuminated additional roles for CEP55 including regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and midbody fate. Concurrently, CEP55 has been studied in the context of cancers including those of the breast, lung, colon and liver. CEP55 overexpression has been found to significantly correlate with tumor stage, aggressiveness, metastasis and poor prognosis across multiple tumor types and therefore has been included as part of several prognostic 'gene signatures' for cancer. Here by discussing in depth the functions of CEP55 across different effector pathways, and also its roles as a biomarker and driver of tumorigenesis, we assemble an exhaustive review, thus commemorating a decade of research on CEP55.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeffery
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D Sinha
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Kalimutho
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - K K Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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97
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Arquint C, Gabryjonczyk AM, Nigg EA. Centrosomes as signalling centres. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0464. [PMID: 25047618 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes-as well as the related spindle pole bodies (SPBs) of yeast-have been extensively studied from the perspective of their microtubule-organizing roles. Moreover, the biogenesis and duplication of these organelles have been the subject of much attention, and the importance of centrosomes and the centriole-ciliary apparatus for human disease is well recognized. Much less developed is our understanding of another facet of centrosomes and SPBs, namely their possible role as signalling centres. Yet, many signalling components, including kinases and phosphatases, have been associated with centrosomes and spindle poles, giving rise to the hypothesis that these organelles might serve as hubs for the integration and coordination of signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss a number of selected studies that bear on this notion. We cover different processes (cell cycle control, development, DNA damage response) and organisms (yeast, invertebrates and vertebrates), but have made no attempt to be comprehensive. This field is still young and although the concept of centrosomes and SPBs as signalling centres is attractive, it remains primarily a concept-in need of further scrutiny. We hope that this review will stimulate thought and experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Arquint
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich A Nigg
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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98
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Shirakawa R, Horiuchi H. Ral GTPases: crucial mediators of exocytosis and tumourigenesis. J Biochem 2015; 157:285-99. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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99
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Abstract
Cytokinesis mediates the physical separation of dividing cells after chromosome segregation. In animal cell cytokinesis, a contractile ring, mainly composed of actin and myosin filaments, ingresses a cleavage furrow midway between the two spindle poles. A distinct machinery, involving the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III), subsequently splits the plasma membrane of nascent daughter cells in a process termed abscission. Here, we provide a brief overview of early cytokinesis events in animal cells and then cover in depth recently emerging models for the assembly and function of the abscission machinery and its temporal coordination with chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Mierzwa
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel W Gerlich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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100
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Abstract
Cell division ends with the physical separation of the two daughter cells, a process known as cytokinesis. This final event ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are accurately partitioned between the two nascent cells. Cytokinesis is one of the most dramatic changes in cell shape and requires an extensive reorganization of the cell's cytoskeleton. Here, we describe the cytoskeletal structures, factors, and signaling pathways that orchestrate this robust and yet highly dynamic process in animal cells. Finally, we discuss possible future directions in this growing area of cell division research and its implications in human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo D'Avino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mark Petronczki
- Cell Division and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK-London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
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