51
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Haenfler JM, Kuang C, Lee CY. Cortical aPKC kinase activity distinguishes neural stem cells from progenitor cells by ensuring asymmetric segregation of Numb. Dev Biol 2012; 365:219-28. [PMID: 22394487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During asymmetric stem cell division, polarization of the cell cortex targets fate determinants unequally into the sibling daughters, leading to regeneration of a stem cell and production of a progenitor cell with restricted developmental potential. In mitotic neural stem cells (neuroblasts) in fly larval brains, the antagonistic interaction between the polarity proteins Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl) and atypical Protein Kinase C (aPKC) ensures self-renewal of a daughter neuroblast and generation of a progenitor cell by regulating asymmetric segregation of fate determinants. In the absence of lgl function, elevated cortical aPKC kinase activity perturbs unequal partitioning of the fate determinants including Numb and induces supernumerary neuroblasts in larval brains. However, whether increased aPKC function triggers formation of excess neuroblasts by inactivating Numb remains controversial. To investigate how increased cortical aPKC function induces formation of excess neuroblasts, we analyzed the fate of cells in neuroblast lineage clones in lgl mutant brains. Surprisingly, our analyses revealed that neuroblasts in lgl mutant brains undergo asymmetric division to produce progenitor cells, which then revert back into neuroblasts. In lgl mutant brains, Numb remained localized in the cortex of mitotic neuroblasts and failed to segregate exclusively into the progenitor cell following completion of asymmetric division. These results led us to propose that elevated aPKC function in the cortex of mitotic neuroblasts reduces the function of Numb in the future progenitor cells. We identified that the acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 protein (ACBD3) binding region is essential for asymmetric segregation of Numb in mitotic neuroblasts and suppression of the supernumerary neuroblast phenotype induced by increased aPKC function. The ACBD3 binding region of Numb harbors two aPKC phosphorylation sites, serines 48 and 52. Surprisingly, while the phosphorylation status at these two sites directly impinged on asymmetric segregation of Numb in mitotic neuroblasts, both the phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable forms of Numb suppressed formation of excess neuroblasts triggered by increased cortical aPKC function. Thus, we propose that precise regulation of cortical aPKC kinase activity distinguishes the sibling cell identity in part by ensuring asymmetric partitioning of Numb into the future progenitor cell where Numb maintains restricted potential independently of regulation by aPKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Haenfler
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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52
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ACBD3-mediated recruitment of PI4KB to picornavirus RNA replication sites. EMBO J 2011; 31:754-66. [PMID: 22124328 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) is a host factor required for genome RNA replication of enteroviruses, small non-enveloped viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Here, we demonstrated that PI4KB is also essential for genome replication of another picornavirus, Aichi virus (AiV), but is recruited to the genome replication sites by a different strategy from that utilized by enteroviruses. AiV non-structural proteins, 2B, 2BC, 2C, 3A, and 3AB, interacted with a Golgi protein, acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3). Furthermore, we identified previously unknown interaction between ACBD3 and PI4KB, which provides a novel manner of Golgi recruitment of PI4KB. Knockdown of ACBD3 or PI4KB suppressed AiV RNA replication. The viral proteins, ACBD3, PI4KB, and phophatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) localized to the viral RNA replication sites. AiV replication and recruitment of PI4KB to the RNA replication sites were not affected by brefeldin A, in contrast to those in enterovirus infection. These results indicate that a viral protein/ACBD3/PI4KB complex is formed to synthesize PI4P at the AiV RNA replication sites and plays an essential role in viral RNA replication.
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53
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Abstract
The Golgi is essential for processing proteins and sorting them, as well as plasma membrane components, to their final destinations. Not surprisingly, this organelle, a major compartment of the secretory pathway, is an important venue for regulating many aspects of development in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Through its role as a site for protein cleavage and glycosylation as well as through changes in its spatial organization and secretory trafficking, the Golgi exerts highly specific effects on cellular differentiation and morphogenesis by spatially and temporally constraining developmental pathways.
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54
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Abstract
Cerebral cortical progenitor cells can be classified into several different types, and each progenitor type integrates cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic cues to regulate neurogenesis. On one hand, cell-intrinsic mechanisms that depend upon appropriate apical-basal polarity are established by adherens junctions and apical complex proteins and are particularly important in progenitors with apical processes contacting the lateral ventricle. The apical protein complexes themselves are concentrated at the ventricular surface, and apical complex proteins regulate mitotic spindle orientation and cell fate. On the other hand, remarkably little is known about how cell-extrinsic cues signal to progenitors and couple with cell-intrinsic mechanisms to instruct neurogenesis. Recent research shows that the cerebrospinal fluid, which contacts apical progenitors at the ventricular surface and bathes the apical complex of these cells, provides growth- and survival-promoting cues for neural progenitor cells in developing and adult brain. This review addresses how the apical-basal polarity of progenitor cells regulates cell fate and allows progenitors to sample diffusible signals distributed by the cerebrospinal fluid. We also review several classes of signaling factors that the cerebrospinal fluid distributes to the developing brain to instruct neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Lehtinen
- Division of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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55
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Zhou P, Alfaro J, Chang EH, Zhao X, Porcionatto M, Segal RA. Numb links extracellular cues to intracellular polarity machinery to promote chemotaxis. Dev Cell 2011; 20:610-22. [PMID: 21571219 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarization is essential throughout development for proliferation, migration, and differentiation. However, it is not known how extracellular cues correctly orient cell polarity at distinct stages of development. Here, we show that the endocytic adaptor protein Numb, previously characterized for its role in cell proliferation, subsequently plays an important role in cell migration. In neural precursors stimulated with the chemotactic factor BDNF, Numb binds to activated TrkB, the BDNF receptor, and functions both as an endocytic regulator for TrkB and as a scaffold for aPKC (aPKC). Thus, Numb promotes BDNF-dependent aPKC activation. Interestingly, Numb is also a substrate of aPKC. When phosphorylated, Numb exhibits increased efficacy in binding TrkB and in promoting a chemotactic response to BDNF. Therefore, Numb functions in a feed-forward loop to promote chemotaxis of neural precursors, linking BDNF, an extracellular cue, to aPKC, a critical component of the intrinsic polarity machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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56
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Abstract
The Notch pathway is prominent among those known to regulate neural development in vertebrates. Notch receptor activation can inhibit neurogenesis, maintain neural progenitor character, and in some contexts promote gliogenesis and drive binary fate choices. Recently, a wave of exciting studies has emerged, which has both solidified previously held assertions and expanded our understanding of Notch function during neurogenesis and in the adult brain. These studies have examined pathway regulators and interactions, as well as pathway dynamics, with respect to both gene expression and cell-cell signaling. Here, focusing primarily on vertebrates, we review the current literature on Notch signaling in the nervous system, and highlight numerous recent studies that have generated interesting and unexpected advances.
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57
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Abstract
The eukaryotic Golgi apparatus is characterized by a stack of flattened cisternae that are surrounded by transport vesicles. The organization and function of the Golgi require Golgi matrix proteins, including GRASPs and golgins, which exist primarily as fiber-like bridges between Golgi cisternae or between cisternae and vesicles. In this review, we highlight recent findings on Golgi matrix proteins, including their roles in maintaining the Golgi structure, vesicle tethering, and novel, unexpected functions. These new discoveries further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that maintain the structure and the function of the Golgi, as well as its relationship with other cellular organelles such as the centrosome.
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58
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Jiang Z, Hu Z, Zeng L, Lu W, Zhang H, Li T, Xiao H. The role of the Golgi apparatus in oxidative stress: is this organelle less significant than mitochondria? Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:907-17. [PMID: 21241794 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and ROS/RNS-mediated oxidative stress have well-established roles in many physiological and pathological processes and are associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, stroke, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. It is generally accepted that mitochondria play an essential role in oxidative stress because they are responsible for the primary generation of superoxide radicals. Little attention, however, has been paid to the importance of the Golgi apparatus (GA) in this process. The GA is a pivotal organelle in cell metabolism and participates in modifying, sorting, and packaging macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the cell. It is inevitably involved in the process of oxidative stress, which can cause modification and damage of lipids, proteins, DNA, and other structural constituents. Here we discuss the connections between the GA and oxidative stress and highlight the role of the GA in oxidative stress-related Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) homeostasis, cell apoptosis, sphingolipid metabolism, signal transduction, and antioxidation. We also provide a novel perspective on the subcellular significance of oxidative stress and its pathological implications and present "GA stress" as a new concept to explain the GA-specific stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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59
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Zaravinos A, Lambrou GI, Boulalas I, Delakas D, Spandidos DA. Identification of common differentially expressed genes in urinary bladder cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18135. [PMID: 21483740 PMCID: PMC3070717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current diagnosis and treatment of urinary bladder cancer (BC) has shown great progress with the utilization of microarrays. Purpose Our goal was to identify common differentially expressed (DE) genes among clinically relevant subclasses of BC using microarrays. Methodology/Principal Findings BC samples and controls, both experimental and publicly available datasets, were analyzed by whole genome microarrays. We grouped the samples according to their histology and defined the DE genes in each sample individually, as well as in each tumor group. A dual analysis strategy was followed. First, experimental samples were analyzed and conclusions were formulated; and second, experimental sets were combined with publicly available microarray datasets and were further analyzed in search of common DE genes. The experimental dataset identified 831 genes that were DE in all tumor samples, simultaneously. Moreover, 33 genes were up-regulated and 85 genes were down-regulated in all 10 BC samples compared to the 5 normal tissues, simultaneously. Hierarchical clustering partitioned tumor groups in accordance to their histology. K-means clustering of all genes and all samples, as well as clustering of tumor groups, presented 49 clusters. K-means clustering of common DE genes in all samples revealed 24 clusters. Genes manifested various differential patterns of expression, based on PCA. YY1 and NFκB were among the most common transcription factors that regulated the expression of the identified DE genes. Chromosome 1 contained 32 DE genes, followed by chromosomes 2 and 11, which contained 25 and 23 DE genes, respectively. Chromosome 21 had the least number of DE genes. GO analysis revealed the prevalence of transport and binding genes in the common down-regulated DE genes; the prevalence of RNA metabolism and processing genes in the up-regulated DE genes; as well as the prevalence of genes responsible for cell communication and signal transduction in the DE genes that were down-regulated in T1-Grade III tumors and up-regulated in T2/T3-Grade III tumors. Combination of samples from all microarray platforms revealed 17 common DE genes, (BMP4, CRYGD, DBH, GJB1, KRT83, MPZ, NHLH1, TACR3, ACTC1, MFAP4, SPARCL1, TAGLN, TPM2, CDC20, LHCGR, TM9SF1 and HCCS) 4 of which participate in numerous pathways. Conclusions/Significance The identification of the common DE genes among BC samples of different histology can provide further insight into the discovery of new putative markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George I. Lambrou
- Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Boulalas
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Delakas
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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60
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Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made during the last few decades in defining the organizational principles of the secretory pathway. The Golgi complex in particular has attracted special attention due to its central position in the pathway, as well as for its fascinating and complex structure. Analytical studies of this organelle have produced significant advances in our understanding of its function, although some aspects still seem to elude our comprehension. In more recent years a level of complexity surrounding this organelle has emerged with the discovery that the Golgi complex is involved in cellular processes other than the 'classical' trafficking and biosynthetic pathways. The resulting picture is that the Golgi complex can be considered as a cellular headquarters where cargo sorting/processing, basic metabolism, signalling and cell-fate decisional processes converge.
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61
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus lies at the heart of the secretory pathway where it receives, modifies and sorts protein cargo to the proper intracellular or extracellular location. Although this secretory function is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the structure of the Golgi complex is arranged very differently among species. In particular, Golgi membranes in vertebrate cells are integrated into a single compact entity termed the Golgi ribbon that is normally localized in the perinuclear area and in close vicinity to the centrosomes. This organization poses a challenge for cell division when the single Golgi ribbon needs to be partitioned into the two daughter cells. To ensure faithful inheritance in the progeny, the Golgi ribbon is divided in three consecutive steps in mitosis, namely disassembly, partitioning and reassembly. However, the structure of the Golgi ribbon is only present in higher animals and Golgi disassembly during mitosis is not ubiquitous in all organisms. Therefore, there must be unique reasons to build up the Golgi in this particular conformation and to preserve it over generations. In this review, we first highlight the diversity of the Golgi architecture in different organisms and revisit the concept of the Golgi ribbon. Following on, we discuss why the ribbon is needed and how it forms in vertebrate cells. Lastly, we conclude with likely purposes of mitotic ribbon disassembly and further propose mechanisms by which it regulates mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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62
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Pece S, Confalonieri S, R Romano P, Di Fiore PP. NUMB-ing down cancer by more than just a NOTCH. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1815:26-43. [PMID: 20940030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein Numb does not live up to its name. This passive-sounding protein is anything but spent. Originally identified as a cell-fate determinant in Drosophila development, Numb received a good deal of attention as an inhibitor of the Notch receptor signaling pathway. It turns out, however, that Numb does a lot more than simply regulate Notch. It has been implicated in a variety of biochemical pathways connected with signaling (it regulates Notch-, Hedgehog- and TP53-activated pathways), endocytosis (it is involved in cargo internalization and recycling), determination of polarity (it interacts with the PAR complex, and regulates adherens and tight junctions), and ubiquitination (it exploits this mechanism to regulate protein function and stability). This complex biochemical network lies at the heart of Numb's involvement in diverse cellular phenotypes, including cell fate developmental decisions, maintenance of stem cell compartments, regulation of cell polarity and adhesion, and migration. Considering its multifaceted role in cellular homeostasis, it is not surprising that Numb has been implicated in cancer as a tumor suppressor. Our major goal here is to explain the cancer-related role of Numb based on our understanding of its role in cell physiology. We will attempt to do this by reviewing the present knowledge of Numb at the biochemical and functional level, and by integrating its apparently heterogeneous functions into a unifying scenario, based on our recently proposed concept of the "endocytic matrix". Finally, we will discuss the role of Numb in the maintenance of the normal stem cell compartment, as a starting point to interpret the tumor suppressor function of Numb in the context of the cancer stem cell hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pece
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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63
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The endocytic adaptor Numb regulates thymus size by modulating pre-TCR signaling during asymmetric division. Blood 2010; 116:1705-14. [PMID: 20530794 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-246777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells must proliferate and differentiate to generate the lineages that shape mature organs; understanding these 2 processes and their interaction is one of the central themes in current biomedicine. An intriguing aspect is asymmetric division, by which 2 daughter cells with different fates are generated. Several cell fate determinants participate in asymmetric division, with the endocytic adaptor Numb as the best-known example. Here, we have explored the role of asymmetric division in thymocyte development, visualizing the differential segregation of Numb and pre-TCR in thymic precursors. Analysis of mice where Numb had been inhibited by expressing a dominant negative revealed enhanced pre-T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and a smaller thymus. Conversely, Numb overexpression resulted in loss of asymmetric division and a larger thymus. The conclusion is that Numb determines the levels of pre-TCR signaling in dividing thymocytes and, ultimately, the size of the pool from which mature T lymphocytes are selected.
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64
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Abstract
The mammalian Golgi apparatus is characterized by a ribbon-like organization adjacent to the centrosome during interphase and extensive fragmentation and dispersal away from the centrosome during mitosis. It is not clear whether this dynamic association between the Golgi and centrosome is of functional significance. We discuss recent findings indicating that the Golgi–centrosome relationship may be important for directional protein transport and centrosome positioning, which are both required for cell polarization. We also summarize our current knowledge of the link between Golgi organization and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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65
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Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3; PAP7; GCP60): an emerging signaling molecule. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:218-34. [PMID: 20043945 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Golgi body-mediated signaling has been linked to its fragmentation and regeneration during the mitotic cycle of the cell. During this process, Golgi-resident proteins are released to the cytosol and interact with other signaling molecules to regulate various cellular processes. Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing 3 protein (ACBD3) is a Golgi protein involved in several signaling events. ACBD3 protein was previously known as peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and cAMP-dependent protein kinase associated protein 7 (PAP7), Golgi complex-associated protein of 60kDa (GCP60), Golgi complex-associated protein 1 (GOCAP1), and Golgi phosphoprotein 1 (GOLPH1). In this review, we present the gene ontology of ACBD3, its relations to other Acyl-coenzyme A binding domain containing (ACBD) proteins, and its biological function in steroidogenesis, apoptosis, neurogenesis, and embryogenesis. We also discuss the role of ACBD3 in asymmetric cell division and cancer. New findings about ACBD3 may help understand this newly characterized signaling molecule and stimulate further research into its role in molecular endocrinology, neurology, and stem cell biology.
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66
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Abstract
Numb is an evolutionary conserved protein that plays critical roles in cell fate determination. Mammalian Numb displays a higher degree of structural complexity compared to the Drosophila homolog based on the number of encoding genes (Numb and Numb-like) and of alternative spliced isoforms. Accordingly, Numb proteins display a complex pattern of functions such as the control of asymmetric cell division and cell fate choice, endocytosis, cell adhesion, cell migration, ubiquitination of specific substrates and a number of signaling pathways (i.e. Notch, Hedgehog, p53). Recent findings indicate that, besides controlling such physiologic developmental processes, subversion of the above Numb-dependent events plays a critical role in disease (e.g. cancer). We will review here the multiple functions of mNumb and their underlying molecular mechanisms in development and disease.
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67
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Golgins and GRASPs: holding the Golgi together. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:770-9. [PMID: 19508854 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The GRASP and golgin families of proteins have emerged as key components of the Golgi apparatus, with major roles in both the structural organisation of this organelle and the trafficking that occurs there. Both types of protein participate in membrane tethering events that occur upstream of membrane fusion as well as contributing to the structural scaffold that defines Golgi architecture, referred to as the Golgi matrix. The importance of these proteins is highlighted by their targeting in mitosis, apoptosis, and pathogenic infections that cause dramatic structural and functional reorganisation of the Golgi apparatus. In this review we will discuss our current understanding of GRASP and golgin function, highlighting some of the common themes that have emerged as well as describing previously unsuspected roles for these proteins in various cellular processes.
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68
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Wei JH, Seemann J. Mitotic division of the mammalian Golgi apparatus. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:810-6. [PMID: 19508856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful cell reproduction requires faithful duplication and proper segregation of cellular contents, including not only the genome but also intracellular organelles. Since the Golgi apparatus is an essential organelle of the secretory pathway, its accurate inheritance is therefore of importance to sustain cellular function. Regulation of Golgi division and its coordination with cell cycle progression involves a series of sequential events that are subjected to a precise spatiotemporal control. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms, the molecular players and the biological relevance of this process, particularly in mammalian cells, and discuss the unsolved problems and future perspectives opened by the recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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69
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Jory A, Le Roux I, Gayraud-Morel B, Rocheteau P, Cohen-Tannoudji M, Cumano A, Tajbakhsh S. Numb Promotes an Increase in Skeletal Muscle Progenitor Cells in the Embryonic Somite. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2769-80. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Abstract
Notch signaling controls numerous cell-fate specification events in multicellular organisms, and dysregulated Notch signaling causes several diseases with underlying developmental defects. A key step in Notch receptor activation is its intramembrane proteolysis, which releases an intracellular fragment that participates directly in transcriptional regulation of nuclear target genes. Despite the apparent simplicity of this mechanism, a host of posttranslational processes regulate Notch activity during its synthesis and secretion, ligand-dependent activation at the surface, endocytic trafficking, and degradation. This review describes the core developmental logic of Notch signaling and how regulatory mechanisms tailor Notch pathway outputs to specific developmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fortini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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71
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Abstract
Notch signaling regulates many aspects of metazoan development and tissue renewal. Accordingly, the misregulation or loss of Notch signaling underlies a wide range of human disorders, from developmental syndromes to adult-onset diseases and cancer. Notch signaling is remarkably robust in most tissues even though each Notch molecule is irreversibly activated by proteolysis and signals only once without amplification by secondary messenger cascades. In this Review, we highlight recent studies in Notch signaling that reveal new molecular details about the regulation of ligand-mediated receptor activation, receptor proteolysis, and target selection.
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72
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Kuang S, Gillespie MA, Rudnicki MA. Niche regulation of muscle satellite cell self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 2:22-31. [PMID: 18371418 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Muscle satellite cells have been shown to be a heterogeneous population of committed myogenic progenitors and noncommitted stem cells. This hierarchical composition of differentiating progenitors and self-renewable stem cells assures the extraordinary regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles. Recent studies have revealed a role for asymmetric division in satellite cell maintenance and offer novel insights into the regulation of satellite cell function by the niche. A thorough understanding of the molecular regulation and cell fate determination of satellite cells and other potential stem cells resident in muscle is essential for successful stem cell-based therapies to treat muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Kuang
- The Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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73
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Zhong W. Timing cell-fate determination during asymmetric cell divisions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18:472-8. [PMID: 18983918 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
From invertebrates to mammals, cell-cycle progression during an asymmetric cell division is accompanied by precisely timed redistribution of cell-fate determinants so that they segregate asymmetrically to enable the two daughter cells to choose different fates. Interestingly, studies on how cell fates are specified in such divisions reveal that the same fate determinants can be reiteratively used to specify a variety of cell types through multiple rounds of cell divisions or to exert seemingly contradictory effects on cell proliferation and differentiation. Here I summarize the molecular mechanisms governing asymmetric cell division and review recent findings pointing to a novel mechanism for coupling intracellular signaling and cell-cycle progression. This mechanism uses changes in the morphology, subcellular distribution, and molecular composition of cellular organelles like the Golgi apparatus and centrosomes, which not only accompany the progression of cell cycle to activate but also temporally constrain the activity of fate determinants during asymmetric cell divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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74
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Farkas LM, Huttner WB. The cell biology of neural stem and progenitor cells and its significance for their proliferation versus differentiation during mammalian brain development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2008; 20:707-15. [PMID: 18930817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The switch of neural stem and progenitor cells from proliferation to differentiation during development is a crucial determinant of brain size. This switch is intimately linked to the architecture of the two principal classes of neural stem and progenitor cells, the apical (neuroepithelial, radial glial) and basal (intermediate) progenitors, which in turn is crucial for their symmetric versus asymmetric divisions. Focusing on the developing rodent neocortex, we discuss here recent advances in understanding the cell biology of apical and basal progenitors, place key regulatory molecules into subcellular context, and highlight their roles in the control of proliferation versus differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla M Farkas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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75
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Drosophila myt1 is the major cdk1 inhibitory kinase for wing imaginal disc development. Genetics 2008; 180:2123-33. [PMID: 18940789 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.093195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is triggered by activation of Cdk1, a cyclin-dependent kinase. Conserved checkpoint mechanisms normally inhibit Cdk1 by inhibitory phosphorylation during interphase, ensuring that DNA replication and repair is completed before cells begin mitosis. In metazoans, this regulatory mechanism is also used to coordinate cell division with critical developmental processes, such as cell invagination. Two types of Cdk1 inhibitory kinases have been found in metazoans. They differ in subcellular localization and Cdk1 target-site specificity: one (Wee1) being nuclear and the other (Myt1), membrane-associated and cytoplasmic. Drosophila has one representative of each: dMyt1 and dWee1. Although dWee1 and dMyt1 are not essential for zygotic viability, loss of both resulted in synthetic lethality, indicating that they are partially functionally redundant. Bristle defects in myt1 mutant adult flies prompted a phenotypic analysis that revealed cell-cycle defects, ectopic apoptosis, and abnormal responses to ionizing radiation in the myt1 mutant imaginal wing discs that give rise to these mechanosensory organs. Cdk1 inhibitory phosphorylation was also aberrant in these myt1 mutant imaginal wing discs, indicating that dMyt1 serves Cdk1 regulatory functions that are important both for normal cell-cycle progression and for coordinating mitosis with critical developmental processes.
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76
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Zhong W, Chia W. Neurogenesis and asymmetric cell division. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18:4-11. [PMID: 18513950 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The astonishing cellular diversity in the central nervous system (CNS) arises from neural progenitors which can undergo different modes of symmetric and asymmetric divisions to self-renew as well as produce differentiated neuronal and glial progeny. Drosophila CNS neural progenitor cells, neuroblasts, have been utilised as a model to stimulate the understanding of the processes of asymmetric division, generation of neuronal lineages and, more recently, stem cell biology in vertebrates. Here we review some recent developments involving Drosophila and mammalian neural progenitor cells, highlighting some similarities and differences in the mechanisms that regulate their divisions during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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77
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Abstract
The EuroSTELLS Workshop `Stem Cell Niches', organised by Anna Bigas, Ernest Arenas and Pasqualino Loi, took place in January 2008 in Barcelona, Spain. The goal of the conference was to promote scientific collaboration and synergy between stem cell researchers worldwide and those in the EuroSTELLS consortia(an initiative of the European Science Foundation EUROCORES Programme), and to stimulate discussion of the latest results in the field of stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dzierzak
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tariq Enver
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine,John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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78
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Nishizawa Y, Imafuku H, Saito K, Kanda R, Kimura M, Minobe S, Miyazaki F, Kawakatsu S, Masaoka M, Ogawa M, Miyata T. Survey of the morphogenetic dynamics of the ventricular surface of the developing mouse neocortex. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3061-70. [PMID: 17948308 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the morphogenetic dynamics of the inner surface of the embryonic pallial (neocortical) wall, we immunohistochemically surveyed the cellular endfeet facing the lateral ventricle and found that the average endfoot area was minimal at embryonic day (E)12 in mice. This endfoot narrowing at E12 may represent a change in the mode of cell production at the surface from a purely proliferative mode that retains all daughter cells to a more differentiation-directed mode that allows some daughter cells to leave the surface. The apices of cells undergoing mitosis were 1.5-3.9 times larger than the overall cell apices and 6.7-8.7 times smaller than the cross-sectional area of mitotic somata. En face time-lapse monitoring of each endfoot permitted observation of its cell cycle-dependent size changes, division, and relationships with neighboring endfeet. Planar divisions oriented along the lateral-medial axis were less abundant than those oriented along the rostral-caudal axis at E10 and E11, but basal body distribution in each endfoot was random.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nishizawa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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79
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Soupene E, Serikov V, Kuypers FA. Characterization of an acyl-coenzyme A binding protein predominantly expressed in human primitive progenitor cells. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1103-12. [PMID: 18268358 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800007-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human acyl-coenzyme A binding domain-containing member 6 (ACBD6) is a modular protein that carries an acyl-CoA binding domain at its N terminus and two ankyrin motifs at its C terminus. ACBD6 binds long-chain acyl-CoAs with a strong preference for unsaturated, C18:1-CoA and C20:4-CoA, over saturated, C16:0-CoA, acyl species. Deletion of the C terminus, which is not conserved among the members of this family, did not affect the binding capacity or the substrate specificity of the protein. ACBD6 is not a ubiquitous protein, and its expression is restricted to tissues and progenitor cells with functions in blood and vessel development. ACBD6 was detected in bone marrow, spleen, placenta, cord blood, circulating CD34+ progenitors, and embryonic-like stem cells derived from placenta. In placenta, the protein was only detected in CD34+ progenitor cells present in blood and in CD31+ endothelial cells surrounding the blood vessels. These cells were also positive for the marker CD133, and they probably constitute hemangiogenic stem cells, precursors of both blood and vessels. We propose that human ACBD6 represents a cellular marker for primitive progenitor cells with functions in hematopoiesis and vascular endothelium development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soupene
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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80
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Giebel B. Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division within human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 188:116-26. [PMID: 18160821 DOI: 10.1159/000112842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other somatic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) contain the capacity to self-renew and to give rise to committed progenitor cells that are able to replenish all hematopoietic cell types. To keep a constant level of HSC, the decision whether their progeny maintain the stem cell fate or become committed to differentiation needs to be highly controlled. In this context it became evident that HSC niches fulfill important functions in keeping the level of HSC more or less constant. Before discovering such niches, it was widely assumed that HSC divide asymmetrically to give birth to a daughter cell maintaining the stem cell fate and to another one which is committed to differentiation. Here, I summarize some of the experimental data being compatible with the model of asymmetric cell division and review some of our latest findings, which demonstrate the occurrence of asymmetric cell divisions within the HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cell compartment. Since cell polarity is an essential prerequisite for asymmetrically dividing as well as for migrating cells, I will also discuss some aspects of cell polarity of primitive hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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81
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Wang H, Ouyang Y, Somers WG, Chia W, Lu B. Polo inhibits progenitor self-renewal and regulates Numb asymmetry by phosphorylating Pon. Nature 2007; 449:96-100. [PMID: 17805297 PMCID: PMC3047501 DOI: 10.1038/nature06056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation are cardinal features of stem cells. Asymmetric cell division provides one fundamental mechanism by which stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are balanced. A failure of this balance could lead to diseases such as cancer. During asymmetric division of stem cells, factors controlling their self-renewal and differentiation are unequally segregated between daughter cells. Numb is one such factor that is segregated to the differentiating daughter cell during the stem-cell-like neuroblast divisions in Drosophila melanogaster, where it inhibits self-renewal. The localization and function of Numb is cell-cycle-dependent. Here we show that Polo (ref. 13), a key cell cycle regulator, the mammalian counterparts of which have been implicated as oncogenes as well as tumour suppressors, acts as a tumour suppressor in the larval brain. Supernumerary neuroblasts are produced at the expense of neurons in polo mutants. Polo directly phosphorylates Partner of Numb (Pon, ref. 16), an adaptor protein for Numb, and this phosphorylation event is important for Pon to localize Numb. In polo mutants, the asymmetric localization of Pon, Numb and atypical protein kinase C are disrupted, whereas other polarity markers are largely unaffected. Overexpression of Numb suppresses neuroblast overproliferation caused by polo mutations, suggesting that Numb has a major role in mediating this effect of Polo. Our results reveal a biochemical link between the cell cycle and the asymmetric protein localization machinery, and indicate that Polo can inhibit progenitor self-renewal by regulating the localization and function of Numb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
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82
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Sbodio JI, Machamer CE. Identification of a redox-sensitive cysteine in GCP60 that regulates its interaction with golgin-160. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:29874-81. [PMID: 17711851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgin-160 is ubiquitously expressed in vertebrates. It localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the Golgi and has a large C-terminal coiled-coil domain. The noncoiled-coil N-terminal head domain contains Golgi targeting information, a cryptic nuclear localization signal, and three caspase cleavage sites. Caspase cleavage of the golgin-160 head domain generates different fragments that can translocate to the nucleus by exposing the nuclear localization signal. We have previously shown that GCP60, a Golgi resident protein, interacts weakly with the golgin-160 head domain but has a strong interaction with one of the caspase-generated golgin-160 fragments (residues 140-311). This preferential interaction increases the Golgi retention of the golgin-160 fragment in cells overexpressing GCP60. Here we studied the interaction of golgin-160-(140-311) with GCP60 and identified a single cysteine residue in GCP60 (Cys-463) that is critical for the interaction of the two proteins. Mutation of the cysteine blocked the interaction in vitro and disrupted the ability to retain the golgin-160 fragment at the Golgi in cells. We also found that Cys-463 is redox-sensitive; in its reduced form, interaction with golgin-160 was diminished or abolished, whereas oxidation of the Cys-463 by hydrogen peroxide restored the interaction. In addition, incubation with a nitric oxide donor promoted this interaction in vitro. These findings suggest that nuclear translocation of golgin-160-(140-311) is a highly coordinated event regulated not only by cleavage of the golgin-160 head but also by the oxidation state of GCP60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Sbodio
- Department of Cell Biology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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83
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Colanzi A, Corda D. Mitosis controls the Golgi and the Golgi controls mitosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:386-93. [PMID: 17689238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the Golgi complex is structured in the form of a continuous membranous system composed of up to 100 stacks connected by tubular bridges, the 'Golgi ribbon'. During mitosis, the Golgi undergoes extensive fragmentation through a multistage process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by daughter cells. Strikingly, this Golgi fragmentation is required not only for inheritance but also for mitotic entrance itself, since its block results in the arrest of the cell cycle in G2. This is called the 'Golgi mitotic checkpoint'. Recent studies have identified the severing of the ribbon into its constituent stacks during early G2 as the precise stage of Golgi fragmentation that controls mitotic entry. This opens new ways to elucidate the mechanism of the Golgi checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Colanzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
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84
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Kinseth MA, Anjard C, Fuller D, Guizzunti G, Loomis WF, Malhotra V. The Golgi-Associated Protein GRASP Is Required for Unconventional Protein Secretion during Development. Cell 2007; 130:524-34. [PMID: 17655921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During Dictyostelium development, prespore cells secrete acyl-CoA binding protein (AcbA). Upon release, AcbA is processed to generate a peptide called spore differentiation factor-2 (SDF-2), which triggers terminal differentiation of spore cells. We have found that cells lacking Golgi reassembly stacking protein (GRASP), a protein attached peripherally to the cytoplasmic surface of Golgi membranes, fail to secrete AcbA and, thus, produce inviable spores. Surprisingly, AcbA lacks a signal sequence and is not secreted via the conventional secretory pathway (endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-cell surface). GRASP is not required for conventional protein secretion, growth, and the viability of vegetative cells. Our findings reveal a physiological role of GRASP and provide a means to understand unconventional secretion and its role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kinseth
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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85
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86
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Wakamatsu Y, Nakamura N, Lee JA, Cole GJ, Osumi N. Transitin, a nestin-like intermediate filament protein, mediates cortical localization and the lateral transport of Numb in mitotic avian neuroepithelial cells. Development 2007; 134:2425-33. [PMID: 17522158 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelium is an apicobasally polarized tissue that contains neural stem cells and gives rise to neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. The cleavage orientation of neural stem cells is thought to be important for asymmetric segregation of fate-determinants, such as Numb. Here, we show that an intermediate filament protein, transitin, colocalizes with Numb in the cell cortex of mitotic neuroepithelial cells, and that transitin anchors Numb via a physical interaction. Detailed immunohistological and time-lapse analyses reveal that basal Numb-transitin complexes shift laterally during mitosis, allowing asymmetric segregation of Numb-transitin to one of the daughter cells, even when the cell cleavage plane is perpendicular to the ventricular surface. In addition, RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of the transitin gene reveals its involvement in neurogenesis. These results indicate that transitin has important roles in determining the intracellular localization of Numb, which regulates neurogenesis in the developing nervous system of avian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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87
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LeBrasseur N. Cell fate depends on Golgi. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2007. [PMCID: PMC2064813 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.1773rr4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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