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Travaglini KJ, Nabhan AN, Penland L, Sinha R, Gillich A, Sit RV, Chang S, Conley SD, Mori Y, Seita J, Berry GJ, Shrager JB, Metzger RJ, Kuo CS, Neff N, Weissman IL, Quake SR, Krasnow MA. A molecular cell atlas of the human lung from single-cell RNA sequencing. Nature 2020; 587:619-625. [PMID: 33208946 PMCID: PMC7704697 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 195.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although single-cell RNA sequencing studies have begun to provide compendia of cell expression profiles1-9, it has been difficult to systematically identify and localize all molecular cell types in individual organs to create a full molecular cell atlas. Here, using droplet- and plate-based single-cell RNA sequencing of approximately 75,000 human cells across all lung tissue compartments and circulating blood, combined with a multi-pronged cell annotation approach, we create an extensive cell atlas of the human lung. We define the gene expression profiles and anatomical locations of 58 cell populations in the human lung, including 41 out of 45 previously known cell types and 14 previously unknown ones. This comprehensive molecular atlas identifies the biochemical functions of lung cells and the transcription factors and markers for making and monitoring them; defines the cell targets of circulating hormones and predicts local signalling interactions and immune cell homing; and identifies cell types that are directly affected by lung disease genes and respiratory viruses. By comparing human and mouse data, we identified 17 molecular cell types that have been gained or lost during lung evolution and others with substantially altered expression profiles, revealing extensive plasticity of cell types and cell-type-specific gene expression during organ evolution including expression switches between cell types. This atlas provides the molecular foundation for investigating how lung cell identities, functions and interactions are achieved in development and tissue engineering and altered in disease and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Travaglini
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ahmad N Nabhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lolita Penland
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rene V Sit
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie D Conley
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Seita
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ross J Metzger
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christin S Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norma Neff
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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52
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Bhoopalan SV, Huang LJS, Weiss MJ. Erythropoietin regulation of red blood cell production: from bench to bedside and back. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-1153. [PMID: 32983414 PMCID: PMC7503180 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.26648.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50 years of efforts to identify the major cytokine responsible for red blood cell (RBC) production (erythropoiesis) led to the identification of erythropoietin (EPO) in 1977 and its receptor (EPOR) in 1989, followed by three decades of rich scientific discovery. We now know that an elaborate oxygen-sensing mechanism regulates the production of EPO, which in turn promotes the maturation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Engagement of the EPOR by EPO activates three interconnected signaling pathways that drive RBC production via diverse downstream effectors and simultaneously trigger negative feedback loops to suppress signaling activity. Together, the finely tuned mechanisms that drive endogenous EPO production and facilitate its downstream activities have evolved to maintain RBC levels in a narrow physiological range and to respond rapidly to erythropoietic stresses such as hypoxia or blood loss. Examination of these pathways has elucidated the genetics of numerous inherited and acquired disorders associated with deficient or excessive RBC production and generated valuable drugs to treat anemia, including recombinant human EPO and more recently the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which act partly by stimulating endogenous EPO synthesis. Ongoing structure-function studies of the EPOR and its essential partner, tyrosine kinase JAK2, suggest that it may be possible to generate new "designer" drugs that control selected subsets of cytokine receptor activities for therapeutic manipulation of hematopoiesis and treatment of blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Velan Bhoopalan
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lily Jun-shen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS #355, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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53
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Gorby C, Sotolongo Bellón J, Wilmes S, Warda W, Pohler E, Fyfe PK, Cozzani A, Ferrand C, Walter MR, Mitra S, Piehler J, Moraga I. Engineered IL-10 variants elicit potent immunomodulatory effects at low ligand doses. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/649/eabc0653. [PMID: 32934073 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a dimeric cytokine with both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory activities; however, IL-10-based therapies have shown only marginal clinical benefits. Here, we explored whether the stability of the IL-10 receptor complex contributes to the immunomodulatory potency of IL-10. We generated an IL-10 mutant with enhanced affinity for its IL-10Rβ receptor using yeast surface display. Compared to the wild-type cytokine, the affinity-enhanced IL-10 variants recruited IL-10Rβ more efficiently into active cell surface signaling complexes and triggered greater STAT1 and STAT3 activation in human monocytes and CD8+ T cells. These effects, in turn, led to more robust induction of IL-10-mediated gene expression programs at low ligand concentrations in both human cell subsets. IL-10-regulated genes are involved in monocyte energy homeostasis, migration, and trafficking and in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. At nonsaturating doses, IL-10 did not induce key components of its gene expression program, which may explain its lack of efficacy in clinical settings. Our engineered IL-10 variant showed a more robust bioactivity profile than that of wild-type IL-10 at low doses in monocytes and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, CAR-modified T cells expanded with the engineered IL-10 variant displayed superior cytolytic activity than those expanded with wild-type IL-10. Our study provides insights into how IL-10 receptor complex stability fine-tunes IL-10 biology and opens new opportunities to revitalize failed IL-10 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK
| | - Junel Sotolongo Bellón
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK
| | - Walid Warda
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- Université de Lille, INSERM UMR1277 CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER and Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France
| | - Christophe Ferrand
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35243, USA
| | - Suman Mitra
- Université de Lille, INSERM UMR1277 CNRS UMR9020-CANTHER and Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Lille, France
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD15EH, UK.
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Wingler LM, Lefkowitz RJ. Conformational Basis of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:736-747. [PMID: 32622699 PMCID: PMC7483927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are privileged structural scaffolds in biology that have the versatility to regulate diverse physiological processes. Interestingly, many GPCR ligands exhibit significant 'bias' - the ability to preferentially activate subsets of the many cellular pathways downstream of these receptors. Recently, complementary information from structural and spectroscopic approaches has made significant inroads into understanding the mechanisms of these biased ligands. The consistently emerging theme is that GPCRs are highly dynamic proteins, and ligands with varying pharmacological properties differentially modulate the equilibrium among multiple conformations. Biased signaling and other recently appreciated complexities of GPCR signaling thus appear to be a natural consequence of the conformational heterogeneity of GPCRs and GPCR-transducer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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55
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Chataigner LMP, Leloup N, Janssen BJC. Structural Perspectives on Extracellular Recognition and Conformational Changes of Several Type-I Transmembrane Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32850948 PMCID: PMC7427315 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-I transmembrane proteins represent a large group of 1,412 proteins in humans with a multitude of functions in cells and tissues. They are characterized by an extracellular, or luminal, N-terminus followed by a single transmembrane helix and a cytosolic C-terminus. The domain composition and structures of the extracellular and intercellular segments differ substantially amongst its members. Most of the type-I transmembrane proteins have roles in cell signaling processes, as ligands or receptors, and in cellular adhesion. The extracellular segment often determines specificity and can control signaling and adhesion. Here we focus on recent structural understanding on how the extracellular segments of several diverse type-I transmembrane proteins engage in interactions and can undergo conformational changes for their function. Interactions at the extracellular side by proteins on the same cell or between cells are enhanced by the transmembrane setting. Extracellular conformational domain rearrangement and structural changes within domains alter the properties of the proteins and are used to regulate signaling events. The combination of structural properties and interactions can support the formation of larger-order assemblies on the membrane surface that are important for cellular adhesion and intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. P. Chataigner
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Leloup
- Structural Biology and Protein Biochemistry, Morphic Therapeutic, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Bert J. C. Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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56
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Nakazawa H, Onodera-Sugano T, Sugiyama A, Tanaka Y, Hattori T, Niide T, Ogata H, Asano R, Kumagai I, Umetsu M. Association behavior and control of the quality of cancer therapeutic bispecific diabodies expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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57
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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58
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Wilmes S, Hafer M, Vuorio J, Tucker JA, Winkelmann H, Löchte S, Stanly TA, Pulgar Prieto KD, Poojari C, Sharma V, Richter CP, Kurre R, Hubbard SR, Garcia KC, Moraga I, Vattulainen I, Hitchcock IS, Piehler J. Mechanism of homodimeric cytokine receptor activation and dysregulation by oncogenic mutations. Science 2020; 367:643-652. [PMID: 32029621 PMCID: PMC8117407 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Homodimeric class I cytokine receptors are assumed to exist as preformed dimers that are activated by ligand-induced conformational changes. We quantified the dimerization of three prototypic class I cytokine receptors in the plasma membrane of living cells by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Spatial and spatiotemporal correlation of individual receptor subunits showed ligand-induced dimerization and revealed that the associated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) dimerizes through its pseudokinase domain. Oncogenic receptor and hyperactive JAK2 mutants promoted ligand-independent dimerization, highlighting the formation of receptor dimers as the switch responsible for signal activation. Atomistic modeling and molecular dynamics simulations based on a detailed energetic analysis of the interactions involved in dimerization yielded a mechanistic blueprint for homodimeric class I cytokine receptor activation and its dysregulation by individual mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maximillian Hafer
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Joni Vuorio
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Julie A Tucker
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Hauke Winkelmann
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Sara Löchte
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tess A Stanly
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katiuska D Pulgar Prieto
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chetan Poojari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian P Richter
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Rainer Kurre
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Stevan R Hubbard
- Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Computational Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ian S Hitchcock
- York Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology and Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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60
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Wang L, Hafer M, Pohler E, Lokau J, Garbers C, Cozzani A, Fyfe PK, Piehler J, Kazemian M, Mitra S, Moraga I. Kinetics of cytokine receptor trafficking determine signaling and functional selectivity. eLife 2019; 8:e49314. [PMID: 31774398 PMCID: PMC6914340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate signaling via assembly of cell surface receptors, but it is unclear whether modulation of cytokine-receptor binding parameters can modify biological outcomes. We have engineered IL-6 variants with different affinities to gp130 to investigate how cytokine receptor binding dwell-times influence functional selectivity. Engineered IL-6 variants showed a range of signaling amplitudes and induced biased signaling, with changes in receptor binding dwell-times affecting more profoundly STAT1 than STAT3 phosphorylation. We show that this differential signaling arises from defective translocation of ligand-gp130 complexes to the endosomal compartment and competitive STAT1/STAT3 binding to phospho-tyrosines in gp130, and results in unique patterns of STAT3 binding to chromatin. This leads to a graded gene expression response and differences in ex vivo differentiation of Th17, Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide a molecular understanding of signaling biased by cytokine receptors, and demonstrate that manipulation of signaling thresholds is a useful strategy to decouple cytokine functional pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luopin Wang
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | | | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Suman Mitra
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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61
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Distinguishing Between Monomeric scFv and Diabody in Solution Using Light and Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040048. [PMID: 31548495 PMCID: PMC6963988 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on the linker length between the VH and the VL domain, single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments form monomers, dimers (diabodies) or higher oligomers. We aimed at generating a diabody of the anti-MET antibody 3H3 to use it as crystallization chaperone to promote crystallization of the MET ectodomain through the introduction of a pre-formed twofold axis of symmetry. Size exclusion chromatography, however, suggested the protein to be monomeric. Hence, we used scattering techniques applied to solutions to further investigate its oligomerization state. The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) curve measured for our protein nicely fits to the scattering curve calculated from the known crystal structure of a diabody. In addition, concentration-dependent photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) measurements revealed a hydrodynamic radius of 3.4 nm at infinite dilution and a negative interaction parameter kD, indicating attractive interactions that are beneficial for crystallization. Both SAXS and PCS measurements clearly suggest our antibody fragment to be a diabody in solution. Chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and cell motility assays confirmed this conclusion.
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62
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Spangler JB, Moraga I, Jude KM, Savvides CS, Garcia KC. A strategy for the selection of monovalent antibodies that span protein dimer interfaces. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13876-13886. [PMID: 31387945 PMCID: PMC6755802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced dimerization is the predominant mechanism through which secreted proteins activate cell surface receptors to transmit essential biological signals. Cytokines are a large class of soluble proteins that dimerize transmembrane receptors into precise signaling topologies, but there is a need for alternative, engineerable ligand scaffolds that specifically recognize and stabilize these protein interactions. Recombinant antibodies can potentially serve as robust and versatile platforms for cytokine complex stabilization, and their specificity allows for tunable modulation of dimerization equilibrium. Here, we devised an evolutionary strategy to isolate monovalent antibody fragments that bridge together two different receptor subunits in a cytokine-receptor complex, precisely as the receptors are disposed in their natural signaling orientations. To do this, we screened a naive antibody library against a stabilized ligand-receptor ternary complex that acted as a "molecular cast" of the natural receptor dimer conformation. Our selections elicited "stapler" single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of antibodies that specifically engage the interleukin-4 receptor heterodimer. The 3.1 Å resolution crystal structure of one such stapler revealed that, as intended, this scFv recognizes a composite epitope between the two receptors as they are positioned in the complex. Extending our approach, we evolved a stapler scFv that specifically binds to and stabilizes the interface between the interleukin-2 cytokine and one of its receptor subunits, leading to a 15-fold enhancement in interaction affinity. This demonstration that scFvs can be selected to recognize epitopes that span protein interfaces presents new opportunities to engineer structurally defined antibodies for a broad range of research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Christina S Savvides
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305 .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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63
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Demharter S, Knapp B, Deane C, Minary P. HLA-DM Stabilizes the Empty MHCII Binding Groove: A Model Using Customized Natural Move Monte Carlo. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2894-2899. [PMID: 31070900 PMCID: PMC7007188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules bind peptides derived from extracellular proteins that have been ingested by antigen-presenting cells and display them to the immune system. Peptide loading occurs within the antigen-presenting cell and is facilitated by HLA-DM. HLA-DM stabilizes the open conformation of the MHCII binding groove when no peptide is bound. While a structure of the MHCII/HLA-DM complex exists, the mechanism of stabilization is still largely unknown. Here, we applied customized Natural Move Monte Carlo to investigate this interaction. We found a possible long-range mechanism that implicates the configuration of the membrane-proximal globular domains in stabilizing the open state of the empty MHCII binding groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Demharter
- Biotech
Research and Innovation Centre, University
of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Bioinformatics
and Immunoinformatics Research Group, Department of Basic Sciences, International University of Catalonia, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Deane
- Protein
Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Minary
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom
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64
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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65
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Mohan K, Ueda G, Kim AR, Jude KM, Fallas JA, Guo Y, Hafer M, Miao Y, Saxton RA, Piehler J, Sankaran VG, Baker D, Garcia KC. Topological control of cytokine receptor signaling induces differential effects in hematopoiesis. Science 2019; 364:eaav7532. [PMID: 31123111 PMCID: PMC7274355 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although tunable signaling by G protein-coupled receptors can be exploited through medicinal chemistry, a comparable pharmacological approach has been lacking for the modulation of signaling through dimeric receptors, such as those for cytokines. We present a strategy to modulate cytokine receptor signaling output by use of a series of designed C2-symmetric cytokine mimetics, based on the designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) scaffold, that can systematically control erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) dimerization orientation and distance between monomers. We sampled a range of EpoR geometries by varying intermonomer angle and distance, corroborated by several ligand-EpoR complex crystal structures. Across the range, we observed full, partial, and biased agonism as well as stage-selective effects on hematopoiesis. This surrogate ligand strategy opens access to pharmacological modulation of therapeutically important cytokine and growth factor receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mohan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - George Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ah Ram Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jorge A Fallas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Maximillian Hafer
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert A Saxton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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66
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Vainchenker W, Plo I, Marty C, Varghese LN, Constantinescu SN. The role of the thrombopoietin receptor MPL in myeloproliferative neoplasms: recent findings and potential therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:437-448. [PMID: 31092065 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1617129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) include three disorders: Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF). MPNs are associated with constitutive activation of JAK2 leading to persistent cell signaling downstream of the dimeric myeloid cytokine receptors due to mutations in three genes encoding JAK2, calreticulin (CALR) and the thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor (MPL or TPOR). CALR and MPL mutants induce JAK2 activation that depends on MPL expression, thus explaining why they induce megakaryocyte pathologies including ET and PMF, but not PV. In contrast, JAK2 V617F drives all three diseases as it induces persistent signaling via EPOR, G-CSFR (CSF3R) and MPL. Areas Covered: Here, we review how different pathogenic mutations of MPL are translated into active receptors by inducing stable dimerization. We focus on the unique role of MPL on the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), explaining why MPL is indispensable for the development of all MPNs. Last but not least, we describe how CALR mutants are pathogenic via binding and activation of MPL. Expert Opinion: Altogether, we believe that MPL is an important, but challenging, therapeutic target in MPNs that requires novel strategies to interrupt the specific conformational changes induced by each mutation or pathologic interaction without compromising the key functions of wild type MPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Caroline Marty
- a UMR1170 , INSERM , Villejuif , France.,b Université Paris-Saclay , Villejuif , France
| | - Leila N Varghese
- c Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels , Brussels , Belgium.,d de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- c Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Brussels , Brussels , Belgium.,d de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium.,e WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology) , Brussels , Belgium
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67
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Seifert O, Rau A, Beha N, Richter F, Kontermann RE. Diabody-Ig: a novel platform for the generation of multivalent and multispecific antibody molecules. MAbs 2019; 11:919-929. [PMID: 30951400 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1603024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent mono- or bispecific antibodies are of increasing interest for therapeutic applications, such as efficient receptor clustering and activation, or dual targeting approaches. Here, we present a novel platform for the generation of Ig-like molecules, designated diabody-Ig (Db-Ig). The antigen-binding site of Db-Ig is composed of a diabody in the VH-VL orientation stabilized by fusion to antibody-derived homo- or heterodimerization domains, e.g., CH1/CL or the heavy chain domain 2 of IgE (EHD2) or IgM (MHD2), further fused to an Fc region. In this study, we applied the Db-Ig format for the generation of tetravalent bispecific antibodies (2 + 2) directed against EGFR and HER3 and utilizing different dimerization domains. These Db-Ig antibodies retained the binding properties of the parental antibodies and demonstrated unhindered simultaneous binding of both antigens. The Db-Ig antibodies could be purified by a single affinity chromatography resulting in a homogenous preparation. Furthermore, the Db-Igs were highly stable in human plasma. Importantly, only one short peptide linker (5 aa) per chain is required to generate a Db-Ig molecule, reducing the potential risk of immunogenicity. The presence of a fully functional Fc resulted in IgG-like pharmacokinetic profiles of the Db-Ig molecules. Besides tetravalent bispecific molecules, this modular platform technology further allows for the generation of other multivalent molecules of varying specificity and valency, including mono-, bi-, tri- and tetra-specific molecules, and thus should be suitable for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seifert
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Alexander Rau
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Nadine Beha
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Fabian Richter
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- a Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Stuttgart Research Center System Biology , University of Stuttgart , Stuttgart , Germany
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68
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Eguchi A, Nakakido M, Nagatoishi S, Kuroda D, Tsumoto K, Nagamune T, Kawahara M. An epitope‐directed antibody affinity maturation system utilizing mammalian cell survival as readout. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1742-1751. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
- Department of BioengineeringGraduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo‐kuTokyo Japan
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69
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Akkapeddi P, Fragoso R, Hixon JA, Ramalho AS, Oliveira ML, Carvalho T, Gloger A, Matasci M, Corzana F, Durum SK, Neri D, Bernardes GJL, Barata JT. A fully human anti-IL-7Rα antibody promotes antitumor activity against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 33:2155-2168. [PMID: 30850736 PMCID: PMC6733707 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological cancer for which treatment options often result in incomplete therapeutic efficacy and long-term side-effects. Interleukin 7 (IL-7) and its receptor IL-7Rα promote T-ALL development and mutational activation of IL-7Rα associates with very high risk in relapsed disease. Using combinatorial phage-display libraries and antibody reformatting, we generated a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody (named B12) against both wild-type and mutant human IL-7Rα, predicted to form a stable complex with IL-7Rα at a different site from IL-7. B12 impairs IL-7/IL-7R-mediated signaling, sensitizes T-ALL cells to treatment with dexamethasone and can induce cell death per se. The antibody also promotes antibody-dependent natural killer-mediated leukemia cytotoxicity in vitro and delays T-cell leukemia development in vivo, reducing tumor burden and promoting mouse survival. B12 is rapidly internalized and traffics to the lysosome, rendering it an attractive vehicle for targeted intracellular delivery of cytotoxic cargo. Consequently, we engineered a B12–MMAE antibody–drug conjugate and provide proof-of-concept evidence that it has increased leukemia cell killing abilities as compared with the naked antibody. Our studies serve as a stepping stone for the development of novel targeted therapies in T-ALL and other diseases where IL-7Rα has a pathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Julie A Hixon
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ana Sofia Ramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana L Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tânia Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreas Gloger
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | | | | | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal.
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70
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Immunoreceptor Engineering and Synthetic Cytokine Signaling for Therapeutics. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:258-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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71
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Mendoza JL, Escalante NK, Jude KM, Sotolongo Bellon J, Su L, Horton TM, Tsutsumi N, Berardinelli SJ, Haltiwanger RS, Piehler J, Engleman EG, Garcia KC. Structure of the IFNγ receptor complex guides design of biased agonists. Nature 2019; 567:56-60. [PMID: 30814731 PMCID: PMC6561087 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a central coordinator of innate and adaptive immunity, but its highly pleiotropic actions have diminished its prospects for use as an immunotherapeutic agent. Here, we took a structure-based approach to decoupling IFNγ pleiotropy. We engineered an affinity-enhanced variant of the ligand-binding chain of the IFNγ receptor IFNγR1, which enabled us to determine the crystal structure of the complete hexameric (2:2:2) IFNγ-IFNγR1-IFNγR2 signalling complex at 3.25 Å resolution. The structure reveals the mechanism underlying deficits in IFNγ responsiveness in mycobacterial disease syndrome resulting from a T168N mutation in IFNγR2, which impairs assembly of the full signalling complex. The topology of the hexameric complex offers a blueprint for engineering IFNγ variants to tune IFNγ receptor signalling output. Unexpectedly, we found that several partial IFNγ agonists exhibited biased gene-expression profiles. These biased agonists retained the ability to induce upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen expression, but exhibited impaired induction of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in a wide range of human cancer cell lines, offering a route to decoupling immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive functions of IFNγ for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junel Sotolongo Bellon
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Leon Su
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tim M Horton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naotaka Tsutsumi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Piehler
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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72
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Kwon NY, Kim Y, Lee JO. Structural diversity and flexibility of diabodies. Methods 2019; 154:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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73
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Leroy E, Balligand T, Pecquet C, Mouton C, Colau D, Shiau AK, Dusa A, Constantinescu SN. Differential effect of inhibitory strategies of the V617 mutant of JAK2 on cytokine receptor signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:224-235. [PMID: 30707971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Janus kinase (JAK) 2 plays pivotal roles in signaling by several cytokine receptors. The mutant JAK2 V617F is the most common molecular event associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Selective targeting of the mutant would be ideal for treating these pathologies by sparing essential JAK2 functions. OBJECTIVE We characterize inhibitory strategies for JAK2 V617F and assess their effect on physiologic signaling by distinct cytokine receptors. METHODS Through structure-guided mutagenesis, we assessed the role of key residues around F617 and used a combination of cellular and biochemical assays to measure the activity of JAKs in reconstituted cells. We also assessed the effect of several specific JAK2 V617F inhibitory mutations on receptor dimerization using the NanoBiT protein complementation approach. RESULTS We identified a novel Janus kinase homology 2 (JH2) αC mutation, A598F, which is suggested to inhibit the aromatic stacking between F617 with F594 and F595. Like other JAK2 V617F inhibitory mutations, A598F decreased oncogenic activation and spared cytokine activation while preventing JAK2 V617F-promoted erythropoietin receptor dimerization. Surprisingly, A598F and other V617F-inhibiting mutations (F595A, E596R, and F537A) significantly impaired IFN-γ signaling. This was specific for IFN-γ because the inhibitory mutations preserved responses to ligands of a series of receptor complexes. Similarly, homologous mutations in JAK1 prevented signaling by IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS The JH2 αC region, which is required for JAK2 V617F hyperactivation, is crucial for relaying cytokine-induced signaling of the IFN-γ receptor. We discuss how strategies aiming to inhibit JAK2 V617F could be used for identifying inhibitors of IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Leroy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Mouton
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Alexandra Dusa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium.
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74
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Integrative view on how erythropoietin signaling controls transcription patterns in erythroid cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2019; 25:189-195. [PMID: 29389768 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Erythropoietin (EPO) is necessary and sufficient to trigger dynamic transcriptional patterns that drive the differentiation of erythroid precursor cells into mature, enucleated red cells. Because the molecular cloning and Food and Drug Administration approval for the therapeutic use of EPO over 30 years ago, a detailed understanding of how EPO works has advanced substantially. Yet, the precise epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms by which EPO signaling controls erythroid expression patterns remains poorly understood. This review focuses on the current state of erythroid biology in regards to EPO signaling from human genetics and functional genomics perspectives. RECENT FINDINGS The goal of this review is to provide an integrative view of the gene regulatory underpinnings for erythroid expression patterns that are dynamically shaped during erythroid differentiation. Here, we highlight vignettes connecting recent insights into a genome-wide association study linking an EPO mutation to anemia, a study linking EPO-signaling to signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) chromatin occupancy and enhancers, and studies that examine the molecular mechanisms driving topological chromatin organization in erythroid cells. SUMMARY The genetic, epigenetic, and gene regulatory mechanisms underlying how hormone signal transduction influences erythroid gene expression remains only partly understood. A detailed understanding of these molecular pathways and how they intersect with one another will provide the basis for novel strategies to treat anemia and potentially other hematological diseases. As new regulators and signal transducers of EPO-signaling continue to emerge, new clinically relevant targets may be identified that improve the specificity and effectiveness of EPO therapy.
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75
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Knapp B, Ospina L, Deane CM. Avoiding False Positive Conclusions in Molecular Simulation: The Importance of Replicas. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:6127-6138. [PMID: 30354113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular simulations are a computational technique used to investigate the dynamics of proteins and other molecules. The free energy landscape of these simulations is often rugged, and minor differences in the initial velocities, floating-point precision, or underlying hardware can cause identical simulations (replicas) to take different paths in the landscape. In this study we investigated the magnitude of these effects based on 310 000 ns of simulation time. We performed 100 identically parametrized replicas of 3000 ns each for a small 10 amino acid system as well as 100 identically parametrized replicas of 100 ns each for an 827 residue T-cell receptor/MHC system. Comparing randomly chosen subgroups within these replica sets, we estimated the reproducibility and reliability that can be achieved by a given number of replicas at a given simulation time. These results demonstrate that conclusions drawn from single simulations are often not reproducible and that conclusions drawn from multiple shorter replicas are more reliable than those from a single longer simulation. The actual number of replicas needed will always depend on the question asked and the level of reliability sought. On the basis of our data, it appears that a good rule of thumb is to perform a minimum of five to 10 replicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Knapp
- Bioinformatics and Immunoinformatics Research Group, Department of Basic Sciences , International University of Catalonia , 08195 Barcelona , Spain.,Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3LB , United Kingdom
| | - Luis Ospina
- Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3LB , United Kingdom.,Alliance Manchester Business School , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9SS , United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Deane
- Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3LB , United Kingdom
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76
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Cellular signaling and gene expression profiles evoked by a bivalent macrocyclic peptide that serves as an artificial MET receptor agonist. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16492. [PMID: 30405161 PMCID: PMC6220203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native ligands for growth factor receptors that are generated by chemical synthesis are applicable to therapeutics. However, non-native ligands often regulate cellular signaling and biological responses in a different manner than native ligands. Generation of surrogate ligands comparable to native ligands is a challenging need. Here we investigated changes in signal transduction and gene expression evoked by a bivalent macrocyclic peptide (aMD5-PEG11) capable of high-affinity binding to the MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor. Binding of aMD5-PEG11 to the MET extracellular region was abolished by deletion of the IPT3−IPT4 domain, indicating the involvement of IPT3−IPT4 in the binding of aMD5-PEG11 to the MET receptor. aMD5-PEG11 induced dimerization and activation of the MET receptor and promoted cell migration that was comparable to induction of these activities by HGF. Signal activation profiles indicated that aMD5-PEG11 induced phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules, with a similar intensity and time dependency as HGF. In 3-D culture, aMD5-PEG11 as well as HGF induced epithelial tubulogenesis and up-regulated the same sets of functionally classified genes involved in multicellular organism development. Thus, a non-native surrogate ligand that consisted of a bivalent macrocyclic peptide can serve as an artificial MET receptor agonist that functionally substitutes for the native ligand, HGF.
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77
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Smith JS, Nicholson LT, Suwanpradid J, Glenn RA, Knape NM, Alagesan P, Gundry JN, Wehrman TS, Atwater AR, Gunn MD, MacLeod AS, Rajagopal S. Biased agonists of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 differentially control chemotaxis and inflammation. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/555/eaaq1075. [PMID: 30401786 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 plays a central role in inflammation by mediating effector/memory T cell migration in various diseases; however, drugs targeting CXCR3 and other chemokine receptors are largely ineffective in treating inflammation. Chemokines, the endogenous peptide ligands of chemokine receptors, can exhibit so-called biased agonism by selectively activating either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated signaling after receptor binding. Biased agonists might be used as more targeted therapeutics to differentially regulate physiological responses, such as immune cell migration. To test whether CXCR3-mediated physiological responses could be segregated by G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling, we identified and characterized small-molecule biased agonists of the receptor. In a mouse model of T cell-mediated allergic contact hypersensitivity (CHS), topical application of a β-arrestin-biased, but not a G protein-biased, agonist potentiated inflammation. T cell recruitment was increased by the β-arrestin-biased agonist, and biopsies of patients with allergic CHS demonstrated coexpression of CXCR3 and β-arrestin in T cells. In mouse and human T cells, the β-arrestin-biased agonist was the most efficient at stimulating chemotaxis. Analysis of phosphorylated proteins in human lymphocytes showed that β-arrestin-biased signaling activated the kinase Akt, which promoted T cell migration. This study demonstrates that biased agonists of CXCR3 produce distinct physiological effects, suggesting discrete roles for different endogenous CXCR3 ligands and providing evidence that biased signaling can affect the clinical utility of drugs targeting CXCR3 and other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel A Glenn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole M Knape
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Alagesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jaimee N Gundry
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Gunn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sudarshan Rajagopal
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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78
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MET Activation by a Macrocyclic Peptide Agonist that Couples to Biological Responses Differently from HGF in a Context-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103141. [PMID: 30322054 PMCID: PMC6213957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-native ligands for growth factor receptors with distinct chemical properties and different biological activities have the potential to become therapeutic applications. We previously generated MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor agonists using bivalent macrocyclic peptides. The highest MET-activating agonists exhibited biological activity that was indistinguishable from the effects of HGF. In this study, we investigated MET activation, signal characteristics, and biological responses induced by a macrocyclic peptide partial agonist known as aML5-PEG11. aML5-PEG11 induced weak tyrosine phosphorylation of MET while enhancing cell migration with potency comparable to HGF. aML5-PEG11 induced marked AKT (protein kinase B) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation at a comparable potency and time-dependency to HGF, which suggests that enhancement of cell motility is attributable to activation of these molecules. In a 3-D culture of bile duct cancer cells in collagen gel, HGF induced robust activation of MET, ERK, and AKT, which was associated with enhanced expression of genes involved in bile duct development and subsequent branching of tubulogenesis. In contrast, aML5-PEG11 induced marginal activation of MET, ERK, and AKT (levels near the detection limits), which was associated with failure to enhance the expression of genes involved in bile duct development and a lack of tubulogenic response. Thus, MET activation by aML5-PEG11 couples to biological responses differently from HGF in an extracellular context-dependent manner.
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79
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Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2143. [PMID: 30319612 PMCID: PMC6170656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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80
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EPO does not promote interaction between the erythropoietin and beta-common receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12457. [PMID: 30127368 PMCID: PMC6102255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct interaction between the erythropoietin (EPOR) and the beta-common (βc) receptors to form an Innate Repair Receptor (IRR) is controversial. On one hand, studies have shown a functional link between EPOR and βc receptor in tissue protection while others have shown no involvement of the βc receptor in tissue repair. To date there is no biophysical evidence to confirm a direct association of the two receptors either in vitro or in vivo. We investigated the existence of an interaction between the extracellular regions of EPOR and the βc receptor in silico and in vitro (either in the presence or absence of EPO or EPO-derived peptide ARA290). Although a possible interaction between EPOR and βc was suggested by our computational and genomic studies, our in vitro biophysical analysis demonstrates that the extracellular regions of the two receptors do not specifically associate. We also explored the involvement of the βc receptor gene (Csf2rb) under anaemic stress conditions and found no requirement for the βc receptor in mice. In light of these studies, we conclude that the extracellular regions of the EPOR and the βc receptor do not directly interact and that the IRR is not involved in anaemic stress.
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81
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Ferrao RD, Wallweber HJ, Lupardus PJ. Receptor-mediated dimerization of JAK2 FERM domains is required for JAK2 activation. eLife 2018; 7:38089. [PMID: 30044226 PMCID: PMC6078494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and interferons initiate intracellular signaling via receptor dimerization and activation of Janus kinases (JAKs). How JAKs structurally respond to changes in receptor conformation induced by ligand binding is not known. Here, we present two crystal structures of the human JAK2 FERM and SH2 domains bound to Leptin receptor (LEPR) and Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), which identify a novel dimeric conformation for JAK2. This 2:2 JAK2/receptor dimer, observed in both structures, identifies a previously uncharacterized receptor interaction essential to dimer formation that is mediated by a membrane-proximal peptide motif called the ‘switch’ region. Mutation of the receptor switch region disrupts STAT phosphorylation but does not affect JAK2 binding, indicating that receptor-mediated formation of the JAK2 FERM dimer is required for kinase activation. These data uncover the structural and molecular basis for how a cytokine-bound active receptor dimer brings together two JAK2 molecules to stimulate JAK2 kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Ferrao
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Heidi Ja Wallweber
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, United States
| | - Patrick J Lupardus
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, United States
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82
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Zinkle A, Mohammadi M. A threshold model for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling specificity and cell fate determination. F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-872. [PMID: 29983915 PMCID: PMC6013765 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14143.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon ligand engagement, the single-pass transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) dimerize to transmit qualitatively and quantitatively different intracellular signals that alter the transcriptional landscape and thereby determine the cellular response. The molecular mechanisms underlying these fundamental events are not well understood. Considering recent insights into the structural biology of fibroblast growth factor signaling, we propose a threshold model for RTK signaling specificity in which quantitative differences in the strength/longevity of ligand-induced receptor dimers on the cell surface lead to quantitative differences in the phosphorylation of activation loop (A-loop) tyrosines as well as qualitative differences in the phosphorylation of tyrosines mediating substrate recruitment. In this model, quantitative differences on A-loop tyrosine phosphorylation result in gradations in kinase activation, leading to the generation of intracellular signals of varying amplitude/duration. In contrast, qualitative differences in the pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation on the receptor result in the recruitment/activation of distinct substrates/intracellular pathways. Commensurate with both the dynamics of the intracellular signal and the types of intracellular pathways activated, unique transcriptional signatures are established. Our model provides a framework for engineering clinically useful ligands that can tune receptor dimerization stability so as to bias the cellular transcriptome to achieve a desired cellular output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Zinkle
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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83
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Shi SY, Lu YW, Liu Z, Stevens J, Murawsky CM, Wilson V, Hu Z, Richards WG, Michaels ML, Zhang J, Yan W, Li Y. A biparatopic agonistic antibody that mimics fibroblast growth factor 21 ligand activity. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5909-5919. [PMID: 29483191 PMCID: PMC5912448 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have become important formats for therapeutic discovery. They allow for potential synergy by simultaneously engaging two separate targets and enable new functions that are not possible to achieve by using a combination of two monospecific antibodies. Antagonistic antibodies dominate drug discovery today, but only a limited number of agonistic antibodies (i.e. those that activate receptor signaling) have been described. For receptors formed by two components, engaging both of these components simultaneously may be required for agonistic signaling. As such, bispecific antibodies may be particularly useful in activating multicomponent receptor complexes. Here, we describe a biparatopic (i.e. targeting two different epitopes on the same target) format that can activate the endocrine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 receptor (FGFR) complex containing β-Klotho and FGFR1c. This format was constructed by grafting two different antigen-specific VH domains onto the VH and VL positions of an IgG, yielding a tetravalent binder with two potential geometries, a close and a distant, between the two paratopes. Our results revealed that the biparatopic molecule provides activities that are not observed with each paratope alone. Our approach could help address the challenges with heterogeneity inherent in other bispecific formats and could provide the means to adjust intramolecular distances of the antibody domains to drive optimal activity in a bispecific format. In conclusion, this format is versatile, is easy to construct and produce, and opens a new avenue for agonistic antibody discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Yu Shi
- From Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ya-Wen Lu
- From Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Zhi Liu
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and
| | | | | | - Vicki Wilson
- Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1V7, Canada
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and
| | | | | | - Jun Zhang
- From Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wei Yan
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and
| | - Yang Li
- From Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080,
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84
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Pasquier F, Marty C, Balligand T, Verdier F, Grosjean S, Gryshkova V, Raslova H, Constantinescu SN, Casadevall N, Vainchenker W, Bellanné-Chantelot C, Plo I. New pathogenic mechanisms induced by germline erythropoietin receptor mutations in primary erythrocytosis. Haematologica 2017; 103:575-586. [PMID: 29269524 PMCID: PMC5865417 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.176370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial and congenital polycythemia is characterized by erythropoietin hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors due to germline nonsense or frameshift mutations in the erythropoietin receptor gene. All mutations so far described lead to the truncation of the C-terminal receptor sequence that contains negative regulatory domains. Their removal is presented as sufficient to cause the erythropoietin hypersensitivity phenotype. Here we provide evidence for a new mechanism whereby the presence of novel sequences generated by frameshift mutations is required for the phenotype rather than just extensive truncation resulting from nonsense mutations. We show that the erythropoietin hypersensitivity induced by a new erythropoietin receptor mutant, p.Gln434Profs*11, could not be explained by the loss of negative signaling and of the internalization domains, but rather by the appearance of a new C-terminal tail. The latter, by increasing erythropoietin receptor dimerization, stability and cell-surface localization, causes pre-activation of erythropoietin receptor and JAK2, constitutive signaling and hypersensitivity to erythropoietin. Similar results were obtained with another mutant, p.Pro438Metfs*6, which shares the same last five amino acid residues (MDTVP) with erythropoietin receptor p.Gln434Profs*11, confirming the involvement of the new peptide sequence in the erythropoietin hypersensitivity phenotype. These results suggest a new mechanism that might be common to erythropoietin receptor frameshift mutations. In summary, we show that primary familial and congenital polycythemia is more complex than expected since distinct mechanisms are involved in the erythropoietin hypersensitivity phenotype, according to the type of erythropoietin receptor mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pasquier
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Service d'Hématologie, Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Balligand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédérique Verdier
- Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.,INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - Sarah Grosjean
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Vitalina Gryshkova
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicole Casadevall
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - William Vainchenker
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bellanné-Chantelot
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France .,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Villejuif, France .,Université Paris-Sud, UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire d'Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
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85
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Van Blarcom T, Lindquist K, Melton Z, Cheung WL, Wagstrom C, McDonough D, Valle Oseguera C, Ding S, Rossi A, Potluri S, Sundar P, Pitts S, Sirota M, Galindo Casas M, Yan Y, Jones J, Roe-Zurz Z, Srivatsa Srinivasan S, Zhai W, Pons J, Rajpal A, Chaparro-Riggers J. Productive common light chain libraries yield diverse panels of high affinity bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 10:256-268. [PMID: 29227213 PMCID: PMC5825193 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1406570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial success of bispecific antibodies generally has been hindered by the complexities associated with generating appropriate molecules for both research scale and large scale manufacturing purposes. Bispecific IgG (BsIgG) based on two antibodies that use an identical common light chain can be combined with a minimal set of Fc mutations to drive heavy chain heterodimerization in order to address these challenges. However, the facile generation of common light chain antibodies with properties similar to traditional monoclonal antibodies has not been demonstrated and they have only been used sparingly. Here, we describe the design of a synthetic human antibody library based on common light chains to generate antibodies with biochemical and biophysical properties that are indistinguishable to traditional therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. We used this library to generate diverse panels of well-behaved, high affinity antibodies toward a variety of epitopes across multiple antigens, including mouse 4-1BB, a therapeutically important T cell costimulatory receptor. Over 200 BsIgG toward 4-1BB were generated using an automated purification method we developed that enables milligram-scale production of BsIgG. This approach allowed us to identify antibodies with a wide range of agonistic activity that are being used to further investigate the therapeutic potential of antibodies targeting one or more epitopes of 4-1BB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Blarcom
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Kevin Lindquist
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Zea Melton
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Wai Ling Cheung
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Chris Wagstrom
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Dan McDonough
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Cendy Valle Oseguera
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sheng Ding
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Andrea Rossi
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Shobha Potluri
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Purnima Sundar
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Steven Pitts
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Meri Galindo Casas
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Yu Yan
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Zygy Roe-Zurz
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | - Wenwu Zhai
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jaume Pons
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- a Oncology Research and Development , Pfizer Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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86
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DeBruine ZJ, Xu HE, Melcher K. Assembly and architecture of the Wnt/β-catenin signalosome at the membrane. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4564-4574. [PMID: 28941231 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling is initiated by a ternary Wnt-Frizzled (FZD)-LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6 binding event. The resulting conformational changes in the FZD and LRP5/6 receptors promote the assembly of an intracellular signalosome driven by Dishevelled and Axin co-polymerization. Recent evidence suggests that the FZD receptor and LRP5/6 participate in the assembly of this signalosome by forming regulatory scaffolds for stabilizing Dishevelled and Axin adapters. In this review, we focus on the contributions of Wnts and their receptors in the assembly of the signalosome. We present an emerging model, which unifies Wnt receptor oligomerization with intracellular signalosome formation, and then discuss how FZD receptors might be targeted to either disrupt or enhance their capacity as a dynamic sensor of Wnt binding. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J DeBruine
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - H E Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Van Andel Research Institute/Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Center, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Laboratory for Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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87
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Krawczyk K, Demharter S, Knapp B, Deane CM, Minary P. In silico structural modeling of multiple epigenetic marks on DNA. Bioinformatics 2017; 34:41-48. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krawczyk
- Department of Computer Science, Oxford University, OX1 3QD Oxford, UK
- Department of Statistics, Oxford University, OX1 3LB Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Demharter
- Department of Computer Science, Oxford University, OX1 3QD Oxford, UK
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Department of Statistics, Oxford University, OX1 3LB Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Peter Minary
- Department of Computer Science, Oxford University, OX1 3QD Oxford, UK
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88
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He L, Steinocher H, Shelar A, Cohen EB, Heim EN, Kragelund BB, Grigoryan G, DiMaio D. Single methyl groups can act as toggle switches to specify transmembrane Protein-protein interactions. eLife 2017; 6:27701. [PMID: 28869036 PMCID: PMC5597333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane domains (TMDs) engage in protein-protein interactions that regulate many cellular processes, but the rules governing the specificity of these interactions are poorly understood. To discover these principles, we analyzed 26-residue model transmembrane proteins consisting exclusively of leucine and isoleucine (called LIL traptamers) that specifically activate the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) in mouse cells to confer growth factor independence. We discovered that the placement of a single side chain methyl group at specific positions in a traptamer determined whether it associated productively with the TMD of the human EPOR, the mouse EPOR, or both receptors. Association of the traptamers with the EPOR induced EPOR oligomerization in an orientation that stimulated receptor activity. These results highlight the high intrinsic specificity of TMD interactions, demonstrate that a single methyl group can dictate specificity, and define the minimal chemical difference that can modulate the specificity of TMD interactions and the activity of transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Helena Steinocher
- Department of Biology, Structural and NMR Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashish Shelar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Emily B Cohen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Erin N Heim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Department of Biology, Structural and NMR Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, United States
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89
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A ligand divided: antagonist, agonist and analog control. Biochem J 2017; 474:3087-3088. [PMID: 28860336 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases has been a cornerstone of cancer therapeutics for decades. Treatment strategies largely involve small-molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. For receptors activated by constitutively dimeric ligands, another potential mechanism of inhibition exists: developing monomeric ligands that prevent receptor dimerization. In a recent issue of the Biochemical Journal, Zur et al. [Biochem. J. (2017) 474, 2601-2617] describe the details of creating such an inhibitor directed toward the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, c-FMS. In the process of teasing apart the ligand dimer, they also uncover a potential cryptic regulatory mechanism in this receptor subfamily.
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90
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Gillinder KR, Tuckey H, Bell CC, Magor GW, Huang S, Ilsley MD, Perkins AC. Direct targets of pSTAT5 signalling in erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180922. [PMID: 28732065 PMCID: PMC5521770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) acts through the dimeric erythropoietin receptor to stimulate proliferation, survival, differentiation and enucleation of erythroid progenitor cells. We undertook two complimentary approaches to find EPO-dependent pSTAT5 target genes in murine erythroid cells: RNA-seq of newly transcribed (4sU-labelled) RNA, and ChIP-seq for pSTAT5 30 minutes after EPO stimulation. We found 302 pSTAT5-occupied sites: ~15% of these reside in promoters while the rest reside within intronic enhancers or intergenic regions, some >100kb from the nearest TSS. The majority of pSTAT5 peaks contain a central palindromic GAS element, TTCYXRGAA. There was significant enrichment for GATA motifs and CACCC-box motifs within the neighbourhood of pSTAT5-bound peaks, and GATA1 and/or KLF1 co-occupancy at many sites. Using 4sU-RNA-seq we determined the EPO-induced transcriptome and validated differentially expressed genes using dynamic CAGE data and qRT-PCR. We identified known direct pSTAT5 target genes such as Bcl2l1, Pim1 and Cish, and many new targets likely to be involved in driving erythroid cell differentiation including those involved in mRNA splicing (Rbm25), epigenetic regulation (Suv420h2), and EpoR turnover (Clint1/EpsinR). Some of these new EpoR-JAK2-pSTAT5 target genes could be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease activity in polycythaemia vera, and for monitoring responses to JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Gillinder
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugh Tuckey
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles C. Bell
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham W. Magor
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Huang
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa D. Ilsley
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Perkins
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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91
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Ligand-induced type II interleukin-4 receptor dimers are sustained by rapid re-association within plasma membrane microcompartments. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15976. [PMID: 28706306 PMCID: PMC5519985 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal organization of cytokine receptors in the plasma membrane is still debated with models ranging from ligand-independent receptor pre-dimerization to ligand-induced receptor dimerization occurring only after receptor uptake into endosomes. Here, we explore the molecular and cellular determinants governing the assembly of the type II interleukin-4 receptor, taking advantage of various agonists binding the receptor subunits with different affinities and rate constants. Quantitative kinetic studies using artificial membranes confirm that receptor dimerization is governed by the two-dimensional ligand–receptor interactions and identify a critical role of the transmembrane domain in receptor dimerization. Single molecule localization microscopy at physiological cell surface expression levels, however, reveals efficient ligand-induced receptor dimerization by all ligands, largely independent of receptor binding affinities, in line with the similar STAT6 activation potencies observed for all IL-4 variants. Detailed spatiotemporal analyses suggest that kinetic trapping of receptor dimers in actin-dependent microcompartments sustains robust receptor dimerization and signalling. The contribution of ligands for cytokine receptor dimerization is still not fully understood. Here, the authors show the efficient ligand-induced dimerization of type II interleukin-4 receptor at the plasma membrane and the kinetic trapping of signalling complexes by actin-dependent membrane microdomains.
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92
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Reprogramming cellular functions with engineered membrane proteins. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 47:92-101. [PMID: 28709113 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taking inspiration from Nature, synthetic biology utilizes and modifies biological components to expand the range of biological functions for engineering new practical devices and therapeutics. While early breakthroughs mainly concerned the design of gene circuits, recent efforts have focused on engineering signaling pathways to reprogram cellular functions. Since signal transduction across cell membranes initiates and controls intracellular signaling, membrane receptors have been targeted by diverse protein engineering approaches despite limited mechanistic understanding of their function. The modular architecture of several receptor families has enabled the empirical construction of chimeric receptors combining domains from distinct native receptors which have found successful immunotherapeutic applications. Meanwhile, progress in membrane protein structure determination, computational modeling and rational design promise to foster the engineering of a broader range of membrane receptor functions. Marrying empirical and rational membrane protein engineering approaches should enable the reprogramming of cells with widely diverse fine-tuned functions.
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93
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Fathi S, Nayak CR, Feld JJ, Zilman AG. Absolute Ligand Discrimination by Dimeric Signaling Receptors. Biophys J 2017; 111:917-20. [PMID: 27602720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Many signaling pathways act through shared components, where different ligand molecules bind the same receptors or activate overlapping sets of response regulators downstream. Nevertheless, different ligands acting through cross-wired pathways often lead to different outcomes in terms of the target cell behavior and function. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed, it still largely remains unclear how cells can reliably discriminate different molecular ligands under such circumstances. Here we show that signaling via ligand-induced receptor dimerization-a very common motif in cellular signaling-naturally incorporates a mechanism for the discrimination of ligands acting through the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Fathi
- Physics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chitra R Nayak
- Physics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anton G Zilman
- Physics Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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94
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Demharter S, Knapp B, Deane CM, Minary P. Modeling Functional Motions of Biological Systems by Customized Natural Moves. Biophys J 2017; 111:710-721. [PMID: 27558715 PMCID: PMC5002067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulating the functional motions of biomolecular systems requires large computational resources. We introduce a computationally inexpensive protocol for the systematic testing of hypotheses regarding the dynamic behavior of proteins and nucleic acids. The protocol is based on natural move Monte Carlo, a highly efficient conformational sampling method with built-in customization capabilities that allows researchers to design and perform a large number of simulations to investigate functional motions in biological systems. We demonstrate the use of this protocol on both a protein and a DNA case study. Firstly, we investigate the plasticity of a class II major histocompatibility complex in the absence of a bound peptide. Secondly, we study the effects of the epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethyl on cytosine on the structure of the Dickerson-Drew dodecamer. We show how our customized natural moves protocol can be used to investigate causal relationships of functional motions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Demharter
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bernhard Knapp
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Peter Minary
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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95
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Functional Selectivity in Cytokine Signaling Revealed Through a Pathogenic EPO Mutation. Cell 2017; 168:1053-1064.e15. [PMID: 28283061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are classically thought to stimulate downstream signaling pathways through monotonic activation of receptors. We describe a severe anemia resulting from a homozygous mutation (R150Q) in the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO). Surprisingly, the EPO R150Q mutant shows only a mild reduction in affinity for its receptor but has altered binding kinetics. The EPO mutant is less effective at stimulating erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation, even at maximally potent concentrations. While the EPO mutant can stimulate effectors such as STAT5 to a similar extent as the wild-type ligand, there is reduced JAK2-mediated phosphorylation of select downstream targets. This impairment in downstream signaling mechanistically arises from altered receptor dimerization dynamics due to extracellular binding changes. These results demonstrate how variation in a single cytokine can lead to biased downstream signaling and can thereby cause human disease. Moreover, we have defined a distinct treatable form of anemia through mutation identification and functional studies.
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96
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Ho CCM, Chhabra A, Starkl P, Schnorr PJ, Wilmes S, Moraga I, Kwon HS, Gaudenzio N, Sibilano R, Wehrman TS, Gakovic M, Sockolosky JT, Tiffany MR, Ring AM, Piehler J, Weissman IL, Galli SJ, Shizuru JA, Garcia KC. Decoupling the Functional Pleiotropy of Stem Cell Factor by Tuning c-Kit Signaling. Cell 2017; 168:1041-1052.e18. [PMID: 28283060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted growth factors and cytokines are functionally pleiotropic because their receptors are expressed on diverse cell types. While important for normal mammalian physiology, pleiotropy limits the efficacy of cytokines and growth factors as therapeutics. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a growth factor that acts through the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase to elicit hematopoietic progenitor expansion but can be toxic when administered in vivo because it concurrently activates mast cells. We engineered a mechanism-based SCF partial agonist that impaired c-Kit dimerization, truncating downstream signaling amplitude. This SCF variant elicited biased activation of hematopoietic progenitors over mast cells in vitro and in vivo. Mouse models of SCF-mediated anaphylaxis, radioprotection, and hematopoietic expansion revealed that this SCF partial agonist retained therapeutic efficacy while exhibiting virtually no anaphylactic off-target effects. The approach of biasing cell activation by tuning signaling thresholds and outputs has applications to many dimeric receptor-ligand systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Chi M Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akanksha Chhabra
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter-John Schnorr
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hye-Sook Kwon
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom S Wehrman
- Primity Bio, 48383 Fremont Blvd, Suite 118, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - Milica Gakovic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan T Sockolosky
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew R Tiffany
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabruck, Germany
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Judith A Shizuru
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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97
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Khatibi S, Babon J, Wagner J, Manton JH, Tan CW, Zhu HJ, Wormald S, Burgess AW. TGF-β and IL-6 family signalling crosstalk: an integrated model. Growth Factors 2017; 35:100-124. [PMID: 28948853 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1363746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models for TGF-β and IL-6 signalling have been linked, providing a platform for analyzing the crosstalk between the systems. An integrated IL-6:TGF-β model was developed via a reduced set of reaction equations which incorporate both feedback loops and appropriate time-delays for transcription and translation processes. The model simulates stable, robust and realistic responses to both ligands. Pulsatile (multiple pulses) inputs for both TGF-β and IL-6 have been simulated to investigate the effects of each ligand on the sensitivity, equilibrium and dynamic responses of the integrated signalling system. In our simulations the crosstalk between constant IL-6 and TGF-β signalling via SMAD7 does not appear to be sufficient to render the cells resistant to TGF-β inhibition. However, the simulations predict that pulsatile IL-6 stimulation would increase SMAD7 levels substantially and consequentially, lead to resistance to TGF-β. The model also allows the prediction of the integrated signalling pathway responses to the mutation of key components, e.g. Gp130 F/F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Khatibi
- a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia
- b Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - Jeff Babon
- b Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - John Wagner
- a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia
- c IBM Researchtreetience , Carlton , Australia
- d Department of Medical Biology , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - Jonathan H Manton
- a Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- b Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) , Parkville , VIC , Australia
- e IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences Research , Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative , Carlton , VIC , Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- f Department of Surgery (RMH) , University of Melbourne , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - Sam Wormald
- g Division of Cancer and Haematology , The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) , Parkville , VIC , Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- b Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) , Parkville , VIC , Australia
- e IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences Research , Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative , Carlton , VIC , Australia
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98
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Moraga I, Spangler JB, Mendoza JL, Gakovic M, Wehrman TS, Krutzik P, Garcia KC. Synthekines are surrogate cytokine and growth factor agonists that compel signaling through non-natural receptor dimers. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28498099 PMCID: PMC5429090 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine and growth-factor ligands typically signal through homo- or hetero-dimeric cell surface receptors via Janus Kinase (JAK/TYK), or Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)-mediated trans-phosphorylation. However, the number of receptor dimer pairings occurring in nature is limited to those driven by natural ligands encoded within our genome. We have engineered synthethic cytokines (synthekines) that drive formation of cytokine receptor dimer pairings that are not formed by endogenous cytokines and that are not found in nature, and which activate distinct signaling programs. We show that a wide range of non-natural cytokine receptor hetero-dimers are competent to elicit a signaling output. We engineered synthekine ligands that assembled IL-2Rβ/IL-4Rα or IL-4Rα/IFNAR2 receptor heterodimers, that do not occur naturally, triggering signaling and functional responses distinct from those activated by the endogenous cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IFN. Furthermore, hybrid synthekine ligands that dimerized a JAK/STAT cytokine receptor with a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) also elicited a signaling response. Synthekines represent a new family of synthetic ligands with pre-defined receptors, but 'orphan' functions, that enable the full combinatorial scope of dimeric signaling receptors encoded within the human genome to be exploited for basic research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Jamie B Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Juan L Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Milica Gakovic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | | | | | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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99
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Johnstone S, Albert JS. Pharmacological property optimization for allosteric ligands: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2239-2258. [PMID: 28408223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New strategies to potentially improve drug safety and efficacy emerge with allosteric programs. Biased allosteric modulators can be designed with high subtype selectivity and defined receptor signaling endpoints, however, selecting the most meaningful parameters for optimization can be perplexing. Historically, "potency hunting" at the expense of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to numerous tool compounds with excellent pharmacological properties but no path to drug development. Conversely, extensive physicochemical and pharmacokinetic screening with only post hoc bias and allosteric characterization has led to inefficacious compounds or compounds with on-target toxicities. This field is rapidly evolving with new mechanistic understanding, changes in terminology, and novel opportunities. The intent of this digest is to summarize current understanding and debates within the field. We aim to discuss, from a medicinal chemistry perspective, the parameter choices available to drive SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, IntelliSyn Pharma, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Montreal, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada; Department of Chemistry, AviSyn Pharma, 4275 Executive Square, Suite 200, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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Kim AR, Ulirsch JC, Wilmes S, Unal E, Moraga I, Karakukcu M, Yuan D, Kazerounian S, Abdulhay NJ, King DS, Gupta N, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Patiroglu T, Ozcan A, Ozdemir MA, Garcia KC, Piehler J, Gazda HT, Klein DE, Sankaran VG. Functional Selectivity in Cytokine Signaling Revealed Through a Pathogenic EPO Mutation. Cell 2017. [PMID: 28283061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.026.functional] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are classically thought to stimulate downstream signaling pathways through monotonic activation of receptors. We describe a severe anemia resulting from a homozygous mutation (R150Q) in the cytokine erythropoietin (EPO). Surprisingly, the EPO R150Q mutant shows only a mild reduction in affinity for its receptor but has altered binding kinetics. The EPO mutant is less effective at stimulating erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation, even at maximally potent concentrations. While the EPO mutant can stimulate effectors such as STAT5 to a similar extent as the wild-type ligand, there is reduced JAK2-mediated phosphorylation of select downstream targets. This impairment in downstream signaling mechanistically arises from altered receptor dimerization dynamics due to extracellular binding changes. These results demonstrate how variation in a single cytokine can lead to biased downstream signaling and can thereby cause human disease. Moreover, we have defined a distinct treatable form of anemia through mutation identification and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Ekrem Unal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Musa Karakukcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Daniel Yuan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shideh Kazerounian
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nour J Abdulhay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David S King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Turkan Patiroglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Alper Ozcan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Ozdemir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of Biology, Division of Biophysics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hanna T Gazda
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daryl E Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Vijay G Sankaran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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