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Phull AR, Eo SH, Abbas Q, Ahmed M, Kim SJ. Applications of Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Engineering: An Overview. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1879837. [PMID: 27631002 PMCID: PMC5007317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1879837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the exclusive cells residing in cartilage and maintain the functionality of cartilage tissue. Series of biocomponents such as different growth factors, cytokines, and transcriptional factors regulate the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation to chondrocytes. The number of chondrocytes and dedifferentiation are the key limitations in subsequent clinical application of the chondrocytes. Different culture methods are being developed to overcome such issues. Using tissue engineering and cell based approaches, chondrocytes offer prominent therapeutic option specifically in orthopedics for cartilage repair and to treat ailments such as tracheal defects, facial reconstruction, and urinary incontinence. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation/implantation is an improved version of traditional autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) method. An increasing number of studies show the clinical significance of this technique for the chondral lesions treatment. Literature survey was carried out to address clinical and functional findings by using various ACT procedures. The current study was conducted to study the pharmacological significance and biomedical application of chondrocytes. Furthermore, it is inferred from the present study that long term follow-up studies are required to evaluate the potential of these methods and specific positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
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Mammary Development and Breast Cancer: A Wnt Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8070065. [PMID: 27420097 PMCID: PMC4963807 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway has emerged as a key signaling cascade participating in mammary organogenesis and breast oncogenesis. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of how the pathway regulates stem cells and normal development of the mammary gland, and discuss how its various components contribute to breast carcinoma pathology.
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53
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Lynch JR, Wang JY. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Stem Cells and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050707. [PMID: 27187360 PMCID: PMC4881529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of cell-surface signaling proteins that bind extracellular ligands and transduce signals into cells via heterotrimeric G proteins. GPCRs are highly tractable drug targets. Aberrant expression of GPCRs and G proteins has been observed in various cancers and their importance in cancer stem cells has begun to be appreciated. We have recently reported essential roles for G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) and G protein subunit Gαq in the maintenance of cancer stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. This review will discuss how GPCRs and G proteins regulate stem cells with a focus on cancer stem cells, as well as their implications for the development of novel targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Lynch
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jenny Yingzi Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Abstract
Wnt signaling encompasses multiple and complex signaling cascades and is involved in many developmental processes such as tissue patterning, cell fate specification, and control of cell division. Consequently, accurate regulation of signaling activities is essential for proper embryonic development. Wnt signaling is mostly silent in the healthy adult organs but a reactivation of Wnt signaling is generally observed under pathological conditions. This has generated increasing interest in this pathway from a therapeutic point of view. In this review article, the involvement of Wnt signaling in cardiovascular development will be outlined, followed by its implication in myocardial infarct healing, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis. The initial experiments not always offer consensus on the effects of activation or inactivation of the pathway, which may be attributed to (i) the type of cardiac disease, (ii) timing of the intervention, and (iii) type of cells that are targeted. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the exact implication of Wnt signaling in the conditions mentioned above to exploit it as a powerful therapeutic target.
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Satoh K, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chelluri R, Boufraqech M, Nilubol N, Patel D, Shen M, Kebebew E. Identification of Niclosamide as a Novel Anticancer Agent for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3458-66. [PMID: 26873959 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer, and no current effective therapy is available for locally advanced and metastatic ACC. Drug repurposing is an emerging approach for identifying new indications for existing drugs, especially for rare cancers such as ACC. The objective of this study was to use quantitative high-throughput screening to identify agents with antineoplastic activity against ACC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A screening of 4,292 compounds was performed on three ACC cell lines: BD140A, SW-13, and NCI-H295R. RESULTS Twenty-one active compounds were identified, with an efficacy of >80% in all three cell lines. Of these, niclosamide showed higher efficacy and lower IC50 than established anti-ACC drugs. We then validated niclosamide-inhibited cellular proliferation in all three ACC cell lines. Next, we investigated the mechanism by which niclosamide inhibited ACC cell proliferation, and found that it induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and G1 cell-cycle arrest. Niclosamide also decreased cellular migration and reduced the level of mediators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, such as N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, niclosamide treatment resulted in decreased expression of β-catenin. We also evaluated the effect of niclosamide on energy metabolism in ACC cell lines and found it resulted in mitochondrial uncoupling. Niclosamide treatment inhibited ACC tumor growth with no observed toxicity in mice in vivo CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that niclosamide has anti-ACC activity through its inhibition of multiple altered cellular pathways and cellular metabolism in ACC. Our results provide a preclinical rationale for evaluating niclosamide therapy in a clinical trial for ACC. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3458-66. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Satoh
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Raju Chelluri
- SUNY Upstate Medical University at Syracuse, Syracuse, New York
| | - Myriem Boufraqech
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Min Shen
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Endocrine Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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56
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Extracellular matrix stiffness dictates Wnt expression through integrin pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20395. [PMID: 26854061 PMCID: PMC4745056 DOI: 10.1038/srep20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness plays a significant role in regulating the phenotypes and behaviors of many cell types. However, the mechanism underlying the sensing of mechanical cues and subsequent elasticity-triggered pathways remains largely unknown. We observed that stiff ECM significantly enhanced the expression level of several members of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and primary chondrocytes. The activation of β-catenin by stiff ECM is not dependent on Wnt signals but is elevated by the activation of integrin/ focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. The accumulated β-catenin then bound to the wnt1 promoter region to up-regulate the gene transcription, thus constituting a positive feedback of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. With the amplifying effect of positive feedback, this integrin-activated β-catenin/Wnt pathway plays significant roles in mediating the enhancement of Wnt signal on stiff ECM and contributes to the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and primary chondrocyte phenotype maintenance. The present integrin-regulated Wnt1 expression and signaling contributes to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of cell behaviors by ECM elasticity.
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Nakamura K, Sano S, Fuster JJ, Kikuchi R, Shimizu I, Ohshima K, Katanasaka Y, Ouchi N, Walsh K. Secreted Frizzled-related Protein 5 Diminishes Cardiac Inflammation and Protects the Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2566-75. [PMID: 26631720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling has diverse actions in cardiovascular development and disease processes. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) has been shown to function as an extracellular inhibitor of non-canonical Wnt signaling that is expressed at relatively high levels in white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Sfrp5 in the heart under ischemic stress. Sfrp5 KO and WT mice were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Although Sfrp5-KO mice exhibited no detectable phenotype when compared with WT control at baseline, they displayed larger infarct sizes, enhanced cardiac myocyte apoptosis, and diminished cardiac function following I/R. The ischemic lesions of Sfrp5-KO mice had greater infiltration of Wnt5a-positive macrophages and greater inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression when compared with WT mice. In bone marrow-derived macrophages, Wnt5a promoted JNK activation and increased inflammatory gene expression, whereas treatment with Sfrp5 blocked these effects. These results indicate that Sfrp5 functions to antagonize inflammatory responses after I/R in the heart, possibly through a mechanism involving non-canonical Wnt5a/JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakamura
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Soichi Sano
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - José J Fuster
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Ryosuke Kikuchi
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Kousei Ohshima
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Yasufumi Katanasaka
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and the Department of Molecular Cardiovascular Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- From the Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
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Yasunaga KI, Tezuka A, Ishikawa N, Dairyo Y, Togashi K, Koizumi H, Emoto K. Adult Drosophila sensory neurons specify dendritic territories independently of dendritic contacts through the Wnt5-Drl signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1763-75. [PMID: 26302791 PMCID: PMC4561484 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262592.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, Yasunaga et al. use Drosophila class IV dendrite arborization (C4da) sensory neurons as a system to investigate how neurons specify dendritic territories during neuronal development. They show that, unlike the larval dendrites, adult C4da dendrites define the dendritic boundary independently of dendritic contacts and that Wnt5 derived from sternites is required for specification of the ventral boundaries of C4da dendrites. These findings provide novel insights into how dendritic territories of neurons develop and the role of the Wnt5–Drl signaling pathway in the contact-independent dendritic boundary specification. Sensory neurons with common functions are often nonrandomly arranged and form dendritic territories in stereotypic spatial patterns throughout the nervous system, yet molecular mechanisms of how neurons specify dendritic territories remain largely unknown. In Drosophila larvae, dendrites of class IV sensory (C4da) neurons completely but nonredundantly cover the whole epidermis, and the boundaries of these tiled dendritic fields are specified through repulsive interactions between homotypic dendrites. Here we report that, unlike the larval C4da neurons, adult C4da neurons rely on both dendritic repulsive interactions and external positional cues to delimit the boundaries of their dendritic fields. We identify Wnt5 derived from sternites, the ventral-most part of the adult abdominal epidermis, as the critical determinant for the ventral boundaries. Further genetic data indicate that Wnt5 promotes dendrite termination on the periphery of sternites through the Ryk receptor family kinase Derailed (Drl) and the Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio in C4da neurons. Our findings thus uncover the dendritic contact-independent mechanism that is required for dendritic boundary specification and suggest that combinatory actions of the dendritic contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms may ensure appropriate dendritic territories of a given neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichiro Yasunaga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Akane Tezuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Natsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yusuke Dairyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuya Togashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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60
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Li J, Hu C, Han L, Liu L, Jing W, Tang W, Tian W, Long J. MiR-154-5p regulates osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells under tensile stress through the Wnt/PCP pathway by targeting Wnt11. Bone 2015; 78:130-41. [PMID: 25959411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stress is a well-acknowledged positive regulatory factor for osteogenic differentiation of adipose- derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms associated with micro-RNAs (miRNAs) whereby ADSCs respond to mechanical stimuli remain elusive. We investigated the mechanism of mechanotransduction from the miRNA perspective in the osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs under tensile stress. Microarray analysis showed that miR-154-5p was remarkably downregulated when ADSCs were subjected to mechanical tension. Bioinformatics analysis with luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that Wnt11 3'UTR was a new direct target of miR-154-5p. Under tensile stress, lentivirus-mediated gain- or loss-of-function studies revealed that forced expression of miR-154-5p inhibited osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs, whereas inhibition of endogenous miR-154-5p with its antisense oligonucleotide (ASO-154-5p) obviously promoted osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, miR-154-5p overexpression decreased activity of the non-canonical Wnt/PCP (RhoA-ROCK) pathway, as indicated by lower expression of Wnt11, active RhoA and ROCKII in miR-154-5p-treated ADSCs. By contrast, miR-154-5p inhibition activated the Wnt/PCP signals. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, under tensile stress, miR-154-5p negatively regulates ADSCs osteogenic differentiation through the Wnt/PCP pathway by directly targeting Wnt11. This novel regulatory pathway provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chen Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Jing
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Weidong Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jie Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Participation of WNT and β-Catenin in Physiological and Pathological Endometrial Changes: Association with Angiogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:854056. [PMID: 26366420 PMCID: PMC4558421 DOI: 10.1155/2015/854056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
WNT proteins are involved in embryonic development, sex determination, stem cell recruitment, angiogenesis, and cancer. They take part in morphological changes in the endometrium during development, regulate processes of endometrial proliferation and differentiation. This review presents current knowledge about implication of WNT proteins and β-catenin in physiological endometrial functions as well as their involvement in uterine carcinogenesis. Influence of WNT proteins on the formation of blood vessel, taking place both under healthy and pathological conditions, is also considered. Participation of WNT proteins, β-catenin, and inhibitors and inducers of WNT signaling in the process of endometrial angiogenesis is largely unknown. Thus, confirmation of their local and systemic participation in the process of endometrial angiogenesis may in the long term help to establish new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in conditions associated with the pathology of the female reproductive system.
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Zhu Y, Wang W, Wang X. Roles of transcriptional factor 7 in production of inflammatory factors for lung diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:273. [PMID: 26289446 PMCID: PMC4543455 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease is the major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Transcription factors such as transcription factor 7 (TCF7) are involved in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. TCF7 is important for T cell development and differentiation, embryonic development, or tumorogenesis. Multiple TCF7 isoforms can be characterized by the full-length isoform (FL-TCF7) as a transcription activator, or dominant negative isoform (dn-TCF7) as a transcription repressor. TCF7 interacts with multiple proteins or target genes and participates in several signal pathways critical for lung diseases. TCF7 is involved in pulmonary infection, allergy or asthma through promoting T cells differentiating to Th2 or memory T cells. TCF7 also works in tissue repair and remodeling after acute lung injury. The dual roles of TCF7 in lung cancers were discussed and it is associated with the cellular proliferation, invasion or metastasis. Thus, TCF7 plays critical roles in lung diseases and should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zhu
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - William Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Fenglin Rd 180, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Li C, Bellusci S, Borok Z, Minoo P. Non-canonical WNT signalling in the lung. J Biochem 2015; 158:355-65. [PMID: 26261051 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of WNT signalling in metazoan organogenesis has been a topic of widespread interest. In the lung, while the role of canonical WNT signalling has been examined in some detail by multiple studies, the non-canonical WNT signalling has received limited attention. Reliable evidence shows that this important signalling mechanism constitutes a major regulatory pathway in lung development. In addition, accumulating evidence has also shown that the non-canonical WNT pathway is critical for maintaining lung homeostasis and that aberrant activation of this pathway may underlie several debilitating lung diseases. Functional analyses have further revealed that the non-canonical WNT pathway regulates multiple cellular activities in the lung that are dependent on the specific cellular context. In most cell types, non-canonical WNT signalling regulates canonical WNT activity, which is also critical for many aspects of lung biology. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of non-canonical WNT signalling in lung development, homeostasis and pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System (ECCPS), D-35392 Giessen, Hessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Department of Internal Medicine II, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), D-35390 Giessen, Hessen, Germany; Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; and
| | - Zea Borok
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center and Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Janovska P, Poppova L, Plevova K, Plesingerova H, Behal M, Kaucka M, Ovesna P, Hlozkova M, Borsky M, Stehlikova O, Brychtova Y, Doubek M, Machalova M, Baskar S, Kozubik A, Pospisilova S, Pavlova S, Bryja V. Autocrine Signaling by Wnt-5a Deregulates Chemotaxis of Leukemic Cells and Predicts Clinical Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:459-69. [PMID: 26240275 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ROR1, a receptor in the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is upregulated in malignant B cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. It has been shown that the Wnt/PCP pathway drives pathogenesis of CLL, but which factors activate the ROR1 and PCP pathway in CLL cells remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN B lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of CLL patients were negatively separated using RosetteSep (StemCell) and gradient density centrifugation. Relative expression of WNT5A, WNT5B, and ROR1 was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Protein levels, protein interaction, and downstream signaling were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Migration capacity of primary CLL cells was analyzed by the Transwell migration assay. RESULTS By analyzing the expression in 137 previously untreated CLL patients, we demonstrate that WNT5A and WNT5B genes show dramatically (five orders of magnitude) varying expression in CLL cells. High WNT5A and WNT5B expression strongly associates with unmutated IGHV and shortened time to first treatment. In addition, WNT5A levels associate, independent of IGHV status, with the clinically worst CLL subgroups characterized by dysfunctional p53 and mutated SF3B1. We provide functional evidence that WNT5A-positive primary CLL cells have increased motility and attenuated chemotaxis toward CXCL12 and CCL19 that can be overcome by inhibitors of Wnt/PCP signaling. CONCLUSIONS These observations identify Wnt-5a as the crucial regulator of ROR1 activity in CLL and suggest that the autocrine Wnt-5a signaling pathway allows CLL cells to overcome natural microenvironmental regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Janovska
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Poppova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Plevova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Plesingerova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Behal
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ovesna
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Hlozkova
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Borsky
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Stehlikova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yvona Brychtova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Doubek
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Machalova
- Department of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sivasubramanian Baskar
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alois Kozubik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pospisilova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Pavlova
- Center of Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Chatani N, Kamada Y, Kizu T, Ogura S, Furuta K, Egawa M, Hamano M, Ezaki H, Kiso S, Shimono A, Ouchi N, Yoshida Y, Takehara T. Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5) decreases hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis. Liver Int 2015; 35:2017-26. [PMID: 25488180 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity-related adipocytokine dysregulation is known to accelerate liver fibrosis progression. Recently, a natural Wnt5a inhibitor, secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (Sfrp5), was identified as a novel adipocytokine that has reduced expression in obese adipose tissue in both rodents and human. In addition, hepatic gene expression of Wnt5a and its receptor frizzled 2 (Fz2) is elevated during fibrosis progression. Therefore, Sfrp5 could have biological significance in liver fibrosis. METHODS We first investigated the effects of Sfrp5 on primary cultured mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro. Next, to elucidate the roles of Sfrp5 in liver fibrosis, we investigated a carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced liver fibrosis model using Sfrp5 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice in vivo. Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 (0.5 ml/kg) or olive oil as a single dose (acute liver injury model), or twice a week for 6 weeks (liver fibrosis model). RESULTS In in vitro studies, Wnt5a enhanced both proliferation and migration of HSCs, and these effects could be completely blocked by Sfrp5. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of Fz2 in HSCs could block the effects of Wnt5a on both HSC proliferation and migration. In in vivo studies, there were no differences in the CCl4 -induced liver injury between KO and WT mice. Hepatic Wnt5a gene expression and plasma Wnt5a levels significantly increased after a single CCl4 injection in both mice. Sfrp5 knockout significantly enhanced CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Sfrp5 may ameliorate mouse liver fibrosis through inhibition of Wnt5a/Fz2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Chatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunimaro Furuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Egawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mina Hamano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Ezaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Noriyuki Ouchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Dijksterhuis JP, Baljinnyam B, Stanger K, Sercan HO, Ji Y, Andres O, Rubin JS, Hannoush RN, Schulte G. Systematic mapping of WNT-FZD protein interactions reveals functional selectivity by distinct WNT-FZD pairs. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6789-98. [PMID: 25605717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors of the FZD1-10 class are bound and activated by the WNT family of lipoglycoproteins, thereby inducing a complex network of signaling pathways. However, the specificity of the interaction between mammalian WNT and FZD proteins and the subsequent signaling cascade downstream of the different WNT-FZD pairs have not been systematically addressed to date. In this study, we determined the binding affinities of various WNTs for different members of the FZD family by using bio-layer interferometry and characterized their functional selectivity in a cell system. Using purified WNTs, we show that different FZD cysteine-rich domains prefer to bind to distinct WNTs with fast on-rates and slow off-rates. In a 32D cell-based system engineered to overexpress FZD2, FZD4, or FZD5, we found that WNT-3A (but not WNT-4, -5A, or -9B) activated the WNT-β-catenin pathway through FZD2/4/5 as measured by phosphorylation of LRP6 and β-catenin stabilization. Surprisingly, different WNT-FZD pairs showed differential effects on phosphorylation of DVL2 and DVL3, revealing a previously unappreciated DVL isoform selectivity by different WNT-FZD pairs in 32D cells. In summary, we present extensive mapping of WNT-FZD cysteine-rich domain interactions complemented by analysis of WNT-FZD pair functionality in a unique cell system expressing individual FZD isoforms. Differential WNT-FZD binding and selective functional readouts suggest that endogenous WNT ligands evolved with an intrinsic natural bias toward different downstream signaling pathways, a phenomenon that could be of great importance in the design of FZD-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacomijn P Dijksterhuis
- From the Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Bolormaa Baljinnyam
- the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Karen Stanger
- the Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Hakki O Sercan
- the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yun Ji
- the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Osler Andres
- the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jeffrey S Rubin
- the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rami N Hannoush
- the Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, and
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- From the Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, the Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Li C, Song G, Zhang S, Wang E, Cui Z. Wnt3a increases the metastatic potential of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro in part via its upregulation of Notch3. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1207-14. [PMID: 25572698 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in lung cancer. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the process of metastasis is crucial for identifying novel anti-metastatic therapies. Studies indicate that the highly conserved developmental pathways, such as the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways, play important roles in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis. However, the roles of both pathways in NSCLC metastasis are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate whether Wnt3a and Notch3, key components of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways, respectively, regulate the metastatic abilities of NSCLC cells and whether there is some relationship during these regulatory events. Here, we observed that Wnt3a treatment upregulated, not only the protein expression of Notch3, but also the mRNA expression of Notch3 and its downstream genes, HES1 and HEYL. In addition, Wnt3a promoted cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth. Meanwhile, Wnt3a treatment caused epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like morphological changes and F-actin reorganization. The western blotting data showed that Wnt3a treatment decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Compared with Wnt3a treatment, Notch3 shRNA transfection had opposite effects. Furthermore, Notch3 shRNA weakened the effects of Wnt3a treatment on the in vitro cell invasion and EMT. Overall, these observations suggest that Wnt3a and Notch3 may promote the metastasis of NSCLC and Notch3 upregulation is required for the Wnt3a mediated increased metastatic abilities of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Center of Laboratory Technology and Experimental Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Gongru Song
- Department of Biotechnology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Zhang
- Center of Laboratory Technology and Experimental Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Zeshi Cui
- Center of Laboratory Technology and Experimental Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Sahu I, Mishra S, Undi R, Kandi R, Gutti U, Gutti RK. Sequence and structural difference favors a distinct preference of Wnt3a binding with co-receptor LRP6. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:2133-44. [PMID: 25425204 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.991352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathway plays a key role in a wide array of development and physiological processes. Wnt proteins interact with two different co-receptors LRP5/6 and ROR 2, leading to different signal transductions in the cell. Though the Wnt family of proteins has high sequence similarity the specificity for particular co-receptor is not well understood. The choice of pathway is attributed to the binding of Wnt complex to the co-receptor. Our current study is a novel approach using homology modeling, docking, and structural alignment to unravel the structural differences between Wnt3a and Wnt5b binding to LRP6. The conservation of a protruding loop has been identified in Wnt3a protein indicating an enhanced ability of Wnt3a to bind to LRP5/6 against its counter parts. The docking studies have further substantiated the findings. This could potentially help us design and develop novel inhibitors targeting Wnt3a-LRP6 complex in specific tissues or disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itishri Sahu
- a Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , (PO) Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046 , AP , India
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A truncated Wnt7a retains full biological activity in skeletal muscle. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2869. [PMID: 24287629 PMCID: PMC3868162 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling has essential roles during embryonic development and tissue homoeostasis. Wnt proteins are post-translationally modified and the attachment of a palmitate moiety at two conserved residues is believed to be a prerequisite for the secretion and function of Wnt proteins. Here we demonstrate that a mammalian Wnt protein can be fully functional without palmitoylation. We generate a truncated Wnt7a variant, consisting of the C-terminal 137 amino acids lacking the conserved palmitoylation sites and show that it retains full biological activity in skeletal muscle. This includes binding to and signaling through its receptor Fzd7 to stimulate symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells by activating the planar-cell polarity pathway and inducing myofibre hypertrophy by signaling through the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, this truncated Wnt7a shows enhanced secretion and dispersion compared with the full-length protein. Together, these findings open important new avenues for the development of Wnt7a as a treatment for muscle-wasting diseases and have broad implications for the therapeutic use of Wnts as biologics. Wnt7a regulates various aspects of skeletal muscle function. Here, the authors show that a truncated Wnt7a protein lacking the palmitoylation domain retains its biological activity in skeletal muscle, suggesting that simplified Wnt7a proteins may be viable as Wnt-based therapeutics.
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70
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Bhardwaj N, Devi D, Mandal BB. Tissue-engineered cartilage: the crossroads of biomaterials, cells and stimulating factors. Macromol Biosci 2014; 15:153-82. [PMID: 25283763 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage to cartilage represents one of the most challenging tasks of musculoskeletal therapeutics due to its limited propensity for healing and regenerative capabilities. Lack of current treatments to restore cartilage tissue function has prompted research in this rapidly emerging field of tissue regeneration of functional cartilage tissue substitutes. The development of cartilaginous tissue largely depends on the combination of appropriate biomaterials, cell source, and stimulating factors. Over the years, various biomaterials have been utilized for cartilage repair, but outcomes are far from achieving native cartilage architecture and function. This highlights the need for exploration of suitable biomaterials and stimulating factors for cartilage regeneration. With these perspectives, we aim to present an overview of cartilage tissue engineering with recent progress, development, and major steps taken toward the generation of functional cartilage tissue. In this review, we have discussed the advances and problems in tissue engineering of cartilage with strong emphasis on the utilization of natural polymeric biomaterials, various cell sources, and stimulating factors such as biophysical stimuli, mechanical stimuli, dynamic culture, and growth factors used so far in cartilage regeneration. Finally, we have focused on clinical trials, recent innovations, and future prospects related to cartilage engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandana Bhardwaj
- Seri-Biotechnology Unit, Life Science Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, 781035, India
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71
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Serio RN. Wnt of the Two Horizons: Putting Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Cell Fate Determination into Context. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1975-90. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Serio
- Graduate School of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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72
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Arend RC, Londoño-Joshi AI, Samant RS, Li Y, Conner M, Hidalgo B, Alvarez RD, Landen CN, Straughn JM, Buchsbaum DJ. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by niclosamide: a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:112-20. [PMID: 24736023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is known to regulate cellular proliferation and plays a role in chemoresistance. Niclosamide, an FDA approved salicyclamide derivative used for the treatment of tapeworm infections, targets the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate niclosamide as a potential therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer. Methods. Tumor cells isolated from 34 patients' ascites with primary ovarian cancer were treated with niclosamide (0.1 to 5 μM) ± carboplatin (5 to 150 μM). Cell viability was assessed using the ATP-lite assay. LRP6, Axin 2, Cyclin D1, survivin and cytosolic free β-catenin levels were determined using Western blot analysis. Tumorspheres were treated, and Wnt transcriptional activity was measured by the TOPflash reporter assay. ALDH and CD133 were analyzed by Flow cytometry and IHC. ALDH1A1 and LRP6 were analyzed by IHC in solid tumor and in ascites before and after treatment with niclosamide. Results. Combination treatment produced increased cytotoxicity compared to single agent treatment in 32/34 patient samples. Western blot analysis showed a decrease in Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins and the expression of target genes. A significant reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was confirmed by TOPflash assay. There was increased staining of ALDH1A1 and LRP6 in ascites compared to solid tumor which decreased after treatment. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that niclosamide is a potent Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway led to decreased cellular proliferation and increased cell death. These findings warrant further research of this drug and other niclosamide analogs as a treatment option for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yonghe Li
- Southern Research Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Conner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronald D Alvarez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles N Landen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Michael Straughn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald J Buchsbaum
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Altered canonical Wingless-Int signaling in the ovine fetal lung after exposure to intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide and antenatal betamethasone. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:281-7. [PMID: 24232635 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal inflammation and maternal corticosteroids induce fetal lung maturation but interfere with late lung development. Canonical Wingless-Int (Wnt) signaling directs lung development and repair. We showed that intra-amniotic (IA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure disrupted developmental signaling pathways in the preterm lamb lungs. Therefore, we hypothesized that pulmonary Wnt signaling was altered by exposure to IA LPS and/or antenatal corticosteroids. METHODS Ovine fetuses were exposed to IA LPS, maternal intramuscular betamethasone, a control saline injection, or a combination thereof at 107 and/or 114 d gestational age (term = 150 d gestational age) before delivery at 121 d gestational age. RESULTS IA LPS exposure decreased the lung expression of lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), a major Wnt pathway effector. WNT1, WNT4, and downstream messenger β-catenin decreased after LPS exposure. WNT7b mRNA increased fourfold 14 d post-LPS exposure. Betamethasone treatment 7 d before LPS exposure prevented the reduction in LEF1 expression, whereas betamethasone administration after LPS normalized the LPS-induced increase in Wnt7b mRNA. CONCLUSION IA LPS exposure decreased canonical Wnt signaling in the developing lung. Antenatal corticosteroids before or after IA inflammation had different effects on pulmonary Wnt signaling. This study provides new insights into possible mechanisms by which prenatal inflammation affects lung development and how corticosteroid can be beneficial in this setting.
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Saman S, Lee NC, Inoyo I, Jin J, Li Z, Doyle T, McKee AC, Hall GF. Proteins recruited to exosomes by tau overexpression implicate novel cellular mechanisms linking tau secretion with Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 40 Suppl 1:S47-70. [PMID: 24718102 PMCID: PMC5977388 DOI: 10.3233/jad-132135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tau misprocessing to form aggregates and other toxic species has emerged as a major feature in our developing understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The significance of tau misprocessing in AD has been further emphasized by recent studies showing that tau can be secreted from neurons via exosomes and may itself be an important agent in the spreading of neurofibrillary lesions within the brain. Tau secretion occurs most readily under disease-associated conditions in cellular models, suggesting that cellular changes responsible for secretion, possibly including tau oligomerization, could play a key role in the propagation of neurofibrillary lesions in neurodegenerative disease. Here we show that overexpression of 4R0N human tau in neuroblastoma cells recruits mitochondrial and axonogenesis-associated proteins relevant to neurodegeneration into the exosomal secretion pathway via distinct mechanisms. The recruitment of mitochondrial proteins appears to be linked to autophagy disruption (exophagy) in multiple neurodegenerative conditions but has few known direct links to AD and tau. By contrast, the involvement of synaptic plasticity and axonogenesis markers is highly specific to both tau and AD and may be relevant to the reactivation of developmental programs involving tau in AD and the recently demonstrated ability of secreted tau to establish tissue distribution gradients in CNS neuropil. We also found a highly significant correlation between genes that are significantly downregulated in multiple forms of AD and proteins that have been recruited to exosomes by tau, which we interpret as strong evidence for the central involvement of tau secretion in AD cytopathogenesis. Our results suggest that multiple cellular mechanisms may link tau secretion to both toxicity and neurofibrillary lesion spreading in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudad Saman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
- Mass Bay Community College Science Department STEM Division 50 Oakland Street Wellesley Hills, MA 02481
| | - Norman C.Y. Lee
- Boston University Chemical Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, Boston, MA USA 02215
| | - Itoro Inoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
| | - Jun Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
| | - Zhihan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
| | - Thomas Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
- Mass Bay Community College Science Department STEM Division 50 Oakland Street Wellesley Hills, MA 02481
| | - Ann C. McKee
- GRECC unit, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 182-B, 200 Springs Rd, Bedford, MA 01730 and Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA USA 02215
| | - Garth F. Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street Lowell MA, USA
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Okuda Y, Nakano K, Suzuki K, Sugita Y, Kubo K, Maeda H, Okafuji N, Hasegawa H, Kawakami T. Wnt signaling as a possible promoting factor of cell differentiation in pleomorphic adenomas. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:971-8. [PMID: 25076852 PMCID: PMC4113590 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There are well known that Wnt signaling was some roles of cell differentiation at the development tissues, especially the oral and maxillofacial regions of some developmental stages. Therefore, to determine Wnt signaling in the pleomorphic adenoma tissues, we examined. The expression of Wnt1 and β-catenin as well as the distribution of various cytoskeletal proteins CK7 and CK13 was examined in 30 cases of pleomorphic adenoma by immunohistochemistry. Wnt1 was detected in almost all tumor cells. The peripheral columnar cells in squamous metaplasia and small cuboidal cells in duct-like structures were strongly positive to Wnt1. Although β-catenin was clearly localized on the cell membrane of tumor cells, nuclear translocation was observed in small cuboidal cells and in some basaloid cells. The immunofluorescent staining pattern of Wnt1 and CK7 as well as Wnt1 and CK13 was consistent with IHC results. Thus, in pleomorphic adenoma, Wnt is involved in tumor cell differentiation of peripheral columnar cells forming solid nests and small peripheral columnar cells forming duct-like structures. Moreover, among the three currently known Wnt pathways, β-catenin is the suggested pathway working during cell differentiation. Furthermore, peripheral columnar cells in solid tumor nests and in squamous metaplasia are governed by another Wnt pathway other than β-catenin. Therefore, Wnt signaling through β-catenin pathway may be involved in the 'mixed' differentiation characteristic of pleomorphic adenoma although another pathway may also be possibly working in other parts of the tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Okuda
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan ; 3. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hyogo Prefectural Tsukaguchi Hospital, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan ; 4. Department of Oral Pathology, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- 2. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sugita
- 2. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan ; 5. Center for Advanced Oral Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Kubo
- 2. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan ; 5. Center for Advanced Oral Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hatsuhiko Maeda
- 2. Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan ; 5. Center for Advanced Oral Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norimasa Okafuji
- 6. Clinical Evaluation Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hasegawa
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan ; 4. Department of Oral Pathology, Matsumoto Dental University School of Dentistry, Shiojiri, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawakami
- 1. Hard Tissue Pathology Unit, Matsumoto Dental University Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Shiojiri, Japan
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Wu D, Zhang Y, Huang J, Fan Z, Shi F, Wang S. Salinomycin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:712-7. [PMID: 24333874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin (Sal) is a polyether ionophore antibiotic that has recently been shown to induce cell death in various human cancer cells. However, whether salinomycin plays a functional role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has not been determined to date. The present study investigated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of salinomycin and its molecular mechanisms of action in NPC cells. Salinomycin efficiently inhibited proliferation and invasion of 3 NPC cell lines (CNE-1, CNE-2, and CNE-2/DDP) and activated a extensive apoptotic process that is accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Meanwhile, the protein expression level of the Wnt coreceptor lipoprotein receptor related protein 6 (LRP6) and β-catenin was down-regulated, which showed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling was involved in salinomycin-induced apoptosis of NPC cells. In a nude mouse NPC xenograft model, the anti-tumor effect of salinomycin was associated with the downregulation of β-catenin expression. The present study demonstrated that salinomycin can effectively inhibit proliferation and invasion, and induce apoptosis of NPC cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo, probably via the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting salinomycin as a potential candidate for the chemotherapy of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxin Wu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zirong Fan
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Fengrong Shi
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Senming Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
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77
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Steinfeld J, Steinfeld I, Coronato N, Hampel ML, Layer PG, Araki M, Vogel-Höpker A. RPE specification in the chick is mediated by surface ectoderm-derived BMP and Wnt signalling. Development 2013; 140:4959-69. [PMID: 24227655 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is indispensable for vertebrate eye development and vision. In the classical model of optic vesicle patterning, the surface ectoderm produces fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that specify the neural retina (NR) distally, whereas TGFβ family members released from the proximal mesenchyme are involved in RPE specification. However, we previously proposed that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) released from the surface ectoderm are essential for RPE specification in chick. We now show that the BMP- and Wnt-expressing surface ectoderm is required for RPE specification. We reveal that Wnt signalling from the overlying surface ectoderm is involved in restricting BMP-mediated RPE specification to the dorsal optic vesicle. Wnt2b is expressed in the dorsal surface ectoderm and subsequently in dorsal optic vesicle cells. Activation of Wnt signalling by implanting Wnt3a-soaked beads or inhibiting GSK3β at optic vesicle stages inhibits NR development and converts the entire optic vesicle into RPE. Surface ectoderm removal at early optic vesicle stages or inhibition of Wnt, but not Wnt/β-catenin, signalling prevents pigmentation and downregulates the RPE regulatory gene Mitf. Activation of BMP or Wnt signalling can replace the surface ectoderm to rescue MITF expression and optic cup formation. We provide evidence that BMPs and Wnts cooperate via a GSK3β-dependent but β-catenin-independent pathway at the level of pSmad to ensure RPE specification in dorsal optic vesicle cells. We propose a new dorsoventral model of optic vesicle patterning, whereby initially surface ectoderm-derived Wnt signalling directs dorsal optic vesicle cells to develop into RPE through a stabilising effect of BMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Steinfeld
- Fachgebiet Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurogenetik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 13, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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78
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Dickins EM, Salinas PC. Wnts in action: from synapse formation to synaptic maintenance. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:162. [PMID: 24223536 PMCID: PMC3819050 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A proper balance between synapse assembly and disassembly is crucial for the formation of functional neuronal circuits and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. During development, synaptogenesis generates a vast excess of synapses, which are subsequently eliminated. Importantly, aberrant synaptic disassembly during development underpins many neurological disorders. Wnt secreted proteins are robust synaptogenic factors that regulate synapse assembly and function in the developing and mature brain. Recent studies show that Wnt blockade with the antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) induces the rapid disassembly of synapses in mature neurons. Importantly, Dkk1 mediates synaptic loss induced by Amyloid-ß, a key pathogenic molecule in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These findings provide new insights into the potential contribution of dysfunctional Wnt signaling to synaptic loss observed in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in vertebrate synaptic assembly, function and maintenance, and consider how dysfunction of Wnt signaling could contribute to synaptic disassembly in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Dickins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London London, UK
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79
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Docosahexaenoic acid inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and suppressed breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 25:104-10. [PMID: 24290517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-3 fatty acids (FAs) are essential FAs necessary for human health and are known to possess anticancer properties. However, the relationship between n-3 FAs and β-catenin, one of the key components of the Wnt signaling pathway, in mouse breast cancer remains poorly characterized. In this study, 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were exposed to a representative n-3 FA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to investigate the relationship between n-3 FAs and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies showed that DHA strongly inhibited cell growth, and induced G1 cell cycle arrest both in 4T1 mouse breast cells and MCF-7 human breast cells. DHA reduced β-catenin expression and T cell factor/lymphoid-enhancing factor reporter activity in 4T1 mouse breast cells. In addition, DHA down-regulated the expression of downstream target genes such as c-myc and cyclinD1. In vivo, therapy experiments were conducted on Babl/c mice bearing breast cancer. We found that feeding mouse the 5% fish oil-supplemented diet for 30 days significantly reduced the growth of 4T1 mouse breast cancer in vivo through inhibition of cancer cell proliferation as well as induction of apoptosis. Feeding animals a 5% fish oil diet significantly induced down-regulation of β-catenin in tumor tissues with a notable increase in apoptosis. In addition, fish oil-supplemented diet decreased lung metastases of breast cancer. These observations suggested that DHA exerted its anticancer activity through down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Thus, our data call for further studies to assess the effectiveness of fish oil as a dietary supplement in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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80
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Gendreau KL, Hall GF. Tangles, Toxicity, and Tau Secretion in AD - New Approaches to a Vexing Problem. Front Neurol 2013; 4:160. [PMID: 24151487 PMCID: PMC3801151 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
When the microtubule (MT)-associated protein tau is not bound to axonal MTs, it becomes hyperphosphorylated and vulnerable to proteolytic cleavage and other changes typically seen in the hallmark tau deposits (neurofibrillary tangles) of tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases (tauopathies). Neurofibrillary tangle formation is preceded by tau oligomerization and accompanied by covalent crosslinking and cytotoxicity, making tangle cytopathogenesis a natural central focus of studies directed at understanding the role of tau in neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies suggest that the formation of tau oligomers may be more closely related to tau neurotoxicity than the presence of the tangles themselves. It has also become increasingly clear that tau pathobiology involves a wide variety of other cellular abnormalities including a disruption of autophagy, vesicle trafficking mechanisms, axoplasmic transport, neuronal polarity, and even the secretion of tau, which is normally a cytosolic protein, to the extracellular space. In this review, we discuss tau misprocessing, toxicity and secretion in the context of normal tau functions in developing and mature neurons. We also compare tau cytopathology to that of other aggregation-prone proteins involved in neurodegeneration (alpha synuclein, prion protein, and APP). Finally, we consider potential mechanisms of intra- and interneuronal tau lesion spreading, an area of particular recent interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Gendreau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, MA , USA
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81
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Arend RC, Londoño-Joshi AI, Straughn JM, Buchsbaum DJ. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian cancer: a review. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:772-9. [PMID: 24125749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in women in the U.S. Since overall survival remains poor, there is a need for new therapeutic paradigms. This paper will review the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as it relates to epithelial ovarian cancer, specifically its role in chemoresistance and its potential role as a target for chemosensitization. METHODS A PubMed search was performed for articles published pertaining to Wnt/β-catenin pathway specific to ovarian cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways play an active role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and carcinogenesis of all ovarian cancer subtypes. Studies also have shown that ovarian CSCs are involved in chemoresistance, metastasis, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS Wnt/β-catenin target genes regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby mediating cancer initiation and progression. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the major signaling pathways thought to be involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Alterations affecting Wnt pathway proteins on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and in the nucleus have been shown to play important roles in the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Wnt signaling is activated in epithelial ovarian cancer. Given the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in carcinogenesis, more pre-clinical studies are warranted to further investigate other Wnt inhibitors in ovarian cancer. The Wnt pathway should also be investigated as a potential target in the development of new drugs for ovarian cancer as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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82
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Arioka M, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Sasaki M, Yoshihara T, Morimoto S, Takashima A, Mori Y, Sasaguri T. Acceleration of bone development and regeneration through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in mice heterozygously deficient for GSK-3β. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:677-82. [PMID: 24099767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β plays an important role in osteoblastogenesis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, we investigated whether GSK-3β deficiency affects bone development and regeneration using mice heterozygously deficient for GSK-3β (GSK-3β(+/-)). The amounts of β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclin D1, and runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx2) in the bone marrow cells of GSK-3β(+/-) mice were significantly increased compared with those of wild-type mice, indicating that Wnt/β-catenin signals were enhanced in GSK-3β(+/-) mice. Microcomputed tomography of the distal femoral metaphyses demonstrated that the volumes of both the cortical and trabecular bones were increased in GSK-3β(+/-) mice compared with those in wild-type mice. Subsequently, to investigate the effect of GSK-3β deficiency on bone regeneration, we established a partial bone defect in the femur and observed new bone at 14 days after surgery. The volume and mineral density of the new bone were significantly higher in GSK-3β(+/-) mice than those in wild-type mice. These results suggest that bone formation and regeneration in vivo are accelerated by inhibition of GSK-3β, probably through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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83
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Deasey S, Nurminsky D, Shanmugasundaram S, Lima F, Nurminskaya M. Transglutaminase 2 as a novel activator of LRP6/β-catenin signaling. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2646-51. [PMID: 23993960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The β-catenin signaling axis is critical for normal embryonic development and tissue homeostasis in adults. We have previously shown that extracellular enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activates β-catenin signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we provide several lines of evidence that TG2 functions as an activating ligand of the LRP5/6 receptors. Specifically, we show that TG2 synergizes with LRP6 in the activation of β-catenin-dependent gene expression in Cos-7 cells. Interfering with the LRP5/6 receptors attenuates TG2-induced activation of β-catenin in Cos-7 cells. Further, we show that TG2 binds directly to the extracellular domain of LRP6, which is also able to act as a substrate for TG2-mediated protein cross-linking. Furthermore, inhibitors of TG2 protein cross-linking quench the observed TG2-induced β-catenin activation, implicating protein cross-linking as a novel regulatory mechanism for this pathway. Together, our findings identify and characterize a new activating ligand of the LRP5/6 receptors and uncover a novel activity of TG2 as an agonist of β-catenin signaling, contributing to the understanding of diverse developmental events and pathological conditions in which transglutaminase and β-catenin signaling are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deasey
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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84
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Kibe T, Fuchigami T, Kishida M, Iijima M, Ishihata K, Hijioka H, Miyawaki A, Semba I, Nakamura N, Kiyono T, Kishida S. A novel ameloblastoma cell line (AM-3) secretes MMP-9 in response to Wnt-3a and induces osteoclastogenesis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:780-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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85
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Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP), a process controlling coordinated, uniformly polarized cellular behaviors in a field of cells, has been identified to be critically required for many fundamental developmental processes. However, a global directional cue that establishes PCP in a three-dimensional tissue or organ with respect to the body axes remains elusive. In vertebrate, while Wnt-secreted signaling molecules have been implicated in regulating PCP in a β-catenin-independent manner, whether they function permissively or act as a global cue to convey directional information is not clearly defined. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanism by which Wnt signal is transduced to core PCP proteins is largely unknown. In this chapter, I review the roles of Wnt signaling in regulating PCP during vertebrate development and update our knowledge of its regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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86
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Li H, Mo J, Jia G, Liu C, Luan Z, Guan Y. Activation of Wnt signaling inhibits the pro-apoptotic role of Notch in gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1751-6. [PMID: 23563575 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt signaling play critical roles in the regulation of development and diseases. Several studies have previously reported that Notch may be a therapeutic target in the treatment of various types of human cancer. In this study, we report that activation of Notch1 inhibits the proliferation of BGC-823 gastric cancer cells. However, the activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway promotes the growth of BGC-823 cells. Furthermore, the combinational activation of the two signaling pathways promotes the proliferation of BGC-823 cells. These data suggest that the activation of Wnt signaling overcomes the pro-apoptotic role of Notch in BGC-823 gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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87
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The C-terminal region Mesd peptide mimics full-length Mesd and acts as an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58102. [PMID: 23469146 PMCID: PMC3585277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While Mesd was discovered as a specialized molecular endoplasmic reticulum chaperone for the Wnt co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6, recombinant Mesd protein is able to bind to mature LRP5 and LRP6 on the cell surface and acts as a universal antagonist of LRP5/6 modulators. In our previous study, we found that the C-terminal region of Mesd, which is absent in sequences from invertebrates, is necessary and sufficient for binding to mature LRP6 on the cell surface. In the present studies, we further characterized the interaction between the C-terminal region Mesd peptide and LRP5/6. We found that Mesd C-terminal region-derived peptides block Mesd binding to LRP5 at the cell surface too. We also showed that there are two LRP5/6 binding sites within Mesd C-terminal region which contain several positively charged residues. Moreover, we demonstrated that the Mesd C-terminal region peptide, like the full-length Mesd protein, blocked Wnt 3A- and Rspodin1-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in LRP5- and LRP6- expressing cells, suppressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human breast HS578T cells and prostate cancer PC-3 cells, and inhibited cancer cell proliferation, although the full-length Mesd protein is more potent than its peptide. Finally, we found that treatment of the full-length Mesd protein and its C-terminal region peptide significantly increased chemotherapy agent Adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in HS578T and PC-3 cells. Together, our results suggest that Mesd C-terminal region constitutes the major LRP5/6-binding domain, and that Mesd protein and its C-terminal region peptide have a potential therapeutic value in cancer.
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88
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Tahir SA, Yang G, Goltsov A, Song KD, Ren C, Wang J, Chang W, Thompson TC. Caveolin-1-LRP6 signaling module stimulates aerobic glycolysis in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1900-11. [PMID: 23302227 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) is a plasma membrane-associated protein with the capacity to modulate signaling activities in a context-dependent fashion. Interactions between Cav-1 and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) were reported to be important for the regulation of Wnt-β-catenin (β-cat) signaling. Cav-1 also interacts with insulin and IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR/IR) and can stimulate IR kinase activities. We found positive correlation between Cav-1 and LRP6 expression in both human primary prostate cancer and metastasis tissues and in PC-3 cells. Cav-1 stimulation of Wnt-β-cat signaling and c-Myc levels was positively associated with LRP6 expression in LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145 prostate cancer cells. Importantly, LRP6 and, to a lesser extent, Cav-1 were found to stimulate aerobic glycolysis. These activities were positively associated with the expression of HK2 and Glut3 and shown to be dependent on Akt signaling by both gene knockdown and chemical inhibition methods. We further showed that Cav-1 and LRP6 exert their effects on Akt and glycolytic activities by stimulating IGF-IR/IR signaling. Overall, our results show that Cav-1 interacts with LRP6 to generate an integrated signaling module that leads to the activation of IGF-IR/IR and results in stimulation of Akt-mTORC1 signaling and aerobic glycolysis in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salahaldin A Tahir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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89
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of left ventricular dilatation, frequently leading to heart failure. In the last decade, the wound healing process that takes place in the infarct area after infarction has been recognized as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate left ventricular dilatation and preserve an adequate cardiac function. In this chapter, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the wound healing process after infarction, with a specific focus on its modulating effect on myofibroblast characteristics.
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90
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Zhang J, Li Y, Wu Y, Yang T, Yang K, Wang R, Yang J, Guo H. Wnt5a inhibits the proliferation and melanogenesis of melanocytes. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:699-706. [PMID: 23569434 PMCID: PMC3619119 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a, which is a noncanonical Wnt molecule, has been shown to be involved in a variety of developmental processes and cellular functions. In this study, we used "melan-a" cells as a cell model to investigate the effects of Wnt5a on melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis, and to elucidate the possible mechanisms involved. We infected melan-a cells with recombinant Wnt5a adenoviruses to express Wnt5a protein and to simulate the Wnt5a processing environment. MTT assay and BrdU incorporation assay revealed that Wnt5a significantly inhibited the proliferation of melan-a cells. Melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays showed that Wnt5a was an inhibitor of melanin synthesis. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Western blot showed that this suppressive effect depended on noncanonical Wnt/Ror2 pathway activation and accessed the inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway. The above results provided a novel insight into the role of Wnt5a and its related signaling in melanocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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91
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Targeting the Wnt/frizzled signaling pathway after myocardial infarction: a new tool in the therapeutic toolbox? Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 23:121-7. [PMID: 23266229 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/frizzled signaling in the adult heart is quiescent under normal conditions; however it is reactivated after myocardial infarction (MI). Any intervention at the various levels of this pathway can modulate its signaling. Several studies have targeted Wnt/frizzled signaling after MI with the majority of them indicating that the inhibition of the pathway is beneficial since it improves infarct healing and prevents heart failure. This suggests that blocking the Wnt/frizzled signaling pathway could be a potential novel therapeutic target to prevent the adverse cardiac remodeling after MI.
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92
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Chen Y, Huang K, Nakatsu MN, Xue Z, Deng SX, Fan G. Identification of novel molecular markers through transcriptomic analysis in human fetal and adult corneal endothelial cells. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1271-9. [PMID: 23257286 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is composed of a monolayer of corneal endothelial cells (CECs), which is essential for maintaining corneal transparency. To better characterize CECs in different developmental stages, we profiled mRNA transcriptomes in human fetal and adult corneal endothelium with the goal to identify novel molecular markers in these cells. By comparing CECs with 12 other tissue types, we identified 245 and 284 signature genes that are highly expressed in fetal and adult CECs, respectively. Functionally, these genes are enriched in pathways characteristic of CECs, including inorganic anion transmembrane transporter, extracellular matrix structural constituent and cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity. Importantly, several of these genes are disease target genes in hereditary corneal dystrophies, consistent with their functional significance in CEC physiology. We also identified stage-specific markers associated with CEC development, such as specific members in the transforming growth factor beta and Wnt signaling pathways only expressed in fetal, but not in adult CECs. Lastly, by the immunohistochemistry of ocular tissues, we demonstrated the unique protein localization for Wnt5a, S100A4, S100A6 and IER3, the four novel markers for fetal and adult CECs. The identification of a new panel of stage-specific markers for CECs would be very useful for characterizing CECs derived from stem cells or ex vivo expansion for cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Chen
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji Hospital, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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93
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Alexander CM, Goel S, Fakhraldeen SA, Kim S. Wnt signaling in mammary glands: plastic cell fates and combinatorial signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:cshperspect.a008037. [PMID: 22661590 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mouse mammary gland is an outstanding developmental model that exemplifies the activities of many of the effector pathways known to organize mammalian morphogenesis; furthermore, there are well-characterized methods for the specific genetic manipulation of various mammary epithelial cell components. Among these signaling pathways, Wnt signaling has been shown to generate plasticity of fate determination, expanding the genetic programs available to cells in the mammary lineage. It is responsible first for the appearance of the mammary fate in embryonic ectoderm and then for maintaining bi-potential basal stem cells in adult mammary ductal trees. Recent technical developments have led to the separate analysis of various mammary epithelial cell subpopulations, spurring the investigation of Wnt-dependent interactions. Although Wnt signaling was shown to be oncogenic for mouse mammary epithelium even before being identified as the principle oncogenic driver for gut epithelium, conclusive data implicating this pathway as a tumor driver for breast cancer lag behind, and we examine potential reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1599, USA.
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94
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Hermans KC, Daskalopoulos EP, Blankesteijn WM. Interventions in Wnt signaling as a novel therapeutic approach to improve myocardial infarct healing. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2012; 5:16. [PMID: 22967504 PMCID: PMC3472244 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction, wound healing takes place in the infarct area where the non-viable cardiac tissue is replaced by a scar. Inadequate wound healing or insufficient maintenance of the extracellular matrix in the scar can lead to excessive dilatation of the ventricles, one of the hallmarks of congestive heart failure. Therefore, it is important to better understand the wound-healing process in the heart and to develop new therapeutic agents that target the infarct area in order to maintain an adequate cardiac function. One of these potential novel therapeutic targets is Wnt signaling. Wnt signaling plays an important role in embryonic myocardial development but in the adult heart the pathway is thought to be silent. However, there is increasing evidence that components of the Wnt pathway are re-expressed during cardiac repair, implying a regulatory role. Recently, several studies have been published where the effect of interventions in Wnt signaling on infarct healing has been studied. In this review, we will summarize the results of these studies and discuss the effects of these interventions on the different cell types that are involved in the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cm Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, 6229ER Maastricht, PO Box 616 6200MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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95
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von Maltzahn J, Chang NC, Bentzinger CF, Rudnicki MA. Wnt signaling in myogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:602-9. [PMID: 22944199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The formation of skeletal muscle is a tightly regulated process that is critically modulated by Wnt signaling. Myogenesis is dependent on the precise and dynamic integration of multiple Wnt signals allowing self-renewal and progression of muscle precursors in the myogenic lineage. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling can lead to severe developmental defects and perturbation of muscle homeostasis. Recent work has revealed novel roles for the non-canonical planar cell polarity (PCP) and AKT/mTOR pathways in mediating the effects of Wnt on skeletal muscle. In this review, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in myogenesis and in regulating the homeostasis of adult muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Maltzahn
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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96
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Ueno K, Hirata H, Hinoda Y, Dahiya R. Frizzled homolog proteins, microRNAs and Wnt signaling in cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1731-40. [PMID: 22833265 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways play important roles in tumorigenesis and are initiated by binding of Wnt to various receptors including frizzleds (FZDs). FZDs are one of several families of receptors comprised of FZD/LRP/ROR2/RYK in the Wnt signaling pathway. Expression of some FZD receptors are up regulated, thereby activating the Wnt signaling pathway and is correlated with cancer malignancy and patient outcomes (recurrence and survival) in many cancers. The FZD family contains ten genes in humans and their function has not been completely examined including the regulatory mechanisms of FZD genes in cancer. Knockdown of FZDs may suppress the Wnt signaling pathway resulting in decreased cell growth, invasion, motility and metastasis of cancer cells. Recently a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified and reported to be important in several cancers. MiRNAs regulate target gene expression at both the transcription and translation levels. The study of miRNA is a newly emerging field and promises to be helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of FZDs in cancer. In addition, miRNAs may be useful in regulating FZDs in cancer cells. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss current knowledge of the functional mechanisms of FZDs in cancer, including regulation by miRNAs and the potential for possible use of miRNAs and FZDs in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ueno
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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97
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Naito AT, Sumida T, Nomura S, Liu ML, Higo T, Nakagawa A, Okada K, Sakai T, Hashimoto A, Hara Y, Shimizu I, Zhu W, Toko H, Katada A, Akazawa H, Oka T, Lee JK, Minamino T, Nagai T, Walsh K, Kikuchi A, Matsumoto M, Botto M, Shiojima I, Komuro I. Complement C1q activates canonical Wnt signaling and promotes aging-related phenotypes. Cell 2012; 149:1298-313. [PMID: 22682250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays critical roles in development of various organs and pathogenesis of many diseases, and augmented Wnt signaling has recently been implicated in mammalian aging and aging-related phenotypes. We here report that complement C1q activates canonical Wnt signaling and promotes aging-associated decline in tissue regeneration. Serum C1q concentration is increased with aging, and Wnt signaling activity is augmented during aging in the serum and in multiple tissues of wild-type mice, but not in those of C1qa-deficient mice. C1q activates canonical Wnt signaling by binding to Frizzled receptors and subsequently inducing C1s-dependent cleavage of the ectodomain of Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6. Skeletal muscle regeneration in young mice is inhibited by exogenous C1q treatment, whereas aging-associated impairment of muscle regeneration is restored by C1s inhibition or C1qa gene disruption. Our findings therefore suggest the unexpected role of complement C1q in Wnt signal transduction and modulation of mammalian aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko T Naito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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98
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Abstract
During embryonic development, ovarian somatic cells embark on a course that is separate from male somatic cells and from indifferent precursor cells. While the former aspect of ovarian development is well known, the latter has not received much attention until recently. This review attempts to integrate the most recent work regarding the differentiation of ovarian somatic cells. The discussion of the parallel development of the testis is limited to the key differences only. Similarly, germ cell development will be introduced only inasmuch as it becomes necessary to draw attention to a particular aspect of the somatic component differentiation. Finally, while postnatal ovarian development and folliculogenesis undoubtedly provide the ultimate morphological and functional fitness tests for the ovarian somatic cells, postnatal phenotypes will be only referred to when they have already been connected to genes that are expressed during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Tevosian
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601, USA.
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99
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Janda CY, Waghray D, Levin AM, Thomas C, Garcia KC. Structural basis of Wnt recognition by Frizzled. Science 2012; 337:59-64. [PMID: 22653731 DOI: 10.1126/science.1222879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wnts are lipid-modified morphogens that play critical roles in development principally through engagement of Frizzled receptors. The 3.25 angstrom structure of Xenopus Wnt8 (XWnt8) in complex with mouse Frizzled-8 (Fz8) cysteine-rich domain (CRD) reveals an unusual two-domain Wnt structure, not obviously related to known protein folds, resembling a "hand" with "thumb" and "index" fingers extended to grasp the Fz8-CRD at two distinct binding sites. One site is dominated by a palmitoleic acid lipid group projecting from serine 187 at the tip of Wnt's thumb into a deep groove in the Fz8-CRD. In the second binding site, the conserved tip of Wnt's "index finger" forms hydrophobic amino acid contacts with a depression on the opposite side of the Fz8-CRD. The conservation of amino acids in both interfaces appears to facilitate ligand-receptor cross-reactivity, which has important implications for understanding Wnt's functional pleiotropy and for developing Wnt-based drugs for cancer and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Y Janda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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100
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Duric V, Duman RS. Depression and treatment response: dynamic interplay of signaling pathways and altered neural processes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:39-53. [PMID: 22585060 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s, when the first tricyclic and monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant drugs were introduced, most of the ensuing agents were designed to target similar brain pathways that elevate serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling. Fifty years later, the main goal of the current depression research is to develop faster-acting, more effective therapeutic agents with fewer side effects, as currently available antidepressants are plagued by delayed therapeutic onset and low response rates. Clinical and basic science research studies have made significant progress towards deciphering the pathophysiological events within the brain involved in development, maintenance, and treatment of major depressive disorder. Imaging and postmortem brain studies in depressed human subjects, in combination with animal behavioral models of depression, have identified a number of different cellular events, intracellular signaling pathways, proteins, and target genes that are modulated by stress and are potentially vital mediators of antidepressant action. In this review, we focus on several neural mechanisms, primarily within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which have recently been implicated in depression and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Duric
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
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