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Yamaguchi H, Hsu JM, Yang WH, Hung MC. Mechanisms regulating PD-L1 expression in cancers and associated opportunities for novel small-molecule therapeutics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:287-305. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Roetman JJ, Apostolova MKI, Philip M. Viral and cellular oncogenes promote immune evasion. Oncogene 2022; 41:921-929. [PMID: 35022539 PMCID: PMC8851748 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen percent of cancers worldwide are associated with viral infections. While many human oncogenic viruses are widely endemic, very few infected individuals develop cancer. This raises the question why oncogenic viruses encode viral oncogenes if they can replicate and spread between human hosts without causing cancer. Interestingly, viral infection triggers innate immune signaling pathways that in turn activate tumor suppressors such as p53, suggesting that tumor suppressors may have evolved not primarily to prevent cancer, but to thwart viral infection. Here, we summarize and compare several major immune evasion strategies used by viral and non-viral cancers, with a focus on oncogenes that play dual roles in promoting tumorigenicity and immune evasion. By highlighting important and illustrative examples of how oncogenic viruses evade the immune system, we aim to shed light on how non-viral cancers avoid immune detection. Further study and understanding of how viral and non-viral oncogenes impact immune function could lead to improved strategies to combine molecular therapies targeting oncoproteins in combination with immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Roetman
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Minna K I Apostolova
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Philip
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Abdolahi S, Hosseini M, Rezaei R, Mohebbi SR, Rostami-Nejad M, Mojarad EN, Mirjalali H, Yadegar A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR, Baghaei K. Evaluation of miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p levels during immune responses in the admitted and recovered COVID-19 subjects. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105207. [PMID: 34999004 PMCID: PMC8730736 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as a key receptor for the spike of SARS-CoV-2. Two main microRNAs (miRs), miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p, are considered to modulate the expression of ACE2 gene and alterations in the expression of these miRNAs may influence the outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, we examined whether miRNAs directing ACE2 expression altered in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. 30 patients with COVID-19 included in the study. At the time of admission and discharge, the expression of miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p, inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and regulatory T cells' expression profiles (CD4, CD25, and Foxp3) were examined using quantitative real-time PCR method. At the time of admission, the expression levels of miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p as well as CD4, CD25, and Foxp3 significantly decreased while IL-6 expression notably enhanced. However, by the time of discharge, the expression levels of the genes were opposite to the time of admission. Moreover, Pearson correlation analysis indicated that IL-6 expression negatively correlated with Foxp3 and miR-200c-3p expressions despite miR-421-5p and miR-200c-3p positively correlated at admission time. By manipulating miR-200c-3p and miR-421-5p expressions and controlling the ACE2 level, it is plausible to modulate the inflammation by reducing IL-6 and maintenance tolerance hemostasis during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh Abdolahi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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AM22, a novel synthetic microRNA, inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells by targeting core binding factor subunit β (CBFB). Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:469-477. [PMID: 34985594 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have revealed the important roles of the nonseed regions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene regulation, which provided novel insight into the development of miRNA analogs for cancer therapy. Here, we altered each nucleotide in the nonseed region of miR-34a and obtained novel synthetic miRNA analogs. Among them, AM22, with a base alteration from G to C at the 17th nucleotide of miR-34a, showed extensive antiproliferative activity against several colorectal tumor cell lines and achieved effective inhibition of core binding factor subunit β (CBFB) expression. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that AM22 directly targeted CBFB by binding to its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Inhibition of CBFB showed obvious antiproliferative activity on HCT-116 and SW620 cells. Furthermore, the antiproliferative effects of AM22 on these cells were also measured in xenograft mouse models. In conclusion, this study identified AM22 as a potential antitumor miRNA by targeting CBFB and provided a new design approach for miRNA-based cancer treatment by changing the nonseed region of miRNA.
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Hosseini M, Baghaei K, Hajivalili M, Zali MR, Ebtekar M, Amani D. The anti-tumor effects of CT-26 derived exosomes enriched by MicroRNA-34a on murine model of colorectal cancer. Life Sci 2021; 290:120234. [PMID: 34953890 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As conventional therapeutics failed to provide satisfied outcomes against one of the most prevalent cancers, colorectal cancer (CRC), we purposed to implicate MicroRNA (miR)-34a, as a major tumor suppressor, to be delivered by tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) and investigated its anti-tumor functions in-vivo. MAIN METHODS TEXs were isolated from CT-26 cell line and loaded with miR-34a mimic. Then, mice bearing CRC were treated with miR-34a-enriched TEX (TEX-miR-34a) and then examined for the relative tumor-suppressive impacts of the TEX as well as its potential in promoting an anti-tumor immune response. KEY FINDINGS TEX-miR-34a significantly reduced tumor size and prolonged survival of mice bearing CRC. TEX-miR-34a was able to diminish gene expressions related to invasion, angiogenesis and immune evasion. It was also capable of inducing T cell polarization toward CD8+ T subsets among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, draining lymph nodes (DLNs) and spleen cells. Moreover, cytotoxic T cells were professionally induced in mice receiving TEX-miR-34a and the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TGF)-β was reduced in DLNs. However, the enhanced levels of interferon-γ were evaluated in DLN and spleen displaying the polarization of anti-tumor immune responses. Interestingly, mice receiving TEX alone showed a noticeable reduction in certain oncogenic gene expressions as well as IL-17A secretion in DLNs. SIGNIFICANCE TEX-miR-34a demonstrated the potential to induce beneficial anti-tumor immune responses and TEXs, aside from the delivery function of miRNA, revealed certain anti-tumor beneficial characteristics which could introduce TEX-miR-34a as a promising approach in CRC combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Hajivalili
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Ebtekar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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PD-L1: Can it be a biomarker for the prognosis or a promising therapeutic target in cervical cancer? Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 103:108484. [PMID: 34954558 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common in the female genital tract and remains a leading cause that threatens the health and lives of women worldwide, although preventive vaccines and early diagnosis have reduced mortality. While treatment by operation and chemoradiotherapy for early-stage patients achieve good outcomes, the great majority of cervical cancers caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) make immunotherapy realizable for patients with advanced and recurrent cervical cancer. To date, some clinical trials of checkpoint immunotherapy in cervical cancer have indicated significant benefits of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors, providing strong evidence for PD-1/PD-L1 as a therapeutic target. In this review article, we discuss the role of PD-L1 and the application of PD-L1 inhibitors in cervical cancer, with the aim of providing direction for future research.
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Bedhiafi T, Inchakalody VP, Fernandes Q, Mestiri S, Billa N, Uddin S, Merhi M, Dermime S. The potential role of vitamin C in empowering cancer immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112553. [PMID: 34923342 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C also known as L-ascorbic acid is a nutrient naturally occurring in many fruits and vegetables and widely known for its potent antioxidant activity. Several studies have highlighted the importance of using high dose vitamin C as an adjuvant anti-cancer therapy. Interestingly, it has been shown that vitamin C is able to modulate the anti-cancer immune response and to help to overcome the resistance to immune checkpoints blockade (ICB) drugs such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CLTA-4) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) inhibitors. Indeed, it was reported that vitamin C regulates several mechanisms developed by cancer cells to escape T cells immune response and resist ICB. Understanding the role of vitamin C in the anti-tumor immune response will pave the way to the development of novel combination therapies that would enhance the response of cancer patients to ICB immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the effect of vitamin C on the immune system and its potential role in empowering cancer immunotherapy through its pro-oxidant potential, its ability to modulate epigenetic factors and its capacity to regulate the expression of different cytokines involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takwa Bedhiafi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarra Mestiri
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute and dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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58
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Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Ghorbaninezhad F, Najafzadeh A, Safarpour H, Bernardini R, Brunetti O, Sonnessa M, Fasano R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The importance of immune checkpoints in immune monitoring: A future paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112516. [PMID: 34906767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of cancer are directly correlated to the suppression of the immune system. A major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy depends on various mechanisms to detect immunosuppressive factors that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoints are expressed on many immune cells such as T-cells, regulatory B cells (Bregs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NKs), regulatory T (Tregs), M2-type macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Immune inhibitory molecules, including CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3, normally inhibit immune responses via negatively regulating immune cell signaling pathways to prevent immune injury. However, the up-regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints during tumor progression on immune cells suppresses anti-tumor immune responses and promotes immune escape in cancer. It has recently been indicated that cancer cells can up-regulate various pathways of the immune checkpoints. Therefore, targeting immune inhibitory molecules through antibodies or miRNAs is a promising therapeutic strategy and shows favorable results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are introduced as a new immunotherapy strategy that enhance immune cell-induced antitumor responses in many patients. In this review, we highlighted the function of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and therapeutic strategies aimed at using monoclonal antibodies and miRNAs against inhibitory receptors. We also discussed current challenges and future strategies for maximizing these FDA-approved immunosuppressants' effectiveness and clinical success in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Najafzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, Catania, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Margherita Sonnessa
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Li Z, Sun G, Sun G, Cheng Y, Wu L, Wang Q, Lv C, Zhou Y, Xia Y, Tang W. Various Uses of PD1/PD-L1 Inhibitor in Oncology: Opportunities and Challenges. Front Oncol 2021; 11:771335. [PMID: 34869005 PMCID: PMC8635629 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.771335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of cancer are closely related to the immune escape of tumor cells and immune tolerance. Unlike previous surgical, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy, tumor immunotherapy is a therapeutic strategy that uses various means to stimulate and enhance the immune function of the body, and ultimately achieves the goal of controlling tumor cells.With the in-depth understanding of tumor immune escape mechanism and tumor microenvironment, and the in-depth study of tumor immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors represented by Programmed Death 1/Programmed cell Death-Ligand 1(PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors are becoming increasingly significant in cancer medication treatment. employ a variety of ways to avoid detection by the immune system, a single strategy is not more effective in overcoming tumor immune evasion and metastasis. Combining different immune agents or other drugs can effectively address situations where immunotherapy is not efficacious, thereby increasing the chances of success and alternative access to alternative immunotherapy. Immune combination therapies for cancer have become a hot topic in cancer treatment today. In this paper, several combination therapeutic modalities of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors are systematically reviewed. Finally, an analysis and outlook are provided in the context of the recent advances in combination therapy with PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors and the pressing issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangshun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chengyu Lv
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichan Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Xia
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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60
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Xian S, Dosset M, Almanza G, Searles S, Sahani P, Waller TC, Jepsen K, Carter H, Zanetti M. The unfolded protein response links tumor aneuploidy to local immune dysregulation. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52509. [PMID: 34698427 PMCID: PMC8647024 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a chromosomal abnormality associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the unfolded protein response (UPR) mechanistically links aneuploidy and local immune dysregulation. Using a single somatic copy number alteration (SCNA) score inclusive of whole‐chromosome, chromosome arm, and focal alterations in a pan‐cancer analysis of 9,375 samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we found an inverse correlation with a cytotoxicity (CYT) score across disease stages. Co‐expression patterns of UPR genes changed substantially between SCNAlow and SCNAhigh groups. Pathway activity scores showed increased activity of multiple branches of the UPR in response to aneuploidy. The PERK branch showed the strongest association with a reduced CYT score. The conditioned medium of aneuploid cells transmitted XBP1 splicing and caused IL‐6 and arginase 1 transcription in receiver bone marrow‐derived macrophages and markedly diminished the production of IFN‐γ and granzyme B in activated human T cells. We propose the UPR as a mechanistic link between aneuploidy and immune dysregulation in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xian
- Division of Medical Genetics Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Magalie Dosset
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Almanza
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Searles
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paras Sahani
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - T Cameron Waller
- Division of Medical Genetics Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- IGM Genomics Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Carter
- Division of Medical Genetics Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Kelly AD, Murugesan K, Kuang Z, Montesion M, Ross JS, Albacker LA, Huang RSP, Lin DI, Demirci U, Creeden J. Pan-cancer landscape of CD274 (PD-L1) rearrangements in 283,050 patient samples, its correlation with PD-L1 protein expression, and immunotherapy response. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003550. [PMID: 34815356 PMCID: PMC8611421 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) benefit patients with multiple cancer types, however, additional predictive biomarkers of response are needed. CD274 (programmed cell death ligand-1, PD-L1) gene rearrangements are positively associated with PD-L1 expression and may confer benefit to ICI, thus a pan-cancer characterization of these alterations is needed. METHODS We analyzed 283,050 patient samples across multiple tumor types that underwent comprehensive genomic profiling for activating CD274 rearrangements and other alterations. The DAKO 22C3 Tumor Proportion Scoring (TPS) method was used for PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing in a small subset with available data (n=55,423). A retrospective deidentified real-world clinico-genomic database (CGDB) was examined for ICI treatment outcomes. We also report a detailed case of CD274-rearranged metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS We identified 145 samples with functional rearrangements in CD274. There were significant enrichments for PIK3CA, JAK2, PDCD1LG2, CREBBP, and PBRM1 co-mutations (ORs=2.1, 16.7, 17.8, 3.6, and 3.4, respectively, p<0.01). Genomic human papillomavirus (HPV)-16, Epstein-Barr virus, and mismatch repair genes also co-occurred (OR=6.2, 8.4, and 4.3, respectively, p<0.05). Median tumor mutational burden (TMB) was higher compared with CD274 wild-type samples (7.0 vs 3.5 mutations/Mb, p=1.7e-11), with disease-specific TMB enrichment in non-small cell lung, colorectal, unknown primary, and stomach cancers. PD-L1 IHC skewed toward positivity (N=39/43 samples with ≥1% positivity). Of eight patients from the CGDB, three remained on ICI treatment after 6 months. Separately, one patient with metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma experienced a pathologic complete response on chemoimmunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS CD274 gene rearrangements are associated with increased PD-L1 IHC scores, higher TMB, and potential clinical benefit in ICI-treated patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Murugesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zheng Kuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meagan Montesion
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pathology and Urology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Lee A Albacker
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard S P Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Foundation Medicine Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Douglas I Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Umut Demirci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - James Creeden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Otmani K, Lewalle P. Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2021; 11:708765. [PMID: 34722255 PMCID: PMC8554338 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.708765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that have been identified as important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNAs production is controlled at multiple levels, including transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Extensive profiling studies have shown that the regulation of mature miRNAs expression plays a causal role in cancer development and progression. miRNAs have been identified to act as tumor suppressors (TS) or as oncogenes based on their modulating effect on the expression of their target genes. Upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs blocks TS genes and leads to tumor formation. In contrast, downregulation of miRNAs with TS function increases the translation of oncogenes. Several miRNAs exhibiting TS properties have been studied. In this review we focus on recent studies on the role of TS miRNAs in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, we discuss how TS miRNA impacts the aggressiveness of cancer cells, with focus of the mechanism that regulate its expression. The study of the mechanisms of miRNA regulation in cancer cells and the TME may paved the way to understand its critical role in the development and progression of cancer and is likely to have important clinical implications in a near future. Finally, the potential roles of miRNAs as specific biomarkers for the diagnosis and the prognosis of cancer and the replacement of tumor suppressive miRNAs using miRNA mimics could be promising approaches for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Otmani
- Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Jules Bordet Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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63
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Meng F, Chen Y, Yang M, Zhang H, Wang W. Concomitant inhibition of B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression by a novel and synthetic microRNA delivers potent antitumor activities in colorectal tumor models. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1267-1274. [PMID: 33909231 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The families of miR-34 and miR-449 share the same seed region. However, the members showed differential effects on the expression of B7-H3 and PD-L1 in HCT-116 cells. Using miR-34a as a template, the non-seed region was modified by nucleotide alteration, yielding four synthetic microRNA (miRNA) analogs. Among those, NS-MX3, with a base alteration from G to C at the 18th locus of miR-34a, showed the most potent inhibition on both B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that NS-MX3 had a broad anti-proliferation activity against several colorectal tumor cell lines and its antitumor effect was consistently reflected by tumor growth inhibition (TGI) in the HCT-116 xenograft model. In addition, NS-MX3 displayed a synergistic effect on TGI when combined with bevacizumab or regorafenib. Further analysis revealed that the superior antitumor activity of NS-MX3 was correlated to concomitant suppression of both B7-H3 and PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues. Taken together, the present study indicates that the non-seed region of miRNAs plays an important role in the regulation of checkpoint genes, thus showcasing single nucleotide alteration of the non-seed region as a promising approach to discover and develop novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinshuang Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Man Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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64
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Sanceau J, Gougelet A. Epigenetic mechanisms of liver tumor resistance to immunotherapy. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:979-1002. [PMID: 34630870 PMCID: PMC8473495 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor, which stands fourth in rank of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The incidence of HCC is constantly increasing in correlation with the epidemic in diabetes and obesity, arguing for an urgent need for new treatments for this lethal cancer refractory to conventional treatments. HCC is the paradigm of inflammation-associated cancer, since more than 80% of HCC emerge consecutively to cirrhosis associated with a vast remodeling of liver microenvironment. In the recent decade, immunomodulatory drugs have been developed and have given impressive results in melanoma and later in several other cancers. In the present review, we will discuss the recent advancements concerning the use of immunotherapies in HCC, in particular those targeting immune checkpoints, used alone or in combination with other anti-cancers agents. We will address why these drugs demonstrate unsatisfactory results in a high proportion of liver cancers and the mechanisms of resistance developed by HCC to evade immune response with a focus on the epigenetic-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sanceau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Angélique Gougelet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
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Garcia-Lacarte M, Grijalba SC, Melchor J, Arnaiz-Leché A, Roa S. The PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint in Normal Germinal Centers and Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4683. [PMID: 34572910 PMCID: PMC8471895 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides a recognized role of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in anti-tumour immune evasion, there is accumulating evidence that PD-1/PD-L1 interactions between B and T cells also play an important role in normal germinal center (GC) reactions. Even when smaller in number, T follicular helper cells (TFH) and regulatory T (TFR) or B (Breg) cells are involved in positive selection of GC B cells and may result critical in the lymphoma microenvironment. Here, we discuss a role of PD-1/PD-L1 during tumour evolution in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a paradigm of GC-derived lymphomagenesis. We depict a progression model, in two phases, where malignant B cells take advantage of positive selection signals derived from correct antigen-presentation and PD-1/PD-L1 inter-cellular crosstalks to survive and initiate tumour expansion. Later, a constant pressure for the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic alterations facilitates that DLBCL cells exhibit higher PD-L1 levels and capacity to secrete IL-10, resembling Breg-like features. As a result, a complex immunosuppressive microenvironment is established where DLBCL cells sustain proliferation and survival by impairing regulatory control of TFR cells and limiting IL-21-mediated anti-tumour functions of TFH cells and maximize the use of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling to escape from CD8+ cytotoxic activity. Integration of these molecular and cellular addictions into a framework may contribute to the better understanding of the lymphoma microenvironment and contribute to the rationale for novel PD-1/PD-L1-based combinational immunotherapies in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Garcia-Lacarte
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara C. Grijalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
| | - Javier Melchor
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adrián Arnaiz-Leché
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
| | - Sergio Roa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (S.C.G.); (J.M.); (A.A.-L.)
- Hemato-Oncology Program, Cima University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Cancer—Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Xu YJ, Zhao JM, Ni XF, Wang W, Hu WW, Wu CP. LncRNA HCG18 suppresses CD8 + T cells to confer resistance to cetuximab in colorectal cancer via miR-20b-5p/PD-L1 axis. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1281-1297. [PMID: 34523356 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to explore the effect of long noncoding RNA HCG18 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials & methods: Relative gene and protein expression were screened. Colony formation and flow cytometry assays were performed to determine proliferation and apoptosis. Dual luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were conducted to validate the interaction between indicated molecules. Xenograft in nude mice was applied to verify the conclusion in vivo. Results: HCG18 and PD-L1 were upregulated while miR-20b-5p was downregulated in CRC tissue. Functional analysis revealed that lncRNA HCG18 promoted proliferation, migration and resistance to cetuximab of CRC cells via the miR-20b-5p/PD-L1 axis. Conclusion: HCG18 facilitated progress of the tumor, conferred to cetuximab resistance and suppressed CD8+ T cells via the miR-20b-5p/PD-L1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jie-Min Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Ni
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wen-Wei Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Wang P, Zhou Y, Richards AM. Effective tools for RNA-derived therapeutics: siRNA interference or miRNA mimicry. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:8771-8796. [PMID: 34522211 PMCID: PMC8419061 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of the first small interfering RNA (siRNA) drug Patisiran by FDA in 2018 marks a new era of RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNA), an important post-transcriptional gene regulator, are also the subject of both basic research and clinical trials. Both siRNA and miRNA mimics are ~21 nucleotides RNA duplexes inducing mRNA silencing. Given the well performance of siRNA, researchers ask whether miRNA mimics are unnecessary or developed siRNA technology can pave the way for the emergence of miRNA mimic drugs. Through comprehensive comparison of siRNA and miRNA, we focus on (1) the common features and lessons learnt from the success of siRNAs; (2) the unique characteristics of miRNA that potentially offer additional therapeutic advantages and opportunities; (3) key areas of ongoing research that will contribute to clinical application of miRNA mimics. In conclusion, miRNA mimics have unique properties and advantages which cannot be fully matched by siRNA in clinical applications. MiRNAs are endogenous molecules and the gene silencing effects of miRNA mimics can be regulated or buffered to ameliorate or eliminate off-target effects. An in-depth understanding of the differences between siRNA and miRNA mimics will facilitate the development of miRNA mimic drugs.
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Integrated mRNA and miRNA Transcriptomic Analyses Reveals Divergent Mechanisms of Sunitinib Resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174401. [PMID: 34503211 PMCID: PMC8430814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a frequent cancer that causes more than 100,000 deaths every year. Treatment with drugs that target enzymes that help tumours grow such as sunitinib have greatly improved the prospects for ccRCC patients, however a large proportion of patients become resistant. We created sunitinib resistant cell lines and identified consequent changes in gene (and miRNA) expression by microarray analyses. Using this approach, we identified different pathways of resistance suggesting that tumour cells have many ways to overcome sunitinib treatment. We were able to overcome resistance in cells by inhibiting a protein, PD-L1, that is targeted by many immunotherapeutics currently in use for ccRCC patients suggesting a combination of immunotherapy and sunitinib may benefit patients. In addition, we identified miRNAs that are common to multiple resistance mechanisms suggesting they may be useful targets for future studies. Abstract The anti-angiogenic therapy sunitinib remains the standard first-line treatment for meta static clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, acquired resistance develops in nearly all responsive patients and represents a major source of treatment failure. We used an integrated miRNA and mRNA transcriptomic approach to identify miRNA:target gene interactions involved in sunitinib resistance. Through the generation of stably resistant clones in three ccRCC cell lines (786-O, A498 and Caki-1), we identified non-overlapping miRNA:target gene networks, suggesting divergent mechanisms of sunitinib resistance. Surprisingly, even though the genes involved in these networks were different, they shared targeting by multiple members of the miR-17~92 cluster. In 786-O cells, targeted genes were related to hypoxia/angiogenic pathways, whereas, in Caki-1 cells, they were related to inflammatory/proliferation pathways. The immunotherapy target PD-L1 was consistently up-regulated in resistant cells, and we demonstrated that the silencing of this gene resulted in an increase in sensitivity to sunitinib treatment only in 786-O-resistant cells, suggesting that some ccRCC patients might benefit from combination therapy with PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. In summary, we demonstrate that, although there are clearly divergent mechanisms of sunitinib resistance in ccRCC subtypes, the commonality of miRNAs in multiple pathways could be targeted to overcome sunitinib resistance.
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Kumar S, Sarthi P, Mani I, Ashraf MU, Kang MH, Kumar V, Bae YS. Epitranscriptomic Approach: To Improve the Efficacy of ICB Therapy by Co-Targeting Intracellular Checkpoint CISH. Cells 2021; 10:2250. [PMID: 34571899 PMCID: PMC8466810 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunotherapy has recently emerged as a fourth pillar in cancer treatment co-joining surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Where, the discovery of immune checkpoint blockage or inhibition (ICB/ICI), anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA4-based, therapy has revolutionized the class of cancer treatment at a different level. However, some cancer patients escape this immune surveillance mechanism and become resistant to ICB-therapy. Therefore, a more advanced or an alternative treatment is required urgently. Despite the functional importance of epitranscriptomics in diverse clinico-biological practices, its role in improving the efficacy of ICB therapeutics has been limited. Consequently, our study encapsulates the evidence, as a possible strategy, to improve the efficacy of ICB-therapy by co-targeting molecular checkpoints especially N6A-modification machineries which can be reformed into RNA modifying drugs (RMD). Here, we have explained the mechanism of individual RNA-modifiers (editor/writer, eraser/remover, and effector/reader) in overcoming the issues associated with high-dose antibody toxicities and drug-resistance. Moreover, we have shed light on the importance of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS/CISH) and microRNAs in improving the efficacy of ICB-therapy, with brief insight on the current monoclonal antibodies undergoing clinical trials or already approved against several solid tumor and metastatic cancers. We anticipate our investigation will encourage researchers and clinicians to further strengthen the efficacy of ICB-therapeutics by considering the importance of epitranscriptomics as a personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.U.A.); (M.-H.K.)
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Parth Sarthi
- University Department of Botany, M.Sc. Biotechnology, Ranchi University, Ranchi 834008, India;
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India;
| | - Muhammad Umer Ashraf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.U.A.); (M.-H.K.)
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.U.A.); (M.-H.K.)
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru 560078, India;
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (M.U.A.); (M.-H.K.)
- Science Research Center (SRC) for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organ (CIRNO), Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Hosseini M, Baghaei K, Amani D, Ebtekar M. Tumor-derived exosomes encapsulating miR-34a promote apoptosis and inhibit migration and tumor progression of colorectal cancer cells under in vitro condition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:267-278. [PMID: 34405380 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR)-34a, as a master tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer (CRC), could regulate multiple genes participating in tumor proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, and inflammation-induced progression. Exosomes, as novel nano-carriers, were found to be capable of shuttling crucial mediators to various cells. Since the conventional CRC therapeutics currently are a matter of debate, implication of microRNAs in malignancy remedies have been addressed illustrating promising outlooks. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to investigate the delivery of miR-34a to CRC cell line CT-26 by encapsulating into tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs), in order to evaluate the anti-proliferative and progressive effects of the novel nano-carrier complex under in vitro condition. METHODS Exosomes were purified from the starved CT-26 cells and then enriched by miR-34a using the calcium chloride (Cacl2) modified solution. Following the detection of miR-34a expression in the enriched TEXs, the viability of CT-26 cells treated by multiplicity concentrations of either TEXs or TEX-miR-34a was examined. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of the cells was evaluated, and the migration of CT-26 cells subjected to both TEX-miR-34a and TEX was also measured. Thereafter, the expressions of miR-34a target genes, as IL-6R, STAT3, PD-L1, and VEGF-A, which play roles in tumor progression, were determined in the treated CT-26 cells. RESULTS The viability of CT-26 cells was harnessed following the treatment with TEX-miR-34a and the apoptosis levels of the cells were also observed to be enhanced dose-dependently. TEX-miR-34a was able to diminish the migration rate of the TEX-miR-34a treated cells and the expressions of IL-6R, STAT3, PD-L1, and VEGF-A were significantly restricted. Moreover, TEXs alone increased the apoptosis rate of tumor cells and repressed the proliferation and migration of these cells which were boosted by enrichment of TEXs with miR-34a. CONCLUSION Exosomes isolated from the starved CT-26 cells were found to have a potential to deliver miR-34a into tumor cells properly with high functionality maintenance for miR-34a in case of regulating genes related to tumor progression and TEXs which showed no positive effect favoring cancer cells, presumably act as a favorable adjuvant in the CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Ebtekar
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Can the New and Old Drugs Exert an Immunomodulatory Effect in Acute Myeloid Leukemia? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164121. [PMID: 34439275 PMCID: PMC8393879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The advent of novel immunotherapeutic strategies has revealed the importance of immune dysregulation and of a tolerogenic microenvironment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) fitness. We reviewed the “off-target” effects on the immune system of different drugs used in the treatment of AML to explore the advantages of this unexpected interaction. Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered an immune-suppressive neoplasm capable of evading immune surveillance through cellular and environmental players. Increasing knowledge of the immune system (IS) status at diagnosis seems to suggest ever more attention of the crosstalk between the leukemic clone and its immunologic counterpart. During the last years, the advent of novel immunotherapeutic strategies has revealed the importance of immune dysregulation and suppression for leukemia fitness. Considering all these premises, we reviewed the “off-target” effects on the IS of different drugs used in the treatment of AML, focusing on the main advantages of this interaction. The data reported support the idea that a successful therapeutic strategy should consider tailored approaches for performing leukemia eradication by both direct blasts killing and the engagement of the IS.
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Zia A, Sahebdel F, Farkhondeh T, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Samarghandian S. A review study on the modulation of SIRT1 expression by miRNAs in aging and age-associated diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:52-61. [PMID: 34364937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) as a NAD + -dependent Class III protein deacetylase, involves in longevity and various cellular physiological processes. SIRT1 via deacetylating transcription factors regulates cell growth, inflammation, metabolism, hypoxic responses, cell survival, senescence, and aging. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that modulate the expression of target genes in a post-transcriptional manner. Recent investigations have exhibited that miRNAs have an important role in regulating cell growth, development, stress responses, tumor formation and suppression, cell death, and aging. In the present review, we summarize recent findings about the roles of miRNAs in regulating SIRT1 and SIRT1-associated signaling cascade and downstream effects, like apoptosis and aging. Here we introduce and discuss how activity and expression of SIRT1 are modulated by miRNAs and further review the therapeutic potential of targeting miRNAs for age-associated diseases that involve SIRT1 dysfunction. Although at its infancy, research on the roles of miRNAs in aging and their function through modulating SIRT1 may provide new insights in deciphering the key molecular pathways related to aging and age-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliabbas Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Sahebdel
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Winkle M, El-Daly SM, Fabbri M, Calin GA. Noncoding RNA therapeutics - challenges and potential solutions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:629-651. [PMID: 34145432 PMCID: PMC8212082 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 253.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represents an attractive approach for the treatment of cancers, as well as many other diseases. Over the past decade, substantial effort has been made towards the clinical application of RNA-based therapeutics, employing mostly antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs, with several gaining FDA approval. However, trial results have so far been ambivalent, with some studies reporting potent effects whereas others demonstrated limited efficacy or toxicity. Alternative entities such as antimiRNAs are undergoing clinical testing, and lncRNA-based therapeutics are gaining interest. In this Perspective, we discuss key challenges facing ncRNA therapeutics - including issues associated with specificity, delivery and tolerability - and focus on promising emerging approaches that aim to boost their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Winkle
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherien M El-Daly
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Medical Research Division - Cancer Biology and Genetics Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences - National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - George A Calin
- Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
- The RNA Interference and Non-codingRNA Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas State University, Houston, TX, USA.
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Cochran AM, Kornbluth J. Extracellular Vesicles From the Human Natural Killer Cell Line NK3.3 Have Broad and Potent Anti-Tumor Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698639. [PMID: 34368150 PMCID: PMC8343581 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of immune function, responsible for rapid destruction of tumor cells. They kill primarily through the release of granules containing potent cytolytic molecules. NK cells also release these molecules within membrane-bound exosomes and microvesicles - collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EV). Here we report the characterization and anti-tumor function of EVs isolated from NK3.3 cells, a well described clonal normal human NK cell line. We show that NK3.3 EVs contain the cytolytic molecules perforin, granzymes A and B, and granulysin, and an array of common EV proteins. We previously reported that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, natural killer lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM), is localized to NK granules and is essential for maximal NK killing; here we show it is present in the membrane of NK3.3 EVs. NK3.3-derived EVs also carry multiple RNA species, including miRNAs associated with anti-tumor activity. We demonstrate that NK3.3 EVs inhibit proliferation and induce caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell death of an array of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tumor cell lines. This effect is tumor cell specific; normal cells are unaffected by EV treatment. By virtue of their derivation from a healthy donor and ability to be expanded to large numbers, NK3.3 EVs have the potential to be an effective, safe, and universal immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Cochran
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
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75
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Abdelaal AM, Kasinski AL. Ligand-mediated delivery of RNAi-based therapeutics for the treatment of oncological diseases. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab030. [PMID: 34316717 PMCID: PMC8291076 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics (miRNAs, siRNAs) have great potential for treating various human diseases through their ability to downregulate proteins associated with disease progression. However, the development of RNAi-based therapeutics is limited by lack of safe and specific delivery strategies. A great effort has been made to overcome some of these challenges resulting in development of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) ligands that are being used for delivery of siRNAs for the treatment of diseases that affect the liver. The successes achieved using GalNAc-siRNAs have paved the way for developing RNAi-based delivery strategies that can target extrahepatic diseases including cancer. This includes targeting survival signals directly in the cancer cells and indirectly through targeting cancer-associated immunosuppressive cells. To achieve targeting specificity, RNAi molecules are being directly conjugated to a targeting ligand or being packaged into a delivery vehicle engineered to overexpress a targeting ligand on its surface. In both cases, the ligand binds to a cell surface receptor that is highly upregulated by the target cells, while not expressed, or expressed at low levels on normal cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent RNAi delivery strategies, including extracellular vesicles, that use a ligand-mediated approach for targeting various oncological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdelaal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Andrea L Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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76
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PD-L1 regulation revisited: impact on immunotherapeutic strategies. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:868-881. [PMID: 34187739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A particularly promising cancer treatment is the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against immune checkpoints (i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors; ICIs). However, many patients experience relapse and severe adverse events. To overcome these negative issues and improve efficiency, current approaches rely on combinatorial treatments, including some modulating the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoints directly. In this review, we examine the recently discovered pathways involved in PD-L1 expression and highlight the relevant druggable strategies that are being developed to both improve the response rate and avoid the onset of resistance. Altogether, these new strategies will pave the way for effective treatment combinations in future oncology clinical trials.
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77
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Zhang H, Dai Z, Wu W, Wang Z, Zhang N, Zhang L, Zeng WJ, Liu Z, Cheng Q. Regulatory mechanisms of immune checkpoints PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:184. [PMID: 34088360 PMCID: PMC8178863 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4)/B7 and programmed death 1 (PD-1)/ programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are two most representative immune checkpoint pathways, which negatively regulate T cell immune function during different phases of T-cell activation. Inhibitors targeting CTLA-4/B7 and PD1/PD-L1 pathways have revolutionized immunotherapies for numerous cancer types. Although the combined anti-CTLA-4/B7 and anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy, only a small percentage of patients receiving anti-CTLA-4/B7 or anti-PD1/PD-L1 therapy experienced prolonged survival. Regulation of the expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 significantly impacts the treatment effect. Understanding the in-depth mechanisms and interplays of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 could help identify patients with better immunotherapy responses and promote their clinical care. In this review, regulation of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 is discussed at the levels of DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as indirect regulation of biomarkers, localization within the cell, and drugs. Specifically, some potential drugs have been developed to regulate PD-L1 and CTLA-4 expressions with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wantao Wu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- One-third Lab, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Jing Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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78
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Xing Y, Wang Z, Lu Z, Xia J, Xie Z, Jiao M, Liu R, Chu Y. MicroRNAs: immune modulators in cancer immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab006. [PMID: 35919742 PMCID: PMC9327120 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous small non-coding RNA of 18–25 nucleotides and plays regulatory roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence support that miRNAs function as immune modulators in tumors. MiRNAs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes are also found to be able to modulate anti-tumor immunity or link the crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells surrounding. Based on the specific regulating function, miRNAs can be used as predictive, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets in immunotherapy. Here, we review new findings about the role of miRNAs in modulating immune responses, as well as discuss mechanisms underlying their dysregulation, and their clinical potentials as indicators of tumor prognosis or to sensitize cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xia
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Zhangjuan Xie
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mengxia Jiao
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital and Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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79
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Gramantieri L, Giovannini C, Piscaglia F, Fornari F. MicroRNAs as Modulators of Tumor Metabolism, Microenvironment, and Immune Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2021; 8:369-385. [PMID: 34012928 PMCID: PMC8126872 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s268292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Molecular heterogeneity and absence of biomarkers helping patient allocation to the best therapeutic option contribute to poor prognosis in advanced stages. MicroRNAs’ (miRNAs) deregulated expression contributes to tumor development and progression and influences drug resistance in HCC. Accordingly, miRNAs have been extensively investigated as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The diagnostic and prognostic roles of circulating miRNAs have been ascertained, though with some inconsistencies across studies. From a therapeutic perspective, miRNA-based approaches demonstrated safety profiles and antitumor efficacy in HCC animal models. Nevertheless, caution should be used when transferring preclinical findings to the clinic, due to possible molecular inconsistency between animal models and the heterogeneous patterns of human diseases. A wealth of information is offered by preclinical studies exploring the mechanisms driving miRNAs’ aberrant expression, the molecular cascades triggered by miRNAs and the corresponding phenotypic changes. Ex-vivo analyses confirmed these results, further shedding light on the intricacy of the human disease often overcoming pre-clinical models. This complexity seems to be ascribed to the intrinsic heterogeneity of HCC, to different risk factors driving its development, as well as to changes across stages and previous treatments. Preliminary findings suggest that miRNAs associated with specific risk factors might be more informative in defined patients’ subgroups. The first issue to be considered when trying to envisage a possible translational perspective is the molecular context that often drives different miRNA functions, as clearly evidenced by “dual” miRNAs. Concerning the possible roles of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, we will focus on miRNAs’ involvement in metabolic pathways and in the modulation of tumor microenvironment, to support their exploitation in defined contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gramantieri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Catia Giovannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Fornari
- Centre for Applied Biomedical Research - CRBA, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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80
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Tobin JWD, Bednarska K, Campbell A, Keane C. PD-1 and LAG-3 Checkpoint Blockade: Potential Avenues for Therapy in B-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051152. [PMID: 34068762 PMCID: PMC8151045 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dependence of cancer on an immunotolerant tumor microenvironment (TME) is well established. Immunotherapies that overcome tumor-induced immune suppression have been central to recent advancements in oncology. This is highlighted by the success of agents that interrupt PD-1 mediated immune suppression in a range of cancers. However, while PD-1 blockade has been paradigm-shifting in many malignancies, the majority of cancers show high rates of primary resistance to this approach. This has led to a rapid expansion in therapeutic targeting of other immune checkpoint molecules to provide combination immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), with one such promising approach is blockade of Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3). Clinically, lymphoproliferative disorders show a wide spectrum of responses to ICB. Specific subtypes including classical Hodgkin lymphoma have demonstrated striking efficacy with anti-PD-1 therapy. Conversely, early trials of ICB have been relatively disappointing in common subtypes of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this review, we describe the TME of common lymphoma subtypes with an emphasis on the role of prominent immune checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG3. We will also discuss current clinical evidence for ICB in lymphoma and highlight key areas for further investigation where synergistic dual checkpoint blockade of LAG-3 and PD-1 could be used to overcome ICB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W. D. Tobin
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Karolina Bednarska
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
| | - Ashlea Campbell
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Colm Keane
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (J.W.D.T.); (K.B.)
- Department of Haematology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-3443-7912
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81
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Li S, Wei X, He J, Cao Q, Du D, Zhan X, Zeng Y, Yuan S, Sun L. The comprehensive landscape of miR-34a in cancer research. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:925-948. [PMID: 33959850 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) plays central roles in human diseases, especially cancers. Inactivation of miR-34 is detected in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues versus normal controls, implying its potential tumor-suppressive effect. Clinically, miR-34 has been identified as promising prognostic indicators for various cancers. In fact, members of the miR-34 family, especially miR-34a, have been convincingly proved to affect almost the whole cancer progression process. Here, a total of 512 (miR-34a, 10/21), 85 (miR-34b, 10/16), and 114 (miR-34c, 10/14) putative targets of miR-34a/b/c are predicted by at least ten miRNA databases, respectively. These targets are further analyzed in gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway, and the Reactome pathway dataset. The results suggest their involvement in the regulation of signal transduction, macromolecule metabolism, and protein modification. Also, the targets are implicated in critical signaling pathways, such as MAPK, Notch, Wnt, PI3K/AKT, p53, and Ras, as well as apoptosis, cell cycle, and EMT-related pathways. Moreover, the upstream regulators of miR-34a, mainly including transcription factors (TFs), lncRNAs, and DNA methylation, will be summarized. Meanwhile, the potential TF upstream of miR-34a/b/c will be predicted by PROMO, JASPAR, Animal TFDB 3.0, and GeneCard databases. Notably, miR-34a is an attractive target for certain cancers. In fact, miR-34a-based systemic delivery combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy can more effectively control tumor progression. Collectively, this review will provide a panorama for miR-34a in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Li
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jinyong He
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- China Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Quanquan Cao
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, UM-CNRS-IRD-IFREMER, cc 092, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Danyu Du
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhan
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Yuan
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Li Sun
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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82
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Li H, Bi K, Feng S, Wang Y, Zhu C. CircRNA circ_POLA2 is Upregulated in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Promotes Cell Proliferation by Suppressing the Production of Mature miR-34a. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3629-3637. [PMID: 33981162 PMCID: PMC8107013 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s281690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose CircRNA circ_POLA2 has been reported as an oncogene in lung cancer, while its role in other malignancies is unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of circ_POLA2 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods The expression levels of circ_POLA2, mature miR-34a and miR-34a precursor in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) from AML patients (n = 50) and healthy controls (n = 50) were determined by RT-qPCR. Correlations among them were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Overexpression of circ_POLA2 was achieved in AML cell lines, followed by the measurement of the expression levels of mature miR-34a and miR-34a precursor. The role of circ_POLA2 and miR-34a in regulating AML cell proliferation was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Results Circ_POLA2 was upregulated in AML and inversely correlated with mature miR-34a, but not miR-34a precursor. In AML cells, overexpression of circ_POLA2 decreased the expression levels of mature miR-34a, but not miR-34a precursor. Cell proliferation analysis showed that the overexpression of miR-34a attenuated the effects of overexpression of circ_POLA2 on cell proliferation. Conclusion Circ_POLA2 is upregulated in AML and promotes cell proliferation by suppressing the production of mature miR-34a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Kehong Bi
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Saran Feng
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
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83
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Lone SN, Bhat AA, Wani NA, Karedath T, Hashem S, Nisar S, Singh M, Bagga P, Das BC, Bedognetti D, Reddy R, Frenneaux MP, El-Rifai W, Siddiqi MA, Haris M, Macha MA. miRNAs as novel immunoregulators in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:3-14. [PMID: 33926791 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a well-known vital regulator of tumor growth, and one of the main hallmarks of cancer is evading the immune system. Immune system deregulation can lead to immune surveillance evasion, sustained cancer growth, proliferation, and metastasis. Tumor-mediated disruption of the immune system is accomplished by different mechanisms that involve extensive crosstalk with the immediate microenvironment, which includes endothelial cells, immune cells, and stromal cells, to create a favorable tumor niche that facilitates the development of cancer. The essential role of non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanism of cancer cell immune evasion has been highlighted in recent studies. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate a wide range of post-transcriptional gene expression in a cell. Recent studies have focused on the function that miRNAs play in controlling the expression of target proteins linked to immune modulation. Studies show that miRNAs modulate the immune response in cancers by regulating the expression of different immune-modulatory molecules associated with immune effector cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells, as well as those present in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. This review explores the relationship between miRNAs, their altered patterns of expression in tumors, immune modulation, and the functional control of a wide range of immune cells, thereby offering detailed insights on the crosstalk of tumor-immune cells and their use as prognostic markers or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saife N Lone
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nissar A Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | | | - Sheema Hashem
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (BRAIRCH), AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bhudev Chandra Das
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenomics, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mushtaq A Siddiqi
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
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84
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Mondal P, Kaur B, Natesh J, Meeran SM. The emerging role of miRNA in the perturbation of tumor immune microenvironment in chemoresistance: Therapeutic implications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:99-113. [PMID: 33865701 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major hindrance in cancer chemotherapies, a leading cause of tumor recurrence and cancer-related deaths. Cancer cells develop numerous strategies to elude immune attacks and are regulated by immunological factors. Cancer cells can alter the expression of several immune modulators to upregulate the activities of immune checkpoint pathways. Targeting the immune checkpoint inhibitors is a part of the cancer immunotherapy altered during carcinogenesis. These immune modulators have the capability to reprogram the tumor microenvironment, thereby change the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In general, the sensitivity of drugs is reduced in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, resulting in chemoresistance and tumor relapse. The regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is well established in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Intriguingly, miRNA affects cancer immune surveillance and immune response by targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors in the tumor microenvironment. miRNAs alter the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, which modulates both innate and adaptive immune systems. Alteration of tumor immune microenvironment influences drug sensitivity towards cancer cells. Besides, the expression profile of immune-modulatory miRNAs can be used as a potential biomarker to predict the response and clinical outcomes in cancer immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Recent evidences have revealed that cancer-derived immune-modulatory miRNAs might be promising targets to counteract cancer immune escape, thereby increasing drug efficacy. In this review, we have compiled the role of miRNAs in overcoming the chemoresistance by modulating tumor microenvironment and discussed their preclinical and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mondal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhavjot Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
| | - Jagadish Natesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Shyrokova EY, Prassolov VS, Spirin PV. The Role of the MCTS1 and DENR Proteins in Regulating the Mechanisms Associated with Malignant Cell Transformation. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:98-105. [PMID: 34377560 PMCID: PMC8327141 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mutations associated with malignant cell transformation are believed to disrupt the expression of a significant number of normal, non-mutant genes. The proteins encoded by these genes are involved in the regulation of many signaling pathways that are responsible for differentiation and proliferation, as well as sensitivity to apoptotic signals, growth factors, and cytokines. Abnormalities in the balance of signaling pathways can lead to the transformation of a normal cell, which results in tumor formation. Detection of the target genes and the proteins they encode and that are involved in the malignant transformation is one of the major evolutions in anti-cancer biomedicine. Currently, there is an accumulation of data that shed light on the role of the MCTS1 and DENR proteins in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Y. Shyrokova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991 Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - P. V. Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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86
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Hamed MM, Handoussa H, Hussein NH, Eissa RA, Abdel-Aal LK, El Tayebi HM. Oleuropin controls miR-194/XIST/PD-L1 loop in triple negative breast cancer: New role of nutri-epigenetics in immune-oncology. Life Sci 2021; 277:119353. [PMID: 33798547 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oleuropein, the main secoiridoid glucoside found in Olea europaea L., has attracted scientific community as a potential anticancer agent. Immunotherapy and RNA interference revolutionized cancer treatment. Success of PD-L1/PD-1 antibodies encouraged the investigation of PD-1/PD-L1 regulation by non-coding RNAs. This study aimed to verify the cytotoxic effect of oleuropein on MDA-MB-231 cell line and to unravel novel ceRNA interaction between miR-194-5p and XIST in breast cancer and their immunomodulatory effect on PD-L1 expression to propose a promising prophylactic and preventive role of Oleuropin in diet. For the first time, miR-194/Lnc-RNA XIST/PD-L1 triad was investigated in breast cancer, where miR-194 and PD-L1 levels were significantly upregulated in 21 BC-biopsies, yet XIST was downregulated. Ectopic expression of miR-194 enhanced cell function and viability with concomitant increase in PD-L1 expression yet XIST expression decreased, in contrast to miR-194 antagomirs that yielded opposite results. XIST knock-out elevated miR194-5p and PD-L1 levels. miR-194-5p mimics and XIST siRNAs co-transfection induced PD-L1 expression, while miR-194-5p mimics and TSIX siRNAs co-transfection showed opposite effect. Oleuropein showed anti-carcinogenic impact by decreasing miR-194 and PD-L1 levels while increasing XIST level. In conclusion, our study highlighted novel ceRNA interaction controlling PD-L1 expression in BC. Oleuropein is a promising nutraceutical for cancer therapy. Therefore, oleuropin represents a new nutri-epigenetic in immune-oncology that controls miR-194/XIST/PD-L1 loop in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Hamed
- The Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba Handoussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada H Hussein
- The Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reda A Eissa
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna K Abdel-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend M El Tayebi
- The Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
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87
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Ayoubian H, Heinzelmann J, Hölters S, Khalmurzaev O, Pryalukhin A, Loertzer P, Heinzelbecker J, Lohse S, Geppert C, Loertzer H, Wunderlich H, Bohle RM, Stöckle M, Matveev VB, Hartmann A, Junker K. miRNA Expression Characterizes Histological Subtypes and Metastasis in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1480. [PMID: 33807023 PMCID: PMC8004785 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs are described as promising biomarkers in many tumor types, little is known about their role in PSCC. Thus, we attempted to identify miRNAs involved in tumor development and metastasis in distinct histological subtypes considering the impact of HPV infection. In a first step, microarray analyses were performed on RNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor (22), and normal (8) tissue samples. Microarray data were validated for selected miRNAs by qRT-PCR on an enlarged cohort, including 27 tumor and 18 normal tissues. We found 876 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs (p ≤ 0.01) between HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumor samples by microarray analysis. Although no significant differences were detected between normal and tumor tissue in the whole cohort, specific expression patterns occurred in distinct histological subtypes, such as HPV-negative usual PSCC (95 differentially expressed miRNAs, p ≤ 0.05) and HPV-positive basaloid/warty subtypes (247 differentially expressed miRNAs, p ≤ 0.05). Selected miRNAs were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, microarray data revealed 118 miRNAs (p ≤ 0.01) that were significantly differentially expressed in metastatic versus non-metastatic usual PSCC. The lower expression levels for miR-137 and miR-328-3p in metastatic usual PSCC were validated by qRT-PCR. The results of this study confirmed that specific miRNAs could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in single PSCC subtypes and are associated with HPV-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiresh Ayoubian
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Joana Heinzelmann
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hölters
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Oybek Khalmurzaev
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Pryalukhin
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (A.P.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Philine Loertzer
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
- Westpfalz-Klinikum, Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Julia Heinzelbecker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Stefan Lohse
- Institute of Virology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Carol Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Hagen Loertzer
- Westpfalz-Klinikum, Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Heiko Wunderlich
- St. Georg Klinikum, Clinic of Urology and Paediatric Urology, 99817 Eisenach, Germany;
| | - Rainer M. Bohle
- Institute of Pathology, Saarland University Medical Centre, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (A.P.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Vsevolod Borisovich Matveev
- Department of Urology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (C.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (H.A.); (J.H.); (S.H.); (O.K.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
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88
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Swatler J, Turos-Korgul L, Kozlowska E, Piwocka K. Immunosuppressive Cell Subsets and Factors in Myeloid Leukemias. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061203. [PMID: 33801964 PMCID: PMC7998753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Effector immune system cells have the ability to kill tumor cells. However, as a cancer (such as leukemia) develops, it inhibits and evades the effector immune response. Such a state of immunosuppression can be driven by several factors – receptors, soluble cytokines, as well as by suppressive immune cells. In this review, we describe factors and cells that constitute immunosuppressive microenvironment of myeloid leukemias. We characterize factors of direct leukemic origin, such as inhibitory receptors, enzymes and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, we describe suppressive immune cells, such as myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Finally, we sum up changes in these drivers of immune evasion in myeloid leukemias during therapy. Abstract Both chronic myeloid leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia evade the immune response during their development and disease progression. As myeloid leukemia cells modify their bone marrow microenvironment, they lead to dysfunction of cytotoxic cells, such as CD8+ T cells or NK cells, simultaneously promoting development of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and suppressive myeloid cells. This facilitates disease progression, spreading of leukemic blasts outside the bone marrow niche and therapy resistance. The following review focuses on main immunosuppressive features of myeloid leukemias. Firstly, factors derived directly from leukemic cells – inhibitory receptors, soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, are described. Further, we outline function, properties and origin of main immunosuppressive cells - regulatory T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells and macrophages. Finally, we analyze interplay between recovery of effector immunity and therapeutic modalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Swatler
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
| | - Laura Turos-Korgul
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
| | - Ewa Kozlowska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.); (L.T.-K.)
- Correspondence:
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89
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Li WJ, Wang Y, Liu R, Kasinski AL, Shen H, Slack FJ, Tang DG. MicroRNA-34a: Potent Tumor Suppressor, Cancer Stem Cell Inhibitor, and Potential Anticancer Therapeutic. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640587. [PMID: 33763422 PMCID: PMC7982597 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that virtually all treatment-naive tumors contain a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess some stem cell traits and properties and are operationally defined as cancer cell stem cells (CSCs). CSCs manifest inherent heterogeneity in that they may exist in an epithelial and proliferative state or a mesenchymal non-proliferative and invasive state. Spontaneous tumor progression, therapeutic treatments, and (epi)genetic mutations may also induce plasticity in non-CSCs and reprogram them into stem-like cancer cells. Intrinsic cancer cell heterogeneity and induced cancer cell plasticity, constantly and dynamically, generate a pool of CSC subpopulations with varying levels of epigenomic stability and stemness. Despite the dynamic and transient nature of CSCs, they play fundamental roles in mediating therapy resistance and tumor relapse. It is now clear that the stemness of CSCs is coordinately regulated by genetic factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Here, in this perspective, we first provide a brief updated overview of CSCs. We then focus on microRNA-34a (miR-34a), a tumor-suppressive microRNA (miRNA) devoid in many CSCs and advanced tumors. Being a member of the miR-34 family, miR-34a was identified as a p53 target in 2007. It is a bona fide tumor suppressor, and its expression is dysregulated and downregulated in various human cancers. By targeting stemness factors such as NOTCH, MYC, BCL-2, and CD44, miR-34a epigenetically and negatively regulates the functional properties of CSCs. We shall briefly discuss potential reasons behind the failure of the first-in-class clinical trial of MRX34, a liposomal miR-34a mimic. Finally, we offer several clinical settings where miR-34a can potentially be deployed to therapeutically target CSCs and advanced, therapy-resistant, and p53-mutant tumors in order to overcome therapy resistance and curb tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jess Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Experimental Therapeutics Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Andrea L Kasinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Frank J Slack
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Experimental Therapeutics Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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90
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Rasoolnezhad M, Safaralizadeh R, Hosseinpourfeizi MA, Banan-Khojasteh SM, Baradaran B. MiRNA-138-5p: A strong tumor suppressor targeting PD-L-1 inhibits proliferation and motility of breast cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173933. [PMID: 33545160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are important regulators in multiple cellular processes and are closely related to a variety of cancers including breast cancer (BC). Immunotherapy using different methods such as modulating immune check points has been known as an advanced and successful procedure in cancer treatment. Here we investigated the effects of miRNA-138-5p restoring on Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L-1) expression, BC biological behaviors and T-cell exhaustion. Breast cancer specimens and cell lines were provided and qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to measure the expression of miRNA-138-5p, PD-L-1 and other underlying genes. MTT and colony formation assays and scratch test were employed to specify proliferation, cloning and migration in miRNA-138-5p-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells respectively. DAPI staining assay and flow-cytometry were used to investigate apoptosis rate and cell cycle development. Finally, isolated T-cells were co-cultured with transfected BC cells to explore the effect of miRNA-138-5p on T-cell exhaustion. qRT-PCR revealed down-regulation ofmiRNA-138-5p conversely, up-regulation of PD-L-1 in BC tissues and cell lines. Transfection of miRNA-138-5p into MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited PD-L-1 expression. Western blotting, MTT and colony formation assays affirmed the anti-proliferative effect ofmiRNA-138-5p through down-regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. Also, miRNA-138-5p induced apoptosis in BC cells via up-regulating Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 and arresting cell cycle at sub-G1 phase. Moreover, scratch test and western blotting indicated that miRNA-138-5p inhibits cell motility via targeting MMP2, MMP9 and vimentin but up-regulating E-cadherin. Finally, miRNA-138-5p restrains T-cell exhaustion via suppressing PD-L-1 expression in BC cells leading to disrupt PD-L-1/PD-1 interaction and modulate effector cytokines in T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rasoolnezhad
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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91
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Murria Estal R, de Unamuno Bustos B, Pérez Simó G, Simarro Farinos J, Torres Navarro I, Alegre de Miquel V, Ballester Sánchez R, Sabater Marco V, Llavador Ros M, Palanca Suela S, Botella Estrada R. MicroRNAs expression associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in primary cutaneous melanomas. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:18-26. [PMID: 33234848 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have focused on identifying microRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma. However, its association with clinicopathological features has been scarcely addressed. The aim of this study is to identify microRNAs expression profiles related to aggressive clinicopathological and molecular features, and to analyze the association with melanoma survival. A retrospective and observational study was performed in a series of 179 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded primary cutaneous melanomas. First, a screening analysis on a discovery set (n = 22) using miRNA gene chip array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, California, USA) was performed. Differentially expressed microRNAs were detected employing the software Partek Genomic Suite. Validation of four microRNAs was subsequently performed in the entire series (n = 179) by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). MicroRNAs expression screening analysis identified 101 microRNAs differentially expressed according to Breslow thickness (≤1 mm vs. >1 mm), 79 according to the presence or absence of ulceration, 78 according to mitosis/mm2 (<1 mitosis vs. ≥1 mitosis) and 97 according to the TERT promoter status (wt vs. mutated). Six microRNAs (miR-138-5p, miR-130b-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-500a-5p, miR-339-5p) were selected for being validated by qRT-PCR in the discovery set (n = 22). Of those, miR-138-5p, miR-130b-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-34a-5p were selected for further analysis in the entire series (n = 179). Overexpression of miR-138-5p and miR-130b-3p was significantly associated with greater Breslow thickness, ulceration, and mitosis. TERT mutated melanomas overexpressed miR-138-5p. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed poorer survival in melanomas with miR-130b-3p overexpression. Our findings provide support for the existence of a microRNA expression profile in melanomas with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Murria Estal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca de Unamuno Bustos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Pérez Simó
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Simarro Farinos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Sabater Marco
- Department of Pathology, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sarai Palanca Suela
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Service of Clinical Analysis, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Botella Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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92
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Meng F, Yang M, Chen Y, Chen W, Wang W. miR-34a induces immunosuppression in colorectal carcinoma through modulating a SIRT1/NF-κB/B7-H3/TNF-α axis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2247-2259. [PMID: 33492448 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although a number of studies have revealed the important roles of miR-34a in cancer, the regulatory roles of miR-34a in cancer immune response remain largely unknown. Our present study demonstrated a mechanism underlying miR-34a-mediated cancer immune evasion via a SIRT1/NF-κB/B7-H3/TNF-α axis. miR-34a upregulated B7-H3, an important immune checkpoint molecule, through direct inhibition of SIRT1 and consequent acetylation of NF-κB subunit p65 (a-p65), which promoted B7-H3 transcription by direct binding to its promoter. The elevated B7-H3 induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α. This was further confirmed in the colon of Mir34a-deficient mice, where Sirt1 expression was boosted, and the expressions of a-p65, B7h3, and Tnf were repressed. Consequently, the in vivo inhibitory activity of miR-34a on colorectal cancer (CRC) was eradicated by the reinforced B7-H3 and TNF-α. In conclusion, our study uncovered an etiological mechanism underlying miR-34a-mediated CRC immune evasion through inhibition of SIRT1 and promotion of NF-κB/B7-H3/TNF-α axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyi Meng
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Yunxuan Building #1339, Wenjing Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Man Yang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Yunxuan Building #1339, Wenjing Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yinshuang Chen
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Yunxuan Building #1339, Wenjing Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Shizhi Street 188, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Weipeng Wang
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Yunxuan Building #1339, Wenjing Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Zhou Y, Yamamoto Y, Takeshita F, Yamamoto T, Xiao Z, Ochiya T. Delivery of miR-424-5p via Extracellular Vesicles Promotes the Apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 TNBC Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020844. [PMID: 33467725 PMCID: PMC7831022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) overexpressed on cancer cells has emerged as a key inhibitor that maintains the immunosuppressive microenvironment through its interaction with the PD-1 receptor in cancer. Here, we demonstrated that miR-424-5p delivery via extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from adipose tissue-mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs) partly promotes proinflammation and enhances antitumor cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits increased expression of PD-L1, and PD-L1 is positively correlated with the overall survival of patients with TNBC. PD-L1 shows relatively higher expression in MDA-MB-231 (MM231) cells and can be downregulated by miR-424-5p. Furthermore, miR-424-5p transported by EVs can increase the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and promote the apoptosis of tumor cells. The intratumoral administration of miR-424-5p-EVs significantly slowed tumor growth. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that EVs may serve as a delivery system for novel immunotherapies for TNBC through the miR-424-5p/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Fumitaka Takeshita
- Department of Functional Analysis, FIOC, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan;
| | - Tomofumi Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
| | - Zhongdang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (T.O.); Tel.: +86-025-83790820 (Z.X.); +81-3-3342-6111 (ext. 6168) (T.O.)
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (T.O.); Tel.: +86-025-83790820 (Z.X.); +81-3-3342-6111 (ext. 6168) (T.O.)
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Neaga A, Bagacean C, Tempescul A, Jimbu L, Mesaros O, Blag C, Tomuleasa C, Bocsan C, Gaman M, Zdrenghea M. MicroRNAs Associated With a Good Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Their Effect on Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2021; 11:582915. [PMID: 33519805 PMCID: PMC7845488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive myeloid malignancy with poor outcomes despite very intensive therapeutic approaches. For the majority of patients which are unfit and treated less intensively, the prognosis is even worse. There has been unspectacular progress in outcome improvement over the last decades and the development of new approaches is of tremendous interest. The tumor microenvironment is credited with an important role in supporting cancer growth, including leukemogenesis. Macrophages are part of the tumor microenvironment and their contribution in this setting is increasingly being deciphered, these cells being credited with a tumor supporting role. Data on macrophage role and polarization in leukemia is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, by impending translation and promoting degradation of messenger RNAs. They are important modulators of cellular pathways, playing major roles in normal hematopoietic differentiation. miRNA expression is significantly correlated with the prognosis of hematopoietic malignancies, including AML. Oncogenic miRNAs correlate with poor prognosis, while tumor suppressor miRNAs, which inhibit the expression of proto-oncogenes, are correlated with a favorable prognosis. miRNAs are proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and are regarded as therapeutic approaches in many cancers, including AML. miRNAs with epigenetic or modulatory activity, as well as with synergistic activity with chemotherapeutic agents, proved to be promising therapeutic targets in experimental, pre-clinical approaches. The clinical availability of emerging compounds with mimicking or suppressor activity provides the opportunity for future therapeutic targeting of miRNAs. The present paper is focusing on miRNAs which, according to current knowledge, favorably impact on AML outcomes, being regarded as tumor suppressors, and reviews their role in macrophage polarization. We are focusing on miRNA expression in the setting of AML, but data on correlations between miRNA expression and macrophage polarization is mostly coming from studies involving normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neaga
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France.,U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France.,U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Laura Jimbu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Mesaros
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Blag
- Department of Pediatrics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gaman
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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95
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Yi M, Niu M, Xu L, Luo S, Wu K. Regulation of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:10. [PMID: 33413496 PMCID: PMC7792099 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-01027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on cancer cells engages with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on immune cells, contributing to cancer immune escape. For multiple cancer types, the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is the major speed-limiting step of the anti-cancer immune response. In this context, blocking PD-1/PD-L1 could restore T cells from exhausted status and eradicate cancer cells. However, only a subset of PD-L1 positive patients benefits from α-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies. Actually, PD-L1 expression is regulated by various factors, leading to the diverse significances of PD-L1 positivity. Understanding the mechanisms of PD-L1 regulation is helpful to select patients and enhance the treatment effect. In this review, we focused on PD-L1 regulators at the levels of transcription, post-transcription, post-translation. Besides, we discussed the potential applications of these laboratory findings in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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96
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Huang W, Chen JJ, Xing R, Zeng YC. Combination therapy: Future directions of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100889. [PMID: 33065386 PMCID: PMC7567053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), an aggressive and devastating malignancy, is characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis. Although most patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, the majority of patients rapidly relapse and have a relatively poor prognosis. Fortunately, immunotherapy, mainly including antibodies that target the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), checkpoints programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to block immune regulatory checkpoints on tumor cells, immune cells, fibroblasts cells and endothelial cells, has achieved the milestone in several solid tumors, such as melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). In recent years, immunotherapy has made progress in the treatment of patients with SCLC, while its response rate is relatively low to monotherapy. Interestingly, the combination of immunotherapy with other therapy, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy, preliminarily achieve greater therapeutic effects for treating SCLC. Combining different immunotherapy drugs may act synergistically because of the complementary effects of the two immune checkpoint pathways (CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways). The incorporation of chemoradiotherapy in immunotherapy may augment antitumor immune responses because chemoradiotherapy can enhance tumor cell immunogenicity by rapidly inducing tumor lysis and releasing tumor antigens. In addition, since immunotherapy drugs and the molecular targets drugs act on different targets and cells, the combination of these drugs may achieve greater therapeutic effects in the treatment of SCLC. In this review, we focused on the completed and ongoing trials of the combination therapy for immunotherapy of SCLC to find out the rational combination strategies which may improve the outcomes for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Rui Xing
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Yue-Can Zeng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang 110022, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 368 Yehai Road, Haikou 571199, China.
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97
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Zhang X, Yang L, Xu G. Silencing of long noncoding RNA TUG1 inhibits viability and promotes apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells by targeting microRNA-221-3p/KIT axis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 76:425-437. [PMID: 32804119 DOI: 10.3233/ch-200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy. This study was attempted to uncover the effects of long noncoding RNA taurine-upregulated gene1 (TUG1) on the viability and apoptosis of AML cells. METHODS: QRT-PCR was implemented to examine the expression of TUG1, miR-221-3p and KIT in AML. The correlation between TUG1 and clinicopathological features of AML patients was evaluated. The effect of TUG1 on AML cells were studied by RNA interference approach. AML cells were transfected with miR-221-3p mimic and miR-221-3p inhibitor, respectively. Then the viability and apoptosis of AML cells were examined by MTT and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Additionally, dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the interactions among TUG1, miR-221-3p and KIT. Western blot was applied to analyze protein expression of KIT. RESULTS: The expression of TUG1 and KIT was up-regulated in AML, but miR-221-3p was down-regulated. TUG1 expression had obviously correlation with World Health Organization (WHO) grade in AML patients. The functional experiment stated that TUG1 silencing suppressed the viability and accelerated the apoptosis of AML cells. Moreover, the mechanical experiment demonstrated that TUG1 and KIT were both targeted by miR-221-3p with the complementary binding sites at 3’UTR. Up-regulation of miR-221-3p inhibited the protein expression of KIT. Furthermore, in the feedback experiment, miR-221-3p inhibition or KIT overexpression reversed the repression of tumor behavior induced by TUG1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS: TUG1 silencing retarded viability and promoted apoptosis of AML cells via regulating miR-221-3p/KIT axis, providing a potential therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Zhang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Liaocheng Second People’s Hospital, Affiliated to the First Medical University of Shandong, Linqing, China
| | - Likun Yang
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Liaocheng Second People’s Hospital, Affiliated to the First Medical University of Shandong, Linqing, China
| | - Guixia Xu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Liaocheng Second People’s Hospital, Affiliated to the First Medical University of Shandong, Linqing, China
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98
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Pinelli S, Alinovi R, Corradi M, Poli D, Cavallo D, Pelosi G, Ampollini L, Goldoni M, Mozzoni P. A comparison between the effects of over-expression of miRNA-16 and miRNA-34a on cell cycle progression of mesothelioma cell lines and on their cisplatin sensitivity. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2020; 26:100276. [PMID: 33338854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients affected by malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is presently poor and no therapeutic strategies have improved their survival yet. Introduction of miRNA mimics to restore their reduced or absent functionality in cancer cells is considered an important opportunity and a combination of miR's might be even more effective. In the present study, miR-16 and miR-34a were transfected, singularly and in combination, in MPM cell lines H2052 and H28, and their effects on cell proliferation and sensitivity to cisplatin are reported. Interestingly, the overexpression of both miRs, alone or combined, slows down the cell cycle progression, modulates the p53 and HMGB1 expression and increases the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin, producing a marked impairment of cell proliferation and strengthening the apoptotic effect of the drug. However, the co-overexpression of the two miRs results more effective only in the regulation of the cell cycle, but does not enhance the sensitivity of MPM cells to cisplatin. Consequently, although the potential of miR-16 and miR-34a is confirmed, we must conclude that their combination does not improve the response of MPM to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - R Alinovi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - M Corradi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - D Poli
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - D Cavallo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via Fontana Candida1, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - G Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - L Ampollini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Goldoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - P Mozzoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, via A. Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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99
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Sallman DA, McLemore AF, Aldrich AL, Komrokji RS, McGraw KL, Dhawan A, Geyer S, Hou HA, Eksioglu EA, Sullivan A, Warren S, MacBeth KJ, Meggendorfer M, Haferlach T, Boettcher S, Ebert BL, Al Ali NH, Lancet JE, Cleveland JL, Padron E, List AF. TP53 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary AML confer an immunosuppressive phenotype. Blood 2020; 136:2812-2823. [PMID: 32730593 PMCID: PMC7731792 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic gene mutations are key determinants of outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and secondary AML (sAML). In particular, patients with TP53 mutations represent a distinct molecular cohort with uniformly poor prognosis. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these inferior outcomes have not been delineated. In this study, we characterized the immunological features of the malignant clone and alterations in the immune microenvironment in patients with TP53-mutant and wild-type MDS or sAML. Notably, PDL1 expression is significantly increased in hematopoietic stem cells of patients with TP53 mutations, which is associated with MYC upregulation and marked downregulation of MYC's negative regulator miR-34a, a p53 transcription target. Notably, patients with TP53 mutations display significantly reduced numbers of bone marrow-infiltrating OX40+ cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, as well as decreased ICOS+ and 4-1BB+ natural killer cells. Further, highly immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) (ie, ICOShigh/PD-1-) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PD-1low) are expanded in cases with TP53 mutations. Finally, a higher proportion of bone marrow-infiltrating ICOShigh/PD-1- Treg cells is a highly significant independent predictor of overall survival. We conclude that the microenvironment of TP53 mutant MDS and sAML has an immune-privileged, evasive phenotype that may be a primary driver of poor outcomes and submit that immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies may offer a benefit for this molecularly defined subpopulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/immunology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sallman
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amy F McLemore
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amy L Aldrich
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Rami S Komrokji
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Kathy L McGraw
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Abhishek Dhawan
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Hsin-An Hou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Erika A Eksioglu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steffen Boettcher
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Najla H Al Ali
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jeffrey E Lancet
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Eric Padron
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Alan F List
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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100
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Oxidative Stress-Inducing Anticancer Therapies: Taking a Closer Look at Their Immunomodulating Effects. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121188. [PMID: 33260826 PMCID: PMC7759788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells as a result of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. However, cancer cells maintain their redox balance due to their high antioxidant capacity. Recently, a high level of oxidative stress is considered a novel target for anticancer therapy. This can be induced by increasing exogenous ROS and/or inhibiting the endogenous protective antioxidant system. Additionally, the immune system has been shown to be a significant ally in the fight against cancer. Since ROS levels are important to modulate the antitumor immune response, it is essential to consider the effects of oxidative stress-inducing treatments on this response. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanistic cellular responses of cancer cells towards exogenous and endogenous ROS-inducing treatments, as well as the indirect and direct antitumoral immune effects, which can be both immunostimulatory and/or immunosuppressive. For future perspectives, there is a clear need for comprehensive investigations of different oxidative stress-inducing treatment strategies and their specific immunomodulating effects, since the effects cannot be generalized over different treatment modalities. It is essential to elucidate all these underlying immune effects to make oxidative stress-inducing treatments effective anticancer therapy.
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