51
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Chng WBA, Koch R, Li X, Kondo S, Nagoshi E, Lemaitre B. Transforming Growth Factor β/Activin signaling in neurons increases susceptibility to starvation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187054. [PMID: 29084242 PMCID: PMC5662222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals rely on complex signaling network to mobilize its energy stores during starvation. We have previously shown that the sugar-responsive TGFβ/Activin pathway, activated through the TGFβ ligand Dawdle, plays a central role in shaping the post-prandial digestive competence in the Drosophila midgut. Nevertheless, little is known about the TGFβ/Activin signaling in sugar metabolism beyond the midgut. Here, we address the importance of Dawdle (Daw) after carbohydrate ingestion. We found that Daw expression is coupled to dietary glucose through the evolutionarily conserved Mio-Mlx transcriptional complex. In addition, Daw activates the TGFβ/Activin signaling in neuronal populations to regulate triglyceride and glycogen catabolism and energy homeostasis. Loss of those neurons depleted metabolic reserves and rendered flies susceptible to starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bin Alfred Chng
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BL); (WAC)
| | - Rafael Koch
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shu Kondo
- Invertebrate Genetics Laboratory, Genetic Strains Research Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (BL); (WAC)
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52
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Upadhyay A, Moss-Taylor L, Kim MJ, Ghosh AC, O'Connor MB. TGF-β Family Signaling in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a022152. [PMID: 28130362 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling pathway is conserved and ubiquitous in animals. In Drosophila, fewer representatives of each signaling component are present compared with vertebrates, simplifying mechanistic study of the pathway. Although there are fewer family members, the TGF-β family pathway still regulates multiple and diverse functions in Drosophila. In this review, we focus our attention on several of the classic and best-studied functions for TGF-β family signaling in regulating Drosophila developmental processes such as embryonic and imaginal disc patterning, but we also describe several recently discovered roles in regulating hormonal, physiological, neuronal, innate immunity, and tissue homeostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambuj Upadhyay
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Lindsay Moss-Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Myung-Jun Kim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Arpan C Ghosh
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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53
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Xue P, Zhao X, Qin M, Shi Z, Zhang M, Gu W. Transcriptome Analysis of Male Drosophila melanogaster Exposed to Ethylparaben Using Digital Gene Expression Profiling. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3966733. [PMID: 28973488 PMCID: PMC5510984 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ethylparaben (EP) has been shown to have estrogenic effects and can affect the normal development, longevity, and reproductive system of some animals. In this study, we investigated the effects of EP in male Drosophila melanogaster using transcriptome analysis or digital gene expression profiling. We then screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups (EP-treated and control group) of Drosophila, and performed clustering analysis, gene ontology (GO) function annotation, kyoto encyclopedia of gene and genomes metabolic pathway analysis. We found that EP enriched GO in three processes: cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. Consequently, we detected 13,959 genes and among them, 18 genes were identified to be significantly expressed between the EP-treated and control samples. Of these, seven genes were down-regulated, and eleven genes were up-regulated in EP-treated samples. Furthermore, four DEGs including two down-regulated genes (CG9465, CG9468) and two up-regulated genes (TotA, Sqz) were verified by real-time quantitative PCR. This study revealed the impact of EP on gene expression in fruit fly and provided new insight into the mechanisms of this response, which is helpful for understanding EP toxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqin Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xiaojun Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Mengbei Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Zhanghuan Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Wei Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620, West Chang’an Avenue, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710119, China (; ; ; ; ; )
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54
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Qi B, Kniazeva M, Han M. A vitamin-B2-sensing mechanism that regulates gut protease activity to impact animal's food behavior and growth. eLife 2017; 6:e26243. [PMID: 28569665 PMCID: PMC5478268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive challenging environments, animals acquired the ability to evaluate food quality in the intestine and respond to nutrient deficiencies with changes in food-response behavior, metabolism and development. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying intestinal sensing of specific nutrients, especially micronutrients such as vitamins, and the connections to downstream physiological responses in animals remain underexplored. We have established a system to analyze the intestinal response to vitamin B2 (VB2) deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans, and demonstrated that VB2 level critically impacts food uptake and foraging behavior by regulating specific protease gene expression and intestinal protease activity. We show that this impact is mediated by TORC1 signaling through reading the FAD-dependent ATP level. Thus, our study in live animals uncovers a VB2-sensing/response pathway that regulates food-uptake, a mechanism by which a common signaling pathway translates a specific nutrient signal into physiological activities, and the importance of gut microbiota in supplying micronutrients to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Marina Kniazeva
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
| | - Min Han
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, United States
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55
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Yang H, Basquin D, Pauli D, Oliver B. Drosophila melanogaster positive transcriptional elongation factors regulate metabolic and sex-biased expression in adults. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:384. [PMID: 28521739 PMCID: PMC5436443 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptional elongation is a generic function, but is also regulated to allow rapid transcription responses. Following relatively long initiation and promoter clearance, RNA polymerase II can pause and then rapidly elongate following recruitment of positive elongation factors. Multiple elongation complexes exist, but the role of specific components in adult Drosophila is underexplored. Results We conducted RNA-seq experiments to analyze the effect of RNAi knockdown of Suppressor of Triplolethal and lilliputian. We similarly analyzed the effect of expressing a dominant negative Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 allele. We observed that almost half of the genes expressed in adults showed reduced expression, supporting a broad role for the three tested genes in steady-state transcript abundance. Expression profiles following lilliputian and Suppressor of Triplolethal RNAi were nearly identical raising the possibility that they are obligatory co-factors. Genes showing reduced expression due to these RNAi treatments were short and enriched for genes encoding metabolic or enzymatic functions. The dominant-negative Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 profiles showed both overlapping and specific differential expression, suggesting involvement in multiple complexes. We also observed hundreds of genes with sex-biased differential expression following treatment. Conclusion Transcriptional profiles suggest that Lilliputian and Suppressor of Triplolethal are obligatory cofactors in the adult and that they can also function with Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 at a subset of loci. Our results suggest that transcriptional elongation control is especially important for rapidly expressed genes to support digestion and metabolism, many of which have sex-biased function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3755-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwang Yang
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Denis Basquin
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Boulevard d'Yvoy 4, CH 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pauli
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, Boulevard d'Yvoy 4, CH 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brian Oliver
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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56
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Liu Q, Jin LH. Organ-to-Organ Communication: A Drosophila Gastrointestinal Tract Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:29. [PMID: 28421183 PMCID: PMC5376570 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term maintenance of an organism's homeostasis and health relies on the accurate regulation of organ-organ communication. Recently, there has been growing interest in using the Drosophila gastrointestinal tract to elucidate the regulatory programs that underlie the complex interactions between organs. Data obtained in this field have dramatically improved our understanding of how organ-organ communication contributes to the regulation of various aspects of the intestine, including its metabolic and physiological status. However, although research uncovering regulatory programs associated with interorgan communication has provided key insights, the underlying mechanisms have not been extensively explored. In this review, we highlight recent findings describing gut-neighbor and neighbor-neighbor communication models in adults and larvae, respectively, with a special focus on how a range of critical strategies concerning continuous interorgan communication and adjustment can be used to manipulate different aspects of biological processes. Given the high degree of similarity between the Drosophila and mammalian intestinal epithelia, it can be anticipated that further analyses of the Drosophila gastrointestinal tract will facilitate the discovery of similar mechanisms underlying organ-organ communication in other mammalian organs, such as the human intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
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57
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Song W, Cheng D, Hong S, Sappe B, Hu Y, Wei N, Zhu C, O'Connor MB, Pissios P, Perrimon N. Midgut-Derived Activin Regulates Glucagon-like Action in the Fat Body and Glycemic Control. Cell Metab 2017; 25:386-399. [PMID: 28178568 PMCID: PMC5373560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While high-caloric diet impairs insulin response to cause hyperglycemia, whether and how counter-regulatory hormones are modulated by high-caloric diet is largely unknown. We find that enhanced response of Drosophila adipokinetic hormone (AKH, the glucagon homolog) in the fat body is essential for hyperglycemia associated with a chronic high-sugar diet. We show that the activin type I receptor Baboon (Babo) autonomously increases AKH signaling without affecting insulin signaling in the fat body via, at least, increase of Akh receptor (AkhR) expression. Further, we demonstrate that Activin-β (Actβ), an activin ligand predominantly produced in the enteroendocrine cells (EEs) of the midgut, is upregulated by chronic high-sugar diet and signals through Babo to promote AKH action in the fat body, leading to hyperglycemia. Importantly, activin signaling in mouse primary hepatocytes also increases glucagon response and glucagon-induced glucose production, indicating a conserved role for activin in enhancing AKH/glucagon signaling and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Daojun Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Benoit Sappe
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neil Wei
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Changqi Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pavlos Pissios
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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58
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Chng WBA, Hietakangas V, Lemaitre B. Physiological Adaptations to Sugar Intake: New Paradigms from Drosophila melanogaster. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:131-142. [PMID: 27923532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are important energy sources, but high sugar intake poses a metabolic challenge and leads to diseases. Drosophila melanogaster is a generalist fruit breeder that encounters high levels of dietary sugars in its natural habitat. Consequently, Drosophila displays adaptive responses to dietary sugars, including highly conserved and unique metabolic adaptations not described in mammals. Carbohydrate homeostasis is maintained by a network comprising intracellular energy sensors, transcriptional regulators, and hormonal and neuronal mechanisms that together coordinate animal behavior, gut function, and metabolic flux. Here we give an overview of the physiological responses associated with sugar intake and discuss some of the emerging themes and applications of the Drosophila model in understanding sugar sensing and carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Alfred Chng
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Station 19, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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59
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Teesalu M, Rovenko BM, Hietakangas V. Salt-Inducible Kinase 3 Provides Sugar Tolerance by Regulating NADPH/NADP + Redox Balance. Curr Biol 2017; 27:458-464. [PMID: 28132818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing pathways respond to changes in the levels of macronutrients, such as sugars, lipids, or amino acids, and regulate metabolic pathways to maintain organismal homeostasis [1, 2]. Consequently, nutrient sensing provides animals with the metabolic flexibility necessary for enduring temporal fluctuations in nutrient intake. Recent studies have shown that an animal's ability to survive on a high-sugar diet is determined by sugar-responsive gene regulation [3-8]. It remains to be elucidated whether other levels of metabolic control, such as post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes, also contribute to organismal sugar tolerance. Furthermore, the sugar-regulated metabolic pathways contributing to sugar tolerance remain insufficiently characterized. Here, we identify Salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3), a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related kinase family, as a key determinant of Drosophila sugar tolerance. SIK3 allows sugar-feeding animals to increase the reductive capacity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH/NADP+). NADPH mediates the reduction of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione, which is essential for survival on a high-sugar diet. SIK3 controls NADP+ reduction by phosphorylating and activating Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. SIK3 gene expression is regulated by the sugar-regulated transcription factor complex Mondo-Mlx, which was previously identified as a key determinant of sugar tolerance. SIK3 converges with Mondo-Mlx in sugar-induced activation of G6PD, and simultaneous inhibition of SIK3 and Mondo-Mlx leads to strong synergistic lethality on a sugar-containing diet. In conclusion, SIK3 cooperates with Mondo-Mlx to maintain organismal sugar tolerance through the regulation of NADPH/NADP+ redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Teesalu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Bohdana M Rovenko
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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60
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Abstract
Studies in mammals and Drosophila have demonstrated the existence and significance of secreted factors involved in communication between distal organs. In this review, primarily focusing on Drosophila, we examine the known interorgan communication factors and their functions, physiological inducers, and integration in regulating physiology. Moreover, we describe how organ-sensing screens in Drosophila can systematically identify novel conserved interorgan communication factors. Finally, we discuss how interorgan communication enabled and evolved as a result of specialization of organs. Together, we anticipate that future studies will establish a model for metazoan interorgan communication network (ICN) and how it is deregulated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Droujinine
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; ,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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61
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Watanabe K, Furumizo Y, Usui T, Hattori Y, Uemura T. Nutrient-dependent increased dendritic arborization of somatosensory neurons. Genes Cells 2016; 22:105-114. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Furumizo
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tadao Usui
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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62
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Broderick NA. Friend, foe or food? Recognition and the role of antimicrobial peptides in gut immunity and Drosophila-microbe interactions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150295. [PMID: 27160597 PMCID: PMC4874392 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster lives, breeds and feeds on fermenting fruit, an environment that supports a high density, and often a diversity, of microorganisms. This association with such dense microbe-rich environments has been proposed as a reason that D. melanogaster evolved a diverse and potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) response to microorganisms, especially to combat potential pathogens that might occupy this niche. Yet, like most animals, D. melanogaster also lives in close association with the beneficial microbes that comprise its microbiota, or microbiome, and recent studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the epithelial immune response play an important role in dictating these interactions and controlling the host response to gut microbiota. Moreover, D. melanogaster also eats microbes for food, consuming fermentative microbes of decaying plant material and their by-products as both larvae and adults. The processes of nutrient acquisition and host defence are remarkably similar and use shared functions for microbe detection and response, an observation that has led to the proposal that the digestive and immune systems have a common evolutionary origin. In this manner, D. melanogaster provides a powerful model to understand how, and whether, hosts differentiate between the microbes they encounter across this spectrum of associations.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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63
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Van Bortle K, Peterson AJ, Takenaka N, O'Connor MB, Corces VG. CTCF-dependent co-localization of canonical Smad signaling factors at architectural protein binding sites in D. melanogaster. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2677-87. [PMID: 26125535 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1053670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways transduce extracellular signals into tissue-specific transcriptional responses. During this process, signaling effector Smad proteins translocate into the nucleus to direct changes in transcription, but how and where they localize to DNA remain important questions. We have mapped Drosophila TGF-β signaling factors Mad, dSmad2, Medea, and Schnurri genome-wide in Kc cells and find that numerous sites for these factors overlap with the architectural protein CTCF. Depletion of CTCF by RNAi results in the disappearance of a subset of Smad sites, suggesting Smad proteins localize to CTCF binding sites in a CTCF-dependent manner. Sensitive Smad binding sites are enriched at low occupancy CTCF peaks within topological domains, rather than at the physical domain boundaries where CTCF may function as an insulator. In response to Decapentaplegic, CTCF binding is not significantly altered, whereas Mad, Medea, and Schnurri are redirected from CTCF to non-CTCF binding sites. These results suggest that CTCF participates in the recruitment of Smad proteins to a subset of genomic sites and in the redistribution of these proteins in response to BMP signaling.
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64
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Wang JQ, Liang WZ, Cui Y, He JT, Liu HY, Wang Y, Xue LX, Ji QY, Shi W, Shao YK, Mang J, Xu ZX. Noncanonical Activin A Signaling in PC12 Cells: A Self-Limiting Feedback Loop. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:1073-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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65
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Huang JH, Jing X, Douglas AE. The multi-tasking gut epithelium of insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 67:15-20. [PMID: 25982023 PMCID: PMC4644519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The insect gut epithelium plays a vital role in multiple processes, including nutrition, immunity and osmoregulation. Recent research is revealing the molecular and biochemical basis of these functions. For example, the pattern of nutrient acquisition by the gut epithelium is integrated into the overall regulation of nutrient allocation, as illustrated by evidence for systemic controls over expression of key genes coding digestive enzymes and transporters in carbohydrate acquisition; and the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the gut lumen is regulated by multiple molecular properties of the gut epithelial cells, including the synthesis of enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species and anti-microbial peptides. These traits are underpinned by the function of the gut epithelium as a selective barrier which mediates the controlled movement of water, ions, metabolites and macromolecules between the gut lumen and insect tissues. Breakdown of the gut epithelial barrier has been implicated in muscle paralysis of insects at low temperatures (chill coma) and in aging. The key challenge for future research is to understand how the multiple functions of the insect gut epithelium are integrated by signaling interactions among epithelial cells, the gut microbiota and other insect organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hsin Huang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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66
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Kuraishi T, Kenmoku H, Kurata S. From mouth to anus: Functional and structural relevance of enteric neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster gut. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 67:21-26. [PMID: 26232723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the main organ involved in host nutritional homeostasis. Intestinal function in both vertebrates and invertebrates is partly controlled by enteric neurons that innervate the gut. Though anatomical and functional aspects of enteric neurons are relatively less characterized in Drosophila than in large insects, analyses of the role of the enteric neurons in flies have remarkably progressed in the last few years. In this review, we first provide a summary of the structure and function of the Drosophila intestine. We then discuss recent studies of the structure and function of enteric neurons in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kuraishi
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kenmoku
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Mattila J, Havula E, Suominen E, Teesalu M, Surakka I, Hynynen R, Kilpinen H, Väänänen J, Hovatta I, Käkelä R, Ripatti S, Sandmann T, Hietakangas V. Mondo-Mlx Mediates Organismal Sugar Sensing through the Gli-Similar Transcription Factor Sugarbabe. Cell Rep 2015; 13:350-64. [PMID: 26440885 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ChREBP/Mondo-Mlx transcription factors are activated by sugars and are essential for sugar tolerance. They promote the conversion of sugars to lipids, but beyond this, their physiological roles are insufficiently understood. Here, we demonstrate that in an organism-wide setting in Drosophila, Mondo-Mlx controls the majority of sugar-regulated genes involved in nutrient digestion and transport as well as carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, human orthologs of the Mondo-Mlx targets display enrichment among gene variants associated with high circulating triglycerides. In addition to direct regulation of metabolic genes, Mondo-Mlx maintains metabolic homeostasis through downstream effectors, including the Activin ligand Dawdle and the Gli-similar transcription factor Sugarbabe. Sugarbabe controls a subset of Mondo-Mlx-dependent processes, including de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid desaturation. In sum, Mondo-Mlx is a master regulator of other sugar-responsive pathways essential for adaptation to a high-sugar diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Mattila
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Essi Havula
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Erja Suominen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Mari Teesalu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Ida Surakka
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00270, Finland; Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00251, Finland
| | - Riikka Hynynen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Helena Kilpinen
- EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Juho Väänänen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00251, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00270, Finland; Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki 00251, Finland; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Thomas Sandmann
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00790, Finland.
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68
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Wegener C, Veenstra JA. Chemical identity, function and regulation of enteroendocrine peptides in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 11:8-13. [PMID: 28285763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How animals allocate energy and metabolic decisions are coordinated is a fundamental physiological question. Metabolic research is strongly driven by an increasing obesity rate in humans. For insects-which contain many pest species and disease vectors-the control of feeding is of agroeconomical and medical importance. Regulatory peptides have since long been in focus of metabolic research. In insects, major advances have been made recently, mostly due to research in the genetically tractable Drosophila melanogaster with focus on the central nervous system as a source of neuropeptides. Research on peptides produced by enteroendocrine cells remained peripheral, but this situation is about to change. This review highlights current knowledge and advances on the identity and role of enteroendocrine insect peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- University of Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, Talence, France
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69
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Abstract
Many organisms have developed a robust ability to adapt and survive in the face of environmental perturbations that threaten the integrity of their genome, proteome, or metabolome. Studies in multiple model organisms have shown that, in general, when exposed to stress, cells activate a complex prosurvival signaling network that includes immune and DNA damage response genes, chaperones, antioxidant enzymes, structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, and noncoding RNAs. The manner of activation runs the gamut from transcriptional induction of genes to increased stability of transcripts to posttranslational modification of important biosynthetic proteins within the stressed tissue. Superimposed on these largely autonomous effects are nonautonomous responses in which the stressed tissue secretes peptides and other factors that stimulate tissues in different organs to embark on processes that ultimately help the organism as a whole cope with stress. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which tissues in one organ adapt to environmental challenges by regulating stress responses in tissues of different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032;
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70
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Broderick NA. A common origin for immunity and digestion. Front Immunol 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25745424 PMCID: PMC4333870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the digestive and immune systems were viewed and studied as separate entities. However, there are remarkable similarities and shared functions in both nutrient acquisition and host defense. Here, I propose a common origin for both systems. This association provides a new prism for viewing the emergence and evolution of host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
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