51
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Wei C, Song X, Wang Q, Hu Z. Sorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanisms of PFOS on soils with different physicochemical properties. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:40-50. [PMID: 28384502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an emerging contaminant, is environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic to human health and ecosystems. It has been widely detected in groundwater, surface water, soil and sediment. So far, very few research has reported on the PFOS sorption behaviors onto soils, one of the primary processes that influence its fate and transport in the subsurface. In this study, the sorption and desorption of PFOS onto six soils with different physicochemical properties were investigated. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of PFOS sorption onto six soils were carried out in batch experiment. The sorption kinetics of PFOS on the six soils demonstrated that PFOS sorption reached equilibrium within 48h, and the well-fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic model to experimental data suggested that chemisorption was involved in PFOS sorption on soils. The intraparticle diffusion model results indicated that both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were the rate-limiting steps for five of the six soil samples, while the intraparticle diffusion was the only limiting step in the PFOS sorption on the sixth soil. PFOS sorption isotherms can be described by the Freundlich model well for all six soils (R2=0.979-0.999). The correlation analysis between KF of PFOS and the physicochemical properties of the soils showed that a positive correlation between KF and Al2O3, SOC and Fe2O3. The FTIR data demonstrated hydrophobic interaction, ion exchange, surface complexing and hydrogen bonding might all play a role in the PFOS sorption onto soil samples. PFOS sorption onto soil minerals, especially iron oxide minerals, needs to be further explored in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhihao Hu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Mejia-Avendaño S, Munoz G, Vo Duy S, Desrosiers M, Benoı T P, Sauvé S, Liu J. Novel Fluoroalkylated Surfactants in Soils Following Firefighting Foam Deployment During the Lac-Mégantic Railway Accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8313-8323. [PMID: 28669179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The derailment of an unmanned train carrying crude oil and subsequent fire in the town of Lac-Mégantic, Quebec, led to the use of 33 000 L of aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) concentrate. While it is known that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contained in AFFFs pose a potential environmental and health risk, critical knowledge gaps remain as regards to their environmental fate after release. The accident in Lac-Mégantic provided valuable information regarding the identity and concentration of PFASs present in the soil after the AFFF deployment, as well as their possible transformation over time. The current study analyzed four sets of samples from Lac-Mégantic: soil collected days after the accident from a heavily impacted area, soil sampled two years later from the treatment biopiles, soil collected two years after the accident from downtown Lac-Mégantic, and nonimpacted soil from a nearby area. A total of 33 PFASs were quantified in the soils. The highest observed concentrations correspond to those of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaine, 6:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, and short chain perfluorocarboxylic acids. The soils collected in Lac-Mégantic two years after the accident show a total PFAS concentration that is ∼50 times lower than soils collected in 2013, while the proportion of perfluoroalkyl acids in those samples shows an increase. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence in soil of 55 additional PFASs that had been previously identified in AFFF formulations. The present study highlights the need to perform detailed analysis of AFFF impacted sites, instead of focusing solely on perfluoroalkyl acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mejia-Avendaño
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University , Montréal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University , Montréal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec (CEAEQ), Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques , Québec City, Québec G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Paul Benoı T
- Direction générale de l'analyse et de l'expertise régionales - Estrie et Montérégie, Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement, et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques , Longueuil, Québec J4K 2T5, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University , Montréal, Québec H3A 0C3, Canada
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53
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Fagbayigbo BO, Opeolu BO, Fatoki OS, Akenga TA, Olatunji OS. Removal of PFOA and PFOS from aqueous solutions using activated carbon produced from Vitis vinifera leaf litter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13107-13120. [PMID: 28382450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomass of Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter was studied. Activated carbons were produced from the biomass and chemical activation achieved by using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the modification of the carbons' surface morphology. Activated carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) in order to understand removal mechanisms of the contaminants by activated carbons. The effect of solution concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and temperature was evaluated to optimize the removal efficiency of activated carbons. Adsorption isotherm models were used to analyse the equilibrium data obtained, and kinetic models were applied to study sorption mechanisms. The results fitted well into Freundlich isotherm with both AC-KOH and AC-H3PO4 having high K f values. Maximum adsorption capacities for AC-H3PO4 were 78.90 and 75.13 mg/g for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. Equilibrium was reached before 60 min on both adsorbents, and thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was exothermic and spontaneous. Surface morphology showed the abundance of microspores (>60%) with BET total surface area of 295.488 and 158.67 m2/g for AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH activated carbons, respectively. Removal efficiencies were 95 and 90% for PFOA using AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH, respectively; corresponding values for PFOS were 94 and 88%. Adsorbents' removal capacities depended on the physicochemical characteristics of adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele Oladapo Fagbayigbo
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Olalekan Siyanbola Fatoki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Terresa Ayuko Akenga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Olatunde Stephen Olatunji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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54
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Miao Y, Guo X, Fan T, Yang C. Rates and equilibria of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) sorption on soils from different regions of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:102-108. [PMID: 28113113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sorption of PFOA on soil particles is crucial to evaluate its environmental risk. Here, sorption of PFOA onto ten agricultural soils was examined. The influence of soil physico-chemical properties on PFOA sorption was investigated. The sorption rate of PFOA followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Isotherm data of PFOA sorption was fitted with both Freundlich and linear models and the latter fitted better. The sorption-desorption of PFOA onto ten soil samples depended on soil organic carbon content and composition of soil minerals. The sorption and desorption isotherms of PFOA on ten soils were linear, except for the sorption of PFOA onto a few soils, which was described by the Freundlich equation with the parameter N >1. The main sorption mechanism of PFOA was hydrophobic interaction between the perfluorinated carbon chain and the organic matter of soil, as evidenced by the correlation between the solid-liquid distribution coefficient and the fraction of soil organic carbon. The sorption of PFOA in soils was highly irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tingyu Fan
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
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55
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Hale SE, Arp HPH, Slinde GA, Wade EJ, Bjørseth K, Breedveld GD, Straith BF, Moe KG, Jartun M, Høisæter Å. Sorbent amendment as a remediation strategy to reduce PFAS mobility and leaching in a contaminated sandy soil from a Norwegian firefighting training facility. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:9-18. [PMID: 28002769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used for firefighting have led to the contamination of soil and water at training sites. The unique physicochemical properties of PFAS results in environmental persistency, threatening water quality and making remediation of such sites a necessity. This work investigated the role of sorbent amendment to PFAS contaminated soils in order to immobilise PFAS and reduce mobility and leaching to groundwater. Soil was sampled from a firefighting training facility at a Norwegian airport and total and leachable PFAS concentrations were quantified. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most dominant PFAS present in all soil samples (between 9 and 2600 μg/kg). Leaching was quantified using a one-step batch test with water (L/S 10). PFOS concentrations measured in leachate water ranged between 1.2 μg/L and 212 μg/L. Sorbent amendment (3%) was tested by adding activated carbon (AC), compost soil and montmorillonite to selected soils. The extent of immobilisation was quantified by measuring PFAS concentrations in leachate before and after amendment. Leaching was reduced between 94 and 99.9% for AC, between 29 and 34% for compost soil and between 28 and 40% for the montmorillonite amended samples. Sorbent + soil/water partitioning coefficients (KD) were estimated following amendment and were around 8 L/kg for compost soil and montmorillonite amended soil and ranged from 1960 to 16,940 L/kg for AC amended soil. The remediation of AFFF impacted soil via immobilisation of PFAS following sorbent amendment with AC is promising as part of an overall remediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gijs D Breedveld
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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56
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Zhao L, Zhu L, Zhao S, Ma X. Sequestration and bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in soils: Implications for their underestimated risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:169-176. [PMID: 27497034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different from typical hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are more soluble in water and less partitioned to soil than the HOCs. It remains unclear whether and to what extent PFAAs could be sequestrated in soil. In this study, sequential extraction of PFAAs in soil and bioaccumulation of PFAAs in earthworm were carried out to understand the sequestration and bioavailability of PFAAs in soils with different soil organic matter (SOM) and aged for different time periods (7 and 47d). Sequestration occurred in different degrees depending on the amount and compositions of SOM in soil, structural properties of PFAAs and aging time. Surprisingly, in one peat soil with high fraction of organic carbon (foc, 59%), the PFAAs were completely sequestrated in the soil. Aging might lead to further sequestration of PFAAs in soil with relatively lower foc. As a consequence of sequestration, the bioavailability of PFAAs in peat soils was reduced 3-10 times compared to that in the plain farmland soil. However, the sequestrated PFAAs were still bioaccumulative in earthworms to some extent. The results indicated that the risk of PFAAs in field soil with high content of SOM could be underestimated if only free PFAAs using mild solvent extraction were monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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57
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Rankin K, Mabury SA, Jenkins TM, Washington JW. A North American and global survey of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface soils: Distribution patterns and mode of occurrence. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:333-341. [PMID: 27441993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of 32 per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface soils was determined at 62 locations representing all continents (North America n = 33, Europe n = 10, Asia n = 6, Africa n = 5, Australia n = 4, South America n = 3 and Antarctica n = 1) using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) systems. Quantifiable levels of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs: PFHxA-PFTeDA) were observed in all samples with total concentrations ranging from 29 to 14,300 pg/g (dry weight), while perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs: PFHxS, PFOS and PFDS) were detected in all samples but one, ranging from <LOQ-3270 pg/g, confirming the global distribution of PFASs in terrestrial settings. The geometric mean PFCA and PFSA concentrations were observed to be higher in the northern hemisphere (930 and 170 pg/g) compared to the southern hemisphere (190 and 33 pg/g). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were the most commonly detected analytes at concentrations up to 2670 and 3100 pg/g, respectively. The sum of PFCA homologues of PFOA commonly were roughly twice the concentration of PFOA. The PFCA and PFSA congener profiles were similar amongst most locations, with a few principal-component statistical anomalies suggesting impact from nearby urban and point sources. The ratio of even to odd PFCAs was consistent with the atmospheric oxidation of fluorotelomer-based precursors previously observed in laboratory and environmental studies. Given the soils were collected from locations absent of direct human activity, these results suggest that the atmospheric long-range transport (LRT) of neutral PFASs followed by oxidation and deposition are a significant source of PFCAs and PFSAs to soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan Rankin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Thomas M Jenkins
- Senior Environmental Employment Program, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, 30605, Georgia
| | - John W Washington
- Ecosystems Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 960 College Station Road, Athens, 30605, Georgia.
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58
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Zhou L, Xia M, Wang L, Mao H. Toxic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:420-425. [PMID: 27337433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As a persistent organic pollutant in the environment, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been extensively investigated. It can accumulate in food chains and in the human body. This work investigated the effect of PFOA on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and seedling growth by conducting a germination trial and a pot trial. A stimulatory effect of PFOA on seedling growth and root length of wheat was found at <0.2 mg kg(-1), while >800 mg kg(-1) PFOA inhibited germination rate, index, and root and shoot growth. In the pot trial, PFOA concentration in root was double that in the shoot. Soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) and plant height of wheat seedling were inhibited by adding 200 mg kg(-1) PFOA. Proline content and POD activity in wheat seedlings increased as PFOA increased, while CAT activity decreased. Using logarithmic equations, proline content was selected as the most sensitive index by concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50). Hence, the tolerance of wheat seedlings to PFOA levels could be evaluated on the basis of the physiological index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mengjie Xia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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59
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Rodriguez-Jorquera IA, Silva-Sanchez C, Strynar M, Denslow ND, Toor GS. Footprints of Urban Micro-Pollution in Protected Areas: Investigating the Longitudinal Distribution of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wildlife Preserves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148654. [PMID: 26909512 PMCID: PMC4766195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to protect biodiversity by establishing protected areas usually gloss over water pollution as a threat. Our objective was to determine the longitudinal and seasonal distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in water column and sediments from a wastewater dominated stream that enters preservation areas. Water samples were collected along the longitudinal section (six sites, 1000 m away from each other) of the stream during the dry and wet seasons. Sediments were collected from three sites along the stream from three depths. Water and sediments were analyzed for PFAAs using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eleven PFAAs with 5 to 14 carbon atoms were detected in the water column at all sampling points, with a minor reduction at the last point suggesting a dilution effect. The most detected PFAAs was PFOS, followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). Seasonal differences in PFAAs concentrations suggested contribution of stormwater runoff during the wet season. All analyzed PFAAs in sediments were under the limit of quantification, likely due to the high proportion of sand and low organic matter. However, high concentrations of PFAAs were detected in the water column inside the protected areas, which includes PFOS in concentrations considered not safe for avian wildlife. Water samples appear to be more relevant than sediments to determine PFAAs micro-pollution in water bodies with sandy sediments. Inclusion of a management plans on micro-pollution research, monitoring, and mitigation is recommended for protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Rodriguez-Jorquera
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Program, School of Natural Resources and Environment, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Physiological Sciences & Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Silva-Sanchez
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Strynar
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences & Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gurpal S. Toor
- Soil & Water Quality Laboratory, Gulf Coast Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
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60
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Filipovic M, Woldegiorgis A, Norström K, Bibi M, Lindberg M, Österås AH. Historical usage of aqueous film forming foam: a case study of the widespread distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids from a military airport to groundwater, lakes, soils and fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:39-45. [PMID: 25262531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Historical usage of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) at military airports is a potential source of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) to the nearby environment. In this study, the distribution of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in soil, groundwater, surface water, tap water well, and fish muscle was investigated at a closed down military airfield (F18) and its surroundings in Stockholm, Sweden. The presence of PFOS at AFFF training sites was inventoried. One major finding of the study is that a former airfield, abandoned since 1994, may still be a point source of PFAAs to nearby recipients. PFOS and PFOA were ubiquitous in the soil samples at former AFFF training sites with concentrations ranging from 2.18 to 8520ngg(-1) dry weight and <0.12-287ngg(-1) dry weight respectively. The sum of PFAAs in the groundwater and surface waters ranged from 738 to 51000ngL(-1) and <MDL to 79.0ngL(-1), respectively. PFOS in European perch ranged from 76.5 to 370ngg(-1)wet weight muscle tissue which is among the highest previously reported worldwide. Our results provide evidence that the historical use of AFFF at the site have contaminated an aquifer (7500 m(3)d(-1)), that will require constant PFAA purification before being used for drinking water production. Despite the fact that the water turnover time in the investigated recipients (of 4-6months) suggest a depletion of PFAA-contaminants over a quarter of a decade, abandoned airfields may still pose an environmental and human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Filipovic
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Karin Norström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, BOX 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Momina Bibi
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, BOX 21060, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
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61
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Wang T, Wang P, Meng J, Liu S, Lu Y, Khim JS, Giesy JP. A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:87-99. [PMID: 25262946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been recognized as emerging pollutants because of their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment, biota and humans. In order to investigate their sources, fate and environmental effects, a great number of surveys have been carried out over the past several years. In the present review, we summarized the status of sources and emission, concentration, distribution and risks of PFAAs in China. Concentrations of PFAAs, especially perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in various environmental media including water, sediment, soil, rain, snow and organisms, as well as human tissues are summarized based on the available data. Concentrations of PFAAs in aquatic systems are higher in relatively more industrialized and urbanized areas than those from the less populated and remote regions in China, indicating that their emission and distribution are closely related to regional urbanization and industrialization. PFAAs and related products have been widely used over the past several decades, which have brought about high concentrations detected in environmental matrixes, biota and even local residents. Ecological risk assessment of PFAAs is still less developed in China. Most existing studies compared concentrations of PFAAs to guideline values derived for single species to evaluate the risk. In order to reveal the transport, partitioning and degradation of PFAAs in the environment, further studies on their behavior, fate, bioaccumulation and adverse effects in different trophic levels should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Optimization and comparison of several extraction methods for determining perfluoroalkyl substances in abiotic environmental solid matrices using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5767-81. [PMID: 26025550 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four extraction methods of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soils and sediments were validated and compared in order to select the one that provides the best recoveries and the highest sensitivity. The determination of PFASs was carried out by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction methods compared were based on (i) an aqueous solution of acetic acid and methanol (recoveries 44-125%, relative standard deviation (RSD) <25%), (ii) methanol (34-109%, <25%), (iii) sodium hydroxide digestion (24-178%, <49%), and (iv) ion pair (35-179%, <31%). The best results were obtained with methanol extraction, which recovered a greater number of PFASs and provided values between 45-103% in sediment and 34-109% in soil with RSDs <25% and limits of quantification (LOQs) between 0.02-0.31 and 0.01-6.00 ng g(-1), respectively. The selected method was successfully applied to Segura River sediments and soil samples taken near the Turia River. This study demonstrates the presence of PFASs in the studied rivers of the Valencian Community (0.07-14.91 ng g(-1) in Segura River sediments; 0.02-64.04 ng g(-1) in Turia River soils). Graphical Abstract Selected matrices and extraction methods for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances.
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Blum A, Balan SA, Scheringer M, Trier X, Goldenman G, Cousins IT, Diamond M, Fletcher T, Higgins C, Lindeman AE, Peaslee G, de Voogt P, Wang Z, Weber R. The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A107-A111. [PMID: 25932614 DOI: 10.1021/es201662b.fei] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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64
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Blum A, Balan SA, Scheringer M, Trier X, Goldenman G, Cousins IT, Diamond M, Fletcher T, Higgins C, Lindeman AE, Peaslee G, de Voogt P, Wang Z, Weber R. The Madrid Statement on Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:A107-11. [PMID: 25932614 PMCID: PMC4421777 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Milinovic J, Lacorte S, Vidal M, Rigol A. Sorption behaviour of perfluoroalkyl substances in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:63-71. [PMID: 25531590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The sorption behaviour of three perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), was studied in six soils with contrasting characteristics, especially in the organic carbon content. Sorption isotherms were obtained by equilibrating the soil samples with 0.01 mol L(-1) CaCl2 solutions spiked with increasing concentrations of the target PFAS. The sorption reversibility of PFASs was also tested for some of the samples. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the target PFASs in the solutions. Both the Freundlich and linear models were appropriate to describe the sorption behaviour of PFASs in soils, and enabled us to derive solid-liquid distribution coefficients (Kd) for each compound in each soil. Kd values increased from 19 to 295 mL g(-1) for PFOS, from 2.2 to 38 mL g(-1) for PFOA and from 0.4 to 6.8 mL g(-1) for PFBS, and were positively correlated with the organic carbon content of the soil. KOC values obtained from the correlations were 710, 96 and 17 mL g(-1) for PFOS, PFOA and PFBS, respectively. Whereas Kd values decreased in the sequence PFOS>PFOA>PFBS, desorption yields were lower than 13% for PFOS, from 24 to 58% for PFOA, and from 32 to 60% for PFBS. This shows that the physicochemical characteristics of PFASs, basically their hydrophobicity, controlled their sorption behaviour in soils, with PFOS being the most irreversibly sorbed PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Milinovic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Rigol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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66
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Pan CG, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Liu SS, Du J, Kookana RS. Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances in surface sediments of five major rivers in China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:566-576. [PMID: 25543151 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have received great attention from the public and scientific community due to their potential adverse impacts on the ecosystem and human health. We investigated the occurrence and distribution of 16 PFASs from 2 classes of PFASs-perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids-in the archived surface sediments of five major rivers (Yellow River, Hai River, Liao River, Zhujiang River, and Dongjiang River) in northern and southern China. The study was also performed during the wet and dry seasons. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid were the most frequently detected (detection frequency = 100 and 63 %, respectively) in the sediments of the five rivers; the concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 0.99 ng/g dry weight (dw) and were lower than the limit of detection (<LOD), which is 3.89 ng/g dw for both. Perfluorodecanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoic acid were moderately detected (detection frequency = 42 and 44 %, respectively) with concentrations ranging from less than their limit of detection (<LOD) to 0.69 ng/g dw and <LOD to 0.22 ng/g dw, whereas 12 other target analytes were lower than their limit of quantification at most of the sampling sites. Greater concentrations of the PFASs were found at those sites located in urban areas compared with rural areas. Sediment organic content was found to be an important factor influencing the distribution of PFASs in the riverine environment. The results provided first-hand national data of PFASs in the sediments of major rivers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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67
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Xiao F, Simcik MF, Halbach TR, Gulliver JS. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in soils and groundwater of a U.S. metropolitan area: migration and implications for human exposure. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:64-74. [PMID: 25455741 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are emerging anthropogenic compounds that have recently become the target of global concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, persistence, and bioaccumulative properties. This study was carried out to investigate the migration of PFOS and PFOA in soils and groundwater in a U.S. metropolitan area. We observed elevated levels in surface soils (median: 12.2 ng PFOS/g dw and 8.0 ng PFOA/g dw), which were much higher than the soil-screening levels for groundwater protection developed in this study. The measured levels in subsurface soils show a general increase with depth, suggesting a downward movement toward the groundwater table and a potential risk of aquifer contamination. Furthermore, concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in monitoring wells in the source zone varied insignificantly over 5 years (2009-2013), suggesting limited or no change in either the source or the magnitude of the source. The analysis also shows that natural processes of dispersion and dilution can significantly attenuate the groundwater contamination; the adsorption on aquifer solids, on the other hand, appears to have limited effects on the transport of PFOS and PFOA in the aquifer. The probabilistic exposure assessment indicates that ingestion of contaminated groundwater constitutes a much more important exposure route than ingestion of contaminated soil. Overall, the results suggest that (i) the transport of PFOS and PFOA is retarded in the vadose zone, but not in the aquifer; (ii) the groundwater contamination of PFOS and PFOA often follows their release to surface soils by years, if not decades; and (iii) the aquifer can be a major source of exposure for communities living near point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
| | - Matt F Simcik
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas R Halbach
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - John S Gulliver
- St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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68
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Kim EJ, Park YM, Park JE, Kim JG. Distributions of new Stockholm Convention POPs in soils across South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:327-35. [PMID: 24476973 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we monitored the newly added Stockholm Convention persistent organic pollutants (POPs) HCHs, PeCBz, endosulfans, chlordecone, PBDEs, PBBs and PFCs in industrial, urban, and agricultural soils in South Korea, in order to evaluate their distributions and potential sources. These POPs were widely distributed throughout South Korea, and their concentrations and distributions were affected by land use, reflecting their sources. The overall concentrations of HCHs, PeCBz, endosulfans, PBDEs, and PFCs in soils were in the range of ND (non-detectable)-0.358 ng/g (average±standard deviation: 0.060±0.080 ng/g), ND-0.531 ng/g (0.083±0.133 ng/g), 0.058-8.42 ng/g (2.19±2.43 ng/g), 0.004-4.78 ng/g (0.68±1.06 ng/g), and ND-1.62 ng/g (0.50±0.46 ng/g), respectively. Agricultural soils showed the highest concentration of endosulfan, which was the most recently used pesticide monitored in this study. On the other hand, industrial soils contained the highest concentrations of PeCBz, PBDEs, and PFCs, which were mainly introduced to environment via the industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-675, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Kyungseo-Dong, Seo-Gu, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Kyungseo-Dong, Seo-Gu, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 561-675, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Stiegel MA, Hu D, Oliver KD, Olenick C, Strynar M, Clark M, Madden MC, Funk WE. Estimating common parameters of lognormally distributed environmental and biomonitoring data: harmonizing disparate statistics from publications. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2014; 17:341-68. [PMID: 25333994 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2014.956854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The progression of science is driven by the accumulation of knowledge and builds upon published work of others. Another important feature is to place current results into the context of previous observations. The published literature, however, often does not provide sufficient direct information for the reader to interpret the results beyond the scope of that particular article. Authors tend to provide only summary statistics in various forms, such as means and standard deviations, median and range, quartiles, 95% confidence intervals, and so on, rather than providing measurement data. Second, essentially all environmental and biomonitoring measurements have an underlying lognormal distribution, so certain published statistical characterizations may be inappropriate for comparisons. The aim of this study was to review and develop direct conversions of different descriptions of data into a standard format comprised of the geometric mean (GM) and the geometric standard deviation (GSD) and then demonstrate how, under the assumption of lognormal distribution, these parameters are used to answer questions of confidence intervals, exceedance levels, and statistical differences among distributions. A wide variety of real-world measurement data sets was reviewed, and it was demonstrated that these data sets are indeed of lognormal character, thus making them amenable to these methods. Potential errors incurred from making retrospective estimates from disparate summary statistics are described. In addition to providing tools to interpret "other people's data," this review should also be seen as a cautionary tale for publishing one's own data to make it as useful as possible for other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Pleil
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Science Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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70
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Blaine AC, Rich CD, Hundal LS, Lau C, Mills MA, Harris KM, Higgins CP. Uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids into edible crops via land applied biosolids: field and greenhouse studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:14062-9. [PMID: 24206563 DOI: 10.1021/es403094q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in biosolids destined for use in agriculture has raised concerns about their potential to enter the terrestrial food chain via bioaccumulation in edible plants. Uptake of PFAAs by greenhouse lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) and tomato ( Lycopersicon lycopersicum ) grown in an industrially impacted biosolids-amended soil, a municipal biosolids-amended soil, and a control soil was measured. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated for the edible portions of both lettuce and tomato. Dry weight concentrations observed in lettuce grown in a soil amended (biosolids:soil dry weight ratio of 1:10) with PFAA industrially contaminated biosolids were up to 266 and 236 ng/g for perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), respectively, and reached 56 and 211 ng/g for PFBA and PFPeA in tomato, respectively. BAFs for many PFAAs were well above unity, with PFBA having the highest BAF in lettuce (56.8) and PFPeA the highest in tomato (17.1). In addition, the BAFs for PFAAs in greenhouse lettuce decreased approximately 0.3 log units per CF2 group. A limited-scale field study was conducted to verify greenhouse findings. The greatest accumulation was seen for PFBA and PFPeA in both field-grown lettuce and tomato; BAFs for PFBA were highest in both crops. PFAA levels measured in lettuce and tomato grown in field soil amended with only a single application of biosolids (at an agronomic rate for nitrogen) were predominantly below the limit of quantitation (LOQ). In addition, corn ( Zea mays ) stover, corn grains, and soil were collected from several full-scale biosolids-amended farm fields. At these fields, all PFAAs were below the LOQ in the corn grains and only trace amounts of PFBA and PFPeA were detected in the corn stover. This study confirms that the bioaccumulation of PFAAs from biosolids-amended soils depends strongly on PFAA concentrations, soil properties, the type of crop, and analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Blaine
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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71
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Fraser AJ, Webster TF, Watkins DJ, Strynar MJ, Kato K, Calafat AM, Vieira VM, McClean MD. Polyfluorinated compounds in dust from homes, offices, and vehicles as predictors of concentrations in office workers' serum. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 60:128-36. [PMID: 24041736 PMCID: PMC3904429 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize levels of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust from offices, homes, and vehicles; to investigate factors that may affect PFC levels in dust; and to examine the associations between PFCs in dust and office workers' serum. Dust samples were collected in 2009 from offices, homes, and vehicles of 31 individuals in Boston, MA and analyzed for nineteen PFCs, including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Serum was collected from each participant and analyzed for eight PFCs including PFOA and PFOS. Perfluorononanoate, PFOA, perfluoroheptanoate, perfluorohexanoate, PFOS and 8:2 FTOH had detection frequencies >50% in dust from all three microenvironments. The highest geometric mean concentration in office dust was for 8:2 FTOH (309ng/g), while PFOS was highest in homes (26.9ng/g) and vehicles (15.8ng/g). Overall, offices had the highest PFC concentrations, particularly for longer-chain carboxylic acids and FTOHs. Perfluorobutyrate was prevalent in homes and vehicles, but not offices. PFOA serum concentrations were not associated with PFC dust levels after adjusting for PFC concentrations in office air. Dust concentrations of most PFCs are higher in offices than in homes and vehicles. However, indoor dust may not be a significant source of exposure to PFCs for office workers. This finding suggests that our previously published observation of an association between FTOH concentrations in office air and PFOA concentrations in office workers was not due to confounding by PFCs in dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Fraser
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 715 Albany St, T4W, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
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Fast determination of perfluorocompounds in packaging by focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:88-94. [PMID: 23830241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) and liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS/MS) based method is proposed to determine six perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in food-contact packaging. FUSLE, a simple, inexpensive and fast extraction technique, has been carried out with just 8mL of ethanol in one cycle of only 10s. The whole method presented good repeatability and intermediate precision, with RSDs below 11% and 15%, respectively; limits of detection, with values between 0.5ng/g and 2.2ng/g, and successful recovery values, around 100% in all cases. The developed method has been validated and applied to the analysis of real food-contact packaging samples. FUSLE results have been compared to those obtained with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and no significant differences between them have been found. PFAA were detected in all the packaging samples analyzed, in a concentration range between 4ng/g and 29ng/g, being PFHpA (perfluoroheptanoic acid) the most abundant of them.
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73
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Filipovic M, Berger U, McLachlan MS. Mass balance of perfluoroalkyl acids in the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4088-95. [PMID: 23528236 PMCID: PMC3649150 DOI: 10.1021/es400174y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A mass balance was assembled for perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in the Baltic Sea. Inputs (from riverine discharge, atmospheric deposition, coastal wastewater discharges, and the North Sea) and outputs (to sediment burial, transformation of the chemical, and the North Sea), as well as the inventory in the Baltic Sea, were estimated from recently published monitoring data. Formation of the chemicals in the water column from precursors was not considered. River inflow and atmospheric deposition were the dominant inputs, while wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents made a minor contribution (<5%). A mass balance of the Oder River watershed was assembled to explore the sources of the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the river inflow. It indicated that WWTP effluents made only a moderate contribution to riverine discharge (21% for PFOA, 6% for PFOS), while atmospheric deposition to the watershed was 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than WWTP discharges. The input to the Baltic Sea exceeded the output for all four PFAAs, suggesting that inputs were higher during 2005-2010 than during the previous 20 years despite efforts to reduce emissions of PFAAs. One possible explanation is the retention and delayed release of PFAAs from atmospheric deposition in the soils and groundwater of the watershed.
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74
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Zareitalabad P, Siemens J, Hamer M, Amelung W. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater - A review on concentrations and distribution coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:725-32. [PMID: 23498059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) to soils and sediments determines their fate and distribution in the environment, but there is little consensus regarding distribution coefficients that should be used for assessing the environmental fate of these compounds. Here we reviewed sorption coefficients for PFCs derived from laboratory experiments and compared these values with the gross distribution between the concentrations of PFCs in surface waters and sediments or between wastewater and sewage sludge. Sorption experiments with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) suggest that their sorption can be described reasonably well as a partitioning-like process with an average log K(oc) of approximately 2.8 for PFOA and 3.0 for PFOS. However, median concentrations in sediments (PFOA, 0.27 ng g(-1); PFOS, 0.54 ng g(-1)) or sewage sludge (PFOA, 37 ng g(-1); PFOS, 69 ng g(-1)) in relation to median concentrations in surface water (PFOA, 3ngl(-1); PFOS, 3ngl(-1)) or wastewater treatment effluent (PFOA, 24 ng l(-1); PFOS, 11 ng l(-1)), suggest that effective log K(oc) distribution coefficients for the field situation may be close to 3.7 for PFOA and 4.2 for PFOS. Applying lab-based log K(oc) distribution coefficients can therefore result in a serious overestimation of PFC concentrations in water and in turn to an underestimation of the residence time of PFOA and PFOS in contaminated soils. Irrespective of the dissipation kinetics, the majority of PFOA and PFOS from contaminated soils will be transported to groundwater and surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zareitalabad
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, Bonn, Germany
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Gómez-Canela C, Barth JAC, Lacorte S. Occurrence and fate of perfluorinated compounds in sewage sludge from Spain and Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:4109-4119. [PMID: 22847336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are persistent and bioaccumulative organic compounds used as additives in many industrial products. After use, these compounds enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and long-chain PFCs are primarily accumulated in sludge. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and behavior of five PFCs in sludge from 15 WWTP from Spain and Germany that receive both urban and industrial wastes. The PFCs studied were perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). One gram of freeze-dried, sieved, and homogenized sludge was extracted using an ultrasonic bath with methanol and glacial acetic acid. After that, the extract was recovered and evaporated to dryness with a TurboVap and then 1 mL of acetonitrile was added and the extract was cleaned up with black carbon. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry operated in selected reaction monitoring was used to determine target compounds. Quality parameters are provided for the set of compounds studied. PFCs were detected in all samples. In Spanish sludge, ∑PFC ranged from 0.28 to 5.20 ng/g dry weight (dw) with prevalence of PFOS, while in German sludge, ∑PFC ranged from 20.7 to 38.6 ng/g dw and PFBS was the dominant compound. As a next step, the evolution of PFC concentrations within the sludge treatment steps (primary sludge, anaerobic digested sludge, and centrifuged sludge) was evaluated and differences among levels and patterns were observed and were attributed to the influent water quality and treatment used. Finally, we estimated the amount of PFCs discharged via sludge in order to determine the potential impact to the environment according to different sludge usage practices in the two regions investigated. This manuscript provided an intra-European overview of PFC distribution in sludge. Levels and compound distribution depend on the WWTP sampled. This study demonstrates that PFCs are persistent to sludge treatment and the loads in sludge may pose a future environmental risk, if not controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Yeo MK, Hwang EH, Jeong GH. Distribution characteristics of perfluorinated compounds in major river water and sediment. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.5.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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