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Cossio C, Perez-Mercado LF, Norrman J, Dalahmeh S, Vinnerås B, Mercado A, McConville J. Impact of treatment plant management on human health and ecological risks from wastewater irrigation in developing countries - case studies from Cochabamba, Bolivia. Int J Environ Health Res 2021; 31:355-373. [PMID: 31475566 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1657075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater irrigation is a common practice in developing countries due to water scarcity and increasing demand for food production. However, there are health risks and ecological risks associated with this practice. Small-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) intend to decrease these risks but still face management challenges. This study assessed how the management status of five small-scale WWTPs in Cochabamba, Bolivia affects health risks associated with consumption of lettuce and ecological risks due to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil for lettuce and maize crops. Risk simulations for three wastewater irrigation scenarios were: raw wastewater, actual effluent and expected effluent. Results showed that weak O&M practices can increase risk outcomes to higher levels than irrigating with raw wastewater. Improving O&M to achieve optimal functioning of small-scale WWTPs can reduce human health risks and ecological risks up to 2 log10 DALY person-1 year-1 and to 2 log10 kg nitrogen ha-1 accumulated in soil, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cossio
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
- Centro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Luis Fernando Perez-Mercado
- Centro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Norrman
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sahar Dalahmeh
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Mercado
- Centro de Aguas y Saneamiento Ambiental, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Jennifer McConville
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Khan SU, Khan H, Anwar S, Khan S, Boldrin Zanoni MV, Hussain S. Computational and statistical modeling for parameters optimization of electrochemical decontamination of synozol red dye wastewater. Chemosphere 2020; 253:126673. [PMID: 32302900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, computational and statistical models were applied to optimize the inherent parameters of an electrochemical decontamination of synozol red. The effect of various experimental variables such as current density, initial pH and concentration of electrolyte on degradation were assessed at Ti/RuO0·3TiO0·7O2 anode. Response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design was applied to investigate interdependency of studied variables and train an artificial neural network (ANN) to envisage the experimental training data. The presence of fifteen neurons proved to have optimum performance based on maximum R2, mean absolute error, absolute average deviation and minimum mean square error. In comparison to RSM and empirical kinetics models, better prediction and interpretation of the experimental results were observed by ANN model. The sensitive analysis revealed the comparative significance of experimental variables are pH = 61.03%>current density = 17.29%>molar concentration of NaCl = 12.7%>time = 8.98%. The optimized process parameters obtained from genetic algorithm showed 98.6% discolorization of dye at pH 2.95, current density = 5.95 mA cm-2, NaCl of 0.075 M in 29.83 min of electrolysis. The obtained results revealed that the use of statistical and computational modeling is an adequate approach to optimize the process variables of electrochemical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Ullah Khan
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, 23460, Pakistan; Institute of Chemistry Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Hammad Khan
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, 23460, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Anwar
- Faculty of Computer Sciences and Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, 23460, Pakistan
| | - Sabir Khan
- Institute of Chemistry Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Maria V Boldrin Zanoni
- Institute of Chemistry Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactivies (INCT-DATREM), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi, 23460, Pakistan; Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CEP 79070-900, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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3
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Rostami F, Tafazzoli SM, Aminian ST, Avami A. Comparative assessment of sewage sludge disposal alternatives in Mashhad: a life cycle perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:315-333. [PMID: 31786757 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater treatment facilities produce a lot of sludge which is concentrated with different pollutants. The sustainable design of the sludge disposal alternatives is of crucial importance for touristic cities like Mashhad in Iran. Increasing sludge generation and its accumulation in the city and more stringent legislations highlight the challenge of sludge disposal, recently. This study compares different alternatives to reach maximum possible environmental benefits as well as the most cost-effective technologies. In this study, life cycle analysis (LCA) assesses different scenarios for disposal of sewage sludge which is aerobically treated and dewatered for two real case studies. Alteymore and KhinArab are wastewater treatment units in the city. The scenarios include incineration, composting, and landfilling alternatives. The incineration and landfill scenarios are the least interesting solutions according to different life cycle impact categories. The heavy metals' emission to the soil worsens their impacts. Also, lifecycle cost analysis reveals that composting scenario is more cost-saving than others. However, main disadvantage of the composting scenario is its contribution in freshwater eutrophication. To move towards sustainability, the composting scenario is here determined as the best scenario for sludge disposal in Mashhad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rostami
- Energy Systems Engineering Group, Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, P.O. Box 14565-114, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | | | - Akram Avami
- Energy Systems Engineering Group, Department of Energy Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, P.O. Box 14565-114, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Wang Y, Guo L, Zhang J, She Z, Jin C, Gao M, Zhao Y. Optimization of operating conditions for the acidification metabolites production with waste sludge using response surface methodology (RSM). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:30303-30312. [PMID: 31432371 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The acidification liquid of waste activated sludge (WAS) could be used as the additional carbon source of biological nutrient removal. Recently, the optimization of operating conditions for the acidification metabolites has attracted much attention. In this study, a three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to determine the relative importance of the various factors and the optimum operating during acidification using response surface method (RSM). The importance of the individual variables on the production of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) was suspended solids (SS) > shaking rate > initial oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The increase on SS content led to a decrease on the acidification degree. Low SS could promote mass exchange and microbial activity. The maximum SCOD yield (9288.5 mg/L) was predicted under the optimum condition at 8.0 g/L SS, 144.0 mV initial ORP, and 60.0 r/min shaking rate. Also, the releasing of soluble protein and carbohydrate was calculated as responses. The individual effect of shaking rate and initial ORP had significant effect on soluble protein and carbohydrate releasing, respectively. This study would provide valuable information for increasing the efficiency of acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zonglian She
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Chunji Jin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mengchun Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yangguo Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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5
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Hodgson B, Sharvelle S. Development of generalized empirical models for comparing effectiveness of wastewater nutrient removal technologies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:27915-27929. [PMID: 31350691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of nutrient removal approaches was quantified at four wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) using mechanistic models. Generalized empirical models were developed applying statistical methods on the predicted values characterizing nutrient removal as a function of influent wastewater quality. The empirical models provide a framework to estimate nutrient removal effectiveness and inform system-level decisions on technology adoption. When carbon limited, more sophisticated approaches like five-stage Bardenpho and nitrite shunt provide the most notable benefit in removal efficiency (67% ± 3.3% and 89% ± 2.8%, respectively for total nitrogen (TN)), but little benefit is estimated under non-carbon-limited conditions between traditional solutions like anaerobic, anoxic, oxic (A2O), and advanced process configurations like five-stage Bardenpho (82% ± 2.8% and 85% ± 3.3%, respectively for TN). Sidestream physical/chemical processes can provide improvement in removal efficiency particularly at carbon-limited WWTFs, but negligible benefit is estimated with adoption of sidestream biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Hodgson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1372, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Sybil Sharvelle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1372, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Olivier L, Dubois V, LeGat Y, Boutin C. Statistical analysis of the effluent quality of 231 on-site sanitation facilities in France monitored during a 6-year period. Water Sci Technol 2019; 80:203-212. [PMID: 31537756 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On-site wastewater treatment systems are approved by the French regulation based on the results of platform tests following the European standard NF EN 12566-3. In addition to this approval for the treatment system, at least 90% of outlet concentrations have to be below 30 mg L-1 for total suspended solids (TSS) and 35 mg L-1 for biochemical oxygen demand. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effluent quality of these treatment systems on site, i.e. under real operating conditions, and to assess their performances. Between 2011 and 2016, 1,286 treated wastewater samples were taken from 231 on-site sanitation facilities in France. Data collected are heterogeneous and a robust statistical methodology (using a generalized log-linear model) was used to study the effects of four explanatory variables (treatment systems, loading rate, aging and sampling methods) on the distribution of treated wastewater concentrations. The model calculates median outlet concentrations depending on the effects identified. Its application allowed studying and comparing the outlet median concentrations of 21 on-site sanitation systems classified into nine categories and three groups. Four treatment systems out of the 21 monitored showed TSS median outlet concentrations below 10 mg L-1 and four treatment systems have TSS medians higher than the regulatory threshold of 30 mg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Olivier
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - V Dubois
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
| | - Y LeGat
- Irstea, Heritage management of water-related infrastructures Unit, 50 avenue de Verdun, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - C Boutin
- Irstea, UR REVERSAAL, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France E-mail:
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Ramya K, Vasudevan N. Performance evaluation of ETP from pesticide manufacturing industry by using WWQI and multivariate statistical analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:20595-20609. [PMID: 31104245 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate operation of wastewater treatment plants is essential to maintain the quality of treated water. The aim of the present study is to monitor the effluent quality by applying the Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) and statistical method. The influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of pesticide manufacturing industry in Tamil Nadu, India. The study was carried out during the period 2014-2018. The physicochemical parameters were analyzed to determine the biodegradable and non-biodegradable contaminants in the wastewater. The organic removal in ETP for high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) wastewater treatment was 97-100% and low TDS wastewater treatment was 96-99%. The overall quality of the wastewater was determined by WWQI using irrigation standards. The quality of all the influent samples was poor. The WWQI of high TDS effluent samples varied from marginal to good. The low TDS effluent quality varied from fair to excellent. The interdependencies between the variables were observed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). From the influent and effluent variables, five and two PCA components were extracted with 92 and 85% of the total dataset information, respectively. The correlation analysis was carried out to observe the interrelationship between the wastewater quality parameters. The regression model achieved 99% of accuracy for fitting the model with the calculated WWQI. The final effluent showed a higher removal efficiency and better quality to reuse for irrigation. It was concluded that the ETP of the PMI is maintained properly and can be also applied to other industrial wastewater. Graphical abstract.
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8
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Fencl M, Grum M, Borup M, Mikkelsen PS. Robust model for estimating pumping station characteristics and sewer flows from standard pumping station data. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1739-1745. [PMID: 31241479 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flow data represent crucial input for reliable diagnostics of sewer functions and identification of potential problems such as unwanted inflow and infiltration. Flow estimates from pumping stations, which are an integral part of most separate sewer systems, might help in this regard. A robust model and an associated optimization procedure is proposed for estimating inflow to a pumping station using only registered water levels in the pump sump and power consumption. The model was successfully tested on one month of data from a single upstream station. The model is suitable for identification of pump capacity and volume thresholds for switching the pump on and off. These are parameters which are required for flow estimation during periods with high inflows or during periods with flow conditions triggering pump switching on and off at frequencies close to the temporal resolution of monitored data. The model is, however, sensitive within the transition states between emptying and filling to observation errors in volume and on inflow/outflow variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fencl
- Department of Environmental Engineering (DTU Environment), Urban Water Systems Section, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark E-mail: ; Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Morten Borup
- Department of Environmental Engineering (DTU Environment), Urban Water Systems Section, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark E-mail:
| | - Peter Steen Mikkelsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering (DTU Environment), Urban Water Systems Section, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark E-mail:
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9
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Xiang K, Yang Z, Huai W, Ding R. Large eddy simulation of turbulent flow structure in a rectangular embayment zone with different population densities of vegetation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:14583-14597. [PMID: 30877545 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dead-water zones (DWZs) in natural open channels, formed by embayment or consecutive groins, can provide favorable growth conditions for aquatic organisms. Although flow hydrodynamics in side-cavity zones have been well studied, the impact of vegetation on recirculating flow is rarely considered. This study adopts large eddy simulation (LES) to examine the flow field in a rectangular embayment zone with different population densities of vegetation. The numerical model is validated by mean streamwise velocity data collected near mid-depth in the physical experiment. Vegetation rearranges the circulation structure in the DWZ and weakens the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. This negative effect increases with increasing population density. With the development of the shedding vortex induced in the front edge of the channel-embayment interface, the large-scale coherent structure forms in the mixing layer and is hardly affected by the variation of population density. As the population density increases, the mean retention time first decreases and then increases as a result of the combined action of three factors, namely, the large-scale coherent structure, the plant-induced Karman vortex street, and the blocking effect of dense vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Wenxin Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ran Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Flores L, García J, Pena R, Garfí M. Constructed wetlands for winery wastewater treatment: A comparative Life Cycle Assessment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:1567-1576. [PMID: 31096366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A Life Cycle Assessment was carried out in order to assess the environmental performance of constructed wetland systems for winery wastewater treatment. In particular, six scenarios which included the most common winery wastewater treatment and management options in South-Western Europe, namely third-party management and activated sludge systems, were compared. Results showed that the constructed wetland scenarios were the most environmentally friendly alternatives, while the third-party management was the worst scenario followed by the activated sludge systems. Specifically, the potential environmental impacts of the constructed wetlands scenarios were 1.5-180 and 1-10 times lower compared to those generated by the third-party and activated sludge scenarios, respectively. Thus, under the considered circumstances, constructed wetlands showed to be an environmentally friendly technology which helps reducing environmental impacts associated with winery wastewater treatment by treating winery waste on-site with low energy and chemicals consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Flores
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Pena
- Aimen, Polígono Industrial de Cataboi SUR-PPI-2 (Sector) 2, Parcela 3, 36418 O Porriño, Spain
| | - Marianna Garfí
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona, 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ozaki N, Yamauchi T, Kindaichi T, Ohashi A. Stormwater inflow loading of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons into urban domestic wastewater treatment plant for separate sewer system. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1426-1436. [PMID: 31123242 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common contaminants present in wastewater, and determination of their sources is important for their management in the environment. In this study, stormwater loading of PAHs during rainfall periods was evaluated for sewage inflow into a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for a separate sewer system. To accomplish this, sewage inflow volumes, suspended solid concentrations, and PAH concentrations were measured during eight rainfall events and on two no-rainfall days at the inlet of the plant. Based on a comparison between the rainfall and no-rainfall loading quantified by the measurements, excess PAH loadings with stormwater were evaluated for the rainfall events. The relationship between rainfall intensity and stormwater loading was then used to evaluate long-term stormwater loadings of water and PAHs. Their contributions to the sewage inflow were 0.7% and 1.0% for 1 year for water and the sum of 16 measured PAHs, respectively. Our measurements and estimates demonstrate that direct stormwater inflow is not a primary source of PAHs to the plant for this separate sewer system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriatsu Ozaki
- Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 1-4-1, Higashihirohima, 739-8527, Japan E-mail:
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 1-4-1, Higashihirohima, 739-8527, Japan E-mail: ; Now Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc., 2-1-82 Watanabe-dori, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-8720, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kindaichi
- Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 1-4-1, Higashihirohima, 739-8527, Japan E-mail:
| | - Akiyoshi Ohashi
- Graduate school of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 1-4-1, Higashihirohima, 739-8527, Japan E-mail:
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12
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Mendoza MV, Sáez RT. Modelling biofilm anaerobic reactor with effluent from hydrolytic/acidogenic reactor as substrate. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1534-1540. [PMID: 31169511 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work presents modelling of an anaerobic biofilm reactor using ceramic bricks as support. The results were compared with the experimental data. It was observed that the substrate concentration curves showed the same tendency. The methane formation curves showed significant differences. The substrate removal efficiency was 83%. In the steady state, the experimental data were higher than the model, from the result the substrate degrading bacteria grew enough to reach biofilm and that the effect of the shear stress was more significant as the biofilm increased in thickness. To the methane production, the model in steady state reached a maximum value of 0.56 m3 CH4/m3 *d and the experimental data reached 0.42 (m3 CH4/m3 * d). The biofilm thickness calculated by the model was 14 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Vergara Mendoza
- Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Ambientales, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Calle 9ª, Carrera 27, Apdo. Aéreo 678, Bucaramanga, Colombia E-mail:
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Jing R, Fusi S, Chan A, Capozzi S, Kjellerup BV. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant: Potential for bioremediation? J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 78:42-52. [PMID: 30665655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study involved an evaluation of the potential for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the effluent from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. It was focused on the presence of PCBs in two types of effluents: the continuous effluent present during dry weather conditions and the intermittently present effluent that was present during wet weather due to incoming stormwater. The annual discharge of PCBs for both types of effluent was calculated based on a five-year dataset (2011-2015). In addition, the toxicity and bioremediation potential of the PCBs in the effluent were also assessed. It was found that the continuous effluent was responsible for the majority of the discharged PCB into the receiving river (1821 g for five years), while the intermittent effluent contributed 260 g over the five years. The average number of chlorine per biphenyl for the detected PCB congeners showed a 19% difference between the two types of effluent, which indicated a potential for organohalide respiration of PCBs during the continuous treatment. This was further supported by a high level of tri-, tetra- and penta-chlorinated congeners accounting for 75% of the anaerobically respired PCBs. Potential for aerobic degradation and thus biomineralization of PCBs was identified for both effluents. Furthermore, toxicity of 12 dioxin-like PCBs showed that normal operation of the wastewater reduced the toxicity throughout the wastewater treatment plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jing
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Soliver Fusi
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alisha Chan
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Staci Capozzi
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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14
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Needham TP, Ghosh U. Four decades since the ban, old urban wastewater treatment plant remains a dominant source of PCBs to the environment. Environ Pollut 2019; 246:390-397. [PMID: 30577007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ban on new manufacture and commercial use of PCBs, municipal sewer systems continue to serve as ongoing secondary sources for contamination in receiving water bodies. Ongoing PCB sources have made it difficult to achieve desired recovery after implementation of sediment cleanup efforts. We report on a 16-month surveillance to determine the inputs, fate, and export of PCBs within a municipal waste collection/treatment system by strategic sampling of the freely-dissolved and biosolids-associated PCBs. The total PCBs entering the treatment plant was found to be 170 g/day of which 100 g/day exited the plant associated with the biosolids and 5.2 g/day was discharged in the form of freely-dissolved PCBs in the effluent. A net loss of 68 g/day was calculated for the plant, attributable to volatilization and biodegradation. Freely dissolved PCBs in the treated effluent was an order of magnitude higher than the water quality criteria for the protection of human health through fish consumption and found to be a major contributor to the dissolved concentration in the receiving river. Predicted bioaccumulation in fish from dissolved PCBs in the effluent exceeded the threshold for human consumption. The biosolids, currently land-applied as fertilizer, contained an average PCB concentration of 760 μg/kg. The sludge produced in this treatment plant is processed in large anaerobic digesters and changes to the homolog distribution point to some microbial dechlorination. Application of biosolids to clean agricultural soil resulted in a 6-fold increase in PCB levels in the earthworm E. fetida which could be eliminated by the amendment of 1% by weight of activated carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Needham
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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15
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Kajitvichyanukul P, Musikavong C, Phenrat T. Editorial: frontier technology for water treatment and pollutant removal is key for securing the present, correcting the past, and sustaining the future. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:iii-v. [PMID: 31025983 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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16
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Safari MJS. Decision tree (DT), generalized regression neural network (GR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models for sediment transport in sewer pipes. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1113-1122. [PMID: 31070591 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sediment deposition in sewers and urban drainage systems has great effect on the hydraulic capacity of the channel. In this respect, the self-cleansing concept has been widely used for sewers and urban drainage systems design. This study investigates the bed load sediment transport in sewer pipes with particular reference to the non-deposition condition in clean bed channels. Four data sets available in the literature covering wide ranges of pipe size, sediment size and sediment volumetric concentration have been utilized through applying decision tree (DT), generalized regression neural network (GR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) techniques for modeling. The developed models have been compared with conventional regression models available in the literature. The model performance indicators, showed that DT, GR and MARS models outperform conventional regression models. Result shows that GR and MARS models are comparable in terms of calculating particle Froude number and performing better than DT. It is concluded that conventional regression models generally overestimate particle Froude number for the non-deposition condition of sediment transport, while DT, GR and MARS outputs are close to their measured counterparts.
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17
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Zhu Z. A simple sensitivity analysis of the turbulence-induced flocculation model of cohesive sediment. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:1144-1151. [PMID: 31070594 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the local and global sensitivity analyses of the Winterwerp model to the input parameters have been carried out using the Garson algorithm and the PaD2 method by virtue of an artificial neural network. The main results of the sensitivity analyses are that the model is most sensitive to the breakup parameter and that only two parameters (the floc aggregation and breakup parameters) are significant. The result that the model output is less sensitive to the choice of fractal dimension seems to imply that the modification work on the fractal dimension might be unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfan Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Hydrological Cycle and Sponge City Technology, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China E-mail:
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18
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Liu X, Zhang G, Liu Y, Lu S, Qin P, Guo X, Bi B, Wang L, Xi B, Wu F, Wang W, Zhang T. Occurrence and fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in typical urban water of Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 2019; 246:163-173. [PMID: 30543942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been highlighted on a global scale because of their serious threats to the environment and human health. Typical urban water in cities with high population density are ideal mediums for the acquisition and spread of antibiotics and ARGs. The pollution level of a broad range of antibiotics and ARGs in hospital wastewater, groundwater and the Wenyu River, and their fates through three sewage treatment plants (STPs) were investigated in this study. The concentrations of the 11 detected antibiotics ranged from not detected (ND)-16800 ng L-1 in diverse water samples from Beijing, and fluoroquinolones were detected at the highest concentration, especially in the hospital samples. The maximum concentrations of antibiotics in STPs and hospital were 1-3 orders of magnitude higher than those in the surface water from Wenyu River and groundwater. Good removal efficiencies by treatment processes were observed for tetracyclines and quinolones, and low removal efficiencies were observed for sulfonamides and macrolides. These results also revealed that the sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2) and macrolide resistance genes (ermB) were detected at the highest relative abundances (7.11 × 10-2-1.18 × 10-1) in the water bodies of Beijing. It was worth noting that sul1 abundance was the highest in groundwater samples. The relative abundance of most ARGs in STPs exhibited a declining trend in the order of influent > secondary effluents > effluent. However, the relative abundance of sul 1, sul 2 and tetC in the effluent was higher than those in the influent. The incomplete removal of antibiotics and ARGs in STPs poses a serious threat to the receiving rivers, and affects ecosystem security. Overall, our findings provide favorable support for a further investigation of the spread and risk of antibiotics and ARGs from diverse sources (e.g., STPs and hospitals) to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Pan Qin
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bin Bi
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- School of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250358, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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19
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Zeinolabedini M, Najafzadeh M. Comparative study of different wavelet-based neural network models to predict sewage sludge quantity in wastewater treatment plant. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:163. [PMID: 30772930 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) including feed forward back propagation neural network (FFBP-NN) and the radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) were applied to predict daily sewage sludge quantity in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Daily datasets of sewage sludge have been used to develop the artificial intelligence models. Six mother wavelet (W) functions were employed as a preprocessor in order to increase accuracy level of ANNs. In this way, a 4-day lags were considered as input variables to conduct training and testing stages for the proposed W-ANNs. To compare performance of W-ANNs with traditional ANNs, coefficient of correlation (R), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) were considered. In the case of all wavelet functions, it was found that W-FFBP-NN (R = 0.99 and MAE = 5.78) and W-RBF-NN (R = 0.99 and MAE = 6.69) models had superiority to the FFBP-NN (R = 0.9 and MAE = 21.41) and RBF-NN (R = 0.9 and MAE = 20.1) models. Furthermore, the use of DMeyer function to improve ANNs indicated that W-FFBP-NN (RMSE = 7.76 and NSE = 0.98) and W-RBF-NN (RMSE = 9.35 and NSE = 0.98) approaches stood at the highest level of precision in comparison with other mother wavelet functions used to develop the FFBP-NN and RBF-NN approaches. Overall, this study proved that application of various mother wavelet functions into architecture of ANNs led to increasing accuracy of artificial neural networks for estimation of sewage sludge volume in the WWTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zeinolabedini
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafzadeh
- Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
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20
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Catenacci A, Azzellino A, Malpei F. Development of statistical predictive models for estimating the methane yield of Italian municipal sludges from chemical composition: a preliminary study. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:435-447. [PMID: 30924798 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical methane potential (BMP) of primary and biological sludge varies in a wide range, mostly depending on location, sewer characteristics, wastewater treatment plant design and operating conditions. BMP tests are useful to verify the performance of a full scale digester, but they are not yet a common procedure in the operation of most Italian facilities because of cost and test duration. Changes in the composition of sewage sludge can lead to a high variation of biogas production. Aimed at developing BMP predictive models based on low cost and fast analyses, this study investigated the chemical composition of 20 sludge samples by means of principal component and multiple linear regression analyses. Three preliminary predictive models were developed based on soluble organic nitrogen, volatile solids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and an operational parameter, the sludge retention time: the explained variance and the standard errors of prediction of BMP are in the range 77-81% and 21-34 NmLCH4·gVS -1, respectively. Models were evaluated on five additional samples: errors ranged 2-15% for four samples and about 54% for one sample, collected from a peculiar facility. Further data and variables describing the operation mode of the waterline would certainly improve the reliability and robustness of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catenacci
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail:
| | - A Azzellino
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail:
| | - F Malpei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy E-mail:
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21
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Spangler JT, Sample DJ, Fox LJ, Albano JP, White SA. Assessing nitrogen and phosphorus removal potential of five plant species in floating treatment wetlands receiving simulated nursery runoff. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:5751-5768. [PMID: 30612349 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) to treat runoff typical of commercial nurseries was investigated using two 8-week trials with replicated mesocosms. Plants were supported by Beemat rafts. Five monoculture treatments of Agrostis alba (red top), Canna × generalis 'Firebird' (canna lily), Carex stricta (tussock sedge), Iris ensata 'Rising Sun' (Japanese water iris), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), two mixed species treatments, and an unplanted control were assessed. These plant species are used for ornamental, wetland, and biofuel purposes. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removals were evaluated after a 7-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). N removal (sum of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and nitrite-N) from FTW treatments ranged from 0.255 to 0.738 g·m-2·d-1 (38.9 to 82.4% removal) and 0.147 to 0.656 g·m-2·d-1 (12.9 to 59.6% removal) for trials 1 and 2, respectively. P removal (phosphate-P) ranged from 0.052 to 0.128 g·m-2·d-1 (26.1 to 64.7% removal) for trial 1, and 0.074 to 0.194 g·m-2·d-1 (26.8 to 63.2% removal) for trial 2. Panicum virgatum removed more N and P than any other FTW treatment and the control in both trials. Results show that species selection and timing of FTW harvest impact the rate and mass of nutrient remediation. FTWs can effectively remove N and P from runoff from commercial nurseries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Spangler
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - David J Sample
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA.
| | - Laurie J Fox
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1444 Diamond Springs Road, Virginia Beach, VA, 23455, USA
| | - Joseph P Albano
- U. S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Sarah A White
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, E-143 Poole Agric. Center, Clemson, SC, 29634-0310, USA
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22
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Stentoft PA, Munk-Nielsen T, Vezzaro L, Madsen H, Mikkelsen PS, Møller JK. Towards model predictive control: online predictions of ammonium and nitrate removal by using a stochastic ASM. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:51-62. [PMID: 30816862 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Online model predictive control (MPC) of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) requires simple and fast models to improve the operation of energy-demanding processes, such as aeration for nitrogen removal. Selected elements of the activated sludge model number 1 modelling framework for ammonium and nitrate removal were included in discretely observed stochastic differential equations in which online data are assimilated to update the model states. This allows us to produce model-based predictions including uncertainty in real time while it also reduces the number of parameters compared to many detailed models. It introduces only a small residual error when used to predict ammonium and nitrate concentrations in a small recirculating WRRF facility. The error when predicting 2 min ahead corresponds to the uncertainty from the sensors. When predicting 24 hours ahead the mean relative residual error increases to ∼10% and ∼20% for ammonium and nitrate concentrations respectively. Consequently this is considered a first step towards stochastic MPC of the aeration process. Ultimately this can reduce electricity demand and cost for water resource recovery, allowing the prioritization of aeration during periods of cheaper electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Alexander Stentoft
- Krüger A/S, Veolia Water Technologies, Søborg, Denmark E-mail: ; Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Luca Vezzaro
- Krüger A/S, Veolia Water Technologies, Søborg, Denmark E-mail: ; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Henrik Madsen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Steen Mikkelsen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Jan Kloppenborg Møller
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Hauduc H, Wadhawan T, Johnson B, Bott C, Ward M, Takács I. Incorporating sulfur reactions and interactions with iron and phosphorus into a general plant-wide model. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:26-34. [PMID: 30816859 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur causes many adverse effects in wastewater treatment and sewer collection systems, such as corrosion, odours, increased oxygen demand, and precipitate formation. Several of these are often controlled by chemical addition, which will impact the subsequent wastewater treatment processes. Furthermore, the iron reactions, resulting from coagulant addition for chemical P removal, interact with the sulfur cycle, particularly in the digester with precipitate formation and phosphorus release. Despite its importance, there is no integrated sulfur and iron model for whole plant process optimization/design that could be readily used in practice. After a detailed literature review of chemical and biokinetic sulfur and iron reactions, a plant-wide model is upgraded with relevant reactions to predict the sulfur cycle and iron cycle in sewer collection systems, wastewater and sludge treatment. The developed model is applied on different case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Imre Takács
- Dynamita SARL, 7 LD Eoupe, Nyons, France E-mail:
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24
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Yu Y, Zou Z, Wang S. Statistical regression modeling for energy consumption in wastewater treatment. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 75:201-208. [PMID: 30473285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment is one of critical issues faced by water utilities, and receives more and more attentions recently. The energy consumption modeling in biochemical wastewater treatment was investigated in the study via a general and robust approach based on Bayesian semi-parametric quantile regression. The dataset was derived from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, where the energy consumption of unit chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction was the response variable of interest. Via the proposed approach, the comprehensive regression pictures of the energy consumption and truly influencing factors, i.e., the regression relationships at lower, median and higher energy consumption levels were characterized respectively. Meanwhile, the proposals for energy saving in different cases were also facilitated specifically. First, the lower level of energy consumption was closely associated with the temperature of influent wastewater, and the chroma-rich wastewater also showed helpful in the execution of energy saving. Second, at median energy consumption level, the COD-rich wastewater played a determinative role in the reduction of energy consumption, while the higher quality of treated water led to slightly energy intensive. Third, the higher level of energy consumption was most likely to be attributed to the relatively high temperature of wastewater and total nitrogen (TN)-rich wastewater, and both of the factors were preferably to be avoided to alleviate the burden of energy consumption. The study provided an efficient approach to controlling the energy consumption of wastewater treatment in the perspective of statistical regression modeling, and offered valuable suggestions for the future energy saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhihong Zou
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Emergence Support Simulation Technologies for City Operations, Beijing 100191, China.
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25
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Cao YS, Tang JG, Henze M, Yang XP, Gan YP, Li J, Kroiss H, van Loosdrecht MCM, Zhang Y, Daigger GT. The leakage of sewer systems and the impact on the 'black and odorous water bodies' and WWTPs in China. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:334-341. [PMID: 30865604 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
China has achieved significant progress on wastewater treatment and aquatic environmental protection. However, leakage (in- and exfiltration) of sewer systems is still an issue. By using the statistical data of water and wastewater in 2016 in China, and the person loads (PLs) of water and wastewater in Singapore, the leakage fractions of hydraulic flow, organic carbon (COD), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mass loading, and in-sewer COD biological removal in the sewer systems of China (except Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan), Shanghai, Guangzhou and Beijing were reported for the first time. The fractions of hydraulic flow infiltration (13%, Shanghai and Guangzhou) and exfiltration (39%, China) were calculated. Except Beijing, whose sewer networks are under appropriate management with small leakage fractions, the exfiltration fractions of COD (including in-sewer biological COD removal) ranged from 41% (Shanghai) to 66% (China) and averaged 55%; N ranged from 18% (Shanghai) to 48% (China) and averaged 33%; and P ranged from 23% (Shanghai and Guangzhou) to 44% (China) and averaged 30%. The exfiltrated sewage, COD, N and P not only wastes resources, but also contaminates the aquatic environment (especially groundwater) and contributes to 'black and odorous water bodies'. In- and exfiltration in the sewer network leads to low influent COD concentration, C/N ratio and high inorganic solids and inert particulate COD concentrations of many municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) causing high cost for nutrient removal, poor resource recovery, additional reactor/settler volume requirement and other operational problems. Therefore, tackling sewer leakage is of primary importance to today's environment in China. Recommendations for the inspection of sewer systems and the rehabilitation of damaged sewers as well as the development of design and operation guidelines of municipal WWTPs tailored to the specific local sewage characteristics and other conditions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Cao
- 41 Tian Jia Xian, Blk 6, 215006 Suzhou, China E-mail:
| | - J G Tang
- Shanghai Urban Construction, Design and Research Institute, No. 3447 Dong Fang Rd., 200125 Shanghai, China
| | - M Henze
- Department of Environ. Eng., Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 115 DK-2860, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - X P Yang
- China Water and Wastewater Treatment Association, No. 5 East road Lian Huwa Est Rd, B Tower Time Square 2310, Beijing, China
| | - Y P Gan
- China Water and Wastewater Treatment Association, No. 5 East road Lian Huwa Est Rd, B Tower Time Square 2310, Beijing, China
| | - J Li
- School of Environ. and Civil Eng., Jia Nang University, No. 1800 Li Avenue, Pin Hou District, Wuxi, China
| | - H Kroiss
- Institute of Water Quality and Resource Management, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - M C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Y Zhang
- China Water Industry Association, No. 9, San Li He, 100835 Beijing, China
| | - G T Daigger
- Department of Civil and Environ. Eng., University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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Yu T, Ding Q, Wang L, Zhu DZ, Shao Y. Experimental study on air pressure variation in a horizontal pipe of single-stack drainage system. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:114-125. [PMID: 30816868 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The water trap seal under the sanitary appliances is the primary defense against the ingress of foul gases and odors. However, research on air pressure variation in a horizontal pipe of a single-stack drainage system is very limited. Thus a physical model study was conducted to investigate the air pressure variation in a horizontal pipe. Four parameters were studied that affect the pressure variation; that is, water flow rate, inlet height, ventilation condition and outlet condition. When the top of the vertical drainage stack and the outlet were fully open to the atmosphere, the flow in the horizontal pipe changed from free surface flow to slug flow at certain times. The mean values and magnitudes of pressure fluctuation at measuring points on the horizontal pipe increased with Qw but decreased along the horizontal pipe. The inlet height had relatively small influence on the pressure variation. Three ventilation conditions; that is, top fully open, half open and sealed, were tested, and a choking flow was formed in the vertical drainage stack and the pressure in the horizontal pipe decreased under the top sealed condition. Three outlet conditions; that is, outlet fully open, half submerged and fully submerged, were tested. The pressure in the horizontal pipe increased significantly under the outlet fully-submerged condition, which should be avoided in the actual operation by careful designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingchao Yu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail: ; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2W2
| | - Luwen Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
| | - David Z Zhu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail: ; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2W2
| | - Yu Shao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China E-mail:
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Aydin S, Aydin ME, Ulvi A, Kilic H. Antibiotics in hospital effluents: occurrence, contribution to urban wastewater, removal in a wastewater treatment plant, and environmental risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:544-558. [PMID: 30406596 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study presented the occurrence of antibiotics in 16 different hospital effluents, the removal of antibiotics in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and the potential ecotoxicological risks of the effluent discharge on the aquatic ecosystem. The total concentration of antibiotics in hospital effluents was ranged from 21.2 ± 0.13 to 4886 ± 3.80 ng/L in summer and from 497 ± 3.66 to 322,735 ± 4.58 ng/L in winter. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin were detected the highest concentrations among the investigated antibiotics. The total antibiotic load to the influent of the WWTP from hospitals was 3.46 g/day in summer and 303.2 g/day in winter. The total antibiotic contribution of hospitals to the influent of the WWTP was determined as 13% in summer and 28% in winter. The remaining 87% in summer and 72% in winter stems from the households. The total antibiotic removal by conventional physical and biological treatment processes was determined as 79% in summer, whereas it decreased to 36% in winter. When the environmental risk assessment was performed, azithromycin and clarithromycin in the effluent from the treatment plant in winter posed a high risk (RQ > 10) for the aquatic organisms (algae and fish) in the receiving environment. According to these results, the removal efficiency of antibiotics at the WWTP is inadequate and plant should be improved to remove antibiotics by advanced treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senar Aydin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Emin Aydin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ulvi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Havva Kilic
- Environmental Engineering Department, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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28
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Licciardello F, Aiello R, Alagna V, Iovino M, Ventura D, Cirelli GL. Assessment of clogging in constructed wetlands by saturated hydraulic conductivity measurements. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:314-322. [PMID: 30865602 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at defining a methodology to evaluate Ks reductions of gravel material constituting constructed wetland (CW) bed matrices. Several schemes and equations for the Lefranc's test were compared by using different gravel sizes and at multiple spatial scales. The falling-head test method was implemented by using two steel permeameters: one impervious (IMP) and one pervious (P) on one side. At laboratory scale, mean K values for a small size gravel (8-15 × 10-2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 19,466 m/d and 30,662 m/d, respectively. Mean Ks values for a big size gravel (10-25 × 10-2 m) measured by the IMP and the P permeameters were equal to 12,135 m/d and 20,866 m/d, respectively. Comparison of Ks values obtained by the two permeameters at laboratory scale as well as a sensitivity analysis and a calibration, lead to the modification of the standpipe equation, to evaluate also the temporal variation of the horizontal Ks. In particular, both permeameters allow the evaluation of the Ks decreasing after 4 years-operation and 1-1.5 years' operation of the plants at full scale (filled with the small size gravel) and at pilot scale (filled with the big size gravel), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Licciardello
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100-95123, Catania, Italy E-mail:
| | - R Aiello
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100-95123, Catania, Italy E-mail:
| | - V Alagna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Iovino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - D Ventura
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100-95123, Catania, Italy E-mail:
| | - G L Cirelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 100-95123, Catania, Italy E-mail:
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29
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Conidi D, Andalib M, Andres C, Bye C, Umble A, Dold P. Modeling quaternary ammonium compound inhibition of biological nutrient removal activated sludge. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:41-50. [PMID: 30816861 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are surface-active organic compounds common in industrial cleaner formulations widely used in various sanitation applications. While acting as effective pathogenic biocides, QACs lack selective toxicity and often have poor target specificity. As a result, adverse effects on biological processes and thus the performance of biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems may be encountered when QACs enter wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Because of these impacts, there is motivation to screen wastewater influents for QACs and for process engineers to consider the inhibition effects of QACs on process evaluation and design of BNR plants. This paper introduces a mathematical model to describe the fate of QACs in a WWTP via biodegradation and bio-adsorption, and the inhibitory effect of QACs on nitrifiers and ordinary heterotrophic organisms. The model was incorporated as an add-on model in BioWin 5.3 and simulations of experimental systems were used for comparison of model results to measured data reported in the literature. The model was found to accurately predict the bulk phase concentration of QAC and the inhibition of nitrification with QAC concentrations ≥2 mg/L. This work provides a preliminary framework for simulation of BNR plants receiving inhibitory substances in the influent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Conidi
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
| | | | | | - Christopher Bye
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
| | - Art Umble
- Stantec Inc., Edmonton, AB T5 K 2L6, Canada E-mail:
| | - Peter Dold
- Envirosim Associates Ltd, 175 Longwood Rd S, Suite 114A, Hamilton, ON L8P 0A1, Canada
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30
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Aichinger P, DeBarbadillo C, Al-Omari A, Wett B. 'Hot topic' - combined energy and process modeling in thermal hydrolysis systems. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:84-92. [PMID: 30816865 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal hydrolysis process (THP) is applied to enhance biogas production in anaerobic digestion (AD), reduce viscosity for improved mixing and dewatering and to reduce and sterilize cake solids. Large heat demands for steam production rely on dynamic effects like sludge throughput, gas availability and THP process parameters. Here, we propose a combined energy and process model suitable to describe the dynamic behaviour of THP in a full-plant context. The process model addresses interactions of THP with operational conditions covered by the AD model obeying mass continuity. Energy conservation is considered in balancing and converting various energy species dominated by thermal heat and calorific energy. The combined energy and process model was then applied on the THP at Blue Plains advanced WWTP (DC Water) to analyse the process and assess potential energy optimizations. It was found that dynamic effects like mismatched steam production and consumption, temporary gas shortages and underloaded units are responsible for energy inefficiencies with losses in electricity-production up to 29%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aichinger
- Unit of Environmental Engineering, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 13, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria E-mail: ; ARAconsult GmbH, Unterbergerstrasse 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Omari
- DC Water, 5000 Overlook Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20032, USA
| | - Bernhard Wett
- ARAconsult GmbH, Unterbergerstrasse 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Dynamita Process Modelling, 7 Lieu-dit Eoupe, La Redoute, 26110 Nyons, France
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31
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Bellandi G, De Mulder C, Van Hoey S, Rehman U, Amerlinck Y, Guo L, Vanrolleghem PA, Weijers S, Gori R, Nopens I. Tanks in series versus compartmental model configuration: considering hydrodynamics helps in parameter estimation for an N 2O model. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:73-83. [PMID: 30816864 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The choice of the spatial submodel of a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) model should be one of the primary concerns in WRRF modelling. However, currently used mechanistic models are limited by an over-simplified representation of local conditions. This is illustrated by the general difficulties in calibrating the latest N2O models and the large variability in parameter values reported in the literature. The use of compartmental model (CM) developed on the basis of accurate hydrodynamic studies using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can take into account local conditions and recirculation patterns in the activated sludge tanks that are important with respect to the modelling objective. The conventional tanks in series (TIS) configuration does not allow this. The aim of the present work is to compare the capabilities of two model layouts (CM and TIS) in defining a realistic domain of parameter values representing the same full-scale plant. A model performance evaluation method is proposed to identify the good operational domain of each parameter in the two layouts. Already when evaluating for steady state, the CM was found to provide better defined parameter ranges than TIS. Dynamic simulations further confirmed the CM's capability to work in a more realistic parameter domain, avoiding unnecessary calibration to compensate for flaws in the spatial submodel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bellandi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Section, Polytechnic of Milan, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy E-mail:
| | - Chaïm De Mulder
- BIOMATH, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van Hoey
- INBO, Herman Teirlinckgebouw, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Brussel (Anderlecht), Belgium
| | - Usnam Rehman
- AM-TEAM, Hulstbaan 63, 9100 Sint Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Youri Amerlinck
- BIOMATH, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lisha Guo
- Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St, Toronto M5B 2K3, ON, Canada and Trojan Technologies, 3020 Gore Road, London N5 V 4T7, ON, Canada; modelEAU, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la Médecine, Québec G1 V 0A6, QC, Canada
| | - Peter A Vanrolleghem
- modelEAU, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la Médecine, Québec G1 V 0A6, QC, Canada
| | - Stefan Weijers
- Waterschap De Dommel, Bosscheweg 56, 5283 WB Boxtel, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Gori
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence, via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Ingmar Nopens
- BIOMATH, Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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32
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Regmi P, Stewart H, Amerlinck Y, Arnell M, García PJ, Johnson B, Maere T, Miletić I, Miller M, Rieger L, Samstag R, Santoro D, Schraa O, Snowling S, Takács I, Torfs E, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vanrolleghem PA, Villez K, Volcke EIP, Weijers S, Grau P, Jimenez J, Rosso D. The future of WRRF modelling - outlook and challenges. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:3-14. [PMID: 30816857 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater industry is currently facing dramatic changes, shifting away from energy-intensive wastewater treatment towards low-energy, sustainable technologies capable of achieving energy positive operation and resource recovery. The latter will shift the focus of the wastewater industry to how one could manage and extract resources from the wastewater, as opposed to the conventional paradigm of treatment. Debatable questions arise: can the more complex models be calibrated, or will additional unknowns be introduced? After almost 30 years using well-known International Water Association (IWA) models, should the community move to other components, processes, or model structures like 'black box' models, computational fluid dynamics techniques, etc.? Can new data sources - e.g. on-line sensor data, chemical and molecular analyses, new analytical techniques, off-gas analysis - keep up with the increasing process complexity? Are different methods for data management, data reconciliation, and fault detection mature enough for coping with such a large amount of information? Are the available calibration techniques able to cope with such complex models? This paper describes the thoughts and opinions collected during the closing session of the 6th IWA/WEF Water Resource Recovery Modelling Seminar 2018. It presents a concerted and collective effort by individuals from many different sectors of the wastewater industry to offer past and present insights, as well as an outlook into the future of wastewater modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusker Regmi
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, CA, USA E-mail: ; Contributed equally to this paper
| | | | | | - Magnus Arnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME), Division of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation (IEA), Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden andRISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gjuterigatan 1D, SE-582 73 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Thomas Maere
- modelEAU, Université Laval, CanadaandCentrEau, Québec Water Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Mark Miller
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, CA, USA E-mail:
| | | | | | - Domenico Santoro
- Trojan Technologies, Research and Development, 3020 Gore Rd, London, ON N5 V 4T7, Canada
| | | | - Spencer Snowling
- Hydromantis ESS, Inc., 407 King Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elena Torfs
- modelEAU, Université Laval, CanadaandCentrEau, Québec Water Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Peter A Vanrolleghem
- modelEAU, Université Laval, CanadaandCentrEau, Québec Water Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Kris Villez
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland andETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Paloma Grau
- Ceit and Tecnun (University of Navarra), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José Jimenez
- Brown and Caldwell, Walnut Creek, CA, USA E-mail:
| | - Diego Rosso
- University of California, Irvine, Civil & Environmental Engineering Dept., Water-Energy Nexus Center, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
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33
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Hauduc H, Al-Omari A, Wett B, Jimenez J, De Clippeleir H, Rahman A, Wadhawan T, Takacs I. Colloids, flocculation and carbon capture - a comprehensive plant-wide model. Water Sci Technol 2019; 79:15-25. [PMID: 30816858 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of carbon capture technologies such as high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) systems are gaining interests in water resource and recovery facilities (WRRFs) to minimize carbon oxidation and maximize organic carbon recovery and methane potential through biosorption of biodegradable organics into the biomass. Existing activated sludge models were developed to describe chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in activated sludge systems operating at long solids retention times (SRT) (i.e. 3 days or longer) and fail to simulate the biological reactions at low SRT systems. A new model is developed to describe colloidal material removal and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) generation, flocculation, and intracellular storage with the objective of extending the range of whole plant models to very short SRT systems. In this study, the model is tested against A-stage (adsorption) pilot reactor performance data and proved to match the COD and colloids removal at low SRT. The model was also tested on longer SRT systems where effluents do not contain much residual colloids, and digestion where colloids from decay processes are present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Al-Omari
- DC Water, 5000 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20032, USA
| | - Bernhard Wett
- ARA Consult GmbH, Unterbergerstraße 1, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Brown and Caldwell, 2301 Lucien Way, Suite 250, Maitland, FL 32751, USA
| | | | - Arifur Rahman
- Freese and Nichols, Inc., 2711 N Haskell Avenue, Suite 3300, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | - Imre Takacs
- Dynamita SARL, 7 LD Eoupe, Nyons, France E-mail:
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34
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Zhang Q, Gaafar M, Davies EGR, Bolton JR, Liu Y. Monochloramine dissipation in storm sewer systems: field testing and model development. Water Sci Technol 2018; 78:2279-2287. [PMID: 30699079 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine (NH2Cl), as the dominant disinfectant in drinking water chloramination, can provide long-term disinfection in distribution systems. However, NH2Cl can also be discharged into storm sewer systems and cause stormwater contamination through outdoor tap water uses. In storm sewer systems, NH2Cl dissipation can occur by three pathways: (i) auto-decomposition, (ii) chemical reaction with stormwater components, and (iii) biological dissipation. In this research, a field NH2Cl dissipation test was conducted with continuous tap water discharge into a storm sewer. The results showed a fast decrease of NH2Cl concentration from the discharge point to the sampling point at the beginning of the discharge period, while the rate of decrease decreased as time passed. Based on the various pathways involved in NH2Cl decay and the field testing results, a kinetic model was developed. To describe the variation of the NH2Cl dissipation rates during the field testing, a time coefficient fT was introduced, and the relationship between fT and time was determined. After calibration through the fT coefficient, the kinetic model described the field NH2Cl dissipation process well. The model developed in this research can assist in the regulation of tap water outdoor discharge and contribute to the protection of the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9 E-mail:
| | - Mohamed Gaafar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9 E-mail:
| | - Evan G R Davies
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9 E-mail:
| | - James R Bolton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9 E-mail:
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9 E-mail:
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35
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Kalhori EM, Ghahramani E, Al-Musawi TJ, Saleh HN, Sepehr MN, Zarrabi M. Effective reduction of metronidazole over the cryptomelane-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (K-OMS-2) catalyst: facile synthesis, experimental design and modeling, statistical analysis, and identification of by-products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:34164-34180. [PMID: 30284713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of antibiotic compounds within pharmaceutical wastewater have hazardous impacts toward environment and human health. Therefore, there is an immediate requirement of efficient treatment method for removal of antibiotics from aquatic environment. In the present study, the cryptomelane catalyst-type manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (K-OMS-2) was synthesized in the presence of benzyl alcohol as a reducing agent and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a structure-directing agent and then utilized to reduce the metronidazole. The central composite design method was the experimental design adopted. The FESEM analysis revealed that the K-OMS-2 surface contained many uniformly cylindrical aggregates less than about 40 nm in diameter and about 80-100 nm in length. Besides, a high specific surface area of 129 m2/g and average pore size of 45.47 nm were recorded. According to the TGA/DTA analysis, the prepared catalyst revealed high thermal stability. The maximum metronidazole degradation (95.36%) was evident at conditions of pH = 3, catalyst mass = 0.97 g/L, contact time = 200 min, and metronidazole concentration = 20 mg/L. Metronidazole did not form a complex with nitrate, fluoride, sulfate, or hardness. These ions exerted a negligible effect on metronidazole reduction using the K-OMS-2 catalyst, except for hardness, which reduced the removal efficiency of metronidazole by 17%. The FTIR and LC-MS revealed a complex mechanism involved in the metronidazole degradation by the K-OMS-2 involving the formation of an amino group, a hydroxyelated compound via N-denitration, and hydrogenation process on the K-OMS-2 catalyst surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Mohammadi Kalhori
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Ghahramani
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Tariq J Al-Musawi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hossien Najafi Saleh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran
| | - Mohammad Noori Sepehr
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mansur Zarrabi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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36
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Östman M, Fick J, Tysklind M. Detailed mass flows and removal efficiencies for biocides and antibiotics in Swedish sewage treatment plants. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:327-336. [PMID: 29860006 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds, such as biocides and antibiotics, are widely used in society with significant quantities of these chemicals ending up in sewage treatment plants (STPs). In this study, mass flows and removal efficiency in different treatment steps at three Swedish STPs were evaluated for eleven different biocides and antibiotics. Mass flows were calculated at eight different locations (incoming wastewater, water after the first sedimentation step, treated effluent, primary sludge, surplus sludge, digested sludge, dewatered digested sludge and reject water). Samples were collected for a total of nine days over three weeks. The STPs were able to remove 53->99% of the antimicrobial compounds and 0-64% were biodegraded on average in the three STPs. Quaternary ammonium compounds were removed from the wastewater >99%, partly through biodegradation, but 38-96% remained in the digested sludge. Chlorhexidine was not biodegraded but was efficiently removed from the wastewater to the sludge. The biological treatment step was the most important step for the degradation of the studied compounds, but also removed several compounds through the surplus sludge. Compounds that were inefficiently removed included benzotriazoles, trimethoprim and fluconazole. The study provides mass flows and removal efficiencies for several compounds that have been seldom studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Östman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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37
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Schollée JE, Bourgin M, von Gunten U, McArdell CS, Hollender J. Non-target screening to trace ozonation transformation products in a wastewater treatment train including different post-treatments. Water Res 2018; 142:267-278. [PMID: 29890475 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation and subsequent post-treatments are increasingly implemented in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for enhanced micropollutant abatement. While this technology is effective, micropollutant oxidation leads to the formation of ozonation transformation products (OTPs). Target and suspect screening provide information about known parent compounds and known OTPs, but for a more comprehensive picture, non-target screening is needed. Here, sampling was conducted at a full-scale WWTP to investigate OTP formation at four ozone doses (2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/L, ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 gO3/gDOC) and subsequent changes during five post-treatment steps (i.e., sand filter, fixed bed bioreactor, moving bed bioreactor, and two granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, relatively fresh and pre-loaded). Samples were measured with online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive and negative modes. Existing non-target screening workflows were adapted to (1) examine the formation of potential OTPs at four ozone doses and (2) compare the removal of OTPs among five post-treatments. In (1), data processing included principal component analysis (PCA) and chemical knowledge on possible oxidation reactions to prioritize non-target features likely to be OTPs. Between 394 and 1328 unique potential OTPs were detected in positive ESI for the four ozone doses tested; between 12 and 324 unique potential OTPs were detected in negative ESI. At a specific ozone dose of 0.5 gO3/gDOC, 27 parent compounds were identified and were related to 69 non-target features selected as potential OTPs. Two OTPs were confirmed with reference standards (venlafaxine N-oxide and chlorothiazide); 34 other potential OTPs were in agreement with literature data and/or reaction mechanisms. In (2), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied on profiles detected in positive ESI mode across the WWTP and revealed 11 relevant trends. OTP removal was compared among the five post-treatments and 54-83% of the non-target features that appeared after ozonation were removed, with the two GAC filters performing the best. Overall, these data analysis strategies for non-target screening provide a useful tool to understand the behavior of unknown features during ozonation and post-treatment and to prioritize certain non-targets for further identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Schollée
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Bourgin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhou H, Liu X, Chen X, Ying T, Ying Z. Characteristics of removal of waste-water marking pharmaceuticals with typical hydrophytes in the urban rivers. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1291-1302. [PMID: 29913591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The investigations on their variation and distribution of 13 called waste-water marking pharmaceuticals (WWMPs) were conducted under 4 hydrophyte conditions (without plants, with submerged aquatic plant (Myriophyllum verticillatum L.), emergent aquatic plant cattail (Typha orientalis Presl) and floating aquatic plant (Lemna minor L.)) in a simulated urban river system. By the calculation of mass balance, the quantitative distribution of WWMPs in water phase, sediment and plant tissues was identified, and the overall removal efficiencies of target pharmaceuticals in the whole system could be determined. Without plants, high persistence of atenolol (ATL) (97.7%), carbamazepine (CBM) (102.8%), clofibric acid (CLF) (101.8%) and ibuprofen (IBU) (80.9%) was detected in water phase, while triclosan (TCS) (53.5%) displayed strong adsorption affinity in sediment. The removal under the planted conditions was considerably raised, compared with no plant condition for most WWMPs. However, TCS did not show obvious differences among the hydrophyte conditions due to its strong adsorption affinity and high hydrophobicity. The relatively higher removal was found for the hydrophilic (logKow<1) or moderately hydrophobic (1<logKow<3) pharmaceuticals with submerged and emergent aquatic plants. The highly hydrophobic pharmaceuticals (logKow>4.0) did not show significant differences among the whole tests in sediment. Mass balance calculation displayed the removal of CBM (5.6%-13.6%), CLF (4.0%-17.8%) and caffeine (8.4%-17.2%) through the plant uptake was relatively higher. For the rest WWMPs, only small parts (<6.0%) of the initial concentrations were found in plant tissues. The higher removal efficiencies of most WWMPs under the planted conditions indicated that aquatic plants indeed played an important role in the removal of WWMPs although the direct uptakes might not be a dominant pathway to the overall removal of WWMPs. Besides, the floating aquatic plant removed most WWMPs from the water phase efficiently. In contrast, submerged and emergent aquatic plants could effectively remove them in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaomeng Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Tianqi Ying
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhenxi Ying
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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39
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Scott TM, Phillips PJ, Kolpin DW, Colella KM, Furlong ET, Foreman WT, Gray JL. Pharmaceutical manufacturing facility discharges can substantially increase the pharmaceutical load to U.S. wastewaters. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:69-79. [PMID: 29704718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Discharges from pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities (PMFs) previously have been identified as important sources of pharmaceuticals to the environment. Yet few studies are available to establish the influence of PMFs on the pharmaceutical source contribution to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and waterways at the national scale. Consequently, a national network of 13 WWTPs receiving PMF discharges, six WWTPs with no PMF input, and one WWTP that transitioned through a PMF closure were selected from across the United States to assess the influence of PMF inputs on pharmaceutical loading to WWTPs. Effluent samples were analyzed for 120 pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical degradates. Of these, 33 pharmaceuticals had concentrations substantially higher in PMF-influenced effluent (maximum 555,000 ng/L) compared to effluent from control sites (maximum 175 ng/L). Concentrations in WWTP receiving PMF input are variable, as discharges from PMFs are episodic, indicating that production activities can vary substantially over relatively short (several months) periods and have the potential to rapidly transition to other pharmaceutical products. Results show that PMFs are an important, national-scale source of pharmaceuticals to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia-Marie Scott
- U.S. Geological Survey, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | | | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, 400 S. Clinton Street, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States.
| | - Kaitlyn M Colella
- U.S. Geological Survey, 425 Jordan Road, Troy, NY 12180, United States.
| | - Edward T Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Building 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
| | - William T Foreman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Building 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
| | - James L Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, Building 95, Denver, CO 80225, United States.
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40
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Vasilaki V, Volcke EIP, Nandi AK, van Loosdrecht MCM, Katsou E. Relating N 2O emissions during biological nitrogen removal with operating conditions using multivariate statistical techniques. Water Res 2018; 140:387-402. [PMID: 29754044 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to investigate the dependencies and underlying patterns between N2O emissions and online operational variables (dissolved oxygen and nitrogen component concentrations, temperature and influent flow-rate) during biological nitrogen removal from wastewater. The system under study was a full-scale reactor, for which hourly sensor data were available. The 15-month long monitoring campaign was divided into 10 sub-periods based on the profile of N2O emissions, using Binary Segmentation. The dependencies between operating variables and N2O emissions fluctuated according to Spearman's rank correlation. The correlation between N2O emissions and nitrite concentrations ranged between 0.51 and 0.78. Correlation >0.7 between N2O emissions and nitrate concentrations was observed at sub-periods with average temperature lower than 12 °C. Hierarchical k-means clustering and principal component analysis linked N2O emission peaks with precipitation events and ammonium concentrations higher than 2 mg/L, especially in sub-periods characterized by low N2O fluxes. Additionally, the highest ranges of measured N2O fluxes belonged to clusters corresponding with NO3-N concentration less than 1 mg/L in the upstream plug-flow reactor (middle of oxic zone), indicating slow nitrification rates. The results showed that the range of N2O emissions partially depends on the prior behavior of the system. The principal component analysis validated the findings from the clustering analysis and showed that ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and temperature explained a considerable percentage of the variance in the system for the majority of the sub-periods. The applied statistical methods, linked the different ranges of emissions with the system variables, provided insights on the effect of operating conditions on N2O emissions in each sub-period and can be integrated into N2O emissions data processing at wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vasilaki
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - E I P Volcke
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A K Nandi
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - M C M van Loosdrecht
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Katsou
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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Farkas K, Cooper DM, McDonald JE, Malham SK, de Rougemont A, Jones DL. Seasonal and spatial dynamics of enteric viruses in wastewater and in riverine and estuarine receiving waters. Sci Total Environ 2018; 634:1174-1183. [PMID: 29710623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses represent a global public health threat and are implicated in numerous foodborne and waterborne disease outbreaks. Nonetheless, relatively little is known of their fate and stability in the environment. In this study we used carefully validated methods to monitor enteric viruses, namely adenovirus (AdV), JC polyomavirus (JCV), noroviruses (NoVs), sapovirus (SaV) and hepatitis A and E viruses (HAV and HEV) from wastewater source to beaches and shellfish beds. Wastewater influent and effluent, surface water, sediment and shellfish samples were collected in the Conwy catchment (North Wales, UK) once a month for one year. High concentrations of AdV and JCV were found in the majority of samples, and no seasonal patterns were observed. No HAV and HEV were detected and no related illnesses were reported in the area during the period of sampling. Noroviruses and SaV were also detected at high concentrations in wastewater and surface water, and their presence correlated with local gastroenteritis outbreaks during the spring and autumn seasons. Noroviruses were also found in estuarine sediment and in shellfish harvested for human consumption. As PCR-based methods were used for quantification, viral infectivity and degradation was estimated using a NoV capsid integrity assay. The assay revealed low-levels of viral decay in wastewater effluent compared to influent, and more significant decay in environmental waters and sediment. Results suggest that AdV and JCV may be suitable markers for the assessment of the spatial distribution of wastewater contamination in the environment; and pathogenic viruses can be directly monitored during and after reported outbreaks to prevent further environment-derived illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - David M Cooper
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Alexis de Rougemont
- Centre National de Référence Virus des gastro-entérites, Laboratoire de Virologie-Sérologie, CHU de Dijon, 2 rue Angélique Ducoudray, BP37013, 21070 Dijon cedex, France; UMR PAM A 02.102 Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Davey L Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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Kramer RD, Filippe TC, Prado MR, de Azevedo JCR. The influence of solid-liquid coefficient in the fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aerobic wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:25515-25525. [PMID: 29956261 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered to be a source of environmental contamination by micropollutants, especially from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs). The pathway of those compounds during sewage treatment has been investigated, but data from real-scale WWTPs is still missing (for example, the values of the solid-liquid coefficient (Kd) during treatment). This paper uses the Kd values for some pharmaceuticals and PCPs (fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, propranolol, metoprolol, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, fenoprofen, caffeine, triclosan, methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, and benzylparaben) to describe the micropollutants' behavior in the treatment process. In order to attain this data, an aerobic wastewater treatment plant located in Brazil was studied. Six samplings were carried out and a mass balance was performed, associating the concentrations of the micropollutants in the liquid phase with the solid phase (sludge and suspended solids). Of all the compounds analyzed, caffeine was the most biodegradable pollutant, as almost 98% of its mass was biodegraded. In contrast, triclosan had the highest load in sludge (median of 163.0 mg day-1) and adsorbed in SS (median of 0.593 mg day-1) at the output. Summing up, each micropollutant had a specific way to be removed during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Kramer
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Tais C Filippe
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Prado
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Júlio César R de Azevedo
- Hydraulic and Sanitation Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Chemistry and Biology Department, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Foppe KS, Hammond-Weinberger DR, Subedi B. Estimation of the consumption of illicit drugs during special events in two communities in Western Kentucky, USA using sewage epidemiology. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:249-256. [PMID: 29574368 PMCID: PMC5949093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sewage epidemiology is a cost-effective, comprehensive, and non-invasive technique capable of determining semi-real-time community usage of drugs utilizing the concentration of drug residues in wastewater, wastewater inflow, and the population size served by a wastewater treatment plant. In this study, semi-real-time consumption rates of ten illicit drugs were determined using sewage epidemiology during special events including Independence Day, the 2017 solar eclipse, and the first week of an academic semester in the Midwestern United States. The average per-capita consumption rate of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, and THC were significantly different between two similar-sized communities during Independence Day observation week (p<0.046) and a typical week (p<0.001). Compared to a typical day, the consumption rate of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and methadone was significantly higher on Independence Day (p<0.021) and during solar eclipse observation (p=0.020). The estimated percentage of the population that consumed cocaine in a community is similar to the conventionally estimated consumption of cocaine; however, the combined estimated population that consumed amphetamine and methamphetamine based on sewage epidemiology was ~2 to 4 fold higher than the conventional estimates. This study is the first to compare community use of drugs during special events in the USA using sewage epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn S Foppe
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, USA
| | | | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, USA.
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44
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Ho LT, Pham DT, Van Echelpoel W, Alvarado A, Espinoza-Palacios JE, Arevalo-Durazno MB, Goethals PLM. Exploring the influence of meteorological conditions on the performance of a waste stabilization pond at high altitude with structural equation modeling. Water Sci Technol 2018; 78:37-48. [PMID: 30101787 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algal photosynthesis plays a key role in the removal mechanisms of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), which is indicated in the variations of three parameters, dissolved oxygen, pH, and chlorophyll a. These variations can be considerably affected by extreme climatic conditions at high altitude. To investigate these effects, three sampling campaigns were conducted in a high-altitude WSP in Cuenca (Ecuador). From the collected data, the first application of structure equation modeling (SEM) on a pond system was fitted to analyze the influence of high-altitude characteristics on pond performance, especially on the three indicators. Noticeably, air temperature appeared as the highest influencing factors as low temperature at high altitude can greatly decrease the growth rate of microorganisms. Strong wind and large diurnal variations of temperature, 7-20 °C, enhanced flow efficiency by improving mixing inside the ponds. Intense solar radiation brought both advantages and disadvantages as it boosted oxygen level during the day but promoted algal overgrowth causing oxygen depletion during the night. From these findings, the authors proposed insightful recommendations for future design, monitoring, and operation of high-altitude WSPs. Moreover, we also recommended SEM to pond engineers as an effective tool for better simulation of such complex systems like WSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long T Ho
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Duy T Pham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Wout Van Echelpoel
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Andres Alvarado
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril s/n, Cuenca, Ecuador and Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril s/n, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Juan E Espinoza-Palacios
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Maria B Arevalo-Durazno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
| | - Peter L M Goethals
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium E-mail:
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45
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Houtman CJ, Ten Broek R, Brouwer A. Steroid hormonal bioactivities, culprit natural and synthetic hormones and other emerging contaminants in waste water measured using bioassays and UPLC-tQ-MS. Sci Total Environ 2018; 630:1492-1501. [PMID: 29554767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emission of compounds with biological activities from waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents into surface waters is a topic of concern for ecology and drinking water quality. We investigated the occurrence of hormone-like activities in waste water sample extracts from four Dutch WWTPs and pursued to identify compounds responsible for them. To this aim, in vitro reporter gene bioassays for androgenic, anti-androgenic, estrogenic, glucocorticoid and progestogenic activity and a UPLC-tQ-MS target analysis method for 25 steroid hormones used in high volumes in pharmacy were applied. Principal component analysis of the data was performed to further characterize the detected activities and compounds. All five types of activities tested were observed in the WWTP samples. Androgenic and estrogenic activities were almost completely removed during WW treatment, anti-androgenic activity was only found in treated WW. Glucocorticoid and progestogenic activities persisted throughout the treatment. The androgenic activity in both influent could predominantly be attributed to the presence of androstenedione and testosterone. Anti-androgenic activity was explained by the presence of cyproterone acetate. The glucocorticoid activity in influent was fully explained by prednicarbate, triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone and amcinonide. In effluent however, detected hormones could only explain 10-32% of the activity, indicating the presence of unknown glucocorticoids or their metabolites in effluent. Progesterone and levonorgestrel could explain the observed progestogenic activity. The principle component analysis confirmed the way in which hormones fit in the spectrum of other emerging contaminants concerning occurrence and fate in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine J Houtman
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob Ten Broek
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003 RS Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems B.V, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Khiewwijit R, Rijnaarts H, Temmink H, Keesman KJ. Glocal assessment of integrated wastewater treatment and recovery concepts using partial nitritation/Anammox and microalgae for environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 2018; 628-629:74-84. [PMID: 29428862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the feasibility and estimated the environmental impacts of two novel wastewater treatment configurations. Both include combined bioflocculation and anaerobic digestion but apply different nutrient removal technologies, i.e. partial nitritation/Anammox or microalgae treatment. The feasibility of such configurations was investigated for 16 locations worldwide with respect to environmental impacts, such as net energy yield, nutrient recovery and effluent quality, CO2 emission, and area requirements. The results quantitatively support the applicability of partial nitritation/Anammox in tropical regions and some locations in temperate regions, whereas microalgae treatment is only applicable the whole year round in tropical regions that are close to the equator line. Microalgae treatment has an advantage over the configuration with partial nitritation/Anammox with respect to aeration energy and nutrient recovery, but not with area requirements. Differential sensitivity analysis points out the dominant influence of microalgal biomass yield and wastewater nutrient concentrations on area requirements and effluent quality. This study provides initial selection criteria for worldwide feasibility and corresponding environmental impacts of these novel municipal wastewater treatment plant configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapha Khiewwijit
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Rijnaarts
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hardy Temmink
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karel J Keesman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Frascari D, Zanaroli G, Motaleb MA, Annen G, Belguith K, Borin S, Choukr-Allah R, Gibert C, Jaouani A, Kalogerakis N, Karajeh F, Ker Rault PA, Khadra R, Kyriacou S, Li WT, Molle B, Mulder M, Oertlé E, Ortega CV. Integrated technological and management solutions for wastewater treatment and efficient agricultural reuse in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018; 14:447-462. [PMID: 29603595 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean-African countries (MACs) face a major water crisis. The annual renewable water resources are close to the 500 m3 /capita threshold of absolute water scarcity, and water withdrawals exceed total renewable water resources by 30%. Such a low water availability curbs economic development in agriculture, which accounts for 86% of freshwater consumption. The analysis of the current situation of wastewater treatment, irrigation, and water management in MACs and of the research projects targeted to these countries indicates the need for 1) an enhanced capacity to analyze water stress, 2) the development of water management strategies capable of including wastewater reuse, and 3) development of locally adapted water treatment and irrigation technologies. This analysis shaped the MADFORWATER project (www.madforwater.eu), whose goal is to develop a set of integrated technological and management solutions to enhance wastewater treatment, wastewater reuse for irrigation, and water efficiency in agriculture in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. MADFORWATER develops and adapts technologies for the production of irrigation-quality water from drainage canals and municipal, agro-industrial, and industrial wastewaters and technologies for water efficiency and reuse in agriculture, initially validated at laboratory scale, to 3 hydrological basins in the selected MACs. Selected technologies will be further adapted and validated in 4 demonstration plants of integrated wastewater treatment and reuse. Integrated strategies for wastewater treatment and reuse targeted to the selected basins are developed, and guidelines for the development of integrated water management strategies in other basins of the 3 target MACs will be produced. The social and technical suitability of the developed technologies and nontechnological tools in relation to the local context is evaluated with the participation of MAC stakeholders and partners. Guidelines on economic instruments and policies for the effective implementation of the proposed water management solutions in the target MACs will be developed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:447-462. © 2018 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Frascari
- Dept of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Zanaroli
- Dept of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohamed Abdel Motaleb
- National Water Research Center (NWRC), Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sara Borin
- Dept of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
| | - Redouane Choukr-Allah
- Salinity and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Morocco
| | | | - Atef Jaouani
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Laboratoire Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives, Tunis
| | - Nicolas Kalogerakis
- School of Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, Chania, Greece
| | - Fawzi Karajeh
- FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Roula Khadra
- Land & Water Resources Management Dept, CIHEAM - Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Wen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Bruno Molle
- Plateforme de Recherche et d'experimentation en Sciences et Techniques d'Irrigation, Irstea, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Oertlé
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz
| | - Consuelo Varela Ortega
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Statistics and Business Management, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
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Bellver-Domingo Á, Fuentes R, Hernández-Sancho F, Carmona E, Picó Y, Hernández-Chover V. Monetary valuation of salicylic acid, methylparaben and THCOOH in a Mediterranean coastal wetland through the shadow prices methodology. Sci Total Environ 2018; 627:869-879. [PMID: 29426212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products and drugs of abuse (PPCPs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) indicates discharge of the effluent may not be suitable for the ecological balance of water ecosystems, such as wetlands. These PPCPs degrade water quality, considered as an ecosystem service (ES), provoking serious environmental impacts. Assessing the monetary value of PPCPs can be used as a proxy for environmental status of the ES of water quality (ESWQ). Considering PPCPs as non-desirable outputs of WWTPs, the shadow prices methodology has been implemented using directional distance function to measure the environmental avoided cost of removing salicylic acid (SA), methylparaben (MP), and THCOOH from WWTPs effluents discharged to Albufera Natural Park (Spain). The SA shows the highest shadow price (138.16 €/μg), followed by THCOOH (48.15 €/μg), and MP (30.66 €/μg). These values are interpreted as the environmental cost that would be avoided if SA, MP, and THCOOH were removed from WWTPs effluents. The non-parametric tests show that wastewater treatment technology, together with population equivalent (as a proxy of the size of urban areas) and seasonality are factors that influence shadow prices obtained. The approach used in this study highlights the use of PPCPs as status indicators of ESWQ quantified in monetary units. As a way to synthesize the essential concepts to implement the shadow prices approach, this study proposes a flow diagram to represent the relationship between all the factors involved in this work. The use of shadow prices methodology proves that removing SA, MP, and THCOOH is associated with a measurable improvement in the ESWQ of Albufera Natural Park. The findings of this study will be useful for plant managers in order to make decisions about the removal of PPCPs in WWTPs effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Águeda Bellver-Domingo
- Water Economic Group, Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, s/n. 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ramón Fuentes
- Faculty of Economics, Department of Applied Economic Analysis, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080, Spain
| | - Francesc Hernández-Sancho
- Water Economic Group, Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, s/n. 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Carmona
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE-GV-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE-GV-UV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Hernández-Chover
- Water Economic Group, Faculty of Economics, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, s/n. 46022 Valencia, Spain
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49
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Silva GS, Warren JL, Deziel NC. Spatial Modeling to Identify Sociodemographic Predictors of Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Injection Wells in Ohio Census Block Groups. Environ Health Perspect 2018; 126:067008. [PMID: 29957590 PMCID: PMC6084846 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydraulically fractured wells produce 2-14 million liters of wastewater, which may contain toxic and radioactive compounds. The wastewater is predominantly disposed of using Class II injection wells. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and injection well locations in Ohio. METHODS Using state and federal data sources, we classified Ohio census block groups by presence of injection wells, number of hydraulically fractured wells, sociodemographic factors (median household income, % white, population density, % ≥high school education, median age, voter turnout), and geographic information (land area, water area, situated over shale). We modeled the odds of having at least one injection well within a block group with respect to all covariates using three multivariable models incorporating different spatial components to account for similarities in neighboring block groups. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, block groups with injection wells (n=156) compared with those without (n=9,049) had lower population density (71 vs. 2,210 people/mi2 or 27 vs. 854 people/km2), larger median area (43.5 vs. 1.35 km2), higher median age (42.8 vs. 40.2 y), and higher % white (98.1% vs. 92.1%). After adjustment using a spatial logistic regression model, the odds of a block group containing an injection well were 16% lower per $10,000 increase in median income [odds ratio(OR)=0.837; 95% credible interval (CI): 0.719, 0.961] and 97% lower per 1,000 people/mi2 (or per 386 people/km2) increase (OR=0.030; 95% CI=0.008, 0.072). Block groups on shale and those containing fewer hydraulically fractured wells were more likely to include an injection well. Percentage white, median age, % ≥high school education, and % voter turnout were not significant predictors of injection well presence. CONCLUSION In Ohio, injection wells were inversely associated with block groups' median incomes after adjusting for other sociodemographic and geographic variables. Research is needed to determine whether residents in census blocks with injection wells face increased risk of chemical exposures or adverse health outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve S Silva
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua L Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicole C Deziel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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50
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Emami N, Sobhani R, Rosso D. Diurnal variations of the energy intensity and associated greenhouse gas emissions for activated sludge processes. Water Sci Technol 2018; 77:1838-1850. [PMID: 29676741 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A model was developed for a water resources recovery facility (WRRF) activated sludge process (ASP) in Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) configuration. Amplification of air requirements and its associated energy consumptions were observed as a result of concurrent circadian variations in ASP influent flow and carbonaceous/nitrogenous constituent concentrations. The indirect carbon emissions associated with the ASP aeration were further amplified due to the simultaneous variations in carbon emissions intensity (kgCO2,eq(kWh)-1) and electricity consumption (kWh). The ratio of peak to minimum increased to 3.4 (for flow), 4.2 (for air flow and energy consumption), and 5.2 (for indirect CO2,eq emission), which is indicative of strong amplification. Similarly, the energy costs for ASP aeration were further increased due to the concurrency of peak energy consumptions and power demands with time of use peak electricity rates. A comparison between the results of the equilibrium model and observed data from the benchmark WRRF demonstrated under- and over-aeration attributed to the circadian variation in air requirements and limitations associated with the aeration system specification and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Emami
- City of Los Angeles, Public Works, LASAN, 12000 Vista del Mar, Los Angeles, CA 90293, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA E-mail:
| | - Reza Sobhani
- Orange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA; Water-Energy Nexus Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
| | - Diego Rosso
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA E-mail: ; Water-Energy Nexus Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
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