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Lei L, Wu S, Lu S, Liu M, Song Y, Fu Z, Shi H, Raley-Susman KM, He D. Microplastic particles cause intestinal damage and other adverse effects in zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1-8. [PMID: 29136530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have been frequently detected in aquatic environments, and there are increasing concerns about potential effects on biota. In this study, zebrafish Danio rerio and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were used as model organisms for microplastic exposure in freshwater pelagic (i.e. water column) and benthic (i.e. sediment) environments. We investigated the toxic effects of five common types of microplastics: polyamides (PA), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) particles. Results showed no or low lethality in D. rerio after exposure for 10d at 0.001-10.0mgL-1 microplastics. The PA, PE, PP and/or PVC microplastics with ~70μm size caused intestinal damage including cracking of villi and splitting of enterocytes. Exposure to 5.0mgm-2 microplastics for 2d significantly inhibited survival rates, body length and reproduction of C. elegans. Moreover, exposure to microplastics reduced calcium levels but increased expression of the glutathione S-transferase 4 enzyme in the intestine, which indicates intestinal damage and oxidative stress are major effects of microplastic exposure. Among 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0μm sizes of fluorescently labeled PS, 1.0μm particles caused the highest lethality, the maximum accumulation, the lowest Ca2+ level in the intestine and the highest expression of glutathione S-transferase 4 in nematodes. Taken together, these findings suggest that intestinal damage is a key effect of microplastics; and that the toxicity of microplastics is closely dependent on their size, rather than their composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Lei
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shibo Lu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Song
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhenhuan Fu
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Defu He
- Lab of Toxicology, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 500# DongChuan RD, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Caron AGM, Thomas CR, Berry KLE, Motti CA, Ariel E, Brodie JE. Ingestion of microplastic debris by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Great Barrier Reef: Validation of a sequential extraction protocol. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 127:743-751. [PMID: 29475719 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ocean contamination by plastics is a global issue. Although ingestion of plastic debris by sea turtles has been widely documented, contamination by microplastics (<5mm) is poorly known and likely to be under-reported. We developed a microplastic extraction protocol for examining green turtle (Chelonia mydas) chyme, which is multifarious in nature, by modifying and combining pre-established methods used to separate microplastics from organic matter and sediments. This protocol consists of visual inspection, nitric acid digestion, emulsification of residual fat, density separation, and chemical identification by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This protocol enables the extraction of polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, (aminoethyl) polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride microplastics >100μm. Two macroplastics and seven microplastics (two plastic paint chips and five synthetic fabric particles) were isolated from subsamples of two green turtles. Our results highlight the need for more research towards understanding the impact of microplastics on these threatened marine reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G M Caron
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia; Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
| | - Colette R Thomas
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; SEED Science, Sandgate 4017, Australia
| | - Kathryn L E Berry
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PM3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Ellen Ariel
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia
| | - Jon E Brodie
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia.
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Hermabessiere L, Dehaut A, Paul-Pont I, Lacroix C, Jezequel R, Soudant P, Duflos G. Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 182:781-793. [PMID: 28545000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastics debris, especially microplastics, have been found worldwide in all marine compartments. Much research has been carried out on adsorbed pollutants on plastic pieces and hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC) associated with microplastics. However, only a few studies have focused on plastic additives. These chemicals are incorporated into plastics from which they can leach out as most of them are not chemically bound. As a consequence of plastic accumulation and fragmentation in oceans, plastic additives could represent an increasing ecotoxicological risk for marine organisms. The present work reviewed the main class of plastic additives identified in the literature, their occurrence in the marine environment, as well as their effects on and transfers to marine organisms. This work identified polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), phthalates, nonylphenols (NP), bisphenol A (BPA) and antioxidants as the most common plastic additives found in marine environments. Moreover, transfer of these plastic additives to marine organisms has been demonstrated both in laboratory and field studies. Upcoming research focusing on the toxicity of microplastics should include these plastic additives as potential hazards for marine organisms, and a greater focus on the transport and fate of plastic additives is now required considering that these chemicals may easily leach out from plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Hermabessiere
- Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alexandre Dehaut
- Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR6539/UBO/CNRS/IRD/IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR6539/UBO/CNRS/IRD/IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Guillaume Duflos
- Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
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Hu L, Su L, Xue Y, Mu J, Zhu J, Xu J, Shi H. Uptake, accumulation and elimination of polystyrene microspheres in tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:611-617. [PMID: 27635643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic is an emerging contaminant affecting freshwater and marine ecosystem across the globe. In the present study, the filter feeding tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis were exposed to polystyrene microspheres (1 and 10 μm) for 48 h. Microspheres were observed in gills and digestive tract of tadpoles within 1 h after exposure as well as in feces 6 h after exposure. The accumulation of microspheres in the tadpoles were concentration dependent (Univariate ANOVA, p < 0.001), but no time dependent accumulation of microspheres was observed in tadpoles 48 h after exposure (Univariate ANOVA, p > 0.05). After the exposed tadpoles were transferred to clean water, the number of microspheres in the tadpoles decreased dramatically after 1 d and continued to decrease gradually afterwards. The absorbed polystyrene particles in unfed tadpoles was significantly higher than those in the fed tadpoles at 12 and 24 h after exposure. After transfer to clean water, the fed tadpoles showed a significant decrease in the amount of absorbed polystyrene particles, while the unfed tadpoles showed no significant change in the amount of absorbed polystyrene particles. Our results suggested that microspheres were likely to be ingested and egested relatively fast by tadpoles. Our results indicated that aquatic vertebrate organisms might ingest more microplastics if the abundance of microplastics continues to increase while the available food becomes less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yingang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection of Water Environmental Biological Monitoring of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Centre, Jiangsu 213001, China
| | - Jingli Mu
- Division of Marine Chemistry, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jingmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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