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Zahmatkesh S, Bokhari A, Karimian M, Zahra MMA, Sillanpää M, Panchal H, Alrubaie AJ, Rezakhani Y. A comprehensive review of various approaches for treatment of tertiary wastewater with emerging contaminants: what do we know? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:884. [PMID: 36239735 PMCID: PMC9561337 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, environmental contaminants (ECs) have been introduced into the environment at an alarming rate. There is a risk to human health and aquatic ecosystems from trace levels of emerging contaminants, including hospital wastewater (HPWW), cosmetics, personal care products, endocrine system disruptors, and their transformation products. Despite the fact that these pollutants have been introduced or detected relatively recently, information about their characteristics, actions, and impacts is limited, as are the technologies to eliminate them efficiently. A wastewater recycling system is capable of providing irrigation water for crops and municipal sewage treatment, so removing ECs before wastewater reuse is essential. Water treatment processes containing advanced ions of biotic origin and ECs of biotic origin are highly recommended for contaminants. This study introduces the fundamentals of the treatment of tertiary wastewater, including membranes, filtration, UV (ultraviolet) irradiation, ozonation, chlorination, advanced oxidation processes, activated carbon (AC), and algae. Next, a detailed description of recent developments and innovations in each component of the emerging contaminant removal process is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, P.O. Box, Behshahr, 48518-78195 Iran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, SPIL, NETME Centre, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, 54000 Pakistan
| | - Melika Karimian
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Eyvanekey, Eyvanki, Iran
| | | | - Mika Sillanpää
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied Physics, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
- International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan, 173212 Himachal Pradesh India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Hitesh Panchal
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Engineering College Patan, Patan, Gujarat India
| | - Ali Jawad Alrubaie
- Department of Medical Instrumentation Techniques Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001 Hilla, Iraq
| | - Yousof Rezakhani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran
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52
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Yadav DV, Parmar D, Ganguly R, Shukla S. Efficiency evaluation of sewage treatment plants in Delhi, India, using tolerance-based data envelope analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:867. [PMID: 36221011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Correct and effective performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plants is a tough task because of the complex biological, physico-chemical, and biochemical processes and associated variables affecting their performance. Conventionally, the efficiency of sewage treatment plants (STPs) are obtained using some index relating pollutant removal efficiency with energy used or costs. These indicators consider only one variable at a time. This leads to incorrect assessment of efficiency, which in turn could adversely affect decision-making of the regulatory authorities. The data envelope analysis (DEA) method utilizes a Linear programming technique which can handle multiple input/output variables without requiring the cost function. This makes it an appropriate tool for assessing the relative efficiency of treatment plants. The present study assess the efficiency of 30 STPs in Delhi, India, using the tolerance-based DEA model utilizing the variable return of scale (VRS). The uncertainty was incorporated into the model using the tolerance measure. The model is solved using the "Add on" option in spreadsheet toolbox of excel solver. Results reveal that out of the 30 plants considered for the study, 6 are performing well (20%). Further, it was observed that a slight change in the input data leads to instability of the efficiency results. Lastly, the ranking is used to determine the treatment plant with best efficiency under all scenarios for the larger period of the year. Such studies will help in chalking out the best management practices that could be adopted by other regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durg Vijay Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208002, India
| | - Dipteek Parmar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208002, India
| | - Rajiv Ganguly
- Department of Civil Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208002, India.
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, 225003, India
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Hoang Phan Quang H, Tuan Phan K, Dinh Lam Ta P, Thi Dinh N, Alomar TS, AlMasoud N, Huang CW, Chauhan A, Nguyen VH. Nitrate removal from aqueous solution using watermelon rind derived biochar-supported ZrO2 nanomaterial: Synthesis, characterization, and mechanism. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Hossain MA, Mondol MMH, Jhung SH. Functionalized metal-organic framework-derived carbon: Effective adsorbent to eliminate methylene blue, a small cationic dye from water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134890. [PMID: 35568216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of organic dyes from wastewater is very important for our safe environment and sound health. In this work, adsorptive removal of cationic dyes, especially small ones, was investigated with carbonaceous materials to develop a competitive adsorption technology. To improve the performance of metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbons (MDCs) in dye adsorption, an MDC, derived from a MOF (MAF-6), was oxidatively functionalized with ammonium persulfate solutions (APSs). Although the porosity of pristine MDC decreased with functionalization via oxidation, functionalized MDCs (FMDCs), especially FMDC(1.0) that was obtained via treating MDC with APS (1.0 M), showed remarkable performances in the adsorption of small cationic dyes like methylene blue (MB) and azure B. For example, FMDC(1.0) had the maximum adsorption capacity (Qo) of 625.0 mg/g (for MB) which is larger than any reported value with carbonaceous materials. Moreover, the obtained Qo was around 4 and 2 times that of activated carbon with Qo of 160 mg/g and MDC with Qo of 298 mg/g, respectively. On the contrary, oxidative treatment of MDC was negative in adsorption of an anionic dye such as methyl orange. Moreover, the functionalized MDC was not very effective in the adsorption of cationic dyes with large sizes (like brilliant green, crystal violet, Janus green B, and rhodamine B) because of the limited pore size of the studied adsorbent FMDC(1.0). The remarkable adsorption of MB over FMDC(1.0) could be explained by electrostatic and π-π interactions. Finally, the facile recyclability of the FMDC(1.0) in MB adsorption was confirmed via successive adsorptions, FT-IR, and nitrogen adsorption; therefore, FMDC(1.0) can be suggested as a potential adsorbent to remove cationic dyes, especially with small molecular sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abul Hossain
- Dept. Chem, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | | | - Sung Hwa Jhung
- Dept. Chem, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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55
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F.G.M. Cimirro N, Lima EC, Cunha MR, Thue PS, Grimm A, dos Reis GS, Rabiee N, Reza Saeb M, Keivanimehr F, Habibzadeh S. Removal of diphenols using pine biochar. Kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics, and mechanism of uptake. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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56
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Comparative Life-Cycle Cost Analysis of Alternative Technologies for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants from Urban Wastewater. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) continue to threaten our fragile ecosystem, yet their mitigation remains limited by economic factors. Meanwhile, a relatively expensive material, Graphene Oxide (GO), has shown promise as a solution for EC removal following further development into three graphene-based materials (GBMs): Porous graphene adsorbent (PGa), Graphene-oxide foam adsorbent (GOFa), and the hybrid filter. Due to the nuances of each synthesis process, financial costs will differ throughout the GBMs’ life cycle which have been quantified and compared in the present work at a range of possible breakthrough times. Finally, economic and environmental costs have been combined for each technology to compare eco-efficiency. Results demonstrated a substantial economic advantage of the GBMs when compared to alternative technologies, most notably the GOFa filter that incurred the lowest life-cycle costs at $1.73 ± 0.09/m3. This was mainly attributed to the lower demand of GOFa on the most expensive material required for material synthesis, hydrazine. In addition, the material demands of GOFa were more evenly distributed which suggest a higher resilience of the overall costs to price hikes of individual materials required for synthesis. In terms of eco-efficiency the GOFa filter also demonstrated the greatest improvement when compared to the reference technology These results have provided robust total investment costs for several technologies that can now offer contrast to other EC-removal solutions.
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Priyan V V, Kumar N, Narayanasamy S. Toxicological assessment and adsorptive removal of lead (Pb) and Congo red (CR) from water by synthesized iron oxide/activated carbon (Fe 3O 4/AC) nanocomposite. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133758. [PMID: 35101427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and dyes are the persistent pollutants causing harmful effects on living organisms in different ecosystems. In current study, removal of Lead (Pb) and Congo Red (CR) from water was performed using Iron oxide/Activated Carbon (Fe3O4/AC) nanocomposite. Ferromagnetic behavior of the nanocomposite is the crucial advantage in separation of nanocomposite after biosorption process. The biosorbent was thermally stable till 800 °C of temperature. The synthesized biosorbent was polycrystalline in nature comprising of elements like C, O, Fe. The influence of various experimental conditions was optimized through batch study with the biosorption capacity of 144.92 mg/g (Pb) and 122.22 mg/g (CR) at pH 5-6, Fe3O4/AC dosage (0.04 g) for 40 mg/L of Pb and CR. Toxicological assessment was performed using Danio rerio and seeds to evaluate the harmful effects of pollutants on these organisms. The phytotoxicity results revealed that growth inhibition of seeds lies between 85.64% and 55.92% (Pb) and 77.94%-51.85% (CR). The LC50 value of Pb on the Danio rerio was found to be 20.98 mg/L. In contrast, we observed significant increase in LC50 value about 86.82 mg/L after biosorption of Pb onto biosorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priyan V
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Selvaraju Narayanasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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58
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Kumar A, Patra C, Kumar S, Narayanasamy S. Effect of magnetization on the adsorptive removal of an emerging contaminant ciprofloxacin by magnetic acid activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112604. [PMID: 34968436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic acid activated carbons (MAAC) were prepared from the shells of Sterculia villosa Roxb by activating the biomass and magnetizing it using the co-precipitation technique. Characterization of MAAC prior and post adsorption was performed using various microscopic and spectroscopic analytical techniques, and they verified the formation of magnetic aggregates over porous activated carbon surface. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analysis confirmed the superparamagnetic behaviour of the adsorbent with saturation magnetization (Ms) value of 18.2 emu/g, causing an easy and rapid recovery from the adsorption setup in the presence of an external magnetic field. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fit the experimental data with theoretical Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity as 81.97 mg/g and verifying chemisorption type of adsorption process, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis verified the interaction among adsorbate and adsorbent as endothermic, spontaneous, and thermodynamically favourable. Co-existing metal cations showed a significant reduction in ciprofloxacin removal efficiency; co-existing anions, though, showed a negligible influence on the adsorption efficiency of MAAC. Recyclability studies verified that the adsorption efficiency fell from 98% in the first cycle to 43% in the fifth cycle. The Ms value fell to 7.6 emu/g (after five adsorption cycles), affecting the adsorbent's recovery. The Phyto-toxicological assessment was performed to evaluate the environmental risk to human and aquatic life using Vigna mungo seeds. MAAC proved to be an effective and magnetically separable adsorbent for removing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Chandi Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shravan Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Selvaraju Narayanasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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59
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Suárez-Avendaño D, Martínez-Correa E, Cañas-Gutierrez A, Castro-Riascos M, Zuluaga-Gallego R, Gañán-Rojo P, Peresin M, Pereira M, Castro-Herazo C. Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Mercury Removal From Wastewater Using Bacterial Cellulose Membranes and Their Oxidized Analogue. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:815892. [PMID: 35372298 PMCID: PMC8965056 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.815892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted on the efficiency of mercury removal using bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) membranes obtained from the fermentation of the microorganism Komagataeibacter medellinensis, in contrast with its oxidized analog obtained by modifying the bacterial nanocellulose membranes via oxidation with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl. Both types of membranes (modified and unmodified) were characterized to identify variations in the Physico-chemical parameters after modification. FTIR spectra confirmed the chemical modification of cellulose in all reaction conditions by the presence of a new characteristic band at ∼1730 cm−1, corresponding to the new carboxylic groups produced by the oxidative process, and the decline of the band at ∼1,650 cm−1, corresponding to the hydroxyl groups of the C6 carbon. While the XRD profiles indicated that the percentage of BNC crystallinity decreased and the SEM images showed that the nanoribbon network was interrupted as the amount of oxidizing agent increased. The kinetics of mercury removal from both types of membrane was evaluated by calculating the concentration of mercury at different times and establishing a mathematical model to describe the kinetics of this process. The modified membranes improved significantly the adsorption process of the metal ion and it was found that the modification that results in the greatest adsorption efficiency was BNC-m 7.5 with a value of 92.97%. The results obtained suggest that the modification of the bacterial nanocellulose membranes by oxidation transcendentally improves the mercury removal capacity, outlining the modified membranes as an excellent material for mercury removal in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Suárez-Avendaño
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
| | - E. Martínez-Correa
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
| | - A. Cañas-Gutierrez
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
| | - M. Castro-Riascos
- Tourist and Agroindustrial Technological Complex of the West Antioquia, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (National Training Service), Santafé de Antioquia, Antioquia
| | - R. Zuluaga-Gallego
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
| | - P. Gañán-Rojo
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
| | - M. Peresin
- Forest Products Development Center, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - M. Pereira
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C. Castro-Herazo
- School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (Pontificia Bolivariana University), Medellín, Antioquia
- *Correspondence: C. Castro-Herazo,
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60
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Prasannamedha G, Senthil Kumar P, Shankar V. Facile route for synthesis of Fe 0/Fe 3C/γ-Fe 2O 3 carbon composite using hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse and its use as effective adsorbent for sulfamethoxazole removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133214. [PMID: 34890608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-toxic mesoporous magnetic carbon composite was synthesised from hydrothermal carbonization of sugarcane bagasse with Iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate in two steps along with thermo-chemical oxidation process using sodium hydroxide. IR spectrum exposed the presence of oxygenated functional groups and FeO whereas XRD analysis revealed the availability of Fe0/Fe3C/γ-Fe2O3 at varying intensities. SEM analysis showed the spherical shaped carbon is well encapsulated with iron particles. Textural studies showed that after thermo-chemical activation intensified the surface area on composites to about 491.474 m2 g-1 thereby, promoting improved porosity on the carbon matrix. The fabricated composite showed magnetization of 32.84 emu g-1 and SMX adsorption capacity as 169.49 mg g-1. Kinetics and isotherm studies revealed that removal of SMX fitted well in Pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. The mode of interaction of SMX on magnetic carbon composites with respect to different pH was studied showing that π-π electron donor interaction (EDA), hydrophobic interaction, charge assisted hydrogen bond formation were responsible for SMX removal. The selectivity nature of magnetic composite with respect to SMX was studied in the presence of multiple pollutant. Use of magnetic carbon helps in industrialising the material to high level due to their unique property in separation and recycling. Application of hydrothermal carbonization is found to be applicable for wet solid substance thereby evolving structural carbon compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Prasannamedha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - Vignesh Shankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110, India
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61
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Hydrothermal and Co-Precipitated Synthesis of Chalcopyrite for Fenton-like Degradation toward Rhodamine B. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) was prepared by a hydrothermal and co-precipitation method, being represented as H-CuFeS2 and C-CuFeS2, respectively. The prepared CuFeS2 samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping (EDS-mapping), powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and Raman microscope. Rhodamine B (RhB, 20 ppm) was used as the target pollutant to evaluate the degradation performance by the prepared CuFeS2 samples. The H-CuFeS2 samples (20 mg) in the presence of Na2S2O8 (4 mM) exhibited excellent degradation efficiency (98.8% within 10 min). Through free radical trapping experiment, the major active species were •SO4− radicals and •OH radicals involved the RhB degradation. Furthermore, •SO4− radicals produced from the prepared samples were evaluated by iodometric titration. In addition, one possible degradation mechanism was proposed. Finally, the prepared H-CuFeS2 samples were used to degrade different dyestuff (rhodamine 6G, methylene blue, and methyl orange) and organic pollutant (bisphenol A) in the different environmental water samples (pond water and seawater) with 10.1% mineral efficiency improvement comparing to traditional Fenton reaction.
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Adamian Y, Lonappan L, Alokpa K, Agathos SN, Cabana H. Recent Developments in the Immobilization of Laccase on Carbonaceous Supports for Environmental Applications - A Critical Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:778239. [PMID: 34938721 PMCID: PMC8685458 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.778239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Τhe ligninolytic enzyme laccase has proved its potential for environmental applications. However, there is no documented industrial application of free laccase due to low stability, poor reusability, and high costs. Immobilization has been considered as a powerful technique to enhance laccase's industrial potential. In this technology, appropriate support selection for laccase immobilization is a crucial step since the support could broadly affect the properties of the resulting catalyst system. Through the last decades, a large variety of inorganic, organic, and composite materials have been used in laccase immobilization. Among them, carbon-based materials have been explored as a support candidate for immobilization, due to their properties such as high porosity, high surface area, the existence of functional groups, and their highly aromatic structure. Carbon-based materials have also been used in culture media as supports, sources of nutrients, and inducers, for laccase production. This study aims to review the recent trends in laccase production, immobilization techniques, and essential support properties for enzyme immobilization. More specifically, this review analyzes and presents the significant benefits of carbon-based materials for their key role in laccase production and immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Adamian
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Linson Lonappan
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Komla Alokpa
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Spiros N. Agathos
- Laboratory of Bioengineering, Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Université de Sherbrooke Water Research Group, Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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