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Singh N, Ahmad Z, Baid N, Kumar A. Host heme oxygenase-1: Friend or foe in tackling pathogens? IUBMB Life 2018; 70:869-880. [PMID: 29761622 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major challenge in management of human health worldwide. Recent literature suggests that host immune system could be modulated to ameliorate the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Heme oxygenase (HMOX1) is a key regulator of cellular signaling and it could be modulated using pharmacological reagents. HMOX1 is a cytoprotective enzyme that degrades heme to generate carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin, and molecular iron. CO and biliverdin (or bilirubin derived from it) can restrict the growth of a few pathogens. Both of these also induce antioxidant pathways and anti-inflammatory pathways. On the other hand, molecular iron can induce proinflammatory pathway besides making the cellular environment oxidative in nature. Since microbial infections often induce oxidative stress in host cells/tissues, role of HMOX1 has been analyzed in the pathogenesis of number of infections. In this review, we have described the role of HMOX1 in pathogenesis of bacterial infections caused by Mycobacterium species, Salmonella and in microbial sepsis. We have also provided a succinct overview of the role of HMOX1 in parasitic infections such as malaria and leishmaniasis. In the end, we have also elaborated the role of HMOX1 in viral infections such as AIDS, hepatitis, dengue, and influenza. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):869-880, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Navin Baid
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
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52
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Singh N, Kansal P, Ahmad Z, Baid N, Kushwaha H, Khatri N, Kumar A. Antimycobacterial effect of IFNG (interferon gamma)-induced autophagy depends on HMOX1 (heme oxygenase 1)-mediated increase in intracellular calcium levels and modulation of PPP3/calcineurin-TFEB (transcription factor EB) axis. Autophagy 2018; 14:972-991. [PMID: 29457983 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1436936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IFNG (interferon gamma)-induced autophagy plays an important role in the elimination of intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the signaling cascade that leads to the increase in autophagy flux in response to IFNG is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that HMOX1 (heme oxygenase 1)-generated carbon monoxide (CO) is required for the induction of autophagy and killing of Mtb residing in macrophages in response to immunomodulation by IFNG. Interestingly, IFNG exposure of macrophages induces an increase in intracellular calcium levels that is dependent on HMOX1 generated CO. Chelation of intracellular calcium inhibits IFNG-mediated autophagy and mycobacterial clearance from macrophages. Moreover, we show that IFNG-mediated increase in intracellular calcium leads to activation of the phosphatase calcineurin (PPP3), which dephosphorylates the TFEB (transcription factor EB) to induce autophagy. PPP3-mediated activation and nuclear translocation of TFEB are critical in IFNG-mediated mycobacterial trafficking and survival inside the infected macrophages. These findings establish that IFNG utilizes the PPP3-TFEB signaling axis for inducing autophagy and regulating mycobacterial growth. We believe this signaling axis could act as a therapeutic target for suppression of growth of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Pallavi Kansal
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Navin Baid
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Hariom Kushwaha
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Neeraj Khatri
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh , India
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53
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Cui C, Yang C, Song S, Fu S, Sun X, Yang L, He F, Zhang LH, Zhang Y, Deng Y. A novel two-component system modulates quorum sensing and pathogenicity in Burkholderia cenocepacia. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:32-44. [PMID: 29363827 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is widely utilized by bacterial pathogens to regulate biological functions and pathogenicity. Recent evidence has shown that QS is subject to regulatory cascades, especially two-component systems that often respond to environmental stimulation. At least two different types of QS systems regulate pathogenesis in Burkholderia cenocepacia. However, it remains unclear how this bacterial pathogen controls these QS systems. Here, we demonstrate a novel two-component system RqpSR (Regulating Quorum sensing and Pathogenicity), which plays an important role in modulating QS and pathogenesis in B. cenocepacia. We demonstrate strong protein-protein binding affinity between RqpS and RqpR. Mutations in rqpS and rqpR exerted overlapping effects on B. cenocepacia transcriptomes and phenotypes, including motility, biofilm formation and virulence. In trans expression of rqpR rescued the defective phenotypes in the rqpS mutant. RqpR controls target gene expression by direct binding to DNA promoters, including the cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) and N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) signal synthase gene promoters. These findings suggest that the RqpSR system strongly modulates physiology by forming a complicated hierarchy with QS systems. This type of two-component system appears to be widely distributed and coexists with the BDSF QS system in various bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Chunxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuna Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Fei He
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yinyue Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Guangdong Innovative Research Team of Sociomicrobiology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.,Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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54
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Oxidative Phosphorylation as a Target Space for Tuberculosis: Success, Caution, and Future Directions. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28597820 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0014-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, and our inability to develop new antimicrobials to combat resistance, have inspired scientists to seek out new targets for drug development. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is a group of obligately aerobic bacteria that have specialized for inhabiting a wide range of intracellular and extracellular environments. Two fundamental features in this adaptation are the flexible utilization of energy sources and continued metabolism in the absence of growth. M. tuberculosis is an obligately aerobic heterotroph that depends on oxidative phosphorylation for growth and survival. However, several studies are redefining the metabolic breadth of the genus. Alternative electron donors and acceptors may provide the maintenance energy for the pathogen to maintain viability in hypoxic, nonreplicating states relevant to latent infection. This hidden metabolic flexibility may ultimately decrease the efficacy of drugs targeted against primary dehydrogenases and terminal oxidases. However, it may also open up opportunities to develop novel antimycobacterials targeting persister cells. In this review, we discuss the progress in understanding the role of energetic targets in mycobacterial physiology and pathogenesis and the opportunities for drug discovery.
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55
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Shin HJ, Franco LH, Nair VR, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. A baculovirus-conjugated mimotope vaccine targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185945. [PMID: 28982200 PMCID: PMC5628901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, an effective vaccine for M. tuberculosis is lacking. We panned a phage display library using monoclonal antibodies against M. tuberculosis liporabinomannan (LAM), an important component of the M. tuberculosis cell wall, and identified two peptide sequences, HSFKWLDSPRLR or SGVYKVAYDWQH, with high antibody affinity after multiple rounds of panning. Only the HSFKWLDSPRLR peptide induced an anti-LAM response when conjugated to either keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or to the baculovirus Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyherovirus (AcMNPV) when introduced into mice by injection or via intranasal inoculation, respectively. Vaccination with AcMNPV conjugated HSFKWLDSPRLR peptide delayed mortality in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Thus, we report a proof of principle M. tuberculosis vaccination strategy combining an anti-LAM mimotope with a baculovirus delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Luis H. Franco
- Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Vidhya R. Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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Ghiraldi-Lopes LD, Campanerut-Sá PAZ, Meneguello JE, Seixas FAV, Lopes-Ortiz MA, Scodro RBL, Pires CTA, da Silva RZ, Siqueira VLD, Nakamura CV, Cardoso RF. Proteomic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after eupomatenoid-5 induction reveals potential drug targets. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:867-879. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated a proteome profile, protein–protein interaction and morphological changes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after different times of eupomatenoid-5 (EUP-5) induction to evaluate the cellular response to the drug-induced damages. Methods: The bacillus was induced to sub-minimal inhibitory concentration of EUP-5 at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. The proteins were separated by 2D gel electrophoresis, identified by LC/MS-MS. Scanning electron microscopy and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins analyses were performed. Results: EUP-5 impacts mainly in M. tuberculosis proteins of intermediary metabolism and interactome suggests a multisite disturbance that contributes to bacilli death. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the loss of bacillary form. Conclusion: Some of the differentially expressed proteins have the potential to be drug targets such as citrate synthase (Rv0896), phosphoglycerate kinase (Rv1437), ketol-acid reductoisomerase (Rv3001c) and ATP synthase alpha chain (Rv1308).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana D Ghiraldi-Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula AZ Campanerut-Sá
- Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jean E Meneguello
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences & Phisiopatology, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávio AV Seixas
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Lopes-Ortiz
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences & Phisiopatology, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Uningá University Center, Rod PR 317, 6114, 87035-510, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Regiane BL Scodro
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Claudia TA Pires
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences & Phisiopatology, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosi Z da Silva
- State University of Ponta Grossa, Avenida General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vera LD Siqueira
- Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences & Phisiopatology, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Celso V Nakamura
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosilene F Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences & Phisiopatology, Department of Clinical Analyses & Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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57
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Carasi P, Rodríguez E, da Costa V, Frigerio S, Brossard N, Noya V, Robello C, Anegón I, Freire T. Heme-Oxygenase-1 Expression Contributes to the Immunoregulation Induced by Fasciola hepatica and Promotes Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:883. [PMID: 28798750 PMCID: PMC5526848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the liver fluke, is a trematode that infects livestock and humans causing fasciolosis, a zoonotic disease of increasing importance due to its worldwide distribution and high economic losses. This parasite immunoregulates the host immune system by inducing a strong Th2 and regulatory T immune response by immunomodulating dendritic cell (DC) maturation and alternative activation of macrophages. In this paper, we show that F. hepatica infection in mice induces the upregulation of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of free heme that regulates the host inflammatory response. We show and characterize two different populations of antigen presenting cells that express HO-1 during infection in the peritoneum of infected animals. Cells that expressed high levels of HO-1 expressed intermediate levels of F4/80 but high expression of CD11c, CD38, TGFβ, and IL-10 suggesting that they correspond to regulatory DCs. On the other hand, cells expressing intermediate levels of HO-1 expressed high levels of F4/80, CD68, Ly6C, and FIZZ-1, indicating that they might correspond to alternatively activated macrophages. Furthermore, the pharmacological induction of HO-1 with the synthetic metalloporphyrin CoPP promoted F. hepatica infection increasing the clinical signs associated with the disease. In contrast, treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor SnPP protected mice from parasite infection, indicating that HO-1 plays an essential role during F. hepatica infection. Finally, HO-1 expression during F. hepatica infection was associated with TGFβ and IL-10 levels in liver and peritoneum, suggesting that HO-1 controls the expression of these immunoregulatory cytokines during infection favoring parasite survival in the host. These results contribute to the elucidation of the immunoregulatory mechanisms induced by F. hepatica in the host and provide alternative checkpoints to control fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Carasi
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria da Costa
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Frigerio
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalie Brossard
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Noya
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Robello
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Biología Molecular, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Anegón
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Teresa Freire
- Laboratorio de Inmunomodulación y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Inmunobiología, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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58
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Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is the most common type of epigenetic posttranslational modification in living cells used as a major regulation mechanism of biological processes. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes for 11 serine/threonine protein kinases that are responsible for sensing environmental signals to coordinate a cellular response to ensure the pathogen's infectivity, survival, and growth. To overcome killing mechanisms generated within the host during infection, M. tuberculosis enters a state of nonreplicating persistence that is characterized by arrested growth, limited metabolic activity, and phenotypic resistance to antimycobacterial drugs. In this article we focus our attention on the role of M. tuberculosis serine/threonine protein kinases in sensing the host environment to coordinate the bacilli's physiology, including growth, cell wall components, and central metabolism, to establish a persistent infection.
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59
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Rockwood N, Costa DL, Amaral EP, Du Bruyn E, Kubler A, Gil-Santana L, Fukutani KF, Scanga CA, Flynn JL, Jackson SH, Wilkinson KA, Bishai WR, Sher A, Wilkinson RJ, Andrade BB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression Is Dependent on Oxidative Stress and Reflects Treatment Outcomes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:542. [PMID: 28553288 PMCID: PMC5427075 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is implicated in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and has been proposed as a biomarker of active disease. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) induces HO-1 as well as how its expression is affected by HIV-1 coinfection and successful antitubercular therapy (ATT) are poorly understood. We found that HO-1 expression is markedly increased in rabbits, mice, and non-human primates during experimental Mtb infection and gradually decreased during ATT. In addition, we examined circulating concentrations of HO-1 in a cohort of 130 HIV-1 coinfected and uninfected pulmonary TB patients undergoing ATT to investigate changes in expression of this biomarker in relation to HIV-1 status, radiological disease severity, and treatment outcome. We found that plasma levels of HO-1 were elevated in untreated HIV-1 coinfected TB patients and correlated positively with HIV-1 viral load and negatively with CD4+ T cell count. In both HIV-1 coinfected and Mtb monoinfected patients, HO-1 levels were substantially reduced during successful TB treatment but not in those who experienced treatment failure or subsequently relapsed. To further delineate the molecular mechanisms involved in induction of HO-1 by Mtb, we performed a series of in vitro experiments using mouse and human macrophages. We found that Mtb-induced HO-1 expression requires NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species production induced by the early-secreted antigen ESAT-6, which in turn triggers nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NRF-2. These observations provide further insight into the utility of HO-1 as a biomarker of both disease and successful therapy in TB monoinfected and HIV-TB coinfected patients and reveal a previously undocumented pathway linking expression of the enzyme with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neesha Rockwood
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elsa Du Bruyn
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Kubler
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College, London, UK.,Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo Gil-Santana
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Charles A Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon H Jackson
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
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60
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Abstract
Haem-based sensors have emerged during the last 15 years as being a large family of proteins that occur in all kingdoms of life. These sensors are responsible mainly for detecting binding of O2, CO and NO and reporting the ligation status to an output domain with an enzymatic or macromolecule-binding property. A myriad of biological functions have been associated with these sensors, which are involved in vasodilation, bacterial symbiosis, chemotaxis and biofilm formation, among others. Here, we critically review several bacterial systems for O2 sensing that are extensively studied in many respects, focusing on the lessons that are important to advance the field.
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61
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Bajaj RA, Arbing MA, Shin A, Cascio D, Miallau L. Crystal structure of the toxin Msmeg_6760, the structural homolog of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2035, a novel type II toxin involved in the hypoxic response. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:863-869. [PMID: 27917833 PMCID: PMC5137462 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16017957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of Msmeg_6760, a protein of unknown function, has been determined. Biochemical and bioinformatics analyses determined that Msmeg_6760 interacts with a protein encoded in the same operon, Msmeg_6762, and predicted that the operon is a toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Structural comparison of Msmeg_6760 with proteins of known function suggests that Msmeg_6760 binds a hydrophobic ligand in a buried cavity lined by large hydrophobic residues. Access to this cavity could be controlled by a gate-latch mechanism. The function of the Msmeg_6760 toxin is unknown, but structure-based predictions revealed that Msmeg_6760 and Msmeg_6762 are homologous to Rv2034 and Rv2035, a predicted novel TA system involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency during macrophage infection. The Msmeg_6760 toxin fold has not been previously described for bacterial toxins and its unique structural features suggest that toxin activation is likely to be mediated by a novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexandra Bajaj
- UCLA–DOE Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Mark A. Arbing
- UCLA–DOE Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Annie Shin
- UCLA–DOE Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA–DOE Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
| | - Linda Miallau
- UCLA–DOE Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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Pharmacological Inhibition of Host Heme Oxygenase-1 Suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection In Vivo by a Mechanism Dependent on T Lymphocytes. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01675-16. [PMID: 27795400 PMCID: PMC5080384 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01675-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress response antioxidant enzyme which catalyzes the degradation of heme released during inflammation. HO-1 expression is upregulated in both experimental and human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and in patients it is a biomarker of active disease. Whether the enzyme plays a protective versus pathogenic role in tuberculosis has been the subject of debate. To address this controversy, we administered tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX), a well-characterized HO-1 enzymatic inhibitor, to mice during acute M. tuberculosis infection. These SnPPIX-treated animals displayed a substantial reduction in pulmonary bacterial loads comparable to that achieved following conventional antibiotic therapy. Moreover, when administered adjunctively with antimycobacterial drugs, the HO-1 inhibitor markedly enhanced and accelerated pathogen clearance. Interestingly, both the pulmonary induction of HO-1 expression and the efficacy of SnPPIX treatment in reducing bacterial burden were dependent on the presence of host T lymphocytes. Although M. tuberculosis expresses its own heme-degrading enzyme, SnPPIX failed to inhibit its enzymatic activity or significantly restrict bacterial growth in liquid culture. Together, the above findings reveal mammalian HO-1 as a potential target for host-directed monotherapy and adjunctive therapy of tuberculosis and identify the immune response as a critical regulator of this function. There is no reliable vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), and conventional antibiotic therapy is administered over at least 6 months. This prolonged treatment period can lead to noncompliance resulting in relapsed infection as well as the emergence of multidrug resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic regimens that can more rapidly and efficiently control M. tuberculosis in infected patients. Here, we describe a potential strategy for treating TB based on pharmacological inhibition of the host heme-degrading enzyme HO-1. This approach results in significantly reduced bacterial burdens in mice, and when administered in conjunction with conventional antibiotic therapy, leads to faster, more effective pathogen clearance without detectable direct effects on the mycobacteria themselves. Interestingly, the effects of HO-1 inhibition on M. tuberculosis infection in vivo are dependent on the presence of an intact host immune system. These observations establish mammalian HO-1 as a potential target for host-directed therapy of TB.
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63
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Oxygen Availability and Metabolic Dynamics During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Latency. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 63:2036-46. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2605701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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64
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Ali HR, Ali MRK, Wu Y, Selim SA, Abdelaal HFM, Nasr EA, El-Sayed MA. Gold Nanorods as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Rifampicin Greatly Improve the Efficacy of Combating Mycobacterium tuberculosis with Good Biocompatibility with the Host Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2486-2492. [PMID: 27595304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TB remains a challenging disease to control worldwide. Nanoparticles have been used as drug carriers to deliver high concentrations of antibiotics directly to the site of infection, reducing the duration of treatment along with any side effects of off-target toxicities after systemic exposure to the antibiotics. Herein we have developed a drug delivery platform where gold nanorods (AuNRs) are conjugated to rifampicin (RF), which is released after uptake into macrophage cells (RAW264.7). Due to the nature of the macrophage cells, the nanoparticles are actively internalized into macrophages and release RF after uptake, under the safety frame of the host cells (macrophage). AuNRs without RF conjugation exhibit obvious antimicrobial activity. Therefore, AuNRs could be a promising antimycobacterial agent and an effective delivery vehicle for the antituberculosis drug Rifampicin for use in tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala R Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.,Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) , Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University , Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa R K Ali
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Salah A Selim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University , Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem F M Abdelaal
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Essam A Nasr
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute , Bacterial Diagnostics Research Department (Tuberculosis), Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A El-Sayed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.,Adjunct Professor, School of Chemistry, King Abdul Aziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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65
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Chen Z, Hu Y, Cumming BM, Lu P, Feng L, Deng J, Steyn AJC, Chen S. Mycobacterial WhiB6 Differentially Regulates ESX-1 and the Dos Regulon to Modulate Granuloma Formation and Virulence in Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2512-24. [PMID: 27545883 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is exposed to diverse redox stresses that trigger metabolic and physiological changes. How these stressors are sensed and relayed to the Mtb transcriptional apparatus remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that WhiB6 differentially regulates the ESX-1 and DosR regulons through its Fe-S cluster. When challenged with NO, WhiB6 continually activates expression of the DosR regulons but regulates ESX-1 expression through initial activation followed by gradual inhibition. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the holo- and reduced apo-WhiB6 complemented strains confirms these results and also reveals that WhiB6 controls aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, cell division, and virulence. Using the Mycobacterium marinum zebrafish infection model, we find that holo- and apo-WhiB6 modulate levels of mycobacterial infection, granuloma formation, and dissemination. These findings provide fresh insight into the role of WhiB6 in mycobacterial infection, dissemination, and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10086, China
| | - Yangbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bridgette M Cumming
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Pei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lipeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jiaoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Durban 4001, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Shiyun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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66
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McClean CM, Tobin DM. Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw068. [PMID: 27402783 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the importance of diverse macrophage types and phenotypes that depend on local environment and developmental origins. In this review, we highlight how distinct macrophage phenotypes may influence disease progression in tuberculosis. In addition, we draw on work investigating specialized macrophage populations important in cancer biology and atherosclerosis in order to suggest new areas of investigation relevant to mycobacterial pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the repertoire of macrophage phenotypes and behaviors during infection may provide opportunities for novel control of disease through modulation of macrophage form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McClean
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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67
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Chinta KC, Saini V, Glasgow JN, Mazorodze JH, Rahman MA, Reddy D, Lancaster JR, Steyn AJC. The emerging role of gasotransmitters in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Nitric Oxide 2016; 59:28-41. [PMID: 27387335 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a facultative intracellular pathogen and the second largest contributor to global mortality caused by an infectious agent after HIV. In infected host cells, Mtb is faced with a harsh intracellular environment including hypoxia and the release of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) by immune cells. Hypoxia, NO and CO induce a state of in vitro dormancy where Mtb senses these gases via the DosS and DosT heme sensor kinase proteins, which in turn induce a set of ∼47 genes, known as the Mtb Dos dormancy regulon. On the contrary, both iNOS and HO-1, which produce NO and CO, respectively, have been shown to be important against mycobacterial disease progression. In this review, we discuss the impact of O2, NO and CO on Mtb physiology and in host responses to Mtb infection as well as the potential role of another major endogenous gas, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Chinta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vikram Saini
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joel N Glasgow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Mazorodze
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Md Aejazur Rahman
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Darshan Reddy
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV (KRITH), Durban, South Africa; UAB Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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68
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Construction and application of a co-expression network in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28422. [PMID: 27328747 PMCID: PMC4916473 DOI: 10.1038/srep28422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of its high pathogenicity and infectivity, tuberculosis is a serious threat to human health. Some information about the functions of the genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome was currently available, but it was not enough to explore transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Here, we applied the WGCNA (Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis) algorithm to mine pooled microarray datasets for the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. We constructed a co-expression network that was subdivided into 78 co-expression gene modules. The different response to two kinds of vitro models (a constant 0.2% oxygen hypoxia model and a Wayne model) were explained based on these modules. We identified potential transcription factors based on high Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the modules and genes. Three modules that may be associated with hypoxic stimulation were identified, and their potential transcription factors were predicted. In the validation experiment, we determined the expression levels of genes in the modules under hypoxic condition and under overexpression of potential transcription factors (Rv0081, furA (Rv1909c), Rv0324, Rv3334, and Rv3833). The experimental results showed that the three identified modules related to hypoxia and that the overexpression of transcription factors could significantly change the expression levels of genes in the corresponding modules.
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69
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Stolt C, Schmidt IHE, Sayfart Y, Steinmetz I, Bast A. Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide PromoteBurkholderia pseudomalleiInfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:834-46. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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70
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Wareham LK, Begg R, Jesse HE, Van Beilen JWA, Ali S, Svistunenko D, McLean S, Hellingwerf KJ, Sanguinetti G, Poole RK. Carbon Monoxide Gas Is Not Inert, but Global, in Its Consequences for Bacterial Gene Expression, Iron Acquisition, and Antibiotic Resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:1013-28. [PMID: 26907100 PMCID: PMC4921903 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbon monoxide is a respiratory poison and gaseous signaling molecule. Although CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) deliver CO with temporal and spatial specificity in mammals, and are proven antimicrobial agents, we do not understand the modes of CO toxicity. Our aim was to explore the impact of CO gas per se, without intervention of CORMs, on bacterial physiology and gene expression. RESULTS We used tightly controlled chemostat conditions and integrated transcriptomic datasets with statistical modeling to reveal the global effects of CO. CO is known to inhibit bacterial respiration, and we found expression of genes encoding energy-transducing pathways to be significantly affected via the global regulators, Fnr, Arc, and PdhR. Aerobically, ArcA-the response regulator-is transiently phosphorylated and pyruvate accumulates, mimicking anaerobiosis. Genes implicated in iron acquisition, and the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and arginine, are all perturbed. The global iron-related changes, confirmed by modulation of activity of the transcription factor Fur, may underlie enhanced siderophore excretion, diminished intracellular iron pools, and the sensitivity of CO-challenged bacteria to metal chelators. Although CO gas (unlike H2S and NO) offers little protection from antibiotics, a ruthenium CORM is a potent adjuvant of antibiotic activity. INNOVATION This is the first detailed exploration of global bacterial responses to CO, revealing unexpected targets with implications for employing CORMs therapeutically. CONCLUSION This work reveals the complexity of bacterial responses to CO and provides a basis for understanding the impacts of CO from CORMs, heme oxygenase activity, or environmental sources. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 1013-1028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Begg
- 2 School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Jesse
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Johan W A Van Beilen
- 3 Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salar Ali
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitri Svistunenko
- 4 Biomedical EPR Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex , Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha McLean
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Klaas J Hellingwerf
- 3 Molecular Microbial Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Sanguinetti
- 2 School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Poole
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield , Sheffield, United Kingdom
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71
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Scharn CR, Collins AC, Nair VR, Stamm CE, Marciano DK, Graviss EA, Shiloh MU. Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulates Inflammation and Mycobacterial Survival in Human Macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:4641-9. [PMID: 27183573 PMCID: PMC4875857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is responsible for 1.5 million deaths annually. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis infection in mice induces expression of the CO-producing enzyme heme oxygenase (HO1) and that CO is sensed by M. tuberculosis to initiate a dormancy program. Further, mice deficient in HO1 succumb to M. tuberculosis infection more readily than do wild-type mice. Although mouse macrophages control intracellular M. tuberculosis infection through several mechanisms, such as NO synthase, the respiratory burst, acidification, and autophagy, how human macrophages control M. tuberculosis infection remains less well understood. In this article, we show that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 in both mouse and human tuberculosis lesions in vivo, and that M. tuberculosis induces and colocalizes with HO1 during primary human macrophage infection in vitro. Surprisingly, we find that chemical inhibition of HO1 both reduces inflammatory cytokine production by human macrophages and restricts intracellular growth of mycobacteria. Thus, induction of HO1 by M. tuberculosis infection may be a mycobacterial virulence mechanism to enhance inflammation and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Scharn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Angela C Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Vidhya R Nair
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Edward A Graviss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Michael U Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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72
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Liu Y, Tan S, Huang L, Abramovitch RB, Rohde KH, Zimmerman MD, Chen C, Dartois V, VanderVen BC, Russell DG. Immune activation of the host cell induces drug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 2016; 213:809-25. [PMID: 27114608 PMCID: PMC4854729 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must eradicate the bacterium within the context of its host cell. However, our understanding of the impact of this environment on antimycobacterial drug action remains incomplete. Intriguingly, we find that Mtb in myeloid cells isolated from the lungs of experimentally infected mice exhibit tolerance to both isoniazid and rifampin to a degree proportional to the activation status of the host cells. These data are confirmed by in vitro infections of resting versus activated macrophages where cytokine-mediated activation renders Mtb tolerant to four frontline drugs. Transcriptional analysis of intracellular Mtb exposed to drugs identified a set of genes common to all four drugs. The data imply a causal linkage between a loss of fitness caused by drug action and Mtb's sensitivity to host-derived stresses. Interestingly, the environmental context exerts a more dominant impact on Mtb gene expression than the pressure on the drugs' primary targets. Mtb's stress responses to drugs resemble those mobilized after cytokine activation of the host cell. Although host-derived stresses are antimicrobial in nature, they negatively affect drug efficacy. Together, our findings demonstrate that the macrophage environment dominates Mtb's response to drug pressure and suggest novel routes for future drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kyle H Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ 07103
| | | | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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73
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Integration of Metabolic Modeling with Gene Co-expression Reveals Transcriptionally Programmed Reactions Explaining Robustness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23440. [PMID: 27000948 PMCID: PMC4802306 DOI: 10.1038/srep23440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Robustness of metabolic networks is accomplished by gene regulation, modularity, re-routing of metabolites and plasticity. Here, we probed robustness against perturbations of biochemical reactions of M. tuberculosis in the form of predicting compensatory trends. In order to investigate the transcriptional programming of genes associated with correlated fluxes, we integrated with gene co-expression network. Knock down of the reactions NADH2r and ATPS responsible for producing the hub metabolites, and Central carbon metabolism had the highest proportion of their associated genes under transcriptional co-expression with genes of their flux correlated reactions. Reciprocal gene expression correlations were observed among compensatory routes, fresh activation of alternative routes and in the multi-copy genes of Cysteine synthase and of Phosphate transporter. Knock down of 46 reactions caused the activation of Isocitrate lyase or Malate synthase or both reactions, which are central to the persistent state of M. tuberculosis. A total of 30 new freshly activated routes including Cytochrome c oxidase, Lactate dehydrogenase, and Glycine cleavage system were predicted, which could be responsible for switching into dormant or persistent state. Thus, our integrated approach of exploring transcriptional programming of flux correlated reactions has the potential to unravel features of system architecture conferring robustness.
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74
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Soares MP, Hamza I. Macrophages and Iron Metabolism. Immunity 2016; 44:492-504. [PMID: 26982356 PMCID: PMC4794998 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a transition metal that due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of molecules is essential to support life. In mammals, iron exists mostly in the form of heme, enclosed within an organic protoporphyrin ring and functioning primarily as a prosthetic group in proteins. Paradoxically, free iron also has the potential to become cytotoxic when electron exchange with oxygen is unrestricted and catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species. These biological properties demand that iron metabolism is tightly regulated such that iron is available for core biological functions while preventing its cytotoxic effects. Macrophages play a central role in establishing this delicate balance. Here, we review the impact of macrophages on heme-iron metabolism and, reciprocally, how heme-iron modulates macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel P Soares
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences and Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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75
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Vashist A, Prithvi Raj D, Gupta UD, Bhat R, Tyagi JS. The α10 helix of DevR, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy response regulator, regulates its DNA binding and activity. FEBS J 2016; 283:1286-99. [PMID: 26799615 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of several bacterial response regulators provide insight into the various interdomain molecular interactions potentially involved in maintaining their 'active' or 'inactive' states. However, the requirement of high concentrations of protein, an optimal pH and ionic strength buffers during crystallization may result in a structure somewhat different from that observed in solution. Therefore, functional assessment of the physiological relevance of the crystal structure data is imperative. DevR/DosR dormancy regulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) belongs to the NarL subfamily of response regulators. The crystal structure of unphosphorylated DevR revealed that it forms a dimer through the α5/α6 interface. It was proposed that phosphorylation may trigger extensive structural rearrangements in DevR that culminate in the formation of a DNA-binding competent dimeric species via α10-α10 helix interactions. The α10 helix-deleted DevR protein (DevR∆α10 ) was hyperphosphorylated but defective with respect to in vitro DNA binding. Biophysical characterization reveals that DevR∆α10 has an open but less stable conformation. The combined cross-linking and DNA-binding data demonstrate that the α10 helix is essential for the formation and stabilization of the DNA-binding proficient DevR structure in both the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated states. Genetic studies establish that Mtb strains expressing DevR∆α10 are defective with respect to dormancy regulon expression under hypoxia. The present study highlights the indispensable role of the α10 helix in DevR activation and function under hypoxia and establishes the α10-α10 helix interface as a novel target for developing inhibitors against DevR, a key regulator of hypoxia-triggered dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Vashist
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Experimental Animal Facility, National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - D Prithvi Raj
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Umesh Datta Gupta
- Experimental Animal Facility, National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India
| | - Rajiv Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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76
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Sershen CL, Plimpton SJ, May EE. Oxygen Modulates the Effectiveness of Granuloma Mediated Host Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Multiscale Computational Biology Approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:6. [PMID: 26913242 PMCID: PMC4753379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis associated granuloma formation can be viewed as a structural immune response that can contain and halt the spread of the pathogen. In several mammalian hosts, including non-human primates, Mtb granulomas are often hypoxic, although this has not been observed in wild type murine infection models. While a presumed consequence, the structural contribution of the granuloma to oxygen limitation and the concomitant impact on Mtb metabolic viability and persistence remains to be fully explored. We develop a multiscale computational model to test to what extent in vivo Mtb granulomas become hypoxic, and investigate the effects of hypoxia on host immune response efficacy and mycobacterial persistence. Our study integrates a physiological model of oxygen dynamics in the extracellular space of alveolar tissue, an agent-based model of cellular immune response, and a systems biology-based model of Mtb metabolic dynamics. Our theoretical studies suggest that the dynamics of granuloma organization mediates oxygen availability and illustrates the immunological contribution of this structural host response to infection outcome. Furthermore, our integrated model demonstrates the link between structural immune response and mechanistic drivers influencing Mtbs adaptation to its changing microenvironment and the qualitative infection outcome scenarios of clearance, containment, dissemination, and a newly observed theoretical outcome of transient containment. We observed hypoxic regions in the containment granuloma similar in size to granulomas found in mammalian in vivo models of Mtb infection. In the case of the containment outcome, our model uniquely demonstrates that immune response mediated hypoxic conditions help foster the shift down of bacteria through two stages of adaptation similar to thein vitro non-replicating persistence (NRP) observed in the Wayne model of Mtb dormancy. The adaptation in part contributes to the ability of Mtb to remain dormant for years after initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Sershen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven J Plimpton
- Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elebeoba E May
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston Houston, TX, USA
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77
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Abstract
Mycobacteria inhabit a wide range of intracellular and extracellular environments. Many of these environments are highly dynamic and therefore mycobacteria are faced with the constant challenge of redirecting their metabolic activity to be commensurate with either replicative growth or a non-replicative quiescence. A fundamental feature in this adaptation is the ability of mycobacteria to respire, regenerate reducing equivalents and generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Mycobacteria harbor multiple primary dehydrogenases to fuel the electron transport chain and two terminal respiratory oxidases, an aa3 -type cytochrome c oxidase and cytochrome bd-type menaquinol oxidase, are present for dioxygen reduction coupled to the generation of a protonmotive force. Hypoxia leads to the downregulation of key respiratory complexes, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this expression are unknown. Despite being obligate aerobes, mycobacteria have the ability to metabolize in the absence of oxygen and a number of reductases are present to facilitate the turnover of reducing equivalents under these conditions (e.g. nitrate reductase, succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase). Hydrogenases and ferredoxins are also present in the genomes of mycobacteria suggesting the ability of these bacteria to adapt to an anaerobic-type of metabolism in the absence of oxygen. ATP synthesis by the membrane-bound F1FO-ATP synthase is essential for growing and non-growing mycobacteria and the enzyme is able to function over a wide range of protonmotive force values (aerobic to hypoxic). The discovery of lead compounds that target respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis highlights the importance of this area for the generation of new front line drugs to combat tuberculosis.
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78
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Galeotti C, Hegde P, Das M, Stephen-Victor E, Canale F, Muñoz M, Sharma VK, Dimitrov JD, Kaveri SV, Bayry J. Heme oxygenase-1 is dispensable for the anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous immunoglobulin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19592. [PMID: 26796539 PMCID: PMC4726216 DOI: 10.1038/srep19592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) is used in the therapy of various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. The mechanisms by which IVIG exerts anti-inflammatory effects are not completely understood. IVIG interacts with numerous components of the immune system including dendritic cells, macrophages, T and B cells and modulate their functions. Recent studies have reported that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory response in several pathologies. Several therapeutic agents exert anti-inflammatory effects via induction of HO-1. Therefore, we aimed at exploring if anti-inflammatory effects of IVIG are mediated via HO-1 pathway. Confirming the previous reports, we report that IVIG exerts anti-inflammatory effects on innate cells as shown by the inhibitory effects on IL-6 and nitric oxide production and confers protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. However, these effects were not associated with an induction of HO-1 either in innate cells such as monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages or in the kidneys and liver of IVIG-treated EAE mice. Also, inhibition of endogenous HO-1 did not modify anti-inflammatory effects of IVIG. These results thus indicate that IVIG exerts anti-inflammatory effects independent of HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Galeotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France.,Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, National Referral Centre of Auto-inflammatory Diseases, CHU de Bicêtre, le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94270, France
| | - Pushpa Hegde
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Emmanuel Stephen-Victor
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Fernando Canale
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Marcos Muñoz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Varun K Sharma
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Srini V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,International Associated Laboratory IMPACT (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France - Indian council of Medical Research, India), National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, 400012, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe - Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, F-75006, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR S 1138, Paris, F-75006, France.,International Associated Laboratory IMPACT (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, France - Indian council of Medical Research, India), National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, 400012, India
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79
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Matty MA, Roca FJ, Cronan MR, Tobin DM. Adventures within the speckled band: heterogeneity, angiogenesis, and balanced inflammation in the tuberculous granuloma. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:276-87. [PMID: 25703566 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent work in a variety of animal models, including mice, zebrafish, and macaques, as well as in humans, has led to a reassessment of several tenets of mycobacterial infection. In this review, we describe new findings about the composition and dynamics of the tuberculous granuloma, the central host structure in mycobacterial infection, as well as inflammatory mediators that drive a successful anti-microbial response on one hand and pathological inflammation on the other. We highlight granuloma heterogeneity that emerges in the context of infection, the functional consequences of angiogenesis in tuberculous granulomas, and data that balanced inflammation in humans, with a central role for tumor necrosis factor, appears to play a key role in optimal defense against mycobacterial infection. These findings have suggested new and specific host-directed therapies that await further clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Matty
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Host-Microbial Interactions, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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80
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Soares MP, Weiss G. The Iron age of host-microbe interactions. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1482-500. [PMID: 26474900 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes exert a major impact on human health and disease by either promoting or disrupting homeostasis, in the latter instance leading to the development of infectious diseases. Such disparate outcomes are driven by the ever-evolving genetic diversity of microbes and the countervailing host responses that minimize their pathogenic impact. Host defense strategies that limit microbial pathogenicity include resistance mechanisms that exert a negative impact on microbes, and disease tolerance mechanisms that sustain host homeostasis without interfering directly with microbes. While genetically distinct, these host defense strategies are functionally integrated, via mechanisms that remain incompletely defined. Here, we explore the general principles via which host adaptive responses regulating iron (Fe) metabolism impact on resistance and disease tolerance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Pneumology, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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81
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Andrade BB, Pavan Kumar N, Amaral EP, Riteau N, Mayer-Barber KD, Tosh KW, Maier N, Conceição EL, Kubler A, Sridhar R, Banurekha VV, Jawahar MS, Barbosa T, Manganiello VC, Moss J, Fontana JR, Marciano BE, Sampaio EP, Olivier KN, Holland SM, Jackson SH, Moayeri M, Leppla S, Sereti I, Barber DL, Nutman TB, Babu S, Sher A. Heme Oxygenase-1 Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression Underlies Distinct Disease Profiles in Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2763-73. [PMID: 26268658 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by oxidative stress and lung tissue destruction by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The interplay between these distinct pathological processes and the implications for TB diagnosis and disease staging are poorly understood. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels were previously shown to distinguish active from latent TB, as well as successfully treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. MMP-1 expression is also associated with active TB. In this study, we measured plasma levels of these two important biomarkers in distinct TB cohorts from India and Brazil. Patients with active TB expressed either very high levels of HO-1 and low levels of MMP-1 or the converse. Moreover, TB patients with either high HO-1 or MMP-1 levels displayed distinct clinical presentations, as well as plasma inflammatory marker profiles. In contrast, in an exploratory North American study, inversely correlated expression of HO-1 and MMP-1 was not observed in patients with other nontuberculous lung diseases. To assess possible regulatory interactions in the biosynthesis of these two enzymes at the cellular level, we studied the expression of HO-1 and MMP-1 in M. tuberculosis-infected human and murine macrophages. We found that infection of macrophages with live virulent M. tuberculosis is required for robust induction of high levels of HO-1 but not MMP-1. In addition, we observed that CO, a product of M. tuberculosis-induced HO-1 activity, inhibits MMP-1 expression by suppressing c-Jun/AP-1 activation. These findings reveal a mechanistic link between oxidative stress and tissue remodeling that may find applicability in the clinical staging of TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil;
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India
| | - Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kevin W Tosh
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nolan Maier
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elisabete L Conceição
- Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Andre Kubler
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Theolis Barbosa
- Unidade de Medicina Investigativa, Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Vincent C Manganiello
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph R Fontana
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elizabeth P Sampaio
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sharon H Jackson
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen Leppla
- Microbial Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Irini Sereti
- Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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82
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Wareham LK, Poole RK, Tinajero-Trejo M. CO-releasing Metal Carbonyl Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents in the Post-antibiotic Era. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18999-9007. [PMID: 26055702 PMCID: PMC4521022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.642926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of a “post-antibiotic era” in the 21st century, in which common infections may kill, has prompted research into radically new antimicrobials. CO-releasing molecules (CORMs), mostly metal carbonyl compounds, originally developed for therapeutic CO delivery in animals, are potent antimicrobial agents. Certain CORMs inhibit growth and respiration, reduce viability, and release CO to intracellular hemes, as predicted, but their actions are more complex, as revealed by transcriptomic datasets and modeling. Progress is hindered by difficulties in detecting CO release intracellularly, limited understanding of the biological chemistry of CO reactions with non-heme targets, and the cytotoxicity of some CORMs to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Poole
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Tinajero-Trejo
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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83
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Timmins GS. Detecting virulence and drug-resistance mycobacterial phenotypes in vivo. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:321-3. [PMID: 25800730 PMCID: PMC4458167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial phenotypes are predominantly studied in culture because detection of their specific metabolic pathways in the host is challenging. Development of stable-isotope breath tests, allowing in situ phenotype analyses, may endow diagnostics with new modalities based upon direct monitoring of in vivo microbial metabolism and host-pathogen phenotypic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Timmins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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84
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Nienaber L, Cave-Freeman E, Cross M, Mason L, Bailey UM, Amani P, A Davis R, Taylor P, Hofmann A. Chemical probing suggests redox-regulation of the carbonic anhydrase activity of mycobacterial Rv1284. FEBS J 2015; 282:2708-21. [PMID: 25929542 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The mycobacterial enzyme Rv1284 is a member of the β-carbonic anhydrase family that is considered essential for survival of the pathogen. The active site cavity of this dimeric protein is characterized by an exceptionally small volume and harbours a catalytic zinc ion coordinated by two cysteine and one histidine residue side chains. Using the natural products polycarpine and emodin as chemical probes in crystallographic experiments and stopped-flow enzyme assays, we report that the catalytic activity can be reversibly inhibited by oxidation. Oxidative conditions lead to the removal of one of the active site cysteine residues from the coordination sphere of the catalytic metal ion by engagement in a disulfide bond with another cysteine residue close by. The subsequent loss of the metal ion, which is supported by crystallographic analysis, may thus render the protein catalytically inactive. The oxidative inhibition of Rv1284 can be reversed by exposing the protein to reducing conditions. Because the physical size of the chemical probes used in the present study substantially exceeds the active site volume, we hypothesized that these compounds exert their effects from a surface-bound location and identified Tyr120 as a critical residue for oxidative inactivation. These findings link conditions of oxidative stress to pH homeostasis of the pathogen. Because oxidative stress and acidification are defence mechanisms employed by the innate immune system of the host, we suggest that Rv1284 may be a component of the mycobacterial survival strategy. DATABASE Atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4yf4, 4yf5 and 4yf6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nienaber
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Megan Cross
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lyndel Mason
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ulla-Maja Bailey
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Parisa Amani
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, Smithfield, Australia
| | - Paul Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Eskitis Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, Smithfield, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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85
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Feltcher ME, Gunawardena HP, Zulauf KE, Malik S, Griffin JE, Sassetti CM, Chen X, Braunstein M. Label-free Quantitative Proteomics Reveals a Role for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SecA2 Pathway in Exporting Solute Binding Proteins and Mce Transporters to the Cell Wall. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1501-16. [PMID: 25813378 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an example of a bacterial pathogen with a specialized SecA2-dependent protein export system that contributes to its virulence. Our understanding of the mechanistic basis of SecA2-dependent export and the role(s) of the SecA2 pathway in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis has been hindered by our limited knowledge of the proteins exported by the pathway. Here, we set out to identify M. tuberculosis proteins that use the SecA2 pathway for their export from the bacterial cytoplasm to the cell wall. Using label-free quantitative proteomics involving spectral counting, we compared the cell wall and cytoplasmic proteomes of wild type M. tuberculosis to that of a ΔsecA2 mutant. This work revealed a role for the M. tuberculosis SecA2 pathway in the cell wall localization of solute binding proteins that work with ABC transporters to import solutes. Another discovery was a profound effect of SecA2 on the cell wall localization of the Mce1 and Mce4 lipid transporters, which contribute to M. tuberculosis virulence. In addition to the effects on solute binding proteins and Mce transporter export, our label-free quantitative analysis revealed an unexpected relationship between SecA2 and the hypoxia-induced DosR regulon, which is associated with M. tuberculosis latency. Nearly half of the transcriptionally controlled DosR regulon of cytoplasmic proteins were detected at higher levels in the ΔsecA2 mutant versus wild type M. tuberculosis. By increasing the list of M. tuberculosis proteins known to be affected by the SecA2 pathway, this study expands our appreciation of the types of proteins exported by this pathway and guides our understanding of the mechanism of SecA2-dependent protein export in mycobacteria. At the same time, the newly identified SecA2-dependent proteins are helpful for understanding the significance of this pathway to M. tuberculosis virulence and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | | | - Seidu Malik
- From the ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Jennifer E Griffin
- ¶Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- ¶Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; ‖Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 20815
| | - Xian Chen
- §Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599;
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Singh N, Kumar A. Virulence factor SenX3 is the oxygen-controlled replication switch of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:603-13. [PMID: 25333974 PMCID: PMC4333250 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Morphogenetic switching between the replicating and nonreplicating states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regulated by oxygen, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide levels. The mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis senses these diatomic gases remain poorly understood. In this study, we have examined whether virulence factor SenX3 plays any role in oxygen sensing. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that the virulence factor SenX3 is a heme protein that acts as a three-way sensor with three levels of activity. The oxidation of SenX3 heme by oxygen leads to the activation of its kinase activity, whereas the deoxy-ferrous state confers a moderate kinase activity. The binding of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide inhibits kinase activity. Consistent with these biochemical properties, the SenX3 mutant of M. tuberculosis is capable of attaining a nonreplicating persistent state in response to hypoxic stress, but its regrowth on the restoration of ambient oxygen levels is significantly attenuated compared with the wild-type and the complemented mutant strains. Furthermore, the presence of signaling concentrations of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide was able to inhibit the regrowth of M. tuberculosis in response to ambient oxygen levels. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS Evidence presented in this study delineates a plausible mechanism explaining the oxygen-induced reactivation of tuberculosis diseases in humans after many years of latent infection. Furthermore, this study implicates nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the inhibition of mycobacterial growth from the nonreplicating state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Singh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India
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87
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Hu X, Li X, Huang L, Chan J, Chen Y, Deng H, Mi K. Quantitative proteomics reveals novel insights into isoniazid susceptibility in mycobacteria mediated by a universal stress protein. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1445-54. [PMID: 25664397 DOI: 10.1021/pr5011058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the ancient pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and is one of the most serious infectious diseases in the world. Isoniazid (INH) is an important first-line drug for the treatment of active and latent TB. INH resistance is an increasing problem in the treatment of TB. Phenotypic resistance to INH, however, is poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a strain of Mycobacterium bovis BCG that overexpresses the latency-related universal stress protein (USP), BCG_2013, and designated this strain BCG-2013. BCG_2013 overexpression increased susceptibility to INH compared with that of the wild-type strain, BCG-pMV261. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that BCG_2013 overexpression resulted in the upregulation of 50 proteins and the downregulation of 26 proteins among the 1500 proteins identified. Upregulation of catalase-peroxidase KatG expression in BCG-2013 was observed and confirmed by qPCR, whereas expression of other INH resistance-related proteins did not change. In addition, differential expression of the mycobacterial persistence regulator MprA and its regulatory proteins was observed. BCG_2013 and katG mRNA levels increased in a Wayne dormancy model, whereas MprA mRNA levels decreased. Taken together, our results suggest that the increase in KatG levels induced by increased BCG_2013 levels underlies the phenotypic susceptibility of mycobacteria to INH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, CAS , Beijing 100101, China
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88
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Malhotra V, Agrawal R, Duncan TR, Saini DK, Clark-Curtiss JE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis response regulators, DevR and NarL, interact in vivo and co-regulate gene expression during aerobic nitrate metabolism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8294-309. [PMID: 25659431 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes Rv0844c/Rv0845 encoding the NarL response regulator and NarS histidine kinase are hypothesized to constitute a two-component system involved in the regulation of nitrate metabolism. However, there is no experimental evidence to support this. In this study, we established M. tuberculosis NarL/NarS as a functional two-component system and identified His(241) and Asp(61) as conserved phosphorylation sites in NarS and NarL, respectively. Transcriptional profiling between M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a ΔnarL mutant strain during exponential growth in broth cultures with or without nitrate defined an ∼30-gene NarL regulon that exhibited significant overlap with DevR-regulated genes, thereby implicating a role for the DevR response regulator in the regulation of nitrate metabolism. Notably, expression analysis of a subset of genes common to NarL and DevR regulons in M. tuberculosis ΔdevR, ΔdevSΔdosT, and ΔnarL mutant strains revealed that in response to nitrite produced during aerobic nitrate metabolism, the DevRS/DosT regulatory system plays a primary role that is augmented by NarL. Specifically, NarL itself was unable to bind to the narK2, acg, and Rv3130c promoters in phosphorylated or unphosphorylated form; however, its interaction with DevR∼P resulted in cooperative binding, thereby enabling co-regulation of these genes. These findings support the role of physiologically derived nitrite as a metabolic signal in mycobacteria. We propose NarL-DevR binding, possibly as a heterodimer, as a novel mechanism for co-regulation of gene expression by the DevRS/DosT and NarL/NarS regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Malhotra
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and
| | - Ruchi Agrawal
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Tammi R Duncan
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
| | - Deepak K Saini
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Josephine E Clark-Curtiss
- From the Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Biodesign Institute, and the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 and
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89
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Venkatasubramanian S, Dhiman R, Paidipally P, Cheekatla SS, Tripathi D, Welch E, Tvinnereim AR, Jones B, Theodorescu D, Barnes PF, Vankayalapati R. A rho GDP dissociation inhibitor produced by apoptotic T-cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004617. [PMID: 25659138 PMCID: PMC4450061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we found that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells from persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis (M. tb) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). A soluble factor, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (D4GDI), produced by apoptotic CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells is responsible for this inhibition of M. tb growth in human macrophages and in mice. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+D4GDI+ cells do not produce IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ. D4GDI inhibited growth of M. tb in MDMs by enhancing production of IL-1β, TNF-α and ROS, and by increasing apoptosis of M. tb-infected MDMs. D4GDI was concentrated at the site of disease in tuberculosis patients, with higher levels detected in pleural fluid than in serum. However, in response to M. tb, PBMC from tuberculosis patients produced less D4GDI than PBMC from persons with LTBI. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells and D4GDI induced intracellular M. tb to express the dormancy survival regulator DosR and DosR-dependent genes, suggesting that D4GDI induces a non-replicating state in the pathogen. Our study provides the first evidence that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells enhances immunity to M. tb, and that production of D4GDI by this subpopulation inhibits M. tb growth. Most people who are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with protective immunity. Patients with active tuberculosis have severe disease and ineffective immunity. Understanding how LTBI individuals control infection without developing disease provides important insight into the mechanisms of protective immunity against tuberculosis, and this information is essential for development of an effective vaccine. It is known that a lymphocyte population called T-cells contributes significantly to protective immunity against tuberculosis infection. In the current study, using human and murine models of M. tb infection, we found that a soluble factor, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (D4GDI), produced by a subpopulation of T-cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) inhibits M. tb growth. We also found that D4GDI induces M. tb genes that are expressed during the non-replicative state. Our results suggest that D4GDI has a previously undescribed positive effect on immunity by enhancing host antimicrobial activity. These findings also may aid in understanding the factors that induce LTBI. Further, this information will facilitate development of improved vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies to prevent and treat tuberculosis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Satyanarayana S. Cheekatla
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elwyn Welch
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Tvinnereim
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brenda Jones
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Peter F. Barnes
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Abdalla MY, Ahmad IM, Switzer B, Britigan BE. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 contributes to survival of Mycobacterium abscessus in human macrophages-like THP-1 cells. Redox Biol 2015; 4:328-39. [PMID: 25638774 PMCID: PMC4326180 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M.abs) is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that infects macrophages, and is an important pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. We studied the early stages of M.abs infection of macrophages, with emphasis on the role of heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in this infection. THP-1 cells were activated using TPA into macrophage-like cells and infected with M.abs for different time points. M.abs infection robustly induced HO-1 expression in the THP-1 cells. Production of HO-1 was p38 MAPK-dependent, as p38 inhibitors suppressed HO-1 induction. Pretreatment with HO-1 inhibitors tin-protoporphyrin (SnPP) significantly inhibited M.abs growth inside macrophages. Furthermore, inhibiting HO-1 using HO-1 siRNA or the HO-1 upstream signaling molecule; Nrf2 using Nrf2 siRNA resulted in similar inhibition of M.abs. In contrast, inducing HO-1 did not increase M.abs intracellular growth above control. Products of HO-1 metabolism of heme are bilirubin, biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO) and iron. The addition of either bilirubin or biliverdin, but not CO, completely restored the SnPP inhibitory effect and partially that with HO-1 siRNA. To understand the mechanisms, we used Syto-62 labeled M.abs to infect macrophages. Interestingly, HO-1 inhibition promoted M.abs-containing phagosome fusion with lysosomes, which should enhance M.abs killing. M.abs infection enhanced THP-1 ROS production as demonstrated by increased DHE, DCF fluorescence, and EPR signal. HO-1 inhibition further increased ROS production in infected macrophages. Our results indicate that HO-1 induction is important for M.abs growth during the early stages of infection, and that the HO-1 products bilirubin and biliverdin, perhaps through modulation of intracellular ROS levels, may be involved. HO-1 induction is important for Mycobacterium abscessus growth inside infected macrophages during the early stages of infection. Reducing HO-1 products may enhance the ability of the macrophage to control Mycobacterium abscessus infection. HO-1 inhibition increases phagosome–lysosome fusion and thus Mycobacterium abscessus killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Y Abdalla
- Research Service, VA Medical Center-Omaha Nebraska Western Iowa, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Iman M Ahmad
- School of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Barbara Switzer
- Research Service, VA Medical Center-Omaha Nebraska Western Iowa, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bradley E Britigan
- Research Service, VA Medical Center-Omaha Nebraska Western Iowa, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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91
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Gold B, Warrier T, Nathan C. A multi-stress model for high throughput screening against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1285:293-315. [PMID: 25779324 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2450-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Models of non-replication help us understand the biology of persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. High throughput screening (HTS) against non-replicating M. tuberculosis may lead to identification of tool compounds that affect pathways on which bacterial survival depends in such states, and to development of drugs that can overcome phenotypic tolerance to conventional antimycobacterial agents, which are mostly active against replicating M. tuberculosis. We describe a multi-stress model of non-replication that mimics some of the microenvironmental conditions that M. tuberculosis faces in the host as adapted for HTS. The model includes acidic pH, mild hypoxia, a flux of nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen intermediates arising from nitrite at low pH, and low concentrations of a fatty acid (butyrate) as a carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Belfer 1126, 413 East 69th St., New York, NY, 10065, USA,
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92
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HspX knock-out in Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to shorter antibiotic treatment and lower relapse rate in a mouse model--a potential novel therapeutic target. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 95:31-6. [PMID: 25481272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective global tuberculosis control is hindered by the need for prolonged chemotherapy which leads to poor patient compliance. Therefore novel drug targets that shorten the duration of chemotherapy and reduce disease relapse rates are highly desirable. We have previously shown that HspX, an alpha-crystallin-like protein, is associated with growth suppression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mouse models. We determined to evaluate hspX as a novel target for controlling M. tuberculosis growth in combination with traditional antibiotic therapy in the Cornell mouse model. The hspX deletion mutant (ΔhspX) was used as a model of potential hspX inhibition. Normal BALB/c mice were infected with ΔhspX or the wild type (WT) strain. Three weeks after infection, the mice were treated with rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide for 14 weeks followed by 8 weeks of hydrocortisone. The effect of chemotherapy was measured by organ bacterial counts and the relapse rate. Antibiotic treatment of mice infected with ΔhspX resulted in faster visceral clearance; organs were disease free 8 weeks post-treatment for ΔhspX infection compared to 14 weeks for the WT strain. Disease relapse rate was significantly lower in ΔhspX infection (60.7%) compared to WT infection (92.6%). HspX may be a promising therapeutic target in combination with traditional antibiotic therapy to shorten the length of treatment and reduce disease relapse.
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93
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The conserved hypothetical protein Rv0574c is required for cell wall integrity, stress tolerance, and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2014; 83:120-9. [PMID: 25312955 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02274-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is intimately related to its distinctive cell wall. The biological significance of poly-α-L-glutamine (PLG), a component in the cell wall of virulent mycobacteria, has not been explored adequately. The focus of this study is to investigate the role of a locus, Rv0574c, coding for a polyglutamate synthase-like protein, in the synthesis of poly-α-L-glutamine in the context of mycobacterial virulence. Evaluation of Rv0574c gene expression in M. tuberculosis demonstrated its growth-phase-linked induction with concomitant accumulation of poly-α-L-glutamine in the cell wall. Rv0574c was activated under conditions prevalent in the tubercular granuloma, e.g., hypoxia, nitric oxide, and CO2. For functional characterization, we produced a deletion mutant of the Rv0574c gene by allelic exchange. The mutant produced smaller amounts of poly-α-L-glutamine in the cell wall than did the wild-type bacterium. Additionally, the increased sensitivity of the mutant to antitubercular drugs, SDS, lysozyme, and mechanical stress was accompanied by a drastic reduction in the ability to form biofilm. Growth of the ΔRv0574c strain was normal under in vitro conditions but was retarded in THP-1 macrophages and in the lungs and spleen of BALB/c mice. This was in agreement with histopathology of the lungs showing slow growth and less severe pathology than that of the wild-type strain. In summary, this study demonstrates that the protein encoded by the Rv0574c locus, by virtue of modulating PLG content in the cell wall, helps in maintaining cellular integrity in a hostile host environment. Also, its involvement in protecting the pathogen from host-generated lethal factors contributes to the infectious biology of M. tuberculosis.
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94
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Peterson EJR, Reiss DJ, Turkarslan S, Minch KJ, Rustad T, Plaisier CL, Longabaugh WJR, Sherman DR, Baliga NS. A high-resolution network model for global gene regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11291-303. [PMID: 25232098 PMCID: PMC4191388 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The resilience of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is largely due to its ability to effectively counteract and even take advantage of the hostile environments of a host. In order to accelerate the discovery and characterization of these adaptive mechanisms, we have mined a compendium of 2325 publicly available transcriptome profiles of MTB to decipher a predictive, systems-scale gene regulatory network model. The resulting modular organization of 98% of all MTB genes within this regulatory network was rigorously tested using two independently generated datasets: a genome-wide map of 7248 DNA-binding locations for 143 transcription factors (TFs) and global transcriptional consequences of overexpressing 206 TFs. This analysis has discovered specific TFs that mediate conditional co-regulation of genes within 240 modules across 14 distinct environmental contexts. In addition to recapitulating previously characterized regulons, we discovered 454 novel mechanisms for gene regulation during stress, cholesterol utilization and dormancy. Significantly, 183 of these mechanisms act uniquely under conditions experienced during the infection cycle to regulate diverse functions including 23 genes that are essential to host-pathogen interactions. These and other insights underscore the power of a rational, model-driven approach to unearth novel MTB biology that operates under some but not all phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Reiss
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Serdar Turkarslan
- Seattle Biomed Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kyle J Minch
- Seattle Biomed Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tige Rustad
- Seattle Biomed Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - David R Sherman
- Seattle Biomed Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nitin S Baliga
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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95
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Cao Q, Wang Y, Chen F, Xia Y, Lou J, Zhang X, Yang N, Sun X, Zhang Q, Zhuo C, Huang X, Deng X, Yang CG, Ye Y, Zhao J, Wu M, Lan L. A novel signal transduction pathway that modulates rhl quorum sensing and bacterial virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004340. [PMID: 25166864 PMCID: PMC4148453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhl quorum-sensing (QS) system plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa. However, the regulatory effects that occur directly upstream of the rhl QS system are poorly understood. Here, we show that deletion of gene encoding for the two-component sensor BfmS leads to the activation of its cognate response regulator BfmR, which in turn directly binds to the promoter and decreases the expression of the rhlR gene that encodes the QS regulator RhlR, causing the inhibition of the rhl QS system. In the absence of bfmS, the Acka-Pta pathway can modulate the regulatory activity of BfmR. In addition, BfmS tunes the expression of 202 genes that comprise 3.6% of the P. aeruginosa genome. We further demonstrate that deletion of bfmS causes substantially reduced virulence in lettuce leaf, reduced cytotoxicity, enhanced invasion, and reduced bacterial survival during acute mouse lung infection. Intriguingly, specific missense mutations, which occur naturally in the bfmS gene in P. aeruginosa cystic fibrosis (CF) isolates such as DK2 strains and RP73 strain, can produce BfmS variants (BfmSL181P, BfmSL181P/E376Q, and BfmSR393H) that no longer repress, but instead activate BfmR. As a result, BfmS variants, but not the wild-type BfmS, inhibit the rhl QS system. This study thus uncovers a previously unexplored signal transduction pathway, BfmS/BfmR/RhlR, for the regulation of rhl QS in P. aeruginosa. We propose that BfmRS TCS may have an important role in the regulation and evolution of P. aeruginosa virulence during chronic infection in CF lungs. The rhl quorum-sensing (QS) system allows P. aeruginosa to regulate diverse metabolic adaptations and virulence. However, how rhl QS system is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, we report that two-component sensor BfmS controls rhl QS system by repressing its cognate response regulator BfmR, which directly suppresses the expression of rhl QS regulator RhlR gene and reduces the production of QS signal molecule N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL). We find that BfmS is critical to the ability of P. aeruginosa to modulate the expression of virulence-associated traits and adapt to the host. Intriguingly, although wild-type BfmS is a repressor of BfmR, naturally occurring missense mutation (L181P, L181P/E376Q, or R393H) can convert its function from a repressor to an activator of BfmR, leading to BfmR activation, which in turn reduces the level of rhl QS signal C4-HSL. These results, therefore, provide important and novel insight into the regulation and evolution of P. aeruginosa virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Cao
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxu Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (MW); (LL)
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (MW); (LL)
| | - Lefu Lan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (MW); (LL)
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96
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Gobert AP, Verriere T, Asim M, Barry DP, Piazuelo MB, de Sablet T, Delgado AG, Bravo LE, Correa P, Peek RM, Chaturvedi R, Wilson KT. Heme oxygenase-1 dysregulates macrophage polarization and the immune response to Helicobacter pylori. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3013-22. [PMID: 25108023 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori incites a futile inflammatory response, which is the key feature of its immunopathogenesis. This leads to the ability of this bacterial pathogen to survive in the stomach and cause peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Myeloid cells recruited to the gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection have been directly implicated in the modulation of host defense against the bacterium and gastric inflammation. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme that exhibits anti-inflammatory functions. Our aim was to analyze the induction and role of HO-1 in macrophages during H. pylori infection. We now show that phosphorylation of the H. pylori virulence factor cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) in macrophages results in expression of hmox-1, the gene encoding HO-1, through p38/NF (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 signaling. Blocking phagocytosis prevented CagA phosphorylation and HO-1 induction. The expression of HO-1 was also increased in gastric mononuclear cells of human patients and macrophages of mice infected with cagA(+) H. pylori strains. Genetic ablation of hmox-1 in H. pylori-infected mice increased histologic gastritis, which was associated with enhanced M1/Th1/Th17 responses, decreased regulatory macrophage (Mreg) response, and reduced H. pylori colonization. Gastric macrophages of H. pylori-infected mice and macrophages infected in vitro with this bacterium showed an M1/Mreg mixed polarization type; deletion of hmox-1 or inhibition of HO-1 in macrophages caused an increased M1 and a decrease of Mreg phenotype. These data highlight a mechanism by which H. pylori impairs the immune response and favors its own survival via activation of macrophage HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain P Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Microbiologie (UR454), 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Thomas Verriere
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Daniel P Barry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Thibaut de Sablet
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Luis E Bravo
- Departamento de Patología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Richard M Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212; and
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212; and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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97
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MacMicking JD. Cell-autonomous effector mechanisms against mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:cshperspect.a018507. [PMID: 25081628 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Few pathogens run the gauntlet of sterilizing immunity like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This organism infects mononuclear phagocytes and is also ingested by neutrophils, both of which possess an arsenal of cell-intrinsic effector mechanisms capable of eliminating it. Here Mtb encounters acid, oxidants, nitrosylating agents, and redox congeners, often exuberantly delivered under low oxygen tension. Further pressure is applied by withholding divalent Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺, as well as by metabolic privation in the form of carbon needed for anaplerosis and aromatic amino acids for growth. Finally, host E3 ligases ubiquinate, cationic peptides disrupt, and lysosomal enzymes digest Mtb as part of the autophagic response to this particular pathogen. It is a testament to the evolutionary fitness of Mtb that sterilization is rarely complete, although sufficient to ensure most people infected with this airborne bacterium remain disease-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D MacMicking
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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98
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Parandhaman DK, Sharma P, Bisht D, Narayanan S. Proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of the serine/threonine protein kinase E mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Life Sci 2014; 109:116-26. [PMID: 24972353 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) have prominent roles in the survival mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Previous studies from our laboratory underscored the role of PknE, an STPK in virulence, adaptation and the suppression of host cell apoptosis. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to study the proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of wild type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant (ΔpknE) during growth in Middlebrook 7H9 and nitric oxide stress. MAIN METHODS Wild-type M. tuberculosis and its isogenic pknE deletion mutant strain were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 as well as subjected to nitric oxide stress using sodium nitroprusside. Whole cell lysates were prepared and analyzed by 2D-gel electrophoresis. Phosphoproteomes were analyzed using phospho serine and phospho threonine antibodies after subjecting the 2D-gels to western blotting. Proteins of interest were identified using mass spectrometry. KEY FINDINGS Our analysis provides insights into the targets that impose pro-apoptotic as well as altered cellular phenotypes on ΔpknE, revealing novel substrates and functions for PknE. SIGNIFICANCE For the first time, our proteome and phosphoproteome data decipher the function of PknE in cell division, virulence, dormancy, suppression of sigma factor B and its regulated genes, suppression of two-component systems and in the metabolic activity of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar Parandhaman
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India; Department of Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067,India
| | - Prashant Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Deepa Bisht
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra,India
| | - Sujatha Narayanan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai,India.
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99
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
During infection,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is exposed to a diverse array of microenvironments in the human host, each with its own unique set of redox conditions. Imbalances in the redox environment of the bacillus or the host environment serve as stimuli, which could regulate virulence. The ability of
M. tuberculosis
to evade the host immune response and cause disease is largely owing to the capacity of the mycobacterium to sense changes in its environment, such as host-generated gases, carbon sources, and pathological conditions, and alter its metabolism and redox balance accordingly for survival. In this article we discuss the redox sensors that are, to date, known to be present in
M. tuberculosis
, such as the Dos dormancy regulon, WhiB family, anti-σ factors, and MosR, in addition to the strategies present in the bacillus to neutralize free radicals, such as superoxide dismutases, catalase-peroxidase, thioredoxins, and methionine sulfoxide reductases, among others.
M. tuberculosis
is peculiar in that it appears to have a hierarchy of redox buffers, namely, mycothiol and ergothioneine. We discuss the current knowledge of their biosynthesis, function, and regulation. Ergothioneine is still an enigma, although it appears to have distinct and overlapping functions with mycothiol, which enable it to protect against a wide range of toxic metabolites and free radicals generated by the host. Developing approaches to quantify the intracellular redox status of the mycobacterium will enable us to determine how the redox balance is altered in response to signals and environments that mimic those encountered in the host.
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100
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In vitro and in vivo studies of a rapid and selective breath test for tuberculosis based upon mycobacterial CO dehydrogenase. mBio 2014; 5:e00990. [PMID: 24736224 PMCID: PMC3993857 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00990-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major hurdles in treating tuberculosis (TB) is the time-consuming and difficult methodology for diagnosis. Stable-isotope breath tests hold great potential for rapidly diagnosing an infectious disease, monitoring therapy, and determining a bacterial phenotype in a rapid, point-of-care manner that does not require invasive sampling. Here we describe the preclinical development of a potentially highly selective TB diagnostic breath test based upon the organism’s CO dehydrogenase activity. After development of the test in vitro, we were able to use the breath test to discriminate between infected and control rabbits, demonstrating that a diagnosis can potentially be made and also that a complex bacterial phenotype can be noninvasively and rapidly studied in the host. Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major infectious cause of disease and death worldwide, and effective diagnosis and then treatment are the tools with which we fight TB. The more quickly and more specific the diagnosis can be made, the better, and this is also true of diagnosis being as close to the patient (point of care) as possible. Here we report our preclinical development of breath tests based upon specific mycobacterial metabolism that could, with development, allow rapid point-of-care diagnosis through measuring the mycobacterial conversion of labeled CO to labeled CO2.
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