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Kathayat D, VanderVen BC. Exploiting cAMP signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis for drug discovery. Trends Microbiol 2024:S0966-842X(24)00008-8. [PMID: 38360432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replicates within host macrophages by adapting to the stressful and nutritionally constrained environments in these cells. Exploiting these adaptations for drug discovery has revealed that perturbing cAMP signaling can restrict Mtb growth in macrophages. Specifically, compounds that agonize or stimulate the bacterial enzyme, Rv1625c/Cya, induce cAMP synthesis and this interferes with the ability of Mtb to metabolize cholesterol. In murine tuberculosis (TB) infection models, Rv1625c/Cya agonists contribute to reducing relapse and shortening combination treatments, highlighting the therapeutic potential for this class of compounds. More recently, cAMP signaling has been implicated in regulating fatty acid utilization by Mtb. Thus, a new model is beginning to emerge in which cAMP regulates the utilization of host lipids by Mtb during infection, and this could provide new targets for TB drug development. Here, we summarize the current understanding of cAMP signaling in Mtb with a focus on our understanding of how cAMP signaling impacts Mtb physiology during infection. We also discuss additional cAMP-related drug targets in Mtb and other bacterial pathogens that may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kathayat
- Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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2
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Fieweger RA, Wilburn KM, Montague CR, Roszkowski EK, Kelly CM, Southard TL, Sondermann H, Nazarova EV, VanderVen BC. MceG stabilizes the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102910. [PMID: 36642182 PMCID: PMC9947336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are important nutrients for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to support bacterial survival in mammalian tissues and host cells. Fatty acids and cholesterol are imported across the Mtb cell wall via the dedicated Mce1 and Mce4 transporters, respectively. It is thought that the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters are comprised of subunits that confer substrate specificity and proteins that couple lipid transport to ATP hydrolysis, similar to other bacterial ABC transporters. However, unlike canonical bacterial ABC transporters, Mce1 and Mce4 appear to share a single ATPase, MceG. Previously, it was established that Mce1 and Mce4 are destabilized when key transporter subunits are rendered nonfunctional; therefore, we investigated here the role of MceG in Mce1 and Mce4 protein stability. We determined that key residues in the Walker B domain of MceG are required for the Mce1- and Mce4-mediated transport of fatty acids and cholesterol. Previously, it has been established that Mce1 and Mce4 are destabilized and/or degraded when key transporter subunits are rendered nonfunctional, thus we investigated a role for MceG in stabilizing Mce1 and Mce4. Using an unbiased quantitative proteomic approach, we demonstrate that Mce1 and Mce4 proteins are specifically degraded in mutants lacking MceG. Furthermore, bacteria expressing Walker B mutant variants of MceG failed to stabilize Mce1 and Mce4, and we show that deleting MceG impacts the fitness of Mtb in the lungs of mice. Thus, we conclude that MceG represents an enzymatic weakness that can be potentially leveraged to disable and destabilize both the Mce1 and Mce4 transporters in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Fieweger
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Christine R Montague
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Emma K Roszkowski
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Carolyn M Kelly
- Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Holger Sondermann
- Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA.
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3
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Wong AI, Beites T, Planck KA, Fieweger RA, Eckartt KA, Li S, Poulton NC, VanderVen BC, Rhee KY, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S, Rock J. Cyclic AMP is a critical mediator of intrinsic drug resistance and fatty acid metabolism in M. tuberculosis. eLife 2023; 12:e81177. [PMID: 36810158 PMCID: PMC9995111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that transduces signals from cellular receptors to downstream effectors. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis, devotes a considerable amount of coding capacity to produce, sense, and degrade cAMP. Despite this fact, our understanding of how cAMP regulates Mtb physiology remains limited. Here, we took a genetic approach to investigate the function of the sole essential adenylate cyclase in Mtb H37Rv, Rv3645. We found that a lack of rv3645 resulted in increased sensitivity to numerous antibiotics by a mechanism independent of substantial increases in envelope permeability. We made the unexpected observation that rv3645 is conditionally essential for Mtb growth only in the presence of long-chain fatty acids, a host-relevant carbon source. A suppressor screen further identified mutations in the atypical cAMP phosphodiesterase rv1339 that suppress both fatty acid and drug sensitivity phenotypes in strains lacking rv3645. Using mass spectrometry, we found that Rv3645 is the dominant source of cAMP under standard laboratory growth conditions, that cAMP production is the essential function of Rv3645 in the presence of long-chain fatty acids, and that reduced cAMP levels result in increased long-chain fatty acid uptake and metabolism and increased antibiotic susceptibility. Our work defines rv3645 and cAMP as central mediators of intrinsic multidrug resistance and fatty acid metabolism in Mtb and highlights the potential utility of small molecule modulators of cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Wong
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Tiago Beites
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Kyle A Planck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rachael A Fieweger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Kathryn A Eckartt
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shuqi Li
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicholas C Poulton
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jeremy Rock
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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4
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Theriault ME, Pisu D, Wilburn KM, Lê-Bury G, MacNamara CW, Michael Petrassi H, Love M, Rock JM, VanderVen BC, Russell DG. Iron limitation in M. tuberculosis has broad impact on central carbon metabolism. Commun Biol 2022; 5:685. [PMID: 35810253 PMCID: PMC9271047 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the cause of the human pulmonary disease tuberculosis (TB), contributes to approximately 1.5 million deaths every year. Prior work has established that lipids are actively catabolized by Mtb in vivo and fulfill major roles in Mtb physiology and pathogenesis. We conducted a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of Mtb survival in its host macrophage. One of the hit compounds identified in this screen, sAEL057, demonstrates highest activity on Mtb growth in conditions where cholesterol was the primary carbon source. Transcriptional and functional data indicate that sAEL057 limits Mtb’s access to iron by acting as an iron chelator. Furthermore, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of iron acquisition results in dysregulation of cholesterol catabolism, revealing a previously unappreciated linkage between these pathways. Characterization of sAEL057’s mode of action argues that Mtb’s metabolic regulation reveals vulnerabilities in those pathways that impact central carbon metabolism. An inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival acts as an iron chelator, demonstrating that iron deprivation alters Mtb cholesterol and central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Theriault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Davide Pisu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Case W MacNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Rock
- Department of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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5
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Wilburn KM, Montague CR, Qin B, Woods AK, Love MS, McNamara CW, Schultz PG, Southard TL, Huang L, Petrassi HM, VanderVen BC. Pharmacological and genetic activation of cAMP synthesis disrupts cholesterol utilization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009862. [PMID: 35134095 PMCID: PMC8856561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation for the idea that bacterial utilization of host-derived lipids, including cholesterol, supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) pathogenesis. This has generated interest in identifying novel antibiotics that can disrupt cholesterol utilization by Mtb in vivo. Here we identify a novel small molecule agonist (V-59) of the Mtb adenylyl cyclase Rv1625c, which stimulates 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesis and inhibits cholesterol utilization by Mtb. Similarly, using a complementary genetic approach that induces bacterial cAMP synthesis independent of Rv1625c, we demonstrate that inducing cAMP synthesis is sufficient to inhibit cholesterol utilization in Mtb. Although the physiological roles of individual adenylyl cyclase enzymes in Mtb are largely unknown, here we demonstrate that the transmembrane region of Rv1625c is required during cholesterol metabolism. Finally, the pharmacokinetic properties of Rv1625c agonists have been optimized, producing an orally-available Rv1625c agonist that impairs Mtb pathogenesis in infected mice. Collectively, this work demonstrates a role for Rv1625c and cAMP signaling in controlling cholesterol metabolism in Mtb and establishes that cAMP signaling can be pharmacologically manipulated for the development of new antibiotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M. Wilburn
- Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine R. Montague
- Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bo Qin
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley K. Woods
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa S. Love
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Case W. McNamara
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa L. Southard
- Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Lu Huang
- Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - H. Michael Petrassi
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Brian C. VanderVen
- Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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6
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Rosa TLSA, Marques MAM, DeBoard Z, Hutchins K, Silva CAA, Montague CR, Yuan T, Amaral JJ, Atella GC, Rosa PS, Mattos KA, VanderVen BC, Lahiri R, Sampson NS, Brennan PJ, Belisle JT, Pessolani MCV, Berrêdo-Pinho M. Corrigendum: Reductive Power Generated by Mycobacterium leprae Through Cholesterol Oxidation Contributes to Lipid and ATP Synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765326. [PMID: 34650934 PMCID: PMC8506810 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thabatta L S A Rosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zachary DeBoard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carlos Adriano A Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Julio J Amaral
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Rosa
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Mattos
- Departmento de Controle de Qualidade, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maria Cristina V Pessolani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Rosa TLSA, Marques MAM, DeBoard Z, Hutchins K, Silva CAA, Montague CR, Yuan T, Amaral JJ, Atella GC, Rosa PS, Mattos KA, VanderVen BC, Lahiri R, Sampson NS, Brennan PJ, Belisle JT, Pessolani MCV, Berrêdo-Pinho M. Reductive Power Generated by Mycobacterium leprae Through Cholesterol Oxidation Contributes to Lipid and ATP Synthesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:709972. [PMID: 34395315 PMCID: PMC8355898 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.709972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon infection, Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular bacillus, induces accumulation of cholesterol-enriched lipid droplets (LDs) in Schwann cells (SCs). LDs are promptly recruited to M. leprae-containing phagosomes, and inhibition of this process decreases bacterial survival, suggesting that LD recruitment constitutes a mechanism by which host-derived lipids are delivered to intracellular M. leprae. We previously demonstrated that M. leprae has preserved only the capacity to oxidize cholesterol to cholestenone, the first step of the normal cholesterol catabolic pathway. In this study we investigated the biochemical relevance of cholesterol oxidation on bacterial pathogenesis in SCs. Firstly, we showed that M. leprae increases the uptake of LDL-cholesterol by infected SCs. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy analysis revealed a close association between M. leprae and the internalized LDL-cholesterol within the host cell. By using Mycobacterium smegmatis mutant strains complemented with M. leprae genes, we demonstrated that ml1942 coding for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), but not ml0389 originally annotated as cholesterol oxidase (ChoD), was responsible for the cholesterol oxidation activity detected in M. leprae. The 3β-HSD activity generates the electron donors NADH and NADPH that, respectively, fuel the M. leprae respiratory chain and provide reductive power for the biosynthesis of the dominant bacterial cell wall lipids phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) and phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I. Inhibition of M. leprae 3β-HSD activity with the 17β-[N-(2,5-di-t-butylphenyl)carbamoyl]-6-azaandrost-4-en-3one (compound 1), decreased bacterial intracellular survival in SCs. In conclusion, our findings confirm the accumulation of cholesterol in infected SCs and its potential delivery to the intracellular bacterium. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence that cholesterol oxidation is an essential catabolic pathway for M. leprae pathogenicity and point to 3β-HSD as a prime drug target that may be used in combination with current multidrug regimens to shorten leprosy treatment and ameliorate nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabatta L S A Rosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Angela M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zachary DeBoard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kelly Hutchins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carlos Adriano A Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Julio J Amaral
- Laboratório de Química Biológica, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Rosa
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Katherine A Mattos
- Departmento de Controle de Qualidade, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ramanuj Lahiri
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John T Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maria Cristina V Pessolani
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Berrêdo-Pinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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8
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Aiewsakun P, Prombutara P, Siregar TAP, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Tong-Ngam P, Tubsuwan A, Srilohasin P, Chaiprasert A, Ruangchai W, Palittapongarnpim P, Prammananan T, VanderVen BC, Ponpuak M. Transcriptional response to the host cell environment of a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3199. [PMID: 33542438 PMCID: PMC7862621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global public health problem with emergence of multidrug-resistant infections. Previous epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in Thailand have identified a clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Kanchanaburi province, designated “MKR superspreader”, and this particular strain later was found to also spread to other regions. In this study, we elucidated its biology through RNA-Seq analyses and identified a set of genes involved in cholesterol degradation to be up-regulated in the MKR during the macrophage cell infection, but not in the H37Rv reference strain. We also found that the bacterium up-regulated genes associated with the ESX-1 secretion system during its intracellular growth phase, while the H37Rv did not. All results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, we showed that compounds previously shown to inhibit the mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system and cholesterol utilisation, and FDA-approved drugs known to interfere with the host cholesterol transportation were able to decrease the intracellular survival of the MKR when compared to the untreated control, while not that of the H37Rv. Altogether, our findings suggested that such pathways are important for the MKR’s intracellular growth, and potentially could be targets for the discovery of new drugs against this emerging multidrug-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pirut Tong-Ngam
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alisa Tubsuwan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Srilohasin
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuthiwat Ruangchai
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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9
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Fieweger RA, Wilburn KM, VanderVen BC. Comparing the Metabolic Capabilities of Bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E177. [PMID: 31216777 PMCID: PMC6617402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria are known for their ability to maintain persistent infections in various mammals. The canonical pathogen in this genus is Mycobacterium tuberculosis and this bacterium is particularly successful at surviving and replicating within macrophages. Here, we will highlight the metabolic processes that M. tuberculosis employs during infection in macrophages and compare these findings with what is understood for other pathogens in the M. tuberculosis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Fieweger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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10
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Abstract
It is generally regarded that the progression of an infection within host macrophages is the consequence of a failed immune response. However, recent appreciation of macrophage heterogeneity, with respect to both development and metabolism, indicates that the reality is more complex. Different lineages of tissue-resident macrophages respond divergently to microbial, environmental and immunological stimuli. The emerging picture that the developmental origin of macrophages determines their responses to immune stimulation and to infection stresses the importance of in vivo infection models. Recent investigations into the metabolism of infecting microorganisms and host macrophages indicate that their metabolic interface can be a major determinant of pathogen growth or containment. This Review focuses on the integration of data from existing studies, the identification of challenges in generating and interpreting data from ongoing studies and a discussion of the technologies and tools that are required to best address future questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Russell
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Lu Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Nazarova EV, Montague CR, Huang L, La T, Russell D, VanderVen BC. The genetic requirements of fatty acid import by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. eLife 2019; 8:e43621. [PMID: 30735132 PMCID: PMC6368401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) imports and metabolizes fatty acids to maintain infection within human macrophages. Although this is a well-established paradigm, the bacterial factors required for fatty acid import are poorly understood. Previously, we found that LucA and Mce1 are required for fatty acid import in Mtb (Nazarova et al., 2017). Here, we identified additional Mtb mutants that have a reduced ability to import a fluorescent fatty acid substrate during infection within macrophages. This screen identified the novel genes as rv2799 and rv0966c as be necessary for fatty acid import and confirmed the central role for Rv3723/LucA and putative components of the Mce1 fatty acid transporter (Rv0200/OmamB, Rv0172/Mce1D, and Rv0655/MceG) in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Thuy La
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - David Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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12
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Wilburn KM, Fieweger RA, VanderVen BC. Cholesterol and fatty acids grease the wheels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4931720. [PMID: 29718271 PMCID: PMC6251666 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a distinctive disease in which the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can persist in humans for decades by avoiding clearance from host immunity. During infection, M. tuberculosis maintains viability by extracting and utilizing essential nutrients from the host, and this is a prerequisite for all of the pathogenic activities that are deployed by the bacterium. In particular, M. tuberculosis preferentially acquires and metabolizes host-derived lipids (fatty acids and cholesterol), and the bacterium utilizes these substrates to cause and maintain disease. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of lipid utilization by M. tuberculosis, and we describe how these pathways promote pathogenesis to fuel metabolic processes in the bacillus. Finally, we highlight weaknesses in these pathways that potentially can be targeted for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Rachael A Fieweger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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13
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Nazarova EV, Podinovskaia M, Russell DG, VanderVen BC. Flow Cytometric Quantification of Fatty Acid Uptake by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Macrophages. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2734. [PMID: 32368567 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to assimilate fatty acids from its host. However, until recently, there was no reliable way to quantify fatty acid uptake by the bacteria during host cell infection. Here we describe a new method to quantify fatty acid uptake by intracellular bacilli. We infect macrophages with Mtb constitutively expressing mCherry and then metabolically label them with Bodipy-palmitate. Following the labeling procedure, we isolate Mtb-containing phagosomes on a sucrose cushion and disrupt the phagosomes with detergent. After extensive washes, the isolated bacteria are analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the level of Bodipy-palmitate signal associated with the bacteria. Using a Mtb mutant strain defective in fatty acid uptake in liquid culture we determined that this mutant assimilated 10-fold less Bodipy-palmitate than the wild type strain during infection in macrophages. This quantitative method of fatty acid uptake can be used to further identify pathways involved in lipid uptake by intracellular Mtb and possibly other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David G Russell
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
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14
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Nazarova EV, Montague CR, La T, Wilburn KM, Sukumar N, Lee W, Caldwell S, Russell DG, VanderVen BC. Rv3723/LucA coordinates fatty acid and cholesterol uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. eLife 2017; 6:e26969. [PMID: 28708968 PMCID: PMC5487216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved highly specialized systems to extract essential nutrients from their hosts. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) scavenges lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids) to maintain infections in mammals but mechanisms and proteins responsible for the import of fatty acids in Mtb were previously unknown. Here, we identify and determine that the previously uncharacterized protein Rv3723/LucA, functions to integrate cholesterol and fatty acid uptake in Mtb. Rv3723/LucA interacts with subunits of the Mce1 and Mce4 complexes to coordinate the activities of these nutrient transporters by maintaining their stability. We also demonstrate that Mce1 functions as a fatty acid transporter in Mtb and determine that facilitating cholesterol and fatty acid import via Rv3723/LucA is required for full bacterial virulence in vivo. These data establish that fatty acid and cholesterol assimilation are inexorably linked in Mtb and reveals a key function for Rv3723/LucA in in coordinating thetransport of both these substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Thuy La
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Neelima Sukumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Wonsik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Shannon Caldwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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15
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Tuohetahuntila M, Molenaar MR, Spee B, Brouwers JF, Wubbolts R, Houweling M, Yan C, Du H, VanderVen BC, Vaandrager AB, Helms JB. Lysosome-mediated degradation of a distinct pool of lipid droplets during hepatic stellate cell activation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:12436-12448. [PMID: 28615446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a critical step in the development of liver fibrosis. During activation, HSCs lose their lipid droplets (LDs) containing triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesteryl esters, and retinyl esters (REs). We previously provided evidence for the presence of two distinct LD pools, a preexisting and a dynamic LD pool. Here we investigate the mechanisms of neutral lipid metabolism in the preexisting LD pool. To investigate the involvement of lysosomal degradation of neutral lipids, we studied the effect of lalistat, a specific lysosomal acid lipase (LAL/Lipa) inhibitor on LD degradation in HSCs during activation in vitro The LAL inhibitor increased the levels of TAG, cholesteryl ester, and RE in both rat and mouse HSCs. Lalistat was less potent in inhibiting the degradation of newly synthesized TAG species as compared with a more general lipase inhibitor orlistat. Lalistat also induced the presence of RE-containing LDs in an acidic compartment. However, targeted deletion of the Lipa gene in mice decreased the liver levels of RE, most likely as the result of a gradual disappearance of HSCs in livers of Lipa-/- mice. Lalistat partially inhibited the induction of activation marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in rat and mouse HSCs. Our data suggest that LAL/Lipa is involved in the degradation of a specific preexisting pool of LDs and that inhibition of this pathway attenuates HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidina Tuohetahuntila
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn R Molenaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Houweling
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cong Yan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Hong Du
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, C5 181 Veterinary Medicine Center, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Arie B Vaandrager
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Lee W, VanderVen BC, Walker S, Russell DG. Novel protein acetyltransferase, Rv2170, modulates carbon and energy metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:72. [PMID: 28250431 PMCID: PMC5428333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that the metabolism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inside its host cell is heavily dependent on cholesterol and fatty acids. Mtb exhibits a unique capacity to co-metabolize different carbon sources and the products from these substrates are compartmentalized metabolically. Isocitrate lies at one of the key nodes of carbon metabolism and can feed into either the glyoxylate shunt (via isocitrate lyase) or the TCA cycle (via isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity) and we sought to better understand the regulation at this junction. An isocitrate lyase-deficient mutant of Mtb (Δicl1) exhibited a delayed growth phenotype in stearic acid (C18 fatty acid) media and we isolated rescue mutants that had lost this growth delay. We found that mutations in the gene rv2170 promoted Mtb replication under these conditions and rescued the growth delay in a Δicl1 background. The Mtb Rv2170 protein shows lysine acetyltransferase activity, which is capable of post-translationally modifying lysine residues of the ICDH protein leading to a reduction in its enzymatic activity. Our data show that contrary to most bacteria that regulate ICDH activity through phosphorylation, Mtb is capable of regulating ICDH activity by acetylation. This mechanism of regulation is similar to that utilized for mammalian mitochondrial ICDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Suzanne Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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17
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Liu Y, Tan S, Huang L, Abramovitch RB, Rohde KH, Zimmerman MD, Chen C, Dartois V, VanderVen BC, Russell DG. Immune activation of the host cell induces drug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 2016; 213:809-25. [PMID: 27114608 PMCID: PMC4854729 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful chemotherapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must eradicate the bacterium within the context of its host cell. However, our understanding of the impact of this environment on antimycobacterial drug action remains incomplete. Intriguingly, we find that Mtb in myeloid cells isolated from the lungs of experimentally infected mice exhibit tolerance to both isoniazid and rifampin to a degree proportional to the activation status of the host cells. These data are confirmed by in vitro infections of resting versus activated macrophages where cytokine-mediated activation renders Mtb tolerant to four frontline drugs. Transcriptional analysis of intracellular Mtb exposed to drugs identified a set of genes common to all four drugs. The data imply a causal linkage between a loss of fitness caused by drug action and Mtb's sensitivity to host-derived stresses. Interestingly, the environmental context exerts a more dominant impact on Mtb gene expression than the pressure on the drugs' primary targets. Mtb's stress responses to drugs resemble those mobilized after cytokine activation of the host cell. Although host-derived stresses are antimicrobial in nature, they negatively affect drug efficacy. Together, our findings demonstrate that the macrophage environment dominates Mtb's response to drug pressure and suggest novel routes for future drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Kyle H Rohde
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ 07103
| | | | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medical Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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18
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Lovewell RR, Sassetti CM, VanderVen BC. Chewing the fat: lipid metabolism and homeostasis during M. tuberculosis infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 29:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Podinovskaia M, VanderVen BC, Yates RM, Glennie S, Fullerton D, Mwandumba HC, Russell DG. Dynamic quantitative assays of phagosomal function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 102:14.34.1-14.34.14. [PMID: 24510516 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1434s102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Much of the activity of the macrophage as an effector cell is performed within its phagocytic compartment. This ranges from the degradation of tissue debris as part of its homeostatic function to the generation of the superoxide burst as part of its microbicidal response to infection. We have developed a range of real-time readouts of phagosomal function that enable these activities to be rigorously quantified. This unit contains descriptions of several of these assays assessed by different methods of quantitation, including a fluorescence resonance emission transfer (FRET) assay for phagosome/lysosome fusion measured by spectrofluorometry, a fluorogenic assay for the superoxide burst measured by flow cytometry, and a fluorogenic assay for bulk proteolysis measured by confocal microscopy. These assays illustrate both the range of parameters that can be quantified and the flexibility of instrumentation that can be exploited for their quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podinovskaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Glennie
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Henry C Mwandumba
- Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Trust Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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20
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Lee W, VanderVen BC, Fahey RJ, Russell DG. Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits host-derived fatty acids to limit metabolic stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6788-800. [PMID: 23306194 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that the nutrients available to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inside its host cell are restricted in their diversity. Fatty acids and cholesterol appear more favored; however, their degradation can result in certain metabolic stresses. Their breakdown can generate propionyl-CoA, which gives rise to potentially toxic intermediates. Detoxification of propionyl-CoA relies on the activity of the methylcitrate cycle, the methylmalonyl pathway, or incorporation of the propionyl-CoA into methyl-branched lipids in the cell wall. The current work explores carbon flux through these pathways, focusing primarily on those pathways responsible for the incorporation of propionyl-CoA into virulence-associated cell wall lipids. Exploiting both genetic and biochemical rescue, we demonstrate that these metabolic pressures are experienced by Mtb inside its host macrophage and that the bacterium accesses host fatty acid stores. The metabolism of these host lipids expands the acetyl-CoA pool and alleviates the pressure from propionyl-CoA. These data have major implications for our appreciation of central metabolism of Mtb during the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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21
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Nesbitt NM, Dubnau E, Kisker C, Lu R, Russell DG, Schäfer C, Sherman DR, Smith I, Thomas ST, VanderVen BC, Yang X, Sampson NS. Cholesterol Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Chewing Through the Fat. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.222.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenie Dubnau
- Public Health Research Institute Center and UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJ
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum DFG-Forschungszentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Rui Lu
- ChemistryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNY
| | | | - Christin Schäfer
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum DFG-Forschungszentrum für Experimentelle Biomedizin Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Issar Smith
- Public Health Research Institute Center and UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNJ
| | | | | | - Xinxin Yang
- ChemistryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNY
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22
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Thomas ST, VanderVen BC, Sherman DR, Russell DG, Sampson NS. Pathway profiling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: elucidation of cholesterol-derived catabolite and enzymes that catalyze its metabolism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43668-43678. [PMID: 22045806 PMCID: PMC3243565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, imports and metabolizes host cholesterol during infection. This ability is important in the chronic phase of infection. Here we investigate the role of the intracellular growth operon (igr), which has previously been identified as having a cholesterol-sensitive phenotype in vitro and which is important for intracellular growth of the mycobacteria. We have employed isotopically labeled low density lipoproteins containing either [1,7,15,22,26-(14)C]cholesterol or [1,7,15,22,26-(13)C]cholesterol and high resolution LC/MS as tools to profile the cholesterol-derived metabolome of an igr operon-disrupted mutant (Δigr) of M. tuberculosis. A partially metabolized cholesterol species accumulated in the Δigr knock-out strain that was absent in the complemented and parental wild-type strains. Structural elucidation by multidimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed the accumulated metabolite to be methyl 1β-(2'-propanoate)-3aα-H-4α-(3'-propanoic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-5-indanone. Heterologously expressed and purified FadE28-FadE29, an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase encoded by the igr operon, catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2'-propanoyl-CoA ester side chains in substrates with structures analogous to the characterized metabolite. Based on the structure of the isolated metabolite, enzyme activity, and bioinformatic annotations, we assign the primary function of the igr operon to be degradation of the 2'-propanoate side chain. Therefore, the igr operon is necessary to completely metabolize the side chain of cholesterol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and.
| | - David R Sherman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794.
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of the human disease Tuberculosis, and remains a worldwide health threat responsible for ∼1.7 million deaths annually. During infection, Mtb prevents acidification of the engulfing phagosome, thus blocking endocytic progression and eventually leading to stable residence. The diterpenoid metabolite isotuberculosinol (isoTb) exhibits biological activity indicative of a role in this early arrest of phagosome maturation. Presumably, isoTb production should be induced by phagosomal entry. However, the relevant enzymatic genes are not transcriptionally upregulated during engulfment. Previous examination of the initial biosynthetic enzyme (Rv3377c/MtHPS) involved in isoTb biosynthesis revealed striking inhibition by its Mg(2+) cofactor, leading to the hypothesis that the depletion of Mg(2+) observed upon phagosomal engulfment may act to trigger isoTb biosynthesis. While Mtb is typically grown in relatively high levels of Mg(2+) (0.43 mM), shifting Mtb to media with phagosomal levels (0.1 mM) led to a significant (∼10-fold) increase in accumulation of the MtHPS product, halimadienyl diphosphate, as well as easily detectable amounts of the derived bioactive isoTb. These results demonstrate isoTb production by Mtb specifically under conditions that mimic phagosomal cation concentrations, and further support a role for isoTb in the Mtb infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Mann
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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VanderVen BC, Hermetter A, Huang A, Maxfield FR, Russell DG, Yates RM. Development of a novel, cell-based chemical screen to identify inhibitors of intraphagosomal lipolysis in macrophages. Cytometry A 2010; 77:751-60. [PMID: 20653015 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in tissue homeostasis and the immune system. Their primary function is to internalize cellular debris and microorganisms for degradation within their phagosomes. In this context, their capacity to process and sequester lipids such as triacylglycerides and cholesteryl esters makes them key players in circulatory diseases, such as atheroclerosis. To discover new inhibitors of lipolytic processing within the phagosomal system of the macrophage, we have developed a novel, cell-based assay suitable for high-throughput screening. We employed particles carrying a fluorogenic triglyceride substrate and a calibration fluor to screen for inhibitors of phagosomal lipolysis. A panel of secondary assays were employed to discriminate between lipase inhibitors and compounds that perturbed general phagosomal trafficking events. This process enabled us to identify a new structural class of pyrazole-methanone compounds that directly inhibit lysosomal and lipoprotein lipase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Russell DG, VanderVen BC, Lee W, Abramovitch RB, Kim MJ, Homolka S, Niemann S, Rohde KH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis wears what it eats. Cell Host Microbe 2010; 8:68-76. [PMID: 20638643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the most pernicious of human pathogens. Current vaccines are ineffective, and drugs, although efficacious, require prolonged treatment with constant medical oversight. Overcoming these problems requires a greater appreciation of M. tuberculosis in the context of its host. Upon infection of either macrophages in culture or animal models, the bacterium realigns its metabolism in response to the new environments it encounters. Understanding these environments, and the stresses that they place on M. tuberculosis, should provide insights invaluable for the development of new chemo- and immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
Generation of an oxidative burst within the phagosomes of neutrophils, dendritic cells and macrophages is an essential component of the innate immune system. To examine the kinetics of the oxidative burst in the macrophage phagosome, we developed two new assays using beads coated with oxidation-sensitive fluorochromes.These assays permitted quantification and temporal resolution of the oxidative burst within the phagosome. The macrophage phagosomal oxidative burst is short lived,with oxidation of bead-associated substrates reaching maximal activity within 30 min following phagocytosis.Additionally, the extent and rate of macrophage phagosomal substrate oxidation were subject to immunomodulation by activation with lipopolysaccharide and/or interferon-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Owens RM, Hsu FF, VanderVen BC, Purdy GE, Hesteande E, Giannakas P, Sacchettini JC, McKinney JD, Hill PJ, Belisle JT, Butcher BA, Pethe K, Russell DG. M. tuberculosis Rv2252 encodes a diacylglycerol kinase involved in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs). Mol Microbiol 2007; 60:1152-63. [PMID: 16689792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated lipids play important roles in biological systems, not only as structural moieties but also as modulators of cellular function. Phospholipids of pathogenic bacteria are known to play roles both as membrane components and as factors that modulate the infectious process. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is, however, noteworthy in that it has an extremely diverse repertoire of biologically active phosphorylated lipids that, in the absence of a specialized protein translocation system, appear to constitute the main means of communication with the host. Many of these lipids are derived from phosphatidylinositol (PI) that is differentially processed to give rise to phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) or lipoarabinomannan. In preliminary studies on the lipid processing enzymes associated with the bacterial cell wall, a kinase activity was noted that gave rise to a novel lipid species released by the bacterium. It was determined that this kinase activity was encoded by the ORF Rv2252. Rv2252 demonstrates the capacity to phosphorylate various amphipathic lipids of host and bacterial origin, in particular a M. tuberculosis derived diacylglycerol. Targeted deletion of the rv2252 gene resulted in disruption of the production of certain higher order PIM species, suggesting a role for Rv2252 in the biosynthetic pathway of PI, a PIM precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín M Owens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14053, USA
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Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is an essential and evolutionarily conserved post-translational modification among eukaryotes. This form of protein modification is also described in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, the mechanism of mannoprotein assembly remains unclear. Evaluation of differentially translocated chimeric proteins and mass spectrometry to monitor glycosylation demonstrated that specific translocation processes were required for protein O-mannosylation in M. tuberculosis. Additionally, Rv1002c, a M. tuberculosis membrane protein homolog of eukaryotic protein mannosyltransferases, was shown to catalyze the initial step of protein mannosylation. Thus, the process of protein mannosylation is conserved between M. tuberculosis and eukaryotic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C VanderVen
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
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