51
|
Griffin DE. The Immune Response in Measles: Virus Control, Clearance and Protective Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100282. [PMID: 27754341 PMCID: PMC5086614 DOI: 10.3390/v8100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10–14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2–3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4+ and CD8+ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Garib FY, Rizopulu AP. T-Regulatory Cells as Part of Strategy of Immune Evasion by Pathogens. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:957-71. [PMID: 26547064 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915080015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, regulatory processes can suppress the immune response after elimination of a pathogen and restore homeostasis through the destruction and suppression of obsolete effector cells of the immune system. The main players in this process are T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and immature dendritic cells, which suppress the immune response by their own products and/or by inducing synthesis of immunosuppressive interleukins IL-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) by other cells. This mechanism is also used by widespread "successful" pathogens that are capable of chronically persisting in the human body - herpes virus, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori, and others. During coevolution of microbial pathogens and the host immune system, the pathogens developed sophisticated strategies for evading the host defense, so-called immune evasion. In particular, molecular structures of pathogens during the interaction with dendritic cells via activating and inhibitory receptors can change intracellular signal transduction, resulting in block of maturation of dendritic cells. Immature dendritic cells become tolerogenic and cause differentiation of Tregs from the conventional T-cell CD4+. Microbial molecules can also react directly with Tregs through innate immune receptors. Costimulation of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) by flagellin increases the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3, which increases the suppressive activity of Treg cells. From all evasion mechanisms, the induction of immunosuppression by Treg through IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β appears most effective. This results in the suppression of inflammation and of adaptive immune responses against pathogens, optimizing the conditions for the survival of bacteria and viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Yu Garib
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Shu B, Mao P, Bai B, Hu Q, Luo M, Ma X, Cui Z, Wang H. Tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine RANTES expression via activation of IRF-3 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:209. [PMID: 27576490 PMCID: PMC5004318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (CNS) and causes encephalitides in humans. Although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in TBEV-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. Methods BALB/c mice were intracerebrally injected with TBEV, followed by evaluation of chemokine and cytokine profiles using protein array analysis. The virus-infected mice were treated with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES or anti-RANTES mAb to determine the role of RANTES in affecting TBEV-induced neurological disease. The underlying signaling mechanisms were delineated using RANTES promoter luciferase reporter assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in human brain-derived cell culture models. Results In a mouse model, pathological features including marked inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in brain sections, which correlated with a robust up-regulation of RANTES within the brain but not in peripheral tissues and sera. Antagonizing RANTES within CNS extended the survival of mice and reduced accumulation of infiltrating cells in the brain after TBEV infection. Through in vitro studies, we show that virus infection up-regulated RANTES production at both mRNA and protein levels in human brain-derived cell lines and primary progenitor-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, IRF-3 pathway appeared to be essential for TBEV-induced RANTES production. Site mutation of an IRF-3-binding motif abrogated the RANTES promoter activity in virus-infected brain cells. Moreover, IRF-3 was activated upon TBEV infection as evidenced by phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3, while blockade of IRF-3 activation drastically reduced virus-induced RANTES expression. Conclusions Our findings together provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RANTES production induced by TBEV, highlighting its potential importance in the process of neuroinflammatory responses to TBEV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
DC-SIGN and L-SIGN Are Attachment Factors That Promote Infection of Target Cells by Human Metapneumovirus in the Presence or Absence of Cellular Glycosaminoglycans. J Virol 2016; 90:7848-63. [PMID: 27334579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00537-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is well established that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) function as attachment factors for human metapneumovirus (HMPV), concentrating virions at the cell surface to promote interaction with other receptors for virus entry and infection. There is increasing evidence to suggest that multiple receptors may exhibit the capacity to promote infectious entry of HMPV into host cells; however, definitive identification of specific transmembrane receptors for HMPV attachment and entry is complicated by the widespread expression of cell surface GAGs. pgsA745 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are deficient in the expression of cell surface GAGs and resistant to HMPV infection. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the Ca(2+)-dependent C-type lectin receptor (CLR) DC-SIGN (CD209L) or L-SIGN (CD209L) rendered pgsA745 cells permissive to HMPV infection. Unlike infection of parental CHO cells, HMPV infection of pgsA745 cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN was dynamin dependent and inhibited by mannan but not by pretreatment with bacterial heparinase. Parental CHO cells expressing DC-SIGN/L-SIGN also showed enhanced susceptibility to dynamin-dependent HMPV infection, confirming that CLRs can promote HMPV infection in the presence or absence of GAGs. Comparison of pgsA745 cells expressing wild-type and endocytosis-defective mutants of DC-SIGN/L-SIGN indicated that the endocytic function of CLRs was not essential but could contribute to HMPV infection of GAG-deficient cells. Together, these studies confirm a role for CLRs as attachment factors and entry receptors for HMPV infection. Moreover, they define an experimental system that can be exploited to identify transmembrane receptors and entry pathways where permissivity to HMPV infection can be rescued following the expression of a single cell surface receptor. IMPORTANCE On the surface of CHO cells, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) function as the major attachment factor for human metapneumoviruses (HMPV), promoting dynamin-independent infection. Consistent with this, GAG-deficient pgaA745 CHO cells are resistant to HMPV. However, expression of DC-SIGN or L-SIGN rendered pgsA745 cells permissive to dynamin-dependent infection by HMPV, although the endocytic function of DC-SIGN/L-SIGN was not essential for, but could contribute to, enhanced infection. These studies provide direct evidence implicating DC-SIGN/L-SIGN as an alternate attachment factor for HMPV attachment, promoting dynamin-dependent infection via other unknown receptors in the absence of GAGs. Moreover, we describe a unique experimental system for the assessment of putative attachment and entry receptors for HMPV.
Collapse
|
55
|
Beachboard DC, Horner SM. Innate immune evasion strategies of DNA and RNA viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:113-119. [PMID: 27288760 PMCID: PMC4983539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, both DNA and RNA viruses can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the cytoplasm or the nucleus to activate antiviral innate immunity. Sensing of viral products leads to the activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately results in transcriptional activation of type I and III interferons, as well as other antiviral genes that together mediate viral clearance and inhibit viral spread. Therefore, in order for viruses to replicate and spread efficiently, they must inhibit the host signaling pathways that induce the innate antiviral immune response. In this review, we will highlight recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which viruses evade PRR detection, intermediate signaling molecule activation, transcription factor activation, and the actions of antiviral proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dia C Beachboard
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Xiang W, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wu S, Zhou Y, Meng F, Fan Y, Shen T, Xiao M, Xia Z, Zou J, Feng XH, Xu P. PPM1A silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501889. [PMID: 27419230 PMCID: PMC4942338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I)-like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKKε (IκB kinase ε) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKKε activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKKε complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKKε for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a(-/-) mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Xiang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shiying Wu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fansen Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunyun Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mu Xiao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors of viral RNA or DNA, with a focus on RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Such viral strategies include the sequestration or modification of viral nucleic acids, interference with specific post-translational modifications of PRRs or their adaptor proteins, the degradation or cleavage of PRRs or their adaptors, and the sequestration or relocalization of PRRs. An understanding of viral immune-evasion mechanisms at the molecular level may guide the development of vaccines and antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
2C Proteins of Enteroviruses Suppress IKKβ Phosphorylation by Recruiting Protein Phosphatase 1. J Virol 2016; 90:5141-5151. [PMID: 26962213 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The NF-κB signaling network, which is an ancient signaling pathway, plays a pivotal role in innate immunity and constitutes a first line of defense against invading pathogens, including viruses. However, numerous viruses possess evolved strategies to antagonize the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our previous study demonstrated that the nonstructural protein 2C of enterovirus 71 (EV71), which is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth disease, inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated activation of NF-κB by suppressing IκB kinase β (IKKβ) phosphorylation. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation by EV71 2C remains largely elusive. We demonstrate that EV71 2C interacts with all isoforms of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunit (the PP1α, PP1β, and PP1γ isoforms) through PP1-docking motifs. EV71 2C has no influence on the subcellular localization of PP1. In addition, the PP1-binding-deficient EV71 2C mutant 3E3L nearly completely lost the ability to suppress IKKβ phosphorylation and NF-κB activation was markedly restored in the mutant, thereby indicating that PP1 binding is efficient for EV71 2C-mediated inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation and NF-κB activation. We further demonstrate that 2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKβ to dephosphorylate IKKβ. Notably, we reveal that other human enteroviruses, including poliovirus (PV), coxsackie A virus 16 (CVA16), and coxsackie B virus 3 (CVB3), use 2C proteins to recruit PP1, leading to the inhibition of IKKβ phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism to inhibit IKKβ phosphorylation by recruiting PP1 and IKKβ to form a complex through 2C proteins, which ultimately results in the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. IMPORTANCE The innate antiviral immunity system performs an essential function in recognizing and eliminating invading viruses. Enteroviruses include a number of important human pathogens, including poliovirus (PV), EV71, and coxsackieviruses (CVs). As 2C is the most conserved and complex nonstructural protein of enteroviruses, its biological function is largely unclear, whereas the 2A and 3C proteinases of enteroviruses are well characterized. We reveal that EV71 2C forms a complex with PP1 and IKKβ to maintain IKKβ in an unphosphorylated and inactive state, resulting in the inactivation of the TNF-α-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. We provide evidence that the 2C proteins of the enteroviruses PV, CVA16, and CVB3 suppress IKKβ phosphorylation through the same mechanism involving PP1. We demonstrate that enteroviruses exploit a novel mechanism involving PP1 to regulate innate antiviral immunity, and our findings may be particularly important for understanding the pathogenicity of enteroviruses.
Collapse
|
59
|
Radoshevich L, Dussurget O. Cytosolic Innate Immune Sensing and Signaling upon Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:313. [PMID: 27014235 PMCID: PMC4789553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sensing of pathogens is essential to a productive immune response. Recent reports have emphasized the importance of signaling platforms emanating from organelles and cytosolic sensors, particularly during the response to intracellular pathogens. Here, we highlight recent discoveries identifying the key mediators of nucleic acid and cyclic nucleotide sensing and discuss their importance in host defense. This review will also cover strategies evolved by pathogens to manipulate these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilliana Radoshevich
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC2020Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Institut PasteurParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U604Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC2020Paris, France; Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Zhao D, Han X, Zheng X, Wang H, Yang Z, Liu D, Han K, Liu J, Wang X, Yang W, Dong Q, Yang S, Xia X, Tang L, He F. The Myeloid LSECtin Is a DAP12-Coupled Receptor That Is Crucial for Inflammatory Response Induced by Ebola Virus Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005487. [PMID: 26943817 PMCID: PMC4778874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal Ebola virus infection is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response similar to septic shock. Ebola glycoprotein (GP) is involved in this process through activating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. However, the mechanism is unclear. Here, we showed that LSECtin (also known as CLEC4G) plays an important role in GP-mediated inflammatory responses in human DCs. Anti-LSECtin mAb engagement induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in DCs, whereas silencing of LSECtin abrogated this effect. Intriguingly, as a pathogen-derived ligand, Ebola GP could trigger TNF-α and IL-6 release by DCs through LSECtin. Mechanistic investigations revealed that LSECtin initiated signaling via association with a 12-kDa DNAX-activating protein (DAP12) and induced Syk activation. Mutation of key tyrosines in the DAP12 immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif abrogated LSECtin-mediated signaling. Furthermore, Syk inhibitors significantly reduced the GP-triggered cytokine production in DCs. Therefore, our results demonstrate that LSECtin is required for the GP-induced inflammatory response, providing new insights into the EBOV-mediated inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dianyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Zaopeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Science of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (FH)
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LT); (FH)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Liao Y, Gu F, Mao X, Niu Q, Wang H, Sun Y, Song C, Qiu X, Tan L, Ding C. Regulation of de novo translation of host cells by manipulation of PERK/PKR and GADD34-PP1 activity during Newcastle disease virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:867-879. [PMID: 26869028 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections result in cellular stress responses, which can trigger protein translation shutoff via phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes severe disease in poultry and selectively kills human tumour cells. In this report, we determined that infection of HeLa human cervical cancer cells and DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells with NDV maintained protein at early infection times, 0-12 h post-infection (p.i.), and gradually inhibited global protein translation at late infection times, 12-24 h p.i. Mechanistic studies showed that translation inhibition at late infection times was accompanied by phosphorylation of eIF2α, a checkpoint of translation initiation. Meanwhile, the eIF2α kinase, PKR, was upregulated and activated by phosphorylation and another eIF2α kinase, PERK, was phosphorylated and cleaved into two fragments. Pharmacological inhibition experiments revealed that only PKR activity was required for eIF2α phosphorylation, suggesting that recognition of viral dsRNA by PKR was responsible for translation shutoff. High levels of phospho-eIF2α led to preferential translation of the transcription factor ATF4 and an increase in GADD34 expression. Functionally, GADD34, in conjunction with PP1, dephosphorylated eIF2a and restored protein translation, benefiting virus protein synthesis. However, PP1 was degraded at late infection times, functionally counteracting the upregulation of GADD34. Taken together, our data support that NDV-induced translation shutoff at late infection times was attributed to sustaining phosphorylation of eIF2α, which is mediated by continual activation of PKR and degradation of PP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Qiaona Niu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Huaxia Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| | - Chan Ding
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, JiangSu 225009, PRChina.,Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ziyue Road 518, Shanghai 200241, PRChina
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Takashima K, Oshiumi H, Takaki H, Matsumoto M, Seya T. RIOK3-mediated phosphorylation of MDA5 interferes with its assembly and attenuates the innate immune response. Cell Rep 2016; 11:192-200. [PMID: 25865883 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MDA5 is a cytoplasmic viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) sensor and triggers type I interferon (IFN) production. MDA5 assembles along viral dsRNA, leading to the formation of an MDA5 filament required for activating the MAVS adaptor. A recent study has revealed that PP1α and PP1γ phosphatases are responsible for dephosphorylating MDA5 and are essential for its activation. Here, we identified RIO kinase 3 (RIOK3) as a protein kinase that phosphorylates the MDA5 C-terminal region. RIOK3 knockout strongly enhanced type I IFN and IFN-inducible gene expression following measles virus infection. Conversely, the ectopic expression of RIOK3 or a phosphomimetic MDA5-S828D mutation attenuated MDA5-mediated signaling. Moreover, RIOK3-mediated MDA5 phosphorylation impaired MDA5 multimer formation, indicating that MDA5 C-terminal phosphorylation interferes with MDA5 filament formation and suppresses its signaling. Our data revealed a regulatory mechanism underlying the activation of the cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor MDA5 in both uninfected and virus-infected cells.
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhao J, He S, Minassian A, Li J, Feng P. Recent advances on viral manipulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:103-11. [PMID: 26385424 PMCID: PMC4688235 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors regulate the expression of hundreds of genes primarily involved in immune responses. Signaling events leading to NF-κB activation constitute a major antiviral immune pathway. To replicate and persist within their hosts, viruses have evolved diverse strategies to evade and exploit cellular NF-κB immune signaling cascades for their benefit. We summarize recent studies concerning viral manipulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway downstream of pattern recognition receptors. Signal transduction mediated by pattern recognition receptors is a research frontier for both infectious disease and innate immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Shanping He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Arlet Minassian
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Schellens IM, Meiring HD, Hoof I, Spijkers SN, Poelen MCM, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Costa AI, Vennema H, Keşmir C, van Baarle D, van Els CACM. Measles Virus Epitope Presentation by HLA: Novel Insights into Epitope Selection, Dominance, and Microvariation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:546. [PMID: 26579122 PMCID: PMC4629467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity to infections with measles virus (MV) can involve vigorous human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. MV, albeit regarded monotypic, is known to undergo molecular evolution across its RNA genome. To address which regions of the MV proteome are eligible for recognition by CD8+ CTLs and how different HLA class I loci contribute to the epitope display, we interrogated the naturally processed and presented MV peptidome extracted from cell lines expressing in total a broad panel of 16 different common HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules. The repertoire and abundance of MV peptides were bona fide identified by nanoHPLC–MS/MS. Eighty-nine MV peptides were discovered and assignment to an HLA-A, -B, or -C allele, based on HLA-peptide affinity prediction, was in most cases successful. Length variation and presentation by multiple HLA class I molecules was common in the MV peptidome. More than twice as many unique MV epitopes were found to be restricted by HLA-B than by HLA-A, while MV peptides with supra-abundant expression rates (>5,000 cc) were rather associated with HLA-A and HLA-C. In total, 59 regions across the whole MV proteome were identified as targeted by HLA class I. Sequence coverage by epitopes was highest for internal proteins transcribed from the MV-P/V/C and -M genes and for hemagglutinin. At the genome level, the majority of the HLA class I-selected MV epitopes represented codons having a higher non-synonymous mutation rate than silent mutation rate, as established by comparison of a set of 58 unique full length MV genomes. Interestingly, more molecular variation was seen for the epitopes expressed at rates ≥1,000 cc. These data for the first time indicate that HLA class I broadly samples the MV proteome and that CTL pressure may contribute to the genomic evolution of MV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Schellens
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands ; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Ilka Hoof
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Sanne N Spijkers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands ; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | | | - Ana I Costa
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Can Keşmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands ; Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Abstract
The interferon system protects mammals against virus infections. There are several types of interferons, which are characterized by their ability to inhibit virus replication and resultant pathogenesis by triggering both innate and cell-mediated immune responses. Virus infection is sensed by a variety of cellular pattern-recognition receptors and triggers the synthesis of interferons, which are secreted by the infected cells. In uninfected cells, cell surface receptors recognize the secreted interferons and activate intracellular signaling pathways that induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes; the proteins encoded by these genes inhibit different stages of virus replication. To avoid extinction, almost all viruses have evolved mechanisms to defend themselves against the interferon system. Consequently, a dynamic equilibrium of survival is established between the virus and its host, an equilibrium that can be shifted to the host's favor by the use of exogenous interferon as a therapeutic antiviral agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Fensterl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195;
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Davis ME, Wang MK, Rennick LJ, Full F, Gableske S, Mesman AW, Gringhuis SI, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, Gack MU. Antagonism of the phosphatase PP1 by the measles virus V protein is required for innate immune escape of MDA5. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 16:19-30. [PMID: 25011105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytosolic sensor MDA5 is crucial for antiviral innate immune defense against various RNA viruses including measles virus; as such, many viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize the antiviral activity of MDA5. Here, we show that measles virus escapes MDA5 detection by targeting the phosphatases PP1α and PP1γ, which regulate MDA5 activity by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation mark. The V proteins of measles virus and the related paramyxovirus Nipah virus interact with PP1α/γ, preventing PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of MDA5 and thereby its activation. The PP1 interaction with the measles V protein is mediated by a conserved PP1-binding motif in the C-terminal region of the V protein. A recombinant measles virus expressing a mutant V protein deficient in PP1 binding is unable to antagonize MDA5 and is growth impaired due to its inability to suppress interferon induction. This identifies PP1 antagonism as a mechanism employed by paramyxoviruses for evading innate immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - May K Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Linda J Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Florian Full
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastian Gableske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annelies W Mesman
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja I Gringhuis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Microbiology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Tanaka Y, Ito S, Oshino R, Chen N, Nishio N, Isobe KI. Effects of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) on inflammation-induced colon cancer in mice. Br J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26196182 PMCID: PMC4647681 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34/Ppp1r15a) is a family of GADD proteins that are induced by DNA damage. GADD34 protein has been suggested to regulate inflammation or host defense systems. However, the in vivo function of GADD34 in inflammation is still unclear. Long lasting inflammation, such as that seen in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is associated with a higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Using a colitis-associated cancer model, we analysed GADD34-deficient (KO) mice to study the effect of GADD34 on colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis. Results: We found a higher incidence of CRC in wild-type (WT) mice than in GADD34KO mice. Moreover, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory responses were downregulated by GADD34 deficiency. The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-6, and iNOS/NOS2 was higher in the colons of WT mice than GADD34KO mice. IL-6 is known to activate STAT3 signalling in colonic epithelial cells and subsequently induced epithelial proliferation. We found that IL-6-STAT3 signalling and epithelial proliferation were higher in WT mice compared with GADD34KO mice. Conclusions: These results indicated that GADD34 upregulated pro-inflammatory mediator production leading to a higher tumour burden following azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Reina Oshino
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Nana Chen
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naomi Nishio
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Isobe
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
The DNA damage response and immune signaling alliance: Is it good or bad? Nature decides when and where. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 154:36-56. [PMID: 26145166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic feature of healthy living organisms is the preservation of homeostasis. Compelling evidence highlight that the DNA damage response and repair (DDR/R) and immune response (ImmR) signaling networks work together favoring the harmonized function of (multi)cellular organisms. DNA and RNA viruses activate the DDR/R machinery in the host cells both directly and indirectly. Activation of DDR/R in turn favors the immunogenicity of the incipient cell. Hence, stimulation of DDR/R by exogenous or endogenous insults triggers innate and adaptive ImmR. The immunogenic properties of ionizing radiation, a prototypic DDR/R inducer, serve as suitable examples of how DDR/R stimulation alerts host immunity. Thus, critical cellular danger signals stimulate defense at the systemic level and vice versa. Disruption of DDR/R-ImmR cross talk compromises (multi)cellular integrity, leading to cell-cycle-related and immune defects. The emerging DDR/R-ImmR concept opens up a new avenue of therapeutic options, recalling the Hippocrates quote "everything in excess is opposed by nature."
Collapse
|
69
|
Romanets-Korbut O, Kovalevska LM, Seya T, Sidorenko SP, Horvat B. Measles virus hemagglutinin triggers intracellular signaling in CD150-expressing dendritic cells and inhibits immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:828-838. [PMID: 26073466 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is highly contagious pathogen, which causes a profound immunosuppression, resulting in high infant mortality. This virus infects dendritic cells (DCs) following the binding of MV hemagglutinin (MV-H) to CD150 receptor and alters DC functions by a mechanism that is not completely understood. We have analyzed the effect of MV-H interaction with CD150-expressing DCs on the DC signaling pathways and consequent phenotypic and functional changes in the absence of infectious context. We demonstrated that contact between CD150 on human DCs and MV-H expressed on membrane of transfected CHO cells was sufficient to modulate the activity of two major regulatory pathways of DC differentiation and function: to stimulate Akt and inhibit p38 MAPK phosphorylation, without concomitant ERK1/2 activation. Furthermore, interaction with MV-H decreased the expression level of DC activation markers CD80, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR and strongly downregulated IL-12 production but did not modulate IL-10 secretion. Moreover, contact with MV-H suppressed DC-mediated T-cell alloproliferation, demonstrating profound alteration of DC maturation and functions. Finally, engagement of CD150 by MV-H in mice transgenic for human CD150 decreased inflammatory responses, showing the immunosuppressive effect of CD150-MV-H interaction in vivo. Altogether, these results uncover novel mechanism of MV-induced immunosuppression, implicating modulation of cell signaling pathways following MV-H interaction with CD150-expressing DCs and reveal anti-inflammatory effects of CD150 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Romanets-Korbut
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, IbIV team, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa M Kovalevska
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Svetlana P Sidorenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NASU, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, IbIV team, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chan YK, Gack MU. RIG-I-like receptor regulation in virus infection and immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 12:7-14. [PMID: 25644461 PMCID: PMC5076476 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have the intrinsic capacity to detect viral pathogens and to initiate an antiviral response that is characterized by the induction of interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. A delicate regulation of the signaling pathways that lead to cytokine production is needed to ensure effective clearance of the virus, while preventing tissue damage caused by excessive cytokine release. Here, we focus on the mechanisms that modulate the signal transduction triggered by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and their adaptor protein MAVS, key components of the host machinery for sensing foreign RNA. Specifically, we summarize recent advances in understanding how RLR signaling is regulated by posttranslational and posttranscriptional mechanisms, microRNAs (miRNAs) and autophagy. We further discuss how viruses target these regulatory mechanisms for immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Merlotti A, Dantas E, Remes Lenicov F, Ceballos A, Jancic C, Varese A, Rubione J, Stover S, Geffner J, Sabatté J. Fucosylated clusterin in semen promotes the uptake of stress-damaged proteins by dendritic cells via DC-SIGN. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1545-56. [PMID: 26003430 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Could seminal plasma clusterin play a role in the uptake of stress-damaged proteins by dendritic cells? SUMMARY ANSWER Seminal plasma clusterin, but not serum clusterin, promotes the uptake of stress-damaged proteins by dendritic cells via DC-SIGN. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Clusterin is one of the major extracellular chaperones. It interacts with a variety of stressed proteins to prevent their aggregation, guiding them for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular degradation. The concentration of clusterin in semen is almost 20-fold higher than that found in serum, raising the question about the role of seminal plasma clusterin in reproduction. No previous studies have analyzed whether seminal plasma clusterin has chaperone activity. We have previously shown that seminal plasma clusterin, but not serum clusterin, expresses an extreme abundance of fucosylated glycans. These motifs enable seminal plasma clusterin to bind DC-SIGN with very high affinity. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In vitro experiments were performed to evaluate the ability of seminal plasma clusterin to inhibit the precipitation of stressed proteins, promoting their uptake by dendritic cells via DC-SIGN (a C-type lectin receptor selectively expressed on dendritic cells (DC)). Moreover, the ability of seminal plasma clusterin to modulate the phenotype and function of DCs was also assessed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Clusterin was purified from human semen and human serum. Catalase, bovine serum albumin, glutathione S-transferase, and normal human serum were stressed and the ability of seminal plasma clusterin to prevent the precipitation of these proteins, guiding them to DC-SIGN expressed by DCs, was evaluated using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Endocytosis of stressed proteins was analyzed by confocal microscopy and the ability of seminal plasma clusterin-treated DCs to stimulate the proliferation of CD25+FOXP3+CD4+ T cells was also evaluated by FACS. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Seminal plasma clusterin interacts with stressed proteins, inhibits their aggregation (P < 0.01) and efficiently targets them to dendritic cells via DC-SIGN (P < 0.01). DCs efficiently endocytosed clusterin-client complexes and sorted them to degradative compartments involved in antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, we also found that the interaction of seminal plasma clusterin with DC-SIGN did not change the phenotype of DCs, but stimulates their ability to induce the expansion of CD25+FOXP3+CD4+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.05 versus control). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION All the experiments were performed in vitro; hence the relevance of our observations should be validated in vivo. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results suggest that by inducing the endocytosis of stress-damaged proteins by DCs via DC-SIGN, seminal plasma clusterin might promote a tolerogenic response to male antigens, thereby contributing to female tolerance to seminal antigens. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The present research was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, the Buenos Aires University School of Medicine, and the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Merlotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - E Dantas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - F Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - A Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - C Jancic
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Oncológica, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - A Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - J Rubione
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - S Stover
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - J Geffner
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - J Sabatté
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Moller-Tank
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Argüello RJ, Rodriguez Rodrigues C, Gatti E, Pierre P. Protein synthesis regulation, a pillar of strength for innate immunity? Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 32:28-35. [PMID: 25553394 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen derived molecules by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) induces the production of cytokines (i.e. type I interferons) that stimulate the surrounding cells to transcribe and translate hundreds of genes, in order to prevent further infection and organize the immune response. Here, we report on the rising matter that metabolism sensing and gene expression control at the level of mRNA translation, allow swift responses that mobilize host defenses and coordinate innate responses to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J Argüello
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, U2M, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Christian Rodriguez Rodrigues
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, U2M, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, U2M, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - iBiMED and Aveiro Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, U2M, 13288 Marseille, France; INSERM, U1104, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France; Institute for Research in Biomedicine - iBiMED and Aveiro Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Activation of the chicken type I interferon response by infectious bronchitis coronavirus. J Virol 2014; 89:1156-67. [PMID: 25378498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02671-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses from both the Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus genera interfere with the type I interferon (IFN) response in various ways, ensuring the limited activation of the IFN response in most cell types. Of the gammacoronaviruses that mainly infect birds, little is known about the activation of the host immune response. We show that the prototypical Gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), induces a delayed activation of the IFN response in primary renal cells, tracheal epithelial cells, and a chicken cell line. In fact, Ifnβ expression is delayed with respect to the peak of viral replication and the accompanying accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In addition, we demonstrate that MDA5 is the primary sensor for Gammacoronavirus infections in chicken cells. Furthermore, we provide evidence that accessory proteins 3a and 3b of IBV modulate the response at the transcriptional and translational levels. Finally, we show that, despite the lack of activation of the IFN response during the early phase of IBV infection, the signaling of nonself dsRNA through both MDA5 and TLR3 remains intact in IBV-infected cells. Taken together, this study provides the first comprehensive analysis of host-virus interactions of a Gammacoronavirus with avian innate immune responses. IMPORTANCE Our results demonstrate that IBV has evolved multiple strategies to avoid the activation of the type I interferon response. Taken together, the present study closes a gap in the understanding of host-IBV interaction and paves the way for further characterization of the mechanisms underlying immune evasion strategies as well as the pathogenesis of gammacoronaviruses.
Collapse
|
75
|
|