Preparation of polypyrrole-coated magnetic particles for micro solid-phase extraction of phthalates in water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis

Application of a Zn(ii) based metal–organic framework as an efficient solid-phase extraction sorbent for preconcentration of plasticizer compounds

A solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent, a Zn(ii) based metal–organic framework, was prepared via a simple, solventless, green and a low-cost mechanosynthesis process.

Removal of endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate by modified polythiophene-coated magnetic nanoparticles: characterization, adsorption isotherm, kinetic study, thermodynamics

Superparamagnetic nanosorbent poly(phenyl(4-(6-thiophen-3-yl-hexyloxy)-benzylidene)-amine)/Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@P3TArH) were successfully synthesized via a simplistic method for the enhanced extraction of potent endocrine disruptor, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP).

Magnetic solid-phase extraction based on modified ferum oxides for enrichment, preconcentration, and isolation of pesticides and selected pollutants

Recently, a simple, rapid, high-efficiency, selective, and sensitive method for isolation, preconcentration, and enrichment of analytes has been developed. This new method of sample handling is based on ferum oxides as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and has been used for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of various analytes from various matrices. This review focuses on the applications of modified ferum oxides, especially modified Fe3O4 MNPs, as MSPE adsorbent for pesticide isolation from various matrices. Further perspectives on MSPE based on modified Fe3O4 for inorganic metal ions, organic compounds, and biological species from water samples are also presented. Ferum(III) oxide MNPs (Fe2O3) are also highlighted.

Extraction and preconcentration of formaldehyde in water by polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography

In this study, a simple and rapid extraction method based on the application of polypyrrole-coated Fe3 O4 nanoparticles as a magnetic solid-phase extraction sorbent was successfully developed for the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of formaldehyde after derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. The analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by UV detection. Several variables affecting the extraction efficiency of the formaldehyde, i.e., sample pH, amount of sorbent, salt concentration, extraction time and desorption conditions were investigated and optimized. The best working conditions were as follows: sample pH, 5; amount of sorbent, 40 mg; NaCl concentration, 20% w/v; sample volume, 20 mL; extraction time, 12 min; and 100 μL of methanol for desorption of the formaldehyde within 3 min. Under the optimal conditions, the performance of the proposed method was studied in terms of linear dynamic range (10-500 μg/L), correlation coefficient (R(2) ≥ 0.998), precision (RSD% ≤ 5.5) and limit of detection (4 μg/L). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for extraction and determination of formaldehyde in tap, rain and tomato water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.

Coextraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants using multiwalled carbon nanotubes/magnetite nanoparticles@polypyrrole composite

The simultaneous extraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants from various samples is a considerable and disputable concept in sample preparation strategies. In this study, for the first time, coextraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants (polar and apolar) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4@polypyrrole (MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy) composite based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detection was introduced. Firstly, the extraction efficiency of various magnetic nanosorbents including Fe3O4, MWCNTs/Fe3O4, graphene oxide/Fe3O4 (GO/Fe3O4), Fe3O4@PPy, MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy and GO/Fe3O4@PPy were compared. The results revealed that MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy nanocomposite has higher extraction efficiency for five selected model analytes (4-nitrophenol, 3-nitroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline and 1-amino-2-naphthol). Box-Behnken design methodology combined with desirability function approach was applied to find out the optimal experimental conditions. The opted conditions were: pH of the sample, 8.2; sorbent amount, 12 mg; sorption time, 5.5 min; salt concentration, 14% w/w; type and volume of the eluent, 120 μL acetonitrile; elution time; 2 min. Under the optimum conditions detection limits and linear dynamic ranges were achieved in the range of 0.1-0.25 μg L(-1) and 0.5-600 μg L(-1), respectively. The percent of extraction recovery and relative standard deviations (n=5) were in the range of 45.6-82.2 and 4.0-8.5, respectively. Ultimately, the applicability of this method was successfully confirmed by analyzing rain, snow and river water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.

Polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for RB19 synthetic textile dye: Removal and kinetic study

The present work deals with the first attempt to study the removal of synthetic textile dye, reactive blue 19 (RB19), using the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified by pyrrole (PPy@Fe3O4 MNPs) as an efficient adsorbent. The nanoadsorbent was synthesized using chemical co-precipitation. Scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR were used to characterize nanoparticles. Factors affecting the dye adsorption including the pH of the dye solution, amount of adsorbent and contact time were also further investigated. Sorption of the RB19 on PPy@Fe3O4 MNPs reached to equilibrium at contact time less than 10 min and fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 112.36 mg g(-1). Experiments for adsorption kinetic were carried out and the data fitted well according to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the MNPs were recovered with over than 90% efficiency using methanol as elution agent.

Extraction and GC-MS analysis of phthalate esters in food matrices: a review

According to the Scopus database, using “phthalate” and “GC” as keywords, 758 papers have been found between 1990 and 2014, showing strong and increasing interest in this class of compounds from the scientific community.

Magnetic solid phase extraction based on magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles for determination of trace isocarbophos residues in different matrices

A simple one-step solvothermal method was applied for the preparation of magnetite/reduced graphene oxide (MRGO), and the synthetic nanocomposites with a magnetic particle size of ∼8nm were used as an adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of isocarbophos (ICP) in different sample matrices prior to gas chromatography (GC) detection. The identity of the nanomaterial was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a uniform size were homogeneously anchored on RGO nanosheets. Increased oxidation degrees of graphite oxide, big particle sizes and large loading amounts of Fe3O4 on the surface of RGO led to a decrease of adsorption capacity of MRGO to ICP. The adsorption behavior of this adsorbent was better fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, including adsorbent dosage, extraction time, ionic strength and desorption conditions. And then, a rapid and effective method based on MRGO combined with GC was developed for the determination of ICP in aqueous samples. A linear range from 0.05 to 50ngmL(-1) was obtained with a high correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.9995, and the limit of detection was found to be 0.0044ngmL(-1). This method was successfully applied to the analysis of ICP in five kinds of samples, including apple, rice, lake water, cowpea and cabbage. The recoveries in different sample matrices were in the range from 81.00% to 108.51% with relative standard deviations less than 9.72%. It can be concluded that the proposed analytical method is highly-efficient, sensitive, precise, accurate and practicable.

Dispersive solid-phase extraction based on magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted microspheres for selective screening of phthalates in plastic bottled beverages

A new magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted dispersive solid-phase extraction (MAG-MIM-dSPE) coupled with gas chromatography-FID was developed for selective determination of phthalates in plastic bottled beverages. The new magnetic dummy molecularly imprinted microspheres (MAG-MIM) using diisononyl phthalate as a template mimic were synthesized by coprecipitation coupled with aqueous suspension polymerization and were successfully applied as the adsorbents for MAG-MIM-dSPE to extract and isolate five phthalates from plastic bottled beverages. Validation experiments showed that the MAG-MIM-dSPE method had good linearity at 0.0040-0.40 μg/mL (0.9991-0.9998), good precision (3.1-6.9%), and high recovery (89.5-101.3%), and limits of detection were obtained in a range of 0.53-1.2 μg/L. The presented MAG-MIM-dSPE method combines the quick separation of magnetic particles, special selectivity of MIM, and high extraction efficiency of dSPE, which could potentially be applied to selective screening of phthalates in beverage products.

Application of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in sample preparation

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have attracted much attention in sample preparation because of their excellent performance compared with traditional sample-preparation sorbents. In this review, we describe the application of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with silica, octadecylsilane, carbon-based material, surfactants, and polymers as adsorbents for separation and preconcentration of analytes from a variety of matrices. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques, mainly reported in the last five years, are presented and discussed.

Extraction of three nitrophenols using polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles based on anion exchange process

In this research, the applicability of polypyrrole-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PPy NPs) as an anion exchange magnetic nanosorbent is demonstrated. For this purpose, three nitrophenols were selected as models which are acidic compounds with low logP values and their extraction in neutral form (only based on hydrophobic interactions) is difficult. The extracted nitrophenols were separated and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection. The size, morphology and surface coating of synthesized Fe3O4@PPy NPs have been characterized via different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The important parameters influencing the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized. Under the optimum extraction conditions (300mL sample solution with pH 10, extraction and desorption times of 10 and 2min, respectively, 500μL of 0.1M HNO3 in acetonitrile as eluent, and 40mg of adsorbent), a linear range between 0.75 and 100μgL(-1) (R(2)>0.997), and limits of detection ranging from 0.3 to 0.4μgL(-1) were obtained. Preconcentration factors in the range of 125-180 were achieved and relative standard deviations (RSDs%) were less than 4.9 (n=4) for the three nitrophenols. The analytical method was successfully applied for environmental water samples such as tap water, rain water and river water. The recoveries varied within the range of 84-109% confirming good performance of the method in various waters samples. The results showed that the proposed method is a rapid, convenient and feasible technique for determination of nitrophenols in aqueous samples.