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An improvised one-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation method for exosome isolation from culture supernatants of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:180. [PMID: 29973270 PMCID: PMC6033286 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-120 nm) of endosomal origin. These exosomes contain various functional proteins and RNAs that could be used for therapeutic purposes. Currently, having a standard method for exosome isolation retaining its biological properties with increased yield and purity is a major challenge. The most commonly used method is differential ultracentrifugation but it has its own disadvantages, which include high time consumption, low yield due to disruption of exosome integrity, and high protein contaminants. In this study, we have identified an improved method addressing these problems for exosome isolation using ultracentrifugation since it is cost-effective and used worldwide. METHOD We have compared differential ultracentrifugation with the modified method called one-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation for exosome isolation. The conditioned serum-free media from human mesenchymal stem cells cultured for 48 h was collected for exosome isolation. The cellular debris was removed by centrifugation at 300g for 10 min, followed by centrifugation at 10,000g for 30 min to remove microvesicles. Equal volumes of pre-processed conditioned media were used for exosome isolation by direct ultracentrifugation and one-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. The exosomes isolated using these methods were characterized for their size, morphology, concentration, and surface marker protein expression. RESULT It was observed that the recovery of exosomes with cup-shaped morphology from one-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation was comparatively high as estimated by nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. These results were confirmed by Western blotting and flow cytometry. CONCLUSION We conclude that this one-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation method provides an effective and reproducible potential standard method which could be used for various starting materials for isolating exosomes. We believe that this method will have a wide application in the field of extracellular vesicle research where exosome isolation with high yield and purity is an imperative step. Schematic representation of comparison of UC and SUC exosome isolation methods for tissue-specific human mesenchymal stem cells. The SUC isolation method yields a greater number of cup-shaped exosomes with a relatively homogenous population for mass-scale production of exosomes for downstream analysis. ABBREVIATIONS SUC One-step sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation, UC Direct ultracentrifugation.
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Abiko M, Mitsuhara T, Okazaki T, Imura T, Nakagawa K, Otsuka T, Oshita J, Takeda M, Kawahara Y, Yuge L, Kurisu K. Rat Cranial Bone-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation Promotes Functional Recovery in Ischemic Stroke Model Rats. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1053-1061. [PMID: 29786481 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional disorders caused by central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as ischemic stroke, are clinically incurable and current treatments have limited effects. Previous studies suggested that cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exerts therapeutic effects for ischemic stroke. In addition, the characteristics of MSCs may depend on their sources. Among the derived tissues of MSCs, we have focused on cranial bones originating from the neural crest. We previously demonstrated that the neurogenic potential of human cranial bone-derived MSCs (cMSCs) was higher than that of human iliac bone-derived MSCs. Therefore, we presumed that cMSCs have a higher therapeutic potential for CNS diseases. However, the therapeutic effects of cMSCs have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, we aimed to demonstrate the therapeutic effects of transplantation with rat cranial bone-derived MSCs (rcMSCs) in ischemic stroke model rats. The mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor was significantly stronger in rcMSCs than in rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (rbMSCs). Ischemic stroke model rats in the rcMSC transplantation group showed better functional recovery than those in the no transplantation and rbMSC transplantation groups. Furthermore, in the in vitro study, the conditioned medium of rcMSCs significantly suppressed the death of neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15) exposed to oxidative and inflammatory stresses. These results suggest that cMSCs have potential as a candidate cell-based therapy for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Abiko
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mitsuhara
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahito Okazaki
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imura
- 2 Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- 2 Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Otsuka
- 2 Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jumpei Oshita
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takeda
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yumi Kawahara
- 3 Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd. , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Louis Yuge
- 2 Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan .,3 Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd. , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kurisu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
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Song X, Su L, Yin H, Dai J, Wei H. Effects of HSYA on the proliferation and apoptosis of MSCs exposed to hypoxic and serum deprivation conditions. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5251-5260. [PMID: 29904409 PMCID: PMC5996714 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a primary active ingredient of safflor yellow, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) exhibits notable antioxidative and neuroprotective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of HSYA in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exposed to hypoxia (5% O2) and serum deprivation (H/SD), and to explore the mechanisms underlying HSYA-mediated protection. Under H/SD conditions, HSYA was applied to protect MSCs against injury. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined using an 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine assay, MTT assay, Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, respectively. The results revealed that 160 mg/l HSYA significantly reduced apoptosis and ROS levels compared with the H/SD group; however, HSYA demonstrated minimal effects on cell proliferation. A western blot assay demonstrated that HSYA reduced cleaved caspase-3 expression and cytC release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm when compared with the H/SD group. In addition, western blotting and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that HSYA treatment significantly increased the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In conclusion, the results of the current study demonstrated that HSYA exerts protective effects against H/SD-induced apoptosis in MSCs potentially via activation of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway and stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Song
- Biology Office, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Lining Su
- Biology Office, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yin
- Biology Office, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Dai
- Biology Office, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Wei
- Biology Office, Basic Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei 075000, P.R. China
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Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, Amor S. Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2018; 154:204-219. [PMID: 29513402 PMCID: PMC5980185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to the ageing community. Neuronal damage is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple sclerosis, although such damage is also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases and paraneoplastic disorders. Despite the different aetiologies, for example, infections, genetic mutations, trauma and protein aggregations, neuronal damage is frequently associated with chronic activation of an innate immune response in the CNS. The growing awareness that the immune system is inextricably involved in shaping the brain during development as well as mediating damage, but also regeneration and repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of how astrocytes and microglia, as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes, shape the neuroimmune response during development, and how aberrant responses that arise due to genetic or environmental triggers may predispose the CNS to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the known interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain, and review the current concepts on how immune cells enter and leave the CNS. A better understanding of neuroimmune interactions during development and disease will be key to further manipulating these responses and the development of effective therapies to improve quality of life, and reduce the impact of neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Stephenson
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Xue P, Wang M, Yan G. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation as an effective treatment strategy for ischemic stroke in Asia: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14:909-928. [PMID: 29785117 PMCID: PMC5957058 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s161326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in patients with ischemic stroke (IS). Materials and methods Clinical trials involved in this research were searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang and CNKI database. Therapeutic effects of MSC therapy were assessed according to National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel index (BI), Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and its safety was evaluated based on adverse events. Results This research covered 23 trials including 1,279 IS patients. Based on our analysis, the overall condition of IS patients significantly improved after MSC therapy, indicated by decreased NIHSS and increased BI, FMA and FIM scores. Our analysis also showed that the treatment effects in the MSC transplantation group were superior to those in the control group (routine medication therapy) with statistical significance for NIHSS (1 month after therapy: odds ratio [OR]=-1.92, CI=-3.49 to -0.34, P=0.02; 3 months after therapy: OR=-2.65, CI=-3.40 to -1.90, P<0.00001), BI (1 month after therapy: OR=0.99, CI=0.19-1.79, P=0.02; 6 months after therapy: OR=10.10, CI=3.07-17.14, P=0.005), FMA (3 months after therapy: OR=10.20, CI=3.70-16.70, P=0.002; 6 months after therapy: OR=10.82, CI=6.45-15.18, P<0.00001) and FIM (1 month after therapy: OR=15.61, CI=-0.02 to 31.24, P=0.05; 6 months after therapy: OR=16.56, CI=9.06-24.06, P<0.0001). No serious adverse events were reported during MSC therapy. Conclusion MSC therapy is safe and effective in treating IS by improving the neurological deficits, motor function and daily life quality of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xue
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Yan
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, People's Republic of China
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Zhou X, Yuan L, Wu C, Cheng Chen, Luo G, Deng J, Mao Z. Recent review of the effect of nanomaterials on stem cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17656-17676. [PMID: 35542058 PMCID: PMC9080527 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem-cell-therapy offers considerable promise as a means of delivering new treatments for a wide range of diseases. Recent progress in nanotechnology has stimulated the development of multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs) for stem-cell-therapy. Several clinical trials based on the use of NMs are currently underway for stem-cell-therapy purposes, such as drug/gene delivery and imaging. However, the interactions between NMs and stem cells are far from being completed, and the effects of the NMs on cellular behavior need critical evaluation. In this review, the interactions between several types of mostly used NMs and stem cells, and their associated possible mechanisms are systematically discussed, with specific emphasis on the possible differentiation effects induced by NMs. It is expected that the enhanced understanding of NM-stem cell interactions will facilitate biomaterial design for stem-cell-therapy and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Long Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Chengzhou Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Wuxi Country People's Hospital Chongqing 405800 China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Jun Deng
- Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, State Key Lab of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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57
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Zhu SZ, Szeto V, Bao MH, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Pharmacological approaches promoting stem cell-based therapy following ischemic stroke insults. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:695-712. [PMID: 29671416 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke can lead to long-term neurological deficits. Adult neurogenesis, the continuous generation of newborn neurons in distinct regions of the brain throughout life, has been considered as one of the appoaches to restore the neurological function following ischemic stroke. However, ischemia-induced spontaneous neurogenesis is not suffcient, thus cell-based therapy, including infusing exogenous stem cells or stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair of injured brain, has been studied in numerous animal experiments and some pilot clinical trials. While the effects of cell-based therapy on neurological function during recovery remains unproven in randomized controlled trials, pharmacological agents have been administrated to assist the cell-based therapy. In this review, we summarized the limitations of ischemia-induced neurogenesis and stem-cell transplantation, as well as the potential proneuroregenerative effects of drugs that may enhance efficacy of cell-based therapies. Specifically, we discussed drugs that enhance proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival and function connectivity of newborn neurons, which may restore neurobehavioral function and improve outcomes in stroke patients.
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58
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Li Y, Cheng Q, Hu G, Deng T, Wang Q, Zhou J, Su X. Extracellular vesicles in mesenchymal stromal cells: A novel therapeutic strategy for stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4067-4079. [PMID: 29725359 PMCID: PMC5920496 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A stroke is a focal cerebral insult that frequently causes severe neurological deficit and mortality. Recent studies have demonstrated that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise for neurovascular remodeling and neurological function recovery following a stroke. Rather than a direct replacement of parenchymal brain cells, the therapeutic mechanism of MSCs is suggested to be the secretion of soluble factors. Specifically, emerging data described MSCs as being able to release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain a variety of cargo including proteins, lipids, DNA and various RNA species. The released EVs can target neurocytes and vascular cells and modify the cell's functions by delivering the cargo, which are considered to mediate the neural restoration effects of MSCs. Therefore, EVs may be developed as a novel cell-free therapy for neurological disorders. In the present review, the current advances regarding the components, functions and therapeutic potential of EVs are summarized and the use of MSC-derived EVs as a promising approach in the treatment of stroke are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Li
- Post-doctoral Research Station of Clinical Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qilai Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Guoheng Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, P.R. China
| | - Tianhao Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Qimei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xinping Su
- Department of Osteology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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González-Nieto D, Fernández-García L, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Guinea GV, Panetsos F. Hydrogels-Assisted Cell Engraftment for Repairing the Stroke-Damaged Brain: Chimera or Reality. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10020184. [PMID: 30966220 PMCID: PMC6415003 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of advanced biomaterials as a structural and functional support for stem cells-based therapeutic implants has boosted the development of tissue engineering applications in multiple clinical fields. In relation to neurological disorders, we are still far from the clinical reality of restoring normal brain function in neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular disorders. Hydrogel polymers show unique mechanical stiffness properties in the range of living soft tissues such as nervous tissue. Furthermore, the use of these polymers drastically enhances the engraftment of stem cells as well as their capacity to produce and deliver neuroprotective and neuroregenerative factors in the host tissue. Along this article, we review past and current trends in experimental and translational research to understand the opportunities, benefits, and types of tentative hydrogel-based applications for the treatment of cerebral disorders. Although the use of hydrogels for brain disorders has been restricted to the experimental area, the current level of knowledge anticipates an intense development of this field to reach clinics in forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Fernández-García
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group: Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos Madrid, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Namestnikova DD, Tairova RT, Cherkashova EA, Sukhinich KK, Gubskiy IL, Gubskiy LV, Yarygin KN. [Cell therapy for ischemic stroke. Results of clinical trials and perspectives of clinical application in the Russian Federation]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:94-104. [PMID: 30830124 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The first part of the review summarized the results of preclinical animal studies using stroke models that demonstrated the efficacy of cell therapy. The second part presents the proposed mechanisms of action of stem cells, optimal therapeutic window for cell transplantation, the results of completed clinical trials on humans in the period from 2010 to 2017, as well as the legal aspects of the use of cell technologies in the Russian Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Namestnikova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - R T Tairova
- Federal Center of Cererbrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Cherkashova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K K Sukhinich
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I L Gubskiy
- Federal Center of Cererbrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Gubskiy
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Federal Center of Cererbrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Yarygin
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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61
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Cell Therapy in Stroke-Cautious Steps Towards a Clinical Treatment. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:321-332. [PMID: 29150739 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the future, stroke patients may receive stem cell therapy as this has the potential to restore lost functions. However, the development of clinically deliverable therapy has been slower and more challenging than expected. Despite recommendations by STAIR and STEPS consortiums, there remain flaws in experimental studies such as lack of animals with comorbidities, inconsistent approaches to experimental design, and concurrent rehabilitation that might lead to a bias towards positive results. Clinical studies have typically been small, lacking control groups as well as often without clear biological hypotheses to guide patient selection. Furthermore, they have used a wide range of cell types, doses, and delivery methods, and outcome measures. Although some ongoing and recent trial programs offer hints that these obstacles are now being tackled, the Horizon2020 funded RESSTORE trial will be given as an example of inconsistent regulatory requirements and challenges in harmonized cell production, logistic, and clinical criteria in an international multicenter study. The PISCES trials highlight the complex issues around intracerebral cell transplantation. Therefore, a better understanding of translational challenges is expected to pave the way to more successful help for stroke patients.
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How to use stem cells for repair in stroke patients. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:572-576. [PMID: 29033030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative cell therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy in neurology, most notably to improve stroke recovery. Although tolerability and feasibility have apparently been validated, many questions remain as to what is the best type of cells to use, the best route and the post-stroke delay for administration. Two main strategies have currently emerged: intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cells with systemic trophic support; and intracerebral grafting of neural stem cells with brain repair effects at the lesion site. Multicenter clinical trials have just begun and are starting to assess the efficacy of these treatments on functional recovery. However, experimental studies also need to be conducted in parallel to precisely identify the mechanisms of action regarding the pathophysiology of brain plasticity, notably when stroke occurs with comorbidities. Such studies should also evaluate the potential of cell grafting combined with injectable biomaterials.
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63
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Hermann DM, Giebel B. Concise Review: Extracellular Vesicles Overcoming Limitations of Cell Therapies in Ischemic Stroke. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2044-2052. [PMID: 28941317 PMCID: PMC6430061 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in stroke therapy, current therapeutic concepts are still limited. Thus, additional therapeutic strategies are in order. In this sense, the transplantation of stem cells has appeared to be an attractive adjuvant tool to help boost the endogenous regenerative capacities of the brain. Although transplantation of stem cells is known to induce beneficial outcome in (preclinical) stroke research, grafted cells do not replace lost tissue directly. Rather, these transplanted cells like neural progenitor cells or mesenchymal stem cells act in an indirect manner, among which the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) appears to be one key factor. Indeed, the application of EVs in preclinical stroke studies suggests a therapeutic role, which appears to be noninferior in comparison to the transplantation of stem cells themselves. In this short review, we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of EVs as a therapeutic means to counter stroke. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2044–2052
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
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Nagpal A, Choy FC, Howell S, Hillier S, Chan F, Hamilton-Bruce MA, Koblar SA. Safety and effectiveness of stem cell therapies in early-phase clinical trials in stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28854961 PMCID: PMC5577822 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have demonstrated encouraging potential as reparative therapy for patients suffering from post-stroke disability. Reperfusion interventions in the acute phase of stroke have shown significant benefit but are limited by a narrow window of opportunity in which they are beneficial. Thereafter, rehabilitation is the only intervention available. The current review summarises the current evidence for use of stem cell therapies in stroke from early-phase clinical trials. The safety and feasibility of administering different types of stem cell therapies in stroke seem to be reasonably proven. However, the effectiveness needs still to be established through bigger clinical trials with more pragmatic clinical trial designs that address the challenges raised by the heterogeneous nature of stroke per se, as well those due to unique characteristics of stem cells as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Nagpal
- Stroke Research Programme, The University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Level 6 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Fong Chan Choy
- Stroke Research Programme, The University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Level 6 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Stuart Howell
- Data, Design and Statistics Service, Adelaide Health Technology Assessment (AHTA), School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Susan Hillier
- Research, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Fiona Chan
- Neurology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network (CALHN), Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Monica A. Hamilton-Bruce
- Stroke Research Programme, The University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Level 6 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Simon A. Koblar
- Stroke Research Programme, The University of Adelaide School of Medicine, Level 6 South, SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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Bhasin A, Kumaran SS, Bhatia R, Mohanty S, Srivastava MVP. Safety and Feasibility of Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Chronic Stroke in Indian patients. A four-year follow up. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2017. [PMID: 28684893 PMCID: PMC5494434 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1301003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stem cell (SC) therapy has been envisioned as a therapeutic vehicle to promote recovery in resistant neurological diseases. Knowing the logistics and paradigms in recovery processes after Stroke, clinicians have pioneered the transplantation therapy. This study presents four-year follow up of our previous trial transplanting bone-marrow-derived animal-free culture expanded intravenous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in chronic stroke which was published in 2010. Methods: We performed an open-label, pilot trial on 12 patients with chronic stroke. Patients were allocated to two groups, those who received intravenous autologous ex vivo cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSC group) or those who did not (control group), all followed for four years from the day of cell transplantation. Results: The reports have been optimistic regarding safety as we did not find any cell related side effects / mortality till 208th week. We observed that modified Barthel Index showed statistical significant improvement at 156 and 208 weeks of transplantation (95 % CI : -10.27 to 0.07; p =0.041) follow up in the MSC group as compared to controls. The 2nd and 3rd quartile for mBI in MSC group was 89 & 90 respectively suggesting good performance of patients in the stem cell group. The impairment scales i.e., Fugl Meyer, Ashworth tone scale, strength of hand muscles (MRC) did not show any significant improvement at 208th week which is similar to our previous published report. Conclusion: This follow up study primarily indicates safety, tolerance and applicability of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in Stroke. MSCs may act as "chaperones" or work through paracrine mechanisms leading to functional recovery post stroke.
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Kumar A, Prasad M, Jali VP, Pandit AK, Misra S, Kumar P, Chakravarty K, Kathuria P, Gulati A. Bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy in ischaemic stroke: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 135:496-506. [PMID: 27558274 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) therapy has emerged as a potential therapy for the treatment of stroke. We performed a systematic review of published studies using BM-MNC therapy in patients with ischaemic stroke (IS). Literature was searched using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Trip Database, Cochrane library and clinicaltrial.gov to identify studies on BM-MNC therapy in IS till June, 2016. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. STATA version 13 was used for carrying out meta-analysis. We included non-randomized open-label, single-arm and non-randomized comparative studies or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) if BM-MNCs were used to treat patients with IS in any phase after the index stroke. One randomized trial, two non-randomized comparative trials and four single-arm open-label trials (total seven studies) involving 227 subjects (137 patients and 90 controls) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled proportion for favourable clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) in six studies involving 122 subjects was 29% (95% CI 0.16-0.43) who were exposed to BM-MNCs and pooled proportion for favourable clinical outcome of 69 subjects (taken from two trials) who did not receive BM-MNCs was 20% (95% CI 0.12-0.32). The pooled difference in the safety outcomes was not significant between both the groups. Our systematic review suggests that BM-MNC therapy is safe up to 1 year post-intervention and is feasible; however, its efficacy in the case of IS patients is debatable. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to provide more information on the efficacy of BM-MNC transplantation in patients with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kumar
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - M. Prasad
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - V. P. Jali
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - A. K. Pandit
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - S. Misra
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - P. Kumar
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - K. Chakravarty
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - P. Kathuria
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - A. Gulati
- Department of Neurology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
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Detante O, Moisan A, Hommel M, Jaillard A. Controlled clinical trials of cell therapy in stroke: Meta-analysis at six months after treatment. Int J Stroke 2017; 12:748-751. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017696098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Cell therapy is promising in experimental studies and has been assessed only in a few studies on humans. Aims To evaluate the effect of cell therapy in humans. Methods We included clinical trials with a control group that reported safety and efficacy six months following treatment. Quality was evaluated and clinical scales data were extracted. Quantitative analysis was based on the standardized means difference (SMD). Among 28 trials published from 1995 to 2016, nine studies (194 patients; 191 controls) were eligible. Publication biases were assessed with the funnel plot and pre-specified explanatory variables were tested with a group analysis and a meta-regression. Results The overall quality was moderate. Cell therapy had a positive effect on the outcome (SMD: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.22–0.92; p = 0.002). The sensitivity analysis showed an upper level of effect size of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.34–1.27; p = 0.001) and a lower level of 0.455 (95% CI: 0.04–0.87; p = 0.03). None of the pre-specified explanatory variable was significantly correlated to outcome: age, ratio infarction/hemorrhage, delay from stroke to treatment, route of administration, cell type, randomization, and blinded outcome assessment. The significant heterogeneity (p = 0.03) was not explained by publication biases (p = 0.09) and was more likely due to methodological and quality differences between the trials. Conclusions This result suggests that cell therapy is beneficial in stroke and is expected to help in the designing of stem cells controlled clinical trials (CCT) in large populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Detante
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U 836, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble-Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Anaïck Moisan
- Unité de Thérapie et d'Ingénierie Cellulaire – EFS Rhône-Alpes-Auvergne, Saint Ismier, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences UGA, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Hommel
- Department of Research, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, AGEIS EA 7407
| | - Assia Jaillard
- Department of Research, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Grenoble-Alpes University, AGEIS EA 7407
- 3T-MRI Research Unit, IRMAGE, University Hospital of Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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Wang Y, Ji X, Leak RK, Chen F, Cao G. Stem cell therapies in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:39-50. [PMID: 27876573 PMCID: PMC5250574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging, a complex process associated with various structural, functional and metabolic changes in the brain, is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. These diseases share similar neuropathological changes, such as the formation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, loss of neurons and synapses, dysfunction of the neurovascular unit (NVU), reduction of self-repair capacity, and motor and/or cognitive deficiencies. In addition to gray matter dysfunction, the plasticity and repair capacity of white matter also decrease with aging and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Aging not only renders patients more susceptible to these disorders, but also attenuates their self-repair capabilities. In addition, low drug responsiveness and intolerable side effects are major challenges in the prevention and treatment of senile diseases. Thus, stem cell therapies-characterized by cellular plasticity and the ability to self-renew-may be a promising strategy for aging-related brain disorders. Here, we review the common pathophysiological changes, treatments, and the promises and limitations of stem cell therapies in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States.
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Abstract
Recent advancements in stem cell biology and neuromodulation have ushered in a battery of new neurorestorative therapies for ischemic stroke. While the understanding of stroke pathophysiology has matured, the ability to restore patients' quality of life remains inadequate. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation and neurostimulation, focus on reestablishing the circuits disrupted by ischemia through multidimensional mechanisms to improve neuroplasticity and remodeling. The authors provide a broad overview of stroke pathophysiology and existing therapies to highlight the scientific and clinical implications of neurorestorative therapies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anand Veeravagu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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70
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Chan HH, Wathen CA, Ni M, Zhuo S. Stem cell therapies for ischemic stroke: current animal models, clinical trials and biomaterials. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00336f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the facilitation of stem cell therapy in stroke by tissue engineering and applications of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H. Chan
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
- Department of Neuroscience
| | | | - Ming Ni
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology
- Fujian Normal University
- Fuzhou 350007
- P. R. China
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71
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Unsworth DJ, Mathias JL, Dorstyn DS. Cell therapies administered in the chronic phase after stroke: a meta-analysis examining safety and efficacy. Regen Med 2017; 12:91-108. [DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the safety and efficacy of cell therapies for chronic stroke. Methodology: Five databases were searched for treatments administered >90 days post-stroke. Reporting quality, adherence to research guidelines, treatment safety (risk ratios/pooled incidence rates) and neurological/functional efficacy (Hedge’s g) were all evaluated. Results: Twenty-three studies examined 17 treatments. Reporting quality scores were medium to high, but adherence to recommended guidelines was lower. Three treatments resulted in serious adverse events; four improved outcomes more than standard care. However, many studies were under-powered and individual patients varied in their response to some treatments. Conclusion: Preliminary findings suggest that some cell therapies may be relatively safe and effective, but larger double-blinded placebo-controlled studies are needed to establish the long-term risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Unsworth
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jane L Mathias
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Diana S Dorstyn
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ghali AA, Yousef MK, Ragab OA, ElZamarany EA. Intra-arterial Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Stem Cells in Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2016; 7:228. [PMID: 28018286 PMCID: PMC5159483 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on many preclinical and small clinical trials, stem cells can help stroke patient with the possibility of replacing the cells and supporting the remaining cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of bone marrow mononuclear (BMMN) stem cell transplantation in subacute ischemic stroke patients. Materials and methods Thirty-nine (n = 39) patients with subacute ischemic cerebral infarct due to large artery occlusion in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory were recruited. They were distributed into two groups: first group (n = 21) served as an experimental group, which received intra-arterial (IA) mononuclear stem cells (bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell), while the other group (n = 18) served as a control group. All the patients were evaluated clinically by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, modified and standardized Arabic version of the Comprehensive Aphasia Test, and radiological for 12 months. Results The stem cell-treated group showed better improvement, but it was not significant when compared with the non-treated group. The volume of infarction changes at the end of the study was non-significant between both the groups. There was no, or minimal, adverse reactions in stem cell-treated group. Conclusion The study results suggest that autologous BMMN stem cell IA transplantation in subacute MCA ischemic stroke patients is safe with very minimal hazards, but no significant improvement of motor, language disturbance, or infarction volume was detected in stem cell-treated group compared with the non-treated group.
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73
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Bhasin A, Srivastava MVP, Mohanty S, Vivekanandhan S, Sharma S, Kumaran S, Bhatia R. Paracrine Mechanisms of Intravenous Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Stem Cells in Chronic Ischemic Stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2016; 6:107-119. [PMID: 27846623 PMCID: PMC5123023 DOI: 10.1159/000446404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emerging role of stem cell technology and transplantation has helped scientists to study their potential role in neural repair and regeneration. The fate of stem cells is determined by their niche, consisting of surrounding cells and the secreted trophic growth factors. This interim report evaluates the safety, feasibility and efficacy (if any) of bone marrow-derived mononuclear stem cells (BM-MNC) in chronic ischemic stroke by studying the release of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF). Methods Twenty stroke patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls were recruited with the following inclusion criteria: 3 months to 1.5 years from the index event, Medical Research Council (MRC) grade of hand muscles of at least 2, Brunnstrom stage 2-5, conscious, and comprehendible. They were randomized to one group receiving autologous BM-MNC (mean 60-70 million) and to another group receiving saline infusion (placebo). All patients were administered a neuromotor rehabilitation regime for 8 weeks. Clinical assessments [Fugl Meyer scale (FM), modified Barthel index (mBI), MRC grade, Ashworth tone scale] were carried out and serum VEGF and BDNF levels were assessed at baseline and at 8 weeks. Results No serious adverse events were observed during the study. There was no statistically significant clinical improvement between the groups (FM: 95% CI 15.2-5.35, p = 0.25; mBI: 95% CI 14.3-4.5, p = 0.31). VEGF and BDNF expression was found to be greater in group 1 compared to group 2 (VEGF: 442.1 vs. 400.3 pg/ml, p = 0.67; BDNF: 21.3 vs. 19.5 ng/ml) without any statistically significant difference. Conclusion Autologous mononuclear stem cell infusion is safe and tolerable by chronic ischemic stroke patients. The released growth factors (VEGF and BDNF) in the microenvironment could be due to the paracrine hypothesis of stem cell niche and neurorehabilitation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Bhasin
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Clinical Efficacy and Meta-Analysis of Stem Cell Therapies for Patients with Brain Ischemia. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6129579. [PMID: 27656217 PMCID: PMC5021879 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6129579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Systematic review and meta-analysis to observe the efficacy and safety of stem cell transplantation therapy in patients with brain ischemia. Methods. We searched Cochrane Library, PubMed, Ovid, CBM, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP Data from its inception to December 2015, to collect randomized controlled trials (RCT) of stem cell transplantation for the ischemic stroke. Two authors independently screened the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Thereafter, meta-analysis was performed. Results. Sixteen studies and eighteen independent treatments were included in the current meta-analysis. The results based upon the pooled mean difference from baseline to follow-up points showed that the stem cell transplantation group was superior to the control group with statistical significance in the neurologic deficits score (NIHSS, MD = 1.57; 95% CI, 0.64–2.51; I2 = 57%; p = 0.001), motor function (FMA, MD = 4.23; 95% CI, 3.08–5.38; I2 = 0%; p < 0.00001), daily life ability (Barthel, MD = 8.37; 95% CI, 4.83–11.91; I2 = 63%; p < 0.00001), and functional independence (FIM, MD = 8.89; 95% CI, 4.70–13.08; I2 = 79%; p < 0.0001). Conclusions. It is suggested that the stem cell transplantation therapy for patients with brain ischemic stroke can significantly improve the neurological deficits and daily life quality, with no serious adverse events. However, higher quality and larger data studies are required for further investigation to support clinical application of stem cell transplantation.
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Devi MG, Sharma A, Mohanty S, Jain N, Verma K, Padma MV, Pal P, Chabbra HS, Khadilkar S, Prabhakar S, Singh G. Report: Stem cell applications in neurological practice, an expert group consensus appraisal. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19:367-73. [PMID: 27570390 PMCID: PMC4980961 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.186825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neurologists in their clinical practice are faced with inquiries about the suitability of stem cell approaches by patients with a variety of acute and chronic (namely neurodegenerative) disorders. The challenge is to provide these patients with accurate information about the scope of stem cell use as well as at the same time, empowering patients with the capacity to make an autonomous decision regarding the use of stem cells. Methods: The Indian Academy of Neurology commissioned an Expert Group Meeting to formulate an advisory to practicing neurologists to counsel patients seeking information and advice about stem cell approaches. Results and Conclusions: In the course of such counselling, it should be emphasized that the information provided by many lay websites might be unsubstantiated. Besides, standard recommendations for the stem cell research, in particular, the application of several layers of oversight should be strictly adhered in order to ensure safety and ethical use of stem cells in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gourie Devi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- National Brain Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kusum Verma
- Department of Pathology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M Vasantha Padma
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - H S Chabbra
- Indian Spinal Injuries Center, New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Khadilkar
- Department of Neurology, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudesh Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Cho SE, Kim YM, Jeong JS, Seo YK. The effect of ultrasound for increasing neural differentiation in hBM-MSCs and inducing neurogenesis in ischemic stroke model. Life Sci 2016; 165:35-42. [PMID: 27590610 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study's purpose was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound in air at a frequency of 0.04MHz and an intensity of 50mW/cm2 on neural differentiation of hBM-MSCs in vitro and on neurogenesis in an ischemic stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS hBM-MSCs were exposed to 0.04MHz ultrasound and then compared with no exposed one in cell morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, RT-PCR, and Western blot. In addition, we made stroke model mice by means of the photothrombosis (PT) method and these models were exposed to 0.04MHz ultrasound after hBM-MSCs injection. We compared with sham group in histological and immunohistochemical analysis and western blot. KEY FINDINGS Ultrasound induced neural differentiation without cell death. In stroke models, inflammatory cells were observed around the infarct area in the Cell, Cell/Ultrasound group and the brain infarct volume in the Cell/Ultrasound group was smaller than in the sham group. Further, the expression of neural proteins in the Cell/Ultrasound group was increased relative to the sham group. SIGNIFICANCE The present study showed that ultrasound promotes neural differentiation of hBM-MSC and neurogenesis in a mouse stroke model. This may be applicable as a therapeutic device with the aim of inducing neurogenesis following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Eun Cho
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 plus team), Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 plus team), Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seob Jeong
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 plus team), Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Seo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology (BK21 plus team), Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Vahidy FS, Rahbar MH, Zhu H, Rowan PJ, Bambhroliya AB, Savitz SI. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2016; 47:1632-9. [PMID: 27165959 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) offer the promise of augmenting poststroke recovery. There is mounting evidence of safety and efficacy of BMMNCs from preclinical studies of ischemic stroke; however, their pooled effects have not been described. METHODS Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of preclinical literature for intravenous use of BMMNCs followed by meta-analyses of histological and behavioral outcomes. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria. Data were abstracted by 2 independent investigators. After quality assessment, the pooled effects were generated using mixed-effect models. Impact of possible biases on estimated effect size was evaluated. RESULTS Standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval for reduction in lesion volume was significantly beneficial for BMMNC treatment (standardized mean difference: -3.3; 95% confidence interval, -4.3 to -2.3). n=113 each for BMMNC and controls. BMMNC-treated animals (n=161) also had improved function measured by cylinder test (standardized mean difference: -2.4; 95% confidence interval, -3.1 to -1.6), as compared with controls (n=205). A trend for benefit was observed for adhesive removal test and neurological deficit score. Study quality score (median: 6; Q1-Q3: 5-7) was correlated with year of publication. There was funnel plot asymmetry; however, the pooled effects were robust to the correction of this bias and remained significant in favor of BMMNC treatment. CONCLUSIONS BMMNCs demonstrate beneficial effects across histological and behavioral outcomes in animal ischemic stroke models. Although study quality has improved over time, considerable degree of heterogeneity calls for standardization in the conduct and reporting of experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan S Vahidy
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston.
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston
| | - Hongjian Zhu
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston
| | - Paul J Rowan
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston
| | - Arvind B Bambhroliya
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston
| | - Sean I Savitz
- From the Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School (F.S.V., A.B.B., S.I.S.), Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences (M.H.R.), Department of Biostatistics (H.Z.), and Department of Management, Policy and Community Health (P.J.R.), School of Public Health, University of Texas Health at Houston
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Nagpal A, Kremer KL, Hamilton-Bruce MA, Kaidonis X, Milton AG, Levi C, Shi S, Carey L, Hillier S, Rose M, Zacest A, Takhar P, Koblar SA. TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans): Study protocol for evaluating safety and feasibility of autologous human adult dental pulp stem cell therapy in patients with chronic disability after stroke. Int J Stroke 2016; 11:575-85. [PMID: 27030504 DOI: 10.1177/1747493016641111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stroke represents a significant global disease burden. As of 2015, there is no chemical or biological therapy proven to actively enhance neurological recovery during the chronic phase post-stroke. Globally, cell-based therapy in stroke is at the stage of clinical translation and may improve neurological function through various mechanisms such as neural replacement, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, immuno-modulation, and neuroplasticity. Preclinical evidence in a rodent model of middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke as reported in four independent studies indicates improvement in neurobehavioral function with adult human dental pulp stem cell therapy. Human adult dental pulp stem cells present an exciting potential therapeutic option for improving post-stroke disability. AIMS TOOTH (The Open study Of dental pulp stem cell Therapy in Humans) will investigate the use of autologous stem cell therapy for stroke survivors with chronic disability, with the following objectives: (a) determine the maximum tolerable dose of autologous dental pulp stem cell therapy; (b) define that dental pulp stem cell therapy at the maximum tolerable dose is safe and feasible in chronic stroke; and (c) estimate the parameters of efficacy required to design a future Phase 2/3 clinical trial. METHODS AND DESIGN TOOTH is a Phase 1, open-label, single-blinded clinical trial with a pragmatic design that comprises three stages: Stage 1 will involve the selection of 27 participants with middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke and the commencement of autologous dental pulp stem cell isolation, growth, and testing in sequential cohorts (n = 3). Stage 2 will involve the transplantation of dental pulp stem cell in each cohort of participants with an ascending dose and subsequent observation for a 6-month period for any dental pulp stem cell-related adverse events. Stage 3 will investigate the neurosurgical intervention of the maximum tolerable dose of autologous dental pulp stem cell followed by 9 weeks of intensive task-specific rehabilitation. Advanced magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography neuro-imaging, and clinical assessment will be employed to probe any change afforded by stem cell therapy in combination with rehabilitation. SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATES Nine participants will step-wise progress in Stage 2 to a dose of up to 10 million dental pulp stem cell, employing a cumulative 3 + 3 statistical design with low starting stem cell dose and subsequent dose escalation, assuming that an acceptable probability of dose-limiting complications is between 1 in 6 (17%) and 1 in 3 (33%) of patients. In Stage 3, another 18 participants will receive an intracranial injection with the maximum tolerable dose of dental pulp stem cell. OUTCOMES The primary outcomes to be measured are safety and feasibility of intracranial administration of autologous human adult DPSC in patients with chronic stroke and determination of the maximum tolerable dose in human subjects. Secondary outcomes include estimation of the measures of effectiveness required to design a future Phase 2/3 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Nagpal
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Karlea L Kremer
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Monica A Hamilton-Bruce
- Neurology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Xenia Kaidonis
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Austin G Milton
- Neurology Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia
| | - Christopher Levi
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Songtao Shi
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Leeanne Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery research group, Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Hillier
- Health Sciences Divisional Office School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Miranda Rose
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Zacest
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Parabjit Takhar
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Simon A Koblar
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia SAHMRI & Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia
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80
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TAKAGI Y. History of Neural Stem Cell Research and Its Clinical Application. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:110-24. [PMID: 26888043 PMCID: PMC4791305 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2015-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
"Once development was ended…in the adult centers, the nerve paths are something fixed and immutable. Everything may die, nothing may be regenerated," wrote Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish neuroanatomist and Nobel Prize winner and the father of modern neuroscience. This statement was the central dogma in neuroscience for a long time. However, in the 1960s, neural stem cells (NSCs) were discovered. Since then, our knowledge about NSCs has continued to grow. This review focuses on our current knowledge about NSCs and their surrounding microenvironment. In addition, the clinical application of NSCs for the treatment of various central nervous system diseases is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi TAKAGI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto
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Doeppner TR, Herz J, Görgens A, Schlechter J, Ludwig AK, Radtke S, de Miroschedji K, Horn PA, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Extracellular Vesicles Improve Post-Stroke Neuroregeneration and Prevent Postischemic Immunosuppression. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1131-43. [PMID: 26339036 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the initial concepts of stem cell therapy aimed at replacing lost tissue, more recent evidence has suggested that stem and progenitor cells alike promote postischemic neurological recovery by secreted factors that restore the injured brain's capacity to reshape. Specifically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells such as exosomes have recently been suggested to mediate restorative stem cell effects. In order to define whether EVs indeed improve postischemic neurological impairment and brain remodeling, we systematically compared the effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) with MSCs that were i.v. delivered to mice on days 1, 3, and 5 (MSC-EVs) or on day 1 (MSCs) after focal cerebral ischemia in C57BL6 mice. For as long as 28 days after stroke, motor coordination deficits, histological brain injury, immune responses in the peripheral blood and brain, and cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis were analyzed. Improved neurological impairment and long-term neuroprotection associated with enhanced angioneurogenesis were noticed in stroke mice receiving EVs from two different bone marrow-derived MSC lineages. MSC-EV administration closely resembled responses to MSCs and persisted throughout the observation period. Although cerebral immune cell infiltration was not affected by MSC-EVs, postischemic immunosuppression (i.e., B-cell, natural killer cell, and T-cell lymphopenia) was attenuated in the peripheral blood at 6 days after ischemia, providing an appropriate external milieu for successful brain remodeling. Because MSC-EVs have recently been shown to be apparently safe in humans, the present study provides clinically relevant evidence warranting rapid proof-of-concept studies in stroke patients. SIGNIFICANCE Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers an interesting adjuvant approach next to thrombolysis for treatment of ischemic stroke. However, MSCs are not integrated into residing neural networks but act indirectly, inducing neuroprotection and promoting neuroregeneration. Although the mechanisms by which MSCs act are still elusive, recent evidence has suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) might be responsible for MSC-induced effects under physiological and pathological conditions. The present study has demonstrated that EVs are not inferior to MSCs in a rodent stroke model. EVs induce long-term neuroprotection, promote neuroregeneration and neurological recovery, and modulate peripheral post-stroke immune responses. Also, because EVs are well-tolerated in humans, as previously reported, the administration of EVs under clinical settings might set the path for a novel and innovative therapeutic stroke concept without the putative side effects attached to stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Josephine Herz
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jana Schlechter
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristin Ludwig
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Radtke
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kyra de Miroschedji
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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83
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Boltze J, Arnold A, Walczak P, Jolkkonen J, Cui L, Wagner DC. The Dark Side of the Force - Constraints and Complications of Cell Therapies for Stroke. Front Neurol 2015; 6:155. [PMID: 26257702 PMCID: PMC4507146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies are increasingly recognized as a promising option to augment the limited therapeutic arsenal available to fight ischemic stroke. During the last two decades, cumulating preclinical evidence has indicated a substantial efficacy for most cell treatment paradigms and first clinical trials are currently underway to assess safety and feasibility in patients. However, the strong and still unmet demand for novel stroke treatment options and exciting findings reported from experimental studies may have drawn our attention away from potential side effects related to cell therapies and the ways by which they are commonly applied. This review summarizes common and less frequent adverse events that have been discovered in preclinical and clinical investigations assessing cell therapies for stroke. Such adverse events range from immunological and neoplastic complications over seizures to cell clotting and cell-induced embolism. It also describes potential complications of clinically applicable administration procedures, detrimental interactions between therapeutic cells, and the pathophysiological environment that they are placed into, as well as problems related to cell manufacturing. Virtually each therapeutic intervention comes at a certain risk for complications. Side effects do therefore not generally compromise the value of cell treatments for stroke, but underestimating such complications might severely limit therapeutic safety and efficacy of cell treatment protocols currently under development. On the other hand, a better understanding will provide opportunities to further improve existing therapeutic strategies and might help to define those circumstances, under which an optimal effect can be realized. Hence, the review eventually discusses strategies and recommendations allowing us to prevent or at least balance potential complications in order to ensure the maximum therapeutic benefit at minimum risk for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig , Germany ; Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Antje Arnold
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Lili Cui
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Daniel-Christoph Wagner
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig , Germany
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84
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George PM, Steinberg GK. Novel Stroke Therapeutics: Unraveling Stroke Pathophysiology and Its Impact on Clinical Treatments. Neuron 2015; 87:297-309. [PMID: 26182415 PMCID: PMC4911814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Over the past few decades our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke has increased, but greater insight is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Clinical treatments have improved in the acute time window, but long-term therapeutics remain limited. Complex neural circuits damaged by ischemia make restoration of function after stroke difficult. New therapeutic approaches, including cell transplantation or stimulation, focus on reestablishing these circuits through multiple mechanisms to improve circuit plasticity and remodeling. Other research targets intact networks to compensate for damaged regions. This review highlights several important mechanisms of stroke injury and describes emerging therapies aimed at improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M George
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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85
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Kim HS, Choi SM, Yang W, Kim DS, Lee DR, Cho SR, Kim DW. PSA-NCAM(+) neural precursor cells from human embryonic stem cells promote neural tissue integrity and behavioral performance in a rat stroke model. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:761-71. [PMID: 24974101 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, cell-based therapy has been highlighted as an alternative to treating ischemic brain damage in stroke patients. The present study addresses the therapeutic potential of polysialic acid-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive neural precursor cells (NPC(PSA-NCAM+)) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in a rat stroke model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Data showed that rats transplanted with NPC(PSA-NCAM+) are superior to those treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in behavioral performance throughout time points. In order to investigate its underlying events, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on rat ischemic brains treated with PBS, MSCs, and NPC(PSA-NCAM+). Unlike MSCs, NPC(PSA-NCAM+) demonstrated a potent immunoreactivity against human specific nuclei, doublecortin, and Tuj1 at day 26 post-transplantation, implying their survival, differentiation, and integration in the host brain. Significantly, NPC(PSA-NCAM+) evidently lowered the positivity of microglial ED-1 and astrocytic GFAP, suggesting a suppression of adverse glial activation in the host brain. In addition, NPC(PSA-NCAM+) elevated α-SMA(+) immunoreactivity and the expression of angiopoietin-1 indicating angiogenic stimulation in the host brain. Taken together, the current data demonstrate that transplanted NPC(PSA-NCAM+) preserve brain tissue with reduced infarct size and improve behavioral performance through actions encompassing anti-reactive glial activation and pro-angiogenic activity in a rat stroke model. In conclusion, the present findings support the potentiality of NPC(PSA-NCAM+) as the promising source in the development of cell-based therapy for neurological diseases including ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Cell Therapy Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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86
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Julian LM, Blais A. Transcriptional control of stem cell fate by E2Fs and pocket proteins. Front Genet 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 25972892 PMCID: PMC4412126 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors and their regulatory partners, the pocket proteins (PPs), have emerged as essential regulators of stem cell fate control in a number of lineages. In mammals, this role extends from both pluripotent stem cells to those encompassing all embryonic germ layers, as well as extra-embryonic lineages. E2F/PP-mediated regulation of stem cell decisions is highly evolutionarily conserved, and is likely a pivotal biological mechanism underlying stem cell homeostasis. This has immense implications for organismal development, tissue maintenance, and regeneration. In this article, we discuss the roles of E2F factors and PPs in stem cell populations, focusing on mammalian systems. We discuss emerging findings that position the E2F and PP families as widespread and dynamic epigenetic regulators of cell fate decisions. Additionally, we focus on the ever expanding landscape of E2F/PP target genes, and explore the possibility that E2Fs are not simply regulators of general ‘multi-purpose’ cell fate genes but can execute tissue- and cell type-specific gene regulatory programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Julian
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Alexandre Blais
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, ON Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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87
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Dulamea AO. The potential use of mesenchymal stem cells in stroke therapy--From bench to bedside. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:1-11. [PMID: 25818674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The rationale for the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in stroke is based on the capacity of MSCs to secrete a large variety of bioactive molecules such as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines leading to reduction of inflammation, increased neurogenesis from the germinative niches of central nervous system, increased angiogenesis, effects on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and axons. This review presents the data derived from experimental studies and the evidence available from clinical trials about the use of MSCs in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- U.M.F. "Carol Davila", Fundeni Clinical Institute, Department of Neurology, 258 Sos. Fundeni, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania.
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88
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Tang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Lin X, Zhang L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Bulte JWM, Yang GY. MRI/SPECT/Fluorescent Tri-Modal Probe for Evaluating the Homing and Therapeutic Efficacy of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Ischemic Stroke Model. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2015; 25:1024-1034. [PMID: 26290659 PMCID: PMC4539160 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201402930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantitatively tracking engraftment of intracerebrally or intravenously transplanted stem cells and evaluating their concomitant therapeutic efficacy for stroke has been a challenge in the field of stem cell therapy. In this study, first, an MRI/SPECT/fluorescent tri-modal probe (125I-fSiO4@SPIOs) is synthesized for quantitatively tracking mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted intracerebrally or intravenously into stroke rats, and then the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs delivered by both routes and the possible mechanism of the therapy are evaluated. It is demonstrated that (125)I-fSiO4@SPIOs have high efficiency for labeling MSCs without affecting their viability, differentiation, and proliferation capacity, and found that 35% of intracerebrally injected MSCs migrate along the corpus callosum to the lesion area, while 90% of intravenously injected MSCs remain trapped in the lung at 14 days after MSC transplantation. However, neurobehavioral outcomes are significantly improved in both transplantation groups, which are accompanied by increases of vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 in blood, lung, and brain tissue (p < 0.05). The study demonstrates that 125I-fSiO4@SPIOs are robust probe for long-term tracking of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic brain and MSCs delivered via both routes improve neurobehavioral outcomes in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chunfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Cellular Imaging Section, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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89
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Tang YH, Ma YY, Zhang ZJ, Wang YT, Yang GY. Opportunities and challenges: stem cell-based therapy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:337-47. [PMID: 25676164 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke has been widely explored in animal models and provides strong evidence of benefits. In this review, we summarize the types of stem cells, various delivery routes, and tracking tools for stem cell therapy of ischemic stroke. MSCs, EPCs, and NSCs are the most explored cell types for ischemic stroke treatment. Although the mechanisms of stem cell-based therapies are not fully understood, the most possible functions of the transplanted cells are releasing growth factors and regulating microenvironment through paracrine mechanism. Clinical application of stem cell-based therapy is still in its infancy. The next decade of stem cell research in stroke field needs to focus on combining different stem cells and different imaging modalities to fully explore the potential of this therapeutic avenue: from bench to bedside and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Wanamaker CP, Fakhran S, Alhilali LM. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of MR imaging findings in patients with middle cerebral artery stroke implanted with mesenchymal stem cells. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:1063-8. [PMID: 25655873 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells have potential as a regenerative therapy in ischemic stroke. We sought to determine MR imaging findings after mesenchymal stem cell implantation in chronic middle cerebral artery infarcts and to compare brain volume changes in patients with mesenchymal stem cells with those in age-matched healthy controls and controls with chronic stable MCA infarcts. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively identified 5 patients receiving surgical mesenchymal stem cell implantation to an MCA infarct from January 1, 2005, to July 1, 2013, with MR imaging immediately and 1 year postimplantation. Images at both time points were evaluated for any postimplantation complications. Structural image evaluation using normalization of atrophy software was used to determine volume changes between time points and compare them with those in healthy and age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts by using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Susceptibility signal loss and enhancement at the implantation site were seen. No teratoma, tumor, or heterotopia was identified. Volumetric analysis showed a trend toward less overall volume loss after mesenchymal stem cell implantation (0.736; 95% CI, -4.15-5.62) compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts (-3.59; 95% CI, -12.3 to -5.21; P = .09), with a significantly greater growth-to-loss ratio in infarcted regions (1.30 and 0.78, respectively, P = .02). A trend toward correlation of growth-to-loss ratio with improvement in physical examination findings was seen (r = 0.856, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative changes consistent with stereotactic implantation were seen, but no teratoma, tumor, or heterotopia was identified. Initial findings suggest a trend toward less volume loss after mesenchymal stem cell implantation compared with that in age- and sex-matched controls with chronic, stable MCA infarcts, with a significantly greater growth-to-loss ratio in the infarcted tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Wanamaker
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S Fakhran
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - L M Alhilali
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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91
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Detante O, Jaillard A, Moisan A, Barbieux M, Favre I, Garambois K, Barbier E, Hommel M. Fisiopatologia dell’ischemia cerebrale. Neurologia 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(14)69823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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92
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Cui LL, Kerkelä E, Bakreen A, Nitzsche F, Andrzejewska A, Nowakowski A, Janowski M, Walczak P, Boltze J, Lukomska B, Jolkkonen J. The cerebral embolism evoked by intra-arterial delivery of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats is related to cell dose and infusion velocity. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25971703 PMCID: PMC4429328 DOI: 10.1186/scrt544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intra-arterial cell infusion is an efficient delivery route with which to target organs such as the ischemic brain. However, adverse events including microembolisms and decreased cerebral blood flow were recently reported after intra-arterial cell delivery in rodent models, raising safety concerns. We tested the hypothesis that cell dose, infusion volume, and velocity would be related to the severity of complications after intra-arterial cell delivery. Methods In this study, 38 rats were subjected to a sham middle cerebral artery occlusion (sham-MCAO) procedure before being infused with allogeneic bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells at different cell doses (0 to 1.0 × 106), infusion volumes (0.5 to 1.0 ml), and infusion times (3 to 6 minutes). An additional group (n = 4) was infused with 1.0 × 106 cells labeled with iron oxide for in vivo tracking of cells. Cells were infused through the external carotid artery under laser Doppler flowmetry monitoring 48 hours after sham-MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed 24 hours after cell infusion to reveal cerebral embolisms or hemorrhage. Limb placing, cylinder, and open field tests were conducted to assess sensorimotor functions before the rats were perfused for histology. Results A cell dose-related reduction in cerebral blood flow was noted, as well as an increase in embolic events and concomitant lesion size, and sensorimotor impairment. In addition, a low infusion velocity (0.5 ml/6 minutes) was associated with high rate of complications. Lesions on MRI were confirmed with histology and corresponded to necrotic cell loss and blood-brain barrier leakage. Conclusions Particularly cell dose but also infusion velocity contribute to complications encountered after intra-arterial cell transplantation. This should be considered before planning efficacy studies in rats and, potentially, in patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Cui
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| | - Erja Kerkelä
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Services, Helsinki, 00310, Finland.
| | - Abdulhameed Bakreen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
| | - Franziska Nitzsche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
| | - Adam Nowakowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Division of MR Research, Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Division of MR Research, Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology and Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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93
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Zhou SB, Chiang CA, Liu K, Li QF. Intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could effectively promote vascularization and skin regeneration in mechanically stretched skin. Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1278-85. [PMID: 25041452 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin expansion is a procedure that stimulates and promotes skin regeneration by applying continuous mechanical stretching. However, the outcome of treatment is limited by the skin's instinctive regeneration capacity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on expanded skin regeneration. METHODS MSCs from luciferase-Tg Lewis rats were transplanted into a rat tissue expansion model and tracked in vivo by luminescence imaging. At the end of 21 days of skin expansion, the expanded skin was harvested and skin regeneration was evaluated by inflation volume, skin area and thickness. Counting of capillaries and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) expression analysis were conducted to assess the impact of MSCs on expanded skin vascularization. RESULTS Samples of the skin expansion model from the MSC group were observed to have a significantly higher inflation volume and greater expanded skin area than those from the control group at the end of 21 days' follow-up. In vivo tracing results showed that MSCs were recruited by mechanical stretch and migrated to expanded skin. Migrated MSCs promoted skin vascularization by secreting VEGF and differentiating into CD31+ endothelial cells. Skin sections from the MSC group had a significant advantage in thickness and proliferating cell count, indicating that MSCs effectively enhanced expanded skin regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous transplantation of MSCs could effectively promote expanded skin regeneration. Transplanted MSCs could be recruited by mechanical stretch and subsequent migration to expanded skin. Engrafted MSCs could contribute to vascularization and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - C A Chiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - K Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Q F Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
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95
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Jeong H, Yim HW, Cho YS, Kim YI, Jeong SN, Kim HB, Oh IH. Efficacy and safety of stem cell therapies for patients with stroke: a systematic review and single arm meta-analysis. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 7:63-9. [PMID: 25473443 PMCID: PMC4249905 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2014.7.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Stem cell-based therapy is a potential new approach in the treatment of stroke. However, the efficacy and safety of these treatments are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of available single-arm studies using stem cell-based therapy in patients with stroke. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database for studies of stem cell therapy in patients with stroke from its inception through July 2014. The articles included in the search were restricted to the English language, studies with at least 5 patients, and those using cell-based therapies for treating stroke. RESULTS Fourteen studies included in the meta-analysis. The pooled mean difference in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores from baseline to follow-up points was 5.7 points (95%CI: -8.2 to -3.2, I(2) =91.5%) decreased. Also the pooled mean difference in modified Bathel index (BI) score was increased by 31.5 points (95%CI: 35.6∼14.9, I(2) =52.7%) and the pooled incidence rate to achieve on modified Rankin score (mRS)≤2 was 40% (95% CI: 30%∼51%, I(2) =35.4%) at follow-up points. The pooled incidence rates of death, seizure, and infection were 13% (95%CI, 8∼23%), 15% (95%CI, 8∼25%), and 15% (95%CI, 8∼23%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The published data suggest that stem cell-based therapy for patients with stroke can be judged as effective based on single arm clinical studies. However, clinical benefits of stem cell therapy for patients with stroke need further investigation and reevaluation to test the clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsuk Jeong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Hyeon Woo Yim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul ; Clinical Research Coordinating Center, Catholic Medical Center, Seoul
| | - Young-Seung Cho
- Seo-myeon Branch Office of the Community Health Center, Uljin
| | - Yeong-In Kim
- Department of Neurology, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon
| | - So-Na Jeong
- Medical Library, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul
| | - Hyun-Bin Kim
- Clinical Research Coordinating Center, Catholic Medical Center, Seoul
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Detante O, Jaillard A, Moisan A, Barbieux M, Favre I, Garambois K, Hommel M, Remy C. Biotherapies in stroke. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:779-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Doeppner TR, Hermann DM. Stem cell-based treatments against stroke: observations from human proof-of-concept studies and considerations regarding clinical applicability. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:357. [PMID: 25400548 PMCID: PMC4212679 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains a heavy burden for industrialized countries. The only causal therapy is the recanalization of occluded vessels via thrombolysis, which due to a narrow time window still can be offered only to a minority of patients. Since the majority of patients continues to exhibit neurological deficits even following successful thrombolysis, restorative therapies are urgently needed that promote brain remodeling and repair once stroke injury has occurred. Due to their unique properties of action, stem cell-based strategies gained increasing interest during recent years. Using various stroke models in both rodents and primates, the transplantation of stem cells, namely of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs), has been shown to promote neurological recovery most likely via indirect bystander actions. In view of promising observations, clinical proof-of-concept studies are currently under way, in which effects of stem and precursor cells are evaluated in human stroke patients. In this review we summarize already published studies, which due to the broad experience in other medical contexts mostly employed bone marrow-derived MSCs by means of intravenous transplantation. With the overall number of clinical trials limited in number, only a fraction of these studies used non-treated control groups, and only single studies were adequately blinded. Despite these limitations, first promising results justify the need for more elaborate clinical trials in order to make stem cell transplantation a success for stroke treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School Essen, Germany
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Ikegame Y, Yamashita K, Nakashima S, Nomura Y, Yonezawa S, Asano Y, Shinoda J, Hara H, Iwama T. Fate of graft cells: what should be clarified for development of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemic stroke? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:322. [PMID: 25374506 PMCID: PMC4204523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are believed to be promising for cell administration therapy after ischemic stroke. Because of their advantageous characteristics, such as ability of differentiation into neurovascular lineages, avoidance of immunological problems, and abundance of graft cells in mesodermal tissues, studies regarding MSC therapy have increased recently. However, several controversies are yet to be resolved before a worldwide consensus regarding a standard protocol is obtained. In particular, the neuroprotective effects, the rate of cell migration to the lesion, and differentiation direction differ depending on preclinical observations. Analyses of these differences and application of recent developments in stem cell biology or engineering in imaging modality may contribute to identification of criteria for optimal stem cell therapy in which reliable protocols, which control cell quality and include safe administration procedures, are defined for each recovery phase after cerebral ischemia. In this mini review, we examine controversies regarding the fate of grafts and the prospects for advanced therapy that could be obtained through recent developments in stem cell research as direct conversion to neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikegame
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction Gifu, Japan ; Department of Clinical Brain Sciences, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan ; Department of Cell Signaling, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamashita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan ; Department of Neurosurgery, Murakami Memorial Hospital, Asahi University Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction Gifu, Japan
| | - Shingo Yonezawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Asano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction Gifu, Japan ; Department of Clinical Brain Sciences, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan
| | - Jun Shinoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chubu Medical Center for Prolonged Traumatic Brain Dysfunction Gifu, Japan ; Department of Clinical Brain Sciences, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University Gifu, Japan
| | - Toru Iwama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu, Japan
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Madrigal M, Rao KS, Riordan NH. A review of therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell secretions and induction of secretory modification by different culture methods. J Transl Med 2014; 12:260. [PMID: 25304688 PMCID: PMC4197270 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is being broadly studied in clinical trials. Contrary to the early paradigm of cell replacement and differentiation as a therapeutic mechanism of action, evidence is mounting that the secretions of the cells are responsible for their therapeutic effects. These secretions include molecules and extracellular vesicles that have both local and distant effects. This review summarizes the up- and down-regulation of MSC anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, anti-tumor, and regenerative secretions resulting from different stimuli including: a) hypoxia, which increases the production of growth factors and anti-inflammatory molecules; b) pro-inflammatory stimuli that induce the secretion of immune modulating and anti-inflammatory factors; and c) 3 dimensional growth which up regulates the production of anti-cancer factors and anti-inflammatory molecules compared to monolayer culture. Finally we review in detail the most important factors present in conditioned medium of MSC that can be considered protagonists of MSC physiological effects including HGF, TGF-b, VEGF, TSG-6, PGE2 and galectins 1, and 9. We conclude that there is potential for the development of acellular therapeutic interventions for autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases and tissue regeneration from cellular secretions derived from MSCs cultured under the appropriate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Madrigal
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India. .,INDICASAT-AIP, City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama. .,MediStem Panama Inc., City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama.
| | | | - Neil H Riordan
- MediStem Panama Inc., City of Knowledge, Republic of Panama.
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100
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Stem cell therapy for acute cerebral injury: what do we know and what will the future bring? Curr Opin Neurol 2014; 26:617-25. [PMID: 24136128 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The central nervous system has limited capacity for regeneration after acute and chronic injury. An attractive approach to stimulate neural plasticity in the brain is to transplant stem cells in order to restore function. Here, we discuss potential mechanisms of action, current knowledge and future perspectives of clinical stem cell research for stroke and traumatic brain injury. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical data using various models suggest stem cell therapy to be a promising therapeutic avenue. Progress has been made in elucidating the mechanism of action of various cell types used, shifting the hypothesis from neural replacement to enhancing endogenous repair processes. Translation of these findings in clinical trials is currently being pursued with emphasis on both safety as well as efficacy. SUMMARY Clinical trials are currently recruiting patients in phase I and II trials to gain more insight in the therapeutic potential of stem cells in acute cerebral injury. A close interplay between results of these clinical trials and more extensive basic research is essential for future trial design, choosing the optimal transplantation strategy and selecting the right patients.
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