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Jackson CB, Turnbull DM, Minczuk M, Gammage PA. Therapeutic Manipulation of mtDNA Heteroplasmy: A Shifting Perspective. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:698-709. [PMID: 32589937 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) often underlie mitochondrial disease, one of the most common inherited metabolic disorders. Since the sequencing of the human mitochondrial genome and the discovery of pathogenic mutations in mtDNA more than 30 years ago, a movement towards generating methods for robust manipulation of mtDNA has ensued, although with relatively few advances and some controversy. While developments in the transformation of mammalian mtDNA have stood still for some time, recent demonstrations of programmable nuclease-based technology suggest that clinical manipulation of mtDNA heteroplasmy may be on the horizon for these largely untreatable disorders. Here we review historical and recent developments in mitochondrially targeted nuclease technology and the clinical outlook for treatment of hereditary mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Jackson
- Stem Cells and Metabolism, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michal Minczuk
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Payam A Gammage
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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52
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Kim S, Nam HY, Lee J, Seo J. Mitochondrion-Targeting Peptides and Peptidomimetics: Recent Progress and Design Principles. Biochemistry 2019; 59:270-284. [PMID: 31696703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional subcellular organelles whose operations encompass energy production, signal transduction, and metabolic regulation. Given their wide range of roles, they have been studied extensively as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion-mediated pathways have been identified as promising targets in the context of these diseases. However, the delivery of specific probes and drugs to the mitochondria is one of the major problems that remains to be solved. Over the past decade, much effort has been devoted to developing mitochondrion-targeted delivery methods based on the membrane characteristics and the protein import machinery of mitochondria. While various methods utilizing small molecules to polymeric particles have been introduced, it is notable that many of these compounds share common structural elements and physicochemical properties for optimal selectivity and efficiency. In this Perspective, we will review the most recently developed mitochondrion-targeting peptides and peptidomimetics to outline the key aspects of structural requirements and design principles. We will also discuss successful and potential applications of mitochondrial delivery to assess opportunities and challenges in the targeting of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Nam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Global Medical Science , Sungshin University , Seoul 01133 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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53
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Al Khatib I, Shutt TE. Advances Towards Therapeutic Approaches for mtDNA Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:217-246. [PMID: 31452143 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria maintain and express their own genome, referred to as mtDNA, which is required for proper mitochondrial function. While mutations in mtDNA can cause a heterogeneous array of disease phenotypes, there is currently no cure for this collection of diseases. Here, we will cover characteristics of the mitochondrial genome important for understanding the pathology associated with mtDNA mutations, and review recent approaches that are being developed to treat and prevent mtDNA disease. First, we will discuss mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), where mitochondria from a healthy donor replace maternal mitochondria harbouring mutant mtDNA. In addition to ethical concerns surrounding this procedure, MRT is only applicable in cases where the mother is known or suspected to carry mtDNA mutations. Thus, there remains a need for other strategies to treat patients with mtDNA disease. To this end, we will also discuss several alternative means to reduce the amount of mutant mtDNA present in cells. Such methods, referred to as heteroplasmy shifting, have proven successful in animal models. In particular, we will focus on the approach of targeting engineered endonucleases to specifically cleave mutant mtDNA. Together, these approaches offer hope to prevent the transmission of mtDNA disease and potentially reduce the impact of mtDNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al Khatib
- Deparments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Deparments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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54
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Kandasamy J, Rezonzew G, Jilling T, Ballinger S, Ambalavanan N. Mitochondrial DNA variation modulates alveolar development in newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L740-L747. [PMID: 31432715 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00220.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia-induced oxidant stress contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Mitochondrial functional differences due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations are important modifiers of oxidant stress responses. The objective of this study was to determine whether mtDNA variation independently modifies lung development and mechanical dysfunction in newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia. Newborn C57BL6 wild type (C57n/C57mt, C57WT) and C3H/HeN wild type (C3Hn/C3Hmt, C3HWT) mice and novel Mitochondrial-nuclear eXchange (MNX) strains with nuclear DNA (nDNA) from their parent strain and mtDNA from the other-C57MNX (C57n/C3Hmt) and C3HMNX (C3Hn/C57mt)-were exposed to 21% or 85% O2 from birth to postnatal day 14 (P14). Lung mechanics and histopathology were examined on P15. Neonatal mouse lung fibroblast (NMLF) bioenergetics and mitochondrial superoxide (O2-) generation were measured. Pulmonary resistance and mitochondrial O2- generation were increased while alveolarization, compliance, and NMLF basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate were decreased in hyperoxia-exposed C57WT mice (C57n/C57mt) versus C57MNX mice (C57n/C3Hmt) and in hyperoxia-exposed C3HMNX mice (C3Hn/C57mt) versus C3HWT (C3Hn/C3Hmt) mice. Our study suggests that neonatal C57 mtDNA-carrying strains have increased hyperoxia-induced hypoalveolarization, pulmonary mechanical dysfunction, and mitochondrial bioenergetic and redox dysfunction versus C3H mtDNA strains. Therefore, mtDNA haplogroup variation-induced differences in mitochondrial function could modify neonatal alveolar development and BPD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegen Kandasamy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gabriel Rezonzew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Tamas Jilling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Scott Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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55
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Zhang Y, Lu C. The Enigmatic Roles of PPR-SMR Proteins in Plants. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900361. [PMID: 31380188 PMCID: PMC6662315 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family, with more than 400 members, is one of the largest and most diverse protein families in land plants. A small subset of PPR proteins contain a C-terminal small MutS-related (SMR) domain. Although there are relatively few PPR-SMR proteins, they play essential roles in embryo development, chloroplast biogenesis and gene expression, and plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Here, recent advances in understanding the roles of PPR-SMR proteins and the SMR domain based on a combination of genetic, biochemical, and physiological analyses are described. In addition, the potential of the PPR-SMR protein SOT1 to serve as a tool for RNA manipulation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong271018P. R. China
| | - Congming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong271018P. R. China
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56
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Strieskova L, Gazdaricova I, Kajsik M, Soltys K, Budis J, Pos O, Lickova M, Klempa B, Szemes T. Ultracentrifugation enrichment protocol followed by total RNA sequencing allows assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome. J Biotechnol 2019; 299:8-12. [PMID: 31022426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome is an independent genetic system in each eukaryotic cell outside the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) appears in high copy number within one cell, unlike nuclear DNA, which exists in two copies. But nevertheless, mtDNA represent only small part of total cellular DNA what causes problematic analysis and identification of relevant mutations. While most researchers tend to overlook it because of its small size, the mitochondrial genome contains genes that are essential for cellular energetics and survival. Because of the increased awareness on the importance of metabolism and bioenergetics in a wide variety of human diseases, more and more mtDNA studies were performed. Mitochondrial genome research has established the connection between mtDNA and a wide variety of diseases such as cancer or neurodegenerative disorders. At the present time, several methods are known, that allow sequencing of mtDNA. However, genomic analysis is often complicated due to the low content of mtDNA compared to nuclear DNA. For this reason, we have designed a new approach to obtaining the genomic mitochondrial sequence. We chose RNA based sequencing. Since human mtDNA does not contain introns, the reconstruction of whole mitochondrial genome through RNA sequencing seems to be effective. Our method is based on total RNA sequencing coupled with simple ultracentrifugation protocol and de novo assembly. Following our protocol, we were able to assemble a complete mammalian mitochondrial genome with a length of 16,505 bp and an average coverage of 156. The method is a relatively simple and inexpensive which could help in the further research or diagnostics of mtDNA-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iveta Gazdaricova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Kajsik
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Soltys
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budis
- Geneton Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia; Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia; Slovak Centre of Scientific and Technical Information, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Pos
- Geneton Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martina Lickova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Szemes
- Geneton Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
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57
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Yoon YG, Koob MD. Intramitochondrial transfer and engineering of mammalian mitochondrial genomes in yeast. Mitochondrion 2019; 46:15-21. [PMID: 30980913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) depend on the nuclear genome with which they have evolved to provide essential replication functions and have been known to replicate as xenotransplants only in the cells of closely related species. We now report that complete mouse mitochondrial genomes can be stably transplanted into the mitochondrial network in yeast devoid of their own mtDNA. Our analyses of these xenomitochondrial yeast cells show that they are accurately replicating intact mouse mtDNA genomes without rearrangement and that these mtDNA genomes have the same overall topology as the mtDNA present in the mouse mitochondrial network (i.e., circular monomers). Moreover, non-mtDNA replication and selection sequences required for maintaining the mitochondrial genomes in bacterial hosts are dispensable in these yeast mitochondria and could be efficiently and seamlessly removed by targeted homologous recombination within the mitochondria. These findings demonstrate that the yeast mtDNA replication system is capable of accurately replicating intact mammalian mtDNA genomes without sequence loss or rearrangement and that yeast mitochondria are a highly versatile host system for engineering complete mammalian mitochondrial genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Geol Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Munmu-ro, Goesan-eup, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michael D Koob
- Institutes for Translational Neuroscience (ITN) & of Human Genetics (IHG), Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Wallin Medical Bioscience Building, 2101 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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58
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Chen Z, Zhang F, Xu H. Human mitochondrial DNA diseases and Drosophila models. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:201-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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59
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Iannetti EF, Prigione A, Smeitink JAM, Koopman WJH, Beyrath J, Renkema H. Live-Imaging Readouts and Cell Models for Phenotypic Profiling of Mitochondrial Function. Front Genet 2019; 10:131. [PMID: 30881379 PMCID: PMC6405630 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known as the powerhouses of the cells but their cellular role goes far beyond energy production; among others, they have a pivotal function in cellular calcium and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with severe and relatively rare disorders with an unmet therapeutic need. Given their central integrating role in multiple cellular pathways, mitochondrial dysfunction is also relevant in the pathogenesis of various other, more common, human pathologies. Here we discuss how live-cell high content microscopy can be used for image-based phenotypic profiling to assess mitochondrial (dys) function. From this perspective, we discuss a selection of live-cell fluorescent reporters and imaging strategies and discuss the pros/cons of human cell models in mitochondrial research. We also present an overview of live-cell high content microscopy applications used to detect disease-associated cellular phenotypes and perform cell-based drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eligio F. Iannetti
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan A. M. Smeitink
- Khondrion BV, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Werner J. H. Koopman
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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60
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Scheid AD, Beadnell TC, Welch DR. The second genome: Effects of the mitochondrial genome on cancer progression. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 142:63-105. [PMID: 30885364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of genetics in cancer has been recognized for centuries, but most studies elucidating genetic contributions to cancer have understandably focused on the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial contributions to cancer pathogenesis have been documented for decades, but how mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) influences cancer progression and metastasis remains poorly understood. This lack of understanding stems from difficulty isolating the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes as experimental variables, which is critical for investigating direct mtDNA contributions to disease given extensive crosstalk exists between both genomes. Several in vitro and in vivo models have isolated mtDNA as an independent variable from the nuclear genome. This review compares and contrasts different models, their advantages and disadvantages for studying mtDNA contributions to cancer, focusing on the mitochondrial-nuclear exchange (MNX) mouse model and findings regarding tumor progression, metastasis, and other complex cancer-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Scheid
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, and The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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61
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Beadnell TC, Scheid AD, Vivian CJ, Welch DR. Roles of the mitochondrial genetics in cancer metastasis: not to be ignored any longer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:615-632. [PMID: 30542781 PMCID: PMC6358502 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for only a fraction of the proteins that are encoded within the nucleus, and therefore has typically been regarded as a lesser player in cancer biology and metastasis. Accumulating evidence, however, supports an increased role for mtDNA impacting tumor progression and metastatic susceptibility. Unfortunately, due to this delay, there is a dearth of data defining the relative contributions of specific mtDNA polymorphisms (SNP), which leads to an inability to effectively use these polymorphisms to guide and enhance therapeutic strategies and diagnosis. In addition, evidence also suggests that differences in mtDNA impact not only the cancer cells but also the cells within the surrounding tumor microenvironment, suggesting a broad encompassing role for mtDNA polymorphisms in regulating the disease progression. mtDNA may have profound implications in the regulation of cancer biology and metastasis. However, there are still great lengths to go to understand fully its contributions. Thus, herein, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of mtDNA in cancer and metastasis, providing a framework for future functional validation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Beadnell
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Adam D Scheid
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Carolyn J Vivian
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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62
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Akbergenov R, Duscha S, Fritz AK, Juskeviciene R, Oishi N, Schmitt K, Shcherbakov D, Teo Y, Boukari H, Freihofer P, Isnard-Petit P, Oettinghaus B, Frank S, Thiam K, Rehrauer H, Westhof E, Schacht J, Eckert A, Wolfer D, Böttger EC. Mutant MRPS5 affects mitoribosomal accuracy and confers stress-related behavioral alterations. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201846193. [PMID: 30237157 PMCID: PMC6216279 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1555 A to G substitution in mitochondrial 12S A‐site rRNA is associated with maternally transmitted deafness of variable penetrance in the absence of otherwise overt disease. Here, we recapitulate the suggested A1555G‐mediated pathomechanism in an experimental model of mitoribosomal mistranslation by directed mutagenesis of mitoribosomal protein MRPS5. We first establish that the ratio of cysteine/methionine incorporation and read‐through of mtDNA‐encoded MT‐CO1 protein constitute reliable measures of mitoribosomal misreading. Next, we demonstrate that human HEK293 cells expressing mutant V336Y MRPS5 show increased mitoribosomal mistranslation. As for immortalized lymphocytes of individuals with the pathogenic A1555G mutation, we find little changes in the transcriptome of mutant V336Y MRPS5 HEK cells, except for a coordinated upregulation of transcripts for cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. Homozygous knock‐in mutant Mrps5 V338Y mice show impaired mitochondrial function and a phenotype composed of enhanced susceptibility to noise‐induced hearing damage and anxiety‐related behavioral alterations. The experimental data in V338Y mutant mice point to a key role of mitochondrial translation and function in stress‐related behavioral and physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Akbergenov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Duscha
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kristina Fritz
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institut für Bewegungswissenschaften und Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Reda Juskeviciene
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Naoki Oishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Schmitt
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Shcherbakov
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Youjin Teo
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Heithem Boukari
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Freihofer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Björn Oettinghaus
- Neuro- und Ophthalmopathologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Frank
- Neuro- und Ophthalmopathologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zürich und Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric Westhof
- Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jochen Schacht
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anne Eckert
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Wolfer
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institut für Bewegungswissenschaften und Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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63
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Larriba E, Rial E, Del Mazo J. The landscape of mitochondrial small non-coding RNAs in the PGCs of male mice, spermatogonia, gametes and in zygotes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:634. [PMID: 30153810 PMCID: PMC6114042 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are organelles that fulfill a fundamental role in cell bioenergetics, as well as in other processes like cell signaling and death. Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) are now being considered as pivotal post-transcriptional regulators, widening the landscape of their diversity and functions. In mammalian cells, small RNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome, mitosRNAs were discovered recently, although their biological role remains uncertain. Results Here, using specific bioinformatics analyses, we have defined the diversity of mitosRNAs present in early differentiated germ cells of male mice (PGCs and spermatogonia), and in the gametes of both sexes and in zygotes. We found strong transcription of mitosRNAs relative to the size of the mtDNA, and classifying these mitosRNAs into different functional sncRNA groups highlighted the predominance of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) relative to the other types of mitosRNAs. Mito-piRNAs were more abundant in oocytes and zygotes, where mitochondria fulfill key roles in fecundation process. Functional analysis of some particular mito-piRNAs (mito-piR-7,456,245), also expressed in 3T3-L1 cells, was assessed after exposure to RNA antagonists. Conclusions As far as we are aware, this is the first integrated analysis of sncRNAs encoded by mtDNA in germ cells and zygotes. The data obtained suggesting that mitosRNAs fulfill key roles in gamete differentiation and fertilization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5020-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rial
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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64
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A synthetic mitochondrial-based vector for therapeutic purposes. Med Hypotheses 2018; 117:28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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65
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Advances in methods for reducing mitochondrial DNA disease by replacing or manipulating the mitochondrial genome. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:455-465. [PMID: 29950320 PMCID: PMC6056713 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a multi-copy genome whose cell copy number varies depending on tissue type. Mutations in mtDNA can cause a wide spectrum of diseases. Mutated mtDNA is often found as a subset of the total mtDNA population in a cell or tissue, a situation known as heteroplasmy. As mitochondrial dysfunction only presents after a certain level of heteroplasmy has been acquired, ways to artificially reduce or replace the mutated species have been attempted. This review addresses recent approaches and advances in this field, focusing on the prevention of pathogenic mtDNA transfer via mitochondrial donation techniques such as maternal spindle transfer and pronuclear transfer in which mutated mtDNA in the oocyte or fertilized embryo is substituted with normal copies of the mitochondrial genome. This review also discusses the molecular targeting and cleavage of pathogenic mtDNA to shift heteroplasmy using antigenomic therapy and genome engineering techniques including Zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Finally, it considers CRISPR technology and the unique difficulties that mitochondrial genome editing presents.
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66
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Loutre R, Heckel AM, Jeandard D, Tarassov I, Entelis N. Anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNA molecules can modulate the mtDNA heteroplasmy in a glucose-dependent manner. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199258. [PMID: 29912984 PMCID: PMC6005506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are an important source of severe and incurable human diseases. The vast majority of these mutations are heteroplasmic, meaning that mutant and wild-type genomes are present simultaneously in the same cell. Only a very high proportion of mutant mitochondrial DNA (heteroplasmy level) leads to pathological consequences. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial targeting of small RNAs designed to anneal with mutant mtDNA can decrease the heteroplasmy level by specific inhibition of mutant mtDNA replication, thus representing a potential therapy. We have also shown that 5S ribosomal RNA, partially imported into human mitochondria, can be used as a vector to deliver anti-replicative oligoribonucleotides into human mitochondria. So far, the efficiency of cellular expression of recombinant 5S rRNA molecules bearing therapeutic insertions remained very low. In the present study, we designed new versions of anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNA targeting a large deletion in mitochondrial DNA which causes the KSS syndrome, analyzed their specific annealing to KSS mitochondrial DNA and demonstrated their import into mitochondria of cultured human cells. To obtain an increased level of the recombinant 5S rRNA stable expression, we created transmitochondrial cybrid cell line bearing a site for Flp-recombinase and used this system for the recombinase-mediated integration of genes coding for the anti-replicative recombinant 5S rRNAs into nuclear genome. We demonstrated that stable expression of anti-replicative 5S rRNA versions in human transmitochondrial cybrid cells can induce a shift in heteroplasmy level of KSS mutation in mtDNA. This shift was directly dependent on the level of the recombinant 5S rRNA expression and the sequence of the anti-replicative insertion. Quantification of mtDNA copy number in transfected cells revealed the absence of a non-specific effect on wild type mtDNA replication, indicating that the decreased proportion between mutant and wild type mtDNA molecules is not a consequence of a random repopulation of depleted pool of mtDNA genomes. The heteroplasmy change could be also modulated by cell growth conditions, namely increased by cells culturing in a carbohydrate-free medium, thus forcing them to use oxidative phosphorylation and providing a selective advantage for cells with improved respiration capacities. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this approach and propose further development of the anti-replicative strategy based on the RNA import into human mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Loutre
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Heckel
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Jeandard
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ivan Tarassov
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nina Entelis
- UMR 7156 Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Strasbourg University-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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67
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Verechshagina N, Nikitchina N, Yamada Y, Harashima Н, Tanaka M, Orishchenko K, Mazunin I. Future of human mitochondrial DNA editing technologies. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2018; 30:214-221. [PMID: 29764251 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2018.1472773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ATP and other metabolites, which are necessary for the development, maintenance, and functioning of bodily cells are all synthesized in the mitochondria. Multiple copies of the genome, present within the mitochondria, together with its maternal inheritance, determine the clinical manifestation and spreading of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The main obstacle in the way of thorough understanding of mitochondrial biology and the development of gene therapy methods for mitochondrial diseases is the absence of systems that allow to directly change mtDNA sequence. Here, we discuss existing methods of manipulating the level of mtDNA heteroplasmy, as well as the latest systems, that could be used in the future as tools for human mitochondrial genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Verechshagina
- a Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Technologies , Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University , Kaliningrad , Russia
| | - N Nikitchina
- a Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Technologies , Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University , Kaliningrad , Russia
| | - Y Yamada
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - Н Harashima
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- c Department for Health and Longevity Research , National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition , Ibaraki City, Osaka , Japan.,d Department of Neurology , Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - K Orishchenko
- a Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Technologies , Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University , Kaliningrad , Russia.,e Laboratory of Cell Technologies , Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS , Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - I Mazunin
- a Laboratory of Molecular Genetics Technologies , Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University , Kaliningrad , Russia
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68
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Audano M, Pedretti S, Cermenati G, Brioschi E, Diaferia GR, Ghisletti S, Cuomo A, Bonaldi T, Salerno F, Mora M, Grigore L, Garlaschelli K, Baragetti A, Bonacina F, Catapano AL, Norata GD, Crestani M, Caruso D, Saez E, De Fabiani E, Mitro N. Zc3h10 is a novel mitochondrial regulator. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745531. [PMID: 29507079 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy-generating hubs of the cell. In spite of considerable advances, our understanding of the factors that regulate the molecular circuits that govern mitochondrial function remains incomplete. Using a genome-wide functional screen, we identify the poorly characterized protein Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 10 (Zc3h10) as regulator of mitochondrial physiology. We show that Zc3h10 is upregulated during physiological mitochondriogenesis as it occurs during the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Zc3h10 overexpression boosts mitochondrial function and promotes myoblast differentiation, while the depletion of Zc3h10 results in impaired myoblast differentiation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced expression of electron transport chain (ETC) subunits, and blunted TCA cycle flux. Notably, we have identified a loss-of-function mutation of Zc3h10 in humans (Tyr105 to Cys105) that is associated with increased body mass index, fat mass, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals homozygotic for Cys105 display reduced oxygen consumption rate, diminished expression of some ETC subunits, and decreased levels of some TCA cycle metabolites, which all together derive in mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our study identifies Zc3h10 as a novel mitochondrial regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Audano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Cermenati
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brioschi
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Salerno
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Liliana Grigore
- IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Baragetti
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCSS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,SISA Centre, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caruso
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emma De Fabiani
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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69
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Delivery of exogenous mitochondria via centrifugation enhances cellular metabolic function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3330. [PMID: 29463809 PMCID: PMC5820364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in the maintenance of cell growth and function, and have been investigated as therapeutic targets in various diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that direct mitochondrial transfer can restore cellular functions of cells with inherited or acquired mitochondrial dysfunction. However, previous mitochondrial transfer methods are inefficient and time-consuming. Here, we developed a simple and easy mitochondrial transfer protocol using centrifugation, which can be applied to any cell type. By our simple centrifugation method, we found that the isolated mitochondria could be successfully transferred into target cells, including mitochondrial DNA-deleted Rho0 cells and dexamethasone-treated atrophic muscle cells. We found that mitochondrial transfer normalised ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species level, and the oxygen consumption rate of the target cells. Furthermore, delivery of intact mitochondria blocked the AMPK/FoxO3/Atrogene pathway underlying muscle atrophy in atrophic muscle cells. Taken together, this simple and rapid mitochondrial transfer method can be used to treat mitochondrial dysfunction-related diseases.
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70
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Gammage PA, Moraes CT, Minczuk M. Mitochondrial Genome Engineering: The Revolution May Not Be CRISPR-Ized. Trends Genet 2018; 34:101-110. [PMID: 29179920 PMCID: PMC5783712 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has transitioned to greater prominence across diverse areas of biology and medicine. The recognition of mitochondria as a major biochemical hub, contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction to various diseases, and several high-profile attempts to prevent hereditary mtDNA disease through mitochondrial replacement therapy have roused interest in the organellar genome. Subsequently, attempts to manipulate mtDNA have been galvanized, although with few robust advances and much controversy. Re-engineered protein-only nucleases such as mtZFN and mitoTALEN function effectively in mammalian mitochondria, although efficient delivery of nucleic acids into the organelle remains elusive. Such an achievement, in concert with a mitochondria-adapted CRISPR/Cas9 platform, could prompt a revolution in mitochondrial genome engineering and biological understanding. However, the existence of an endogenous mechanism for nucleic acid import into mammalian mitochondria, a prerequisite for mitochondrial CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, remains controversial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam A Gammage
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Michal Minczuk
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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71
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Craven L, Tang MX, Gorman GS, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B. Novel reproductive technologies to prevent mitochondrial disease. Hum Reprod Update 2018. [PMID: 28651360 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nuclear transfer (NT) has been proposed as a novel reproductive treatment to overcome the transmission of maternally-inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Pathogenic mutations in mtDNA can cause a wide-spectrum of life-limiting disorders, collectively known as mtDNA disease, for which there are currently few effective treatments and no known cures. The many unique features of mtDNA make genetic counselling challenging for women harbouring pathogenic mtDNA mutations but reproductive options that involve medical intervention are available that will minimize the risk of mtDNA disease in their offspring. This includes PGD, which is currently offered as a clinical treatment but will not be suitable for all. The potential for NT to reduce transmission of mtDNA mutations has been demonstrated in both animal and human models, and has recently been clinically applied not only to prevent mtDNA disease but also for some infertility cases. In this review, we will interrogate the different NT techniques, including a discussion on the available safety and efficacy data of these technologies for mtDNA disease prevention. In addition, we appraise the evidence for the translational use of NT technologies in infertility. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We propose to review the current scientific evidence regarding the clinical use of NT to prevent mitochondrial disease. SEARCH METHODS The scientific literature was investigated by searching PubMed database until Jan 2017. Relevant documents from Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority as well as reports from both the scientific and popular media were also implemented. The above searches were based on the following key words: 'mitochondria', 'mitochondrial DNA'; 'mitochondrial DNA disease', 'fertility'; 'preimplantation genetic diagnosis', 'nuclear transfer', 'mitochondrial replacement' and 'mitochondrial donation'. OUTCOMES While NT techniques have been shown to effectively reduce the transmission of heteroplasmic mtDNA variants in animal models, and increasing evidence supports their use to prevent the transmission of human mtDNA disease, the need for robust, long-term evaluation is still warranted. Moreover, prenatal screening would still be strongly advocated in combination with the use of these IVF-based technologies. Scientific evidence to support the use of NT and other novel reproductive techniques for infertility is currently lacking. WIDER IMPLICATIONS It is mandatory that any new ART treatments are first adequately assessed in both animal and human models before the cautious implementation of these new therapeutic approaches is clinically undertaken. There is growing evidence to suggest that the translation of these innovative technologies into clinical practice should be cautiously adopted only in highly selected patients. Indeed, given the limited safety and efficacy data, close monitoring of any offspring remains paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Craven
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Mao-Xing Tang
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gráinne S Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Petra De Sutter
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Björn Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem Cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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72
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McCann BJ, Cox A, Gammage PA, Stewart JB, Zernicka-Goetz M, Minczuk M. Delivery of mtZFNs into Early Mouse Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1867:215-228. [PMID: 30155826 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8799-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases often result from mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). In most cases, mutant mtDNA coexists with wild-type mtDNA, resulting in heteroplasmy. One potential future approach to treat heteroplasmic mtDNA diseases is the specific elimination of pathogenic mtDNA mutations, lowering the level of mutant mtDNA below pathogenic thresholds. Mitochondrially targeted zinc-finger nucleases (mtZFNs) have been demonstrated to specifically target and introduce double-strand breaks in mutant mtDNA, facilitating substantial shifts in heteroplasmy. One application of mtZFN technology, in the context of heteroplasmic mtDNA disease, is delivery into the heteroplasmic oocyte or early embryo to eliminate mutant mtDNA, preventing transmission of mitochondrial diseases through the germline. Here we describe a protocol for efficient production of mtZFN mRNA in vitro, and delivery of these into 0.5 dpc mouse embryos to elicit shifts of mtDNA heteroplasmy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly J McCann
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andy Cox
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Payam A Gammage
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Stewart
- Department of Mitochondrial Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michal Minczuk
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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73
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More than a powerplant: the influence of mitochondrial transfer on the epigenome. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 3:16-24. [PMID: 29750205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Each cell in the human body, with the exception of red blood cells, contains multiple copies of mitochondria that house their own genetic material, the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are the cell's powerplant due to their massive ATP generation. However, the mitochondrion is also a hub for metabolite production from the TCA cycle, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and ketogenesis. In addition to producing macromolecules for biosynthetic reactions and cell replication, several mitochondrial intermediate metabolites serve as cofactors or substrates for epigenome modifying enzymes that regulate chromatin structure and impact gene expression. Here, we discuss connections between mitochondrial metabolites and enzymatic writers and erasers of chromatin modifications. We do this from the unique perspective of cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer and its potential impact on mitochondrial replacement therapies.
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74
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Bussard KM, Siracusa LD. Understanding Mitochondrial Polymorphisms in Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6051-6059. [PMID: 29097610 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were once thought to be predominantly innocuous to cell growth. Recent evidence suggests that mtDNA undergo naturally occurring alterations, including mutations and polymorphisms, which profoundly affect the cells in which they appear and contribute to a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Furthermore, interplay between mtDNA and nuclear DNA has been found in cancer cells, necessitating consideration of these complex interactions for future studies of cancer mutations and polymorphisms. In this issue of Cancer Research, Vivian and colleagues utilize a unique mouse model, called Mitochondrial Nuclear eXchange mice, that contain the nuclear DNA from one inbred mouse strain, and the mtDNA from a different inbred mouse strain to examine the genome-wide nuclear DNA methylation and gene expression patterns of brain tissue. Results demonstrated there were alterations in nuclear DNA expression and DNA methylation driven by mtDNA. These alterations may impact disease pathogenesis. In light of these results, in this review, we highlight alterations in mtDNA, with a specific focus on polymorphisms associated with cancer susceptibility and/or prognosis, mtDNA as cancer biomarkers, and considerations for investigating the role of mtDNA in cancer progression for future studies. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6051-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Bussard
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Linda D Siracusa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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75
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Pinheiro da Silva F, Machado MCC. Septic Shock and the Aging Process: A Molecular Comparison. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1389. [PMID: 29118760 PMCID: PMC5661002 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a continuous process promoted by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that each trigger a multitude of molecular events. Increasing evidence supports a central role for inflammation in this progression. Here, we discuss how the low-grade chronic inflammation that characterizes aging is tightly interconnected with other important aspects of this process, such as DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epigenetic changes. Similarly, inflammation also plays a critical role in many morbid conditions that affect patients who are admitted to Intensive Care. Although the inflammatory response is low grade and persistent in healthy aging while it is acute and severe in critically ill states, we hypothesize that both situations have important interconnections. Here, we performed an extensive review of the literature to investigate this potential link. Because sepsis is the most extensively studied disease and is the leading cause of death in Critical Care, we focus our discussion on comparing the inflammatory profile of healthy older people with that of patients in septic shock to explain why we believe that both situations have synergistic effects, leading to critically ill aged patients having a worse prognosis when compared with critically ill young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Pinheiro da Silva
- Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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76
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Lee SR, Han J. Mitochondrial Mutations in Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:81-111. [PMID: 28551783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria individually encapsulate their own genome, unlike other cellular organelles. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular, double-stranded, 16,569-base paired DNA containing 37 genes: 13 proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs; 12S and 16S), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The mtDNA is more vulnerable to oxidative modifications compared to nuclear DNA because of its proximity to ROS-producing sites, limited presence of DNA damage repair systems, and continuous replication in the cell. mtDNA mutations can be inherited or sporadic. Simple mtDNA mutations are point mutations, which are frequently found in mitochondrial tRNA loci, causing mischarging of mitochondrial tRNAs or deletion, duplication, or reduction in mtDNA content. Because mtDNA has multiple copies and a specific replication mechanism in cells or tissues, it can be heterogenous, resulting in characteristic phenotypic presentations such as heteroplasmy, genetic drift, and threshold effects. Recent studies have increased the understanding of basic mitochondrial genetics, providing an insight into the correlations between mitochondrial mutations and cardiac manifestations including hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death with a syndromic or non-syndromic phenotype. Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial mutations, which result from structural defects, functional impairment, or both, are increasingly detected but are not clear because of the complex interplay between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, even in homoplasmic mitochondrial populations. Additionally, various factors such as individual susceptibility, nutritional state, and exposure to chemicals can influence phenotypic presentation, even for the same mtDNA mutation.In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of mtDNA mutations and their role in cardiac involvement. In addition, epigenetic modifications of mtDNA are briefly discussed for future elucidation of their critical role in cardiac involvement. Finally, current strategies for dealing with mitochondrial mutations in cardiac disorders are briefly stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea.
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77
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Vivian CJ, Brinker AE, Graw S, Koestler DC, Legendre C, Gooden GC, Salhia B, Welch DR. Mitochondrial Genomic Backgrounds Affect Nuclear DNA Methylation and Gene Expression. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6202-6214. [PMID: 28663334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations and polymorphisms contribute to many complex diseases, including cancer. Using a unique mouse model that contains nDNA from one mouse strain and homoplasmic mitochondrial haplotypes from different mouse strain(s)-designated Mitochondrial Nuclear Exchange (MNX)-we showed that mtDNA could alter mammary tumor metastasis. Because retrograde and anterograde communication exists between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, we hypothesized that there are differential mtDNA-driven changes in nuclear (n)DNA expression and DNA methylation. Genome-wide nDNA methylation and gene expression were measured in harvested brain tissue from paired wild-type and MNX mice. Selective differential DNA methylation and gene expression were observed between strains having identical nDNA, but different mtDNA. These observations provide insights into how mtDNA could be altering epigenetic regulation and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6202-14. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Vivian
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amanda E Brinker
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Stefan Graw
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Devin C Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | | | - Bodour Salhia
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas. .,Heartland Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.,The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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78
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Abstract
The human mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (hGDH1 and hGDH2) are abundant matrix-localized proteins encoded by nuclear genes. The proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm, with an atypically long N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). The results of secondary structure predictions suggest the presence of two α-helices within the N-terminal region of the MTS. Results from deletion analyses indicate that individual helices have limited ability to direct protein import and matrix localization, but that there is a synergistic interaction when both helices are present [Biochem. J. (2016) 473: , 2813-2829]. Mutagenesis of the MTS cleavage sites blocked post-import removal of the presequences, but did not impede import. The authors propose that the high matrix levels of hGDH can be attributed to the unusual length and secondary structure of the MTS.
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79
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Dong LF, Kovarova J, Bajzikova M, Bezawork-Geleta A, Svec D, Endaya B, Sachaphibulkij K, Coelho AR, Sebkova N, Ruzickova A, Tan AS, Kluckova K, Judasova K, Zamecnikova K, Rychtarcikova Z, Gopalan V, Andera L, Sobol M, Yan B, Pattnaik B, Bhatraju N, Truksa J, Stopka P, Hozak P, Lam AK, Sedlacek R, Oliveira PJ, Kubista M, Agrawal A, Dvorakova-Hortova K, Rohlena J, Berridge MV, Neuzil J. Horizontal transfer of whole mitochondria restores tumorigenic potential in mitochondrial DNA-deficient cancer cells. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28195532 PMCID: PMC5367896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that generation of tumours in syngeneic mice by cells devoid of mitochondrial (mt) DNA (ρ0 cells) is linked to the acquisition of the host mtDNA. However, the mechanism of mtDNA movement between cells remains unresolved. To determine whether the transfer of mtDNA involves whole mitochondria, we injected B16ρ0 mouse melanoma cells into syngeneic C57BL/6Nsu9-DsRed2 mice that express red fluorescent protein in their mitochondria. We document that mtDNA is acquired by transfer of whole mitochondria from the host animal, leading to normalisation of mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, knockdown of key mitochondrial complex I (NDUFV1) and complex II (SDHC) subunits by shRNA in B16ρ0 cells abolished or significantly retarded their ability to form tumours. Collectively, these results show that intact mitochondria with their mtDNA payload are transferred in the developing tumour, and provide functional evidence for an essential role of oxidative phosphorylation in cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22187.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Feng Dong
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Jaromira Kovarova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Bajzikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - David Svec
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Berwini Endaya
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Ana R Coelho
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Natasa Sebkova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Ruzickova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - An S Tan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Judasova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Zamecnikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Zittau/Goerlitz University of Applied Sciences, Zittau, Germany
| | - Zuzana Rychtarcikova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Ladislav Andera
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Margarita Sobol
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bing Yan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Bijay Pattnaik
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Bhatraju
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaroslav Truksa
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred K Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,TATAA Biocenter, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rohlena
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Neuzil
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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80
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Abstract
Numerous attempts have been made to identify and engineer sequence-specific RNA endonucleases, as these would allow for efficient RNA manipulation. However, no natural RNA endonuclease that recognizes RNA in a sequence-specific manner has been described to date. Here, we report that SUPPRESSOR OF THYLAKOID FORMATION 1 (SOT1), an Arabidopsis pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein with a small MutS-related (SMR) domain, has RNA endonuclease activity. We show that the SMR moiety of SOT1 performs the endonucleolytic maturation of 23S and 4.5S rRNA through the PPR domain, specifically recognizing a 13-nucleotide RNA sequence in the 5' end of the chloroplast 23S-4.5S rRNA precursor. In addition, we successfully engineered the SOT1 protein with altered PPR motifs to recognize and cleave a predicted RNA substrate. Our findings point to SOT1 as an exciting tool for RNA manipulation.
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81
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Torralba D, Baixauli F, Sánchez-Madrid F. Mitochondria Know No Boundaries: Mechanisms and Functions of Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:107. [PMID: 27734015 PMCID: PMC5039171 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria regulate multiple cell processes, including calcium signaling, apoptosis and cell metabolism. Mitochondria contain their own circular genome encoding selected subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent findings reveal that, in addition to being maternally inherited, mitochondria can traverse cell boundaries and thus be horizontally transferred between cells. Although, the physiological relevance of this phenomenon is still under debate, mitochondria uptake rescues mitochondrial respiration defects in recipient cells and regulates signaling, proliferation or chemotherapy resistance in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we outline the pathophysiological consequences of horizontal mitochondrial transfer and offer a perspective on the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating their intercellular transmission, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, cellular fusion, and GAP junctions. The physiological relevance of mitochondrial transfer and the potential therapeutic application of this exchange for treating mitochondrial-related diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Torralba
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional Investigaciones CardiovascularesMadrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autonoma de MadridMadrid, Spain
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82
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Gammage PA, Gaude E, Van Haute L, Rebelo-Guiomar P, Jackson CB, Rorbach J, Pekalski ML, Robinson AJ, Charpentier M, Concordet JP, Frezza C, Minczuk M. Near-complete elimination of mutant mtDNA by iterative or dynamic dose-controlled treatment with mtZFNs. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7804-16. [PMID: 27466392 PMCID: PMC5027515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are frequently associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In most cases, mutant and wild-type mtDNAs coexist, resulting in heteroplasmy. The selective elimination of mutant mtDNA, and consequent enrichment of wild-type mtDNA, can rescue pathological phenotypes in heteroplasmic cells. Use of the mitochondrially targeted zinc finger-nuclease (mtZFN) results in degradation of mutant mtDNA through site-specific DNA cleavage. Here, we describe a substantial enhancement of our previous mtZFN-based approaches to targeting mtDNA, allowing near-complete directional shifts of mtDNA heteroplasmy, either by iterative treatment or through finely controlled expression of mtZFN, which limits off-target catalysis and undesired mtDNA copy number depletion. To demonstrate the utility of this improved approach, we generated an isogenic distribution of heteroplasmic cells with variable mtDNA mutant level from the same parental source without clonal selection. Analysis of these populations demonstrated an altered metabolic signature in cells harbouring decreased levels of mutant m.8993T>G mtDNA, associated with neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP). We conclude that mtZFN-based approaches offer means for mtDNA heteroplasmy manipulation in basic research, and may provide a strategy for therapeutic intervention in selected mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Rebelo-Guiomar
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge, UK GABBA, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Marcin L Pekalski
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust DIL, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marine Charpentier
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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