51
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Salou M, Legoux F, Gilet J, Darbois A, du Halgouet A, Alonso R, Richer W, Goubet AG, Daviaud C, Menger L, Procopio E, Premel V, Lantz O. A common transcriptomic program acquired in the thymus defines tissue residency of MAIT and NKT subsets. J Exp Med 2018; 216:133-151. [PMID: 30518599 PMCID: PMC6314520 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salou et al. wondered what could differentiate MAIT and NKT cells, if not for TCR specificity. Once split according to RORγt and T-bet–expressing subsets, MAIT and NKT share almost identical transcriptional programs acquired in the thymus, which result in specific tissue residency patterns. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant T cells with unique specificity for microbial metabolites. MAIT conservation along evolution indicates important functions, but their low frequency in mice has hampered their detailed characterization. Here, we performed the first transcriptomic analysis of murine MAIT cells. MAIT1 (RORγtneg) and MAIT17 (RORγt+) subsets were markedly distinct from mainstream T cells, but quasi-identical to NKT1 and NKT17 subsets. The expression of similar programs was further supported by strong correlations of MAIT and NKT frequencies in various organs. In both mice and humans, MAIT subsets expressed gene signatures associated with tissue residency. Accordingly, parabiosis experiments demonstrated that MAIT and NKT cells are resident in the spleen, liver, and lungs, with LFA1/ICAM1 interactions controlling MAIT1 and NKT1 retention in spleen and liver. The transcriptional program associated with tissue residency was already expressed in thymus, as confirmed by adoptive transfer experiments. Altogether, shared thymic differentiation processes generate “preset” NKT and MAIT subsets with defined effector functions, associated with specific positioning into tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Salou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - François Legoux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jules Gilet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Darbois
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anastasia du Halgouet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ruby Alonso
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Wilfrid Richer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Goubet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurie Menger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emanuele Procopio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Premel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Gustave-Roussy Institut Curie (CIC-BT1428) Institut Curie, Paris, France
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52
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Haeryfar SMM, Shaler CR, Rudak PT. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells in malignancies: a faithful friend or formidable foe? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1885-1896. [PMID: 29470597 PMCID: PMC11028145 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like T lymphocytes known for their ability to respond to MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)-restricted stimuli and select cytokine signals. They are abundant in humans and especially enriched in mucosal layers, common sites of neoplastic transformation. MAIT cells have been found within primary and metastatic tumors. However, whether they promote malignancy or contribute to anticancer immunity is unclear. On the one hand, MAIT cells produce IL-17A in certain locations and under certain circumstances, which could in turn facilitate neoangiogenesis, intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive cell populations, and cancer progression. On the other hand, they can express a potent arsenal of cytotoxic effector molecules, NKG2D and IFN-γ, all of which have established roles in cancer immune surveillance. In this review, we highlight MAIT cells' characteristics as they might pertain to cancer initiation, progression, or control. We discuss recent findings, including our own, that link MAIT cells to cancer, with a focus on colorectal carcinoma, as well as some of the outstanding questions in this active area of research. Finally, we provide a hypothetical picture in which MAIT cells constitute attractive targets in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher R Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick T Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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53
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The CD4 -CD8 - MAIT cell subpopulation is a functionally distinct subset developmentally related to the main CD8 + MAIT cell pool. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11513-E11522. [PMID: 30442667 PMCID: PMC6298106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812273115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells recognizing microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by the monomorphic MR1 molecule. Here, we show that the CD8+CD4− and CD8−CD4− subpopulations of human MAIT cells represent transcriptionally and phenotypically discrete subsets with distinct functional profiles. Furthermore, T cell receptor repertoire analysis, as well as MAIT cell data based on human fetal tissues, umbilical cord blood, and culture systems indicate that the CD8−CD4− subset may derive from the main CD8+CD4− MAIT cell pool. Thus, MAIT cells, a major antimicrobial effector T cell population in humans, segregate into two functionally distinct but developmentally related subsets separated by the expression of CD8. This functional difference may have significant implications in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells that recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by the MHC class I-like protein MR1. Human MAIT cells predominantly express the CD8α coreceptor (CD8+), with a smaller subset lacking both CD4 and CD8 (double-negative, DN). However, it is unclear if these two MAIT cell subpopulations distinguished by CD8α represent functionally distinct subsets. Here, we show that the two MAIT cell subsets express divergent transcriptional programs and distinct patterns of classic T cell transcription factors. Furthermore, CD8+ MAIT cells have higher levels of receptors for IL-12 and IL-18, as well as of the activating receptors CD2, CD9, and NKG2D, and display superior functionality following stimulation with riboflavin-autotrophic as well as riboflavin-auxotrophic bacterial strains. DN MAIT cells display higher RORγt/T-bet ratio, and express less IFN-γ and more IL-17. Furthermore, the DN subset displays enrichment of an apoptosis gene signature and higher propensity for activation-induced apoptosis. During development in human fetal tissues, DN MAIT cells are more mature and accumulate over gestational time with reciprocal contraction of the CD8+ subset. Analysis of the T cell receptor repertoire reveals higher diversity in CD8+ MAIT cells than in DN MAIT cells. Finally, chronic T cell receptor stimulation of CD8+ MAIT cells in an in vitro culture system supports the accumulation and maintenance of the DN subpopulation. These findings define human CD8+ and DN MAIT cells as functionally distinct subsets and indicate a derivative developmental relationship.
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54
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von Seth E, Zimmer CL, Reuterwall-Hansson M, Barakat A, Arnelo U, Bergquist A, Ivarsson MA, Björkström NK. Primary sclerosing cholangitis leads to dysfunction and loss of MAIT cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1997-2004. [PMID: 30252934 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a severe chronic liver disease of the small and large bile ducts. The pathogenesis is unknown but a strong immune cell component has been suggested. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are abundant in human liver and localize around bile ducts. Yet, the role of MAIT cells in PSC remains unclear. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of MAIT cells in circulation and assessed their presence in bile ducts of PSC patients as well as non-PSC controls. We observed a dramatic reduction in MAIT cell levels in PSC patients. High-dimensional phenotypical analysis using stochastic neighbor embedding revealed the MAIT cells to be activated, a phenotype shared by the investigated disease control groups. In line with the noted phenotypic alterations, MAIT cell function was reduced in response to Escherichia coli and to cytokine stimulation in PSC patients as compared to healthy controls. Using a novel sampling approach of human bile ducts, we found MAIT cells to be specifically enriched within bile ducts. Finally, distinct from the dramatic decline observed in circulation, PSC-patients had retained levels of MAIT cells within bile ducts. Altogether, our results provide a detailed insight into how the human MAIT cell compartment is affected in PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik von Seth
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine L Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Reuterwall-Hansson
- Division of Endoscopy, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Surgery, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ammar Barakat
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Arnelo
- Division of Endoscopy, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Surgery, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin A Ivarsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Lezmi G, Leite-de-Moraes M. Invariant Natural Killer T and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Asthmatic Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1766. [PMID: 30105031 PMCID: PMC6077286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the heterogeneity of asthma. Distinct patient phenotypes (symptoms, age at onset, atopy, and lung function) may result from different pathogenic mechanisms, including airway inflammation, remodeling, and immune and metabolic pathways in a specific microbial environment. These features, which define the asthma endotype, may have significant consequences for the development and progression of the disease. Asthma is generally associated with Th2 cells, which produce a panel of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) that act in synergy to drive lung inflammatory responses, mucus secretion, IgE production, and fibrosis, causing the characteristic symptoms of asthma. In addition to conventional CD4+ T lymphocytes, other T-cell types can produce Th2 or Th17 cytokines rapidly. Promising candidate cells for studies of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of asthma are unconventional T lymphocytes, such as invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the impact of iNKT and MAIT cells on asthmatic inflammation, focusing particularly on pediatric asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lezmi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, INEM (Institut Necker-Enfants Malades), CNRS UMR8253 and INSERM UMR1151, Paris, France
| | - Maria Leite-de-Moraes
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, INEM (Institut Necker-Enfants Malades), CNRS UMR8253 and INSERM UMR1151, Paris, France
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56
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Garner LC, Klenerman P, Provine NM. Insights Into Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Biology From Studies of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1478. [PMID: 30013556 PMCID: PMC6036249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T cells that function at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. They express semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) and recognize unconventional non-peptide ligands bound to the MHC Class I-like molecules MR1 and CD1d, respectively. MAIT cells and iNKT cells exhibit an effector-memory phenotype and are enriched within the liver and at mucosal sites. In humans, MAIT cell frequencies dwarf those of iNKT cells, while in laboratory mouse strains the opposite is true. Upon activation via TCR- or cytokine-dependent pathways, MAIT cells and iNKT cells rapidly produce cytokines and show direct cytotoxic activity. Consequently, they are essential for effective immunity, and alterations in their frequency and function are associated with numerous infectious, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Due to their abundance in mice and the earlier development of reagents, iNKT cells have been more extensively studied than MAIT cells. This has led to the routine use of iNKT cells as a reference population for the study of MAIT cells, and such an approach has proven very fruitful. However, MAIT cells and iNKT cells show important phenotypic, functional, and developmental differences that are often overlooked. With the recent availability of new tools, most importantly MR1 tetramers, it is now possible to directly study MAIT cells to understand their biology. Therefore, it is timely to compare the phenotype, development, and function of MAIT cells and iNKT cells. In this review, we highlight key areas where MAIT cells show similarity or difference to iNKT cells. In addition, we discuss important avenues for future research within the MAIT cell field, especially where comparison to iNKT cells has proven less informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C. Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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57
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McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA. MR1 antigen presentation to MAIT cells: new ligands, diverse pathways? Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:108-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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58
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Tuffs SW, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Staphylococcal Superantigens. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020053. [PMID: 29843476 PMCID: PMC6027230 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) constitute a family of potent exotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and other select staphylococcal species. SAgs function to cross-link major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with T cell receptors (TCRs) to stimulate the uncontrolled activation of T lymphocytes, potentially leading to severe human illnesses such as toxic shock syndrome. The ubiquity of SAgs in clinical S. aureus isolates suggests that they likely make an important contribution to the evolutionary fitness of S. aureus. Although the apparent redundancy of SAgs in S. aureus has not been explained, the high level of sequence diversity within this toxin family may allow for SAgs to recognize an assorted range of TCR and MHC class II molecules, as well as aid in the avoidance of humoral immunity. Herein, we outline the major diseases associated with the staphylococcal SAgs and how a dysregulated immune system may contribute to pathology. We then highlight recent research that considers the importance of SAgs in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections, demonstrating that SAgs are more than simply an immunological diversion. We suggest that SAgs can act as targeted modulators that drive the immune response away from an effective response, and thus aid in S. aureus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
| | - John K McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada.
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59
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Voillet V, Buggert M, Slichter CK, Berkson JD, Mair F, Addison MM, Dori Y, Nadolski G, Itkin MG, Gottardo R, Betts MR, Prlic M. Human MAIT cells exit peripheral tissues and recirculate via lymph in steady state conditions. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98487. [PMID: 29618662 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) recognize bacterial metabolites as antigen and are found in blood and tissues, where they are poised to contribute to barrier immunity. Recent data demonstrate that MAIT cells located in mucosal barrier tissues are functionally distinct from their blood counterparts, but the relationship and circulation of MAIT cells between blood and different tissue compartments remains poorly understood. Previous studies raised the possibility that MAIT cells do not leave tissue and may either be retained or undergo apoptosis. To directly address if human MAIT cells exit tissues, we collected human donor-matched thoracic duct lymph and blood and analyzed MAIT cell phenotype, transcriptome, and T cell receptor (TCR) diversity by flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. We found that MAIT cells were present in the lymph, despite being largely CCR7- in the blood, thus indicating that MAIT cells in the lymph migrated from tissues and were capable of exiting tissues to recirculate. Importantly, MAIT cells in the lymph and blood had highly overlapping clonotype usage but distinct transcriptome signatures, indicative of differential activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and.,Public Health Sciences Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology and.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoav Dori
- Center for Lymphatic Imaging and Interventions, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gregory Nadolski
- Center for Lymphatic Imaging and Interventions, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maxim G Itkin
- Center for Lymphatic Imaging and Interventions, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and.,Public Health Sciences Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Statistics and
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology and.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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60
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Jiang J, Cao Z, Shan W, Liu H, Cheng X. 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells is associated with enhanced IFN-γ production and depends on IL-2. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:58-69. [PMID: 29631725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of MAIT cells in immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans is still largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the functional role of 4-1BB on MAIT cells. We found that 4-1BB was highly up-regulated on MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions following Mtb antigen stimulation and its level of expression correlated with IFN-γ and IL-17 production. 4-1BB expression on MAIT cells in response to Mtb antigens was partially dependent on IL-2 and was associated with common γ chain receptor. By transcriptome sequencing, we identified numerous differentially expressed genes between 4-1BB- and 4-1BB+ MAIT cells. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes identified enriched pathways that included T-cell receptor and NF-κB signaling pathways. It is concluded that 4-1BB has the potential to be used as a biomarker to identify MAIT cells with enhanced IFN-γ and IL-17 responses that might be associated with tuberculosis infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309(th) Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanshui Shan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Houming Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Division of Research, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309(th) Hospital, Beijing, China.
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61
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Paquin-Proulx D, Avelino-Silva VI, Santos BAN, Silveira Barsotti N, Siroma F, Fernandes Ramos J, Coracini Tonacio A, Song A, Maestri A, Barros Cerqueira N, Felix AC, Levi JE, Greenspun BC, de Mulder Rougvie M, Rosenberg MG, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. MAIT cells are activated in acute Dengue virus infection and after in vitro Zika virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006154. [PMID: 29357366 PMCID: PMC5794195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are members of the Flaviviridae and are predominantly transmitted via mosquito bites. Both viruses are responsible for a growing number of infections in tropical and subtropical regions. DENV infection can cause lethargy with severe morbidity and dengue shock syndrome leading to death in some cases. ZIKV is now linked with Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal malformations including microcephaly and developmental disorders (congenital Zika syndrome). The protective and pathogenic roles played by the immune response in these infections is unknown. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate T cells with potent anti-bacterial activity. MAIT cells have also been postulated to play a role in the immune response to viral infections. In this study, we evaluated MAIT cell frequency, phenotype, and function in samples from subjects with acute and convalescent DENV infection. We found that in acute DENV infection, MAIT cells had elevated co-expression of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR and had a poor IFNγ response following bacterial stimulation. Furthermore, we found that MAIT cells can produce IFNγ in response to in vitro infection with ZIKV. This MAIT cell response was independent of MR1, but dependent on IL-12 and IL-18. Our results suggest that MAIT cells may play an important role in the immune response to Flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Vivian I. Avelino-Silva
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanés, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Fernandes Ramos
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanés, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Coracini Tonacio
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanés, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice Song
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio Libanés, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvino Maestri
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alvina Clara Felix
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias-(LIM-52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo e Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Levi
- Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias-(LIM-52), Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo e Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benjamin C. Greenspun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Miguel de Mulder Rougvie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rosenberg
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lantz O, Legoux F. MAIT cells: an historical and evolutionary perspective. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:564-572. [PMID: 29363173 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In humans, MAIT cells represent the most abundant T-cell subset reacting against bacteria. MAIT cells belong to the evolutionarily conserved family of "preset" T cells that includes also NKT cells. Both subsets are selected by double positive thymocytes leading to common features such as PLZF expression. Preset T cells correspond to subsets prepositioned in specific tissue locations with preprogrammed versatile effector functions such as antimicrobial functions and possibly also metabolic control and tissue repair activity. Herein, we recall how several groups studying human samples discovered MAIT cells as T cells expressing either a restricted T-cell receptors (TCR) repertoire or homogeneous and singular phenotypic and functional characteristics. We then highlight the main evolutionary features of this subset and its restricting element, MR1 (MHC-related protein (1) with a striking coevolution of TRAV1 and MR1. We introduce another evolutionarily conserved invariant TCRalpha chain coevolving with another MHC class Ib molecule, called MHX, sharing phylogenetic features with MR1. We finally discuss the relationship between MAIT cells and other subsets reacting to microbial antigens or to compounds presented by MR1 in light of confounding experimental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Paris, 75005, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations, CICBT1428 IGR/Curie, Paris, 75005, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique, Institut Curie, Paris, 75005, France
| | - François Legoux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U932, Paris, 75005, France
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Ghazarian L, Caillat-Zucman S, Houdouin V. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Interactions with Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria: Potential Role in Antimicrobial Immunity in the Child. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 29326714 PMCID: PMC5736530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional CD3+CD161high T lymphocytes that recognize vitamin B2 (riboflavin) biosynthesis precursor derivatives presented by the MHC-I related protein, MR1. In humans, their T cell receptor is composed of a Vα7.2-Jα33/20/12 chain, combined with a restricted set of Vβ chains. MAIT cells are very abundant in the liver (up to 40% of resident T cells) and in mucosal tissues, such as the lung and gut. In adult peripheral blood, they represent up to 10% of circulating T cells, whereas they are very few in cord blood. This large number of MAIT cells in the adult likely results from their gradual expansion with age following repeated encounters with riboflavin-producing microbes. Upon recognition of MR1 ligands, MAIT cells have the capacity to rapidly eliminate bacterially infected cells through the production of inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17) and cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin and granzyme B). Thus, MAIT cells may play a crucial role in antimicrobial defense, in particular at mucosal sites. In addition, MAIT cells have been implicated in diseases of non-microbial etiology, including autoimmunity and other inflammatory diseases. Although their participation in various clinical settings has received increased attention in adults, data in children are scarce. Due to their innate-like characteristics, MAIT cells might be particularly important to control microbial infections in the young age, when long-term protective adaptive immunity is not fully developed. Herein, we review the data showing how MAIT cells may control microbial infections and how they discriminate pathogens from commensals, with a focus on models relevant for childhood infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Ghazarian
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- INSERM UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,Service des Maladies Digestives et Respiratoires de l'Enfant, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Mondelli MU. Do Liver Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells Delay Hepatitis C Progression, or Are They Innocent Bystanders? Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1185-1187. [PMID: 28987421 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario U Mondelli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, and Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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65
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Berkson JD, Prlic M. The MAIT conundrum - how human MAIT cells distinguish bacterial colonization from infection in mucosal barrier tissues. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:7-11. [PMID: 28987476 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent human mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell literature to examine the signals that control MAIT cell activation. We discuss these signals in context of MAIT cell function in mucosal barrier tissues and address how MAIT cells avoid responding to commensal bacteria, while maintaining responsiveness to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Berkson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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