51
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Langille JJ. Remembering to Forget: A Dual Role for Sleep Oscillations in Memory Consolidation and Forgetting. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:71. [PMID: 30930746 PMCID: PMC6425990 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known since the time of patient H. M. and Karl Lashley's equipotentiality studies that the hippocampus and cortex serve mnestic functions. Current memory models maintain that these two brain structures accomplish unique, but interactive, memory functions. Specifically, most modeling suggests that memories are rapidly acquired during waking experience by the hippocampus, before being later consolidated into the cortex for long-term storage. Sleep has been shown to be critical for the transfer and consolidation of memories in the cortex. Like memory consolidation, a role for sleep in adaptive forgetting has both historical precedent, as Francis Crick suggested in 1983 that sleep was for "reverse-learning," and recent empirical support. In this article I review the evidence indicating that the same brain activity involved in sleep replay associated memory consolidation is responsible for sleep-dependent forgetting. In reviewing the literature, it became clear that both a cellular mechanism for systems consolidation and an agreed upon general, as well as cellular, mechanism for sleep-dependent forgetting is seldom discussed or is lacking. I advocate here for a candidate cellular systems consolidation mechanism wherein changes in calcium kinetics and the activation of consolidative signaling cascades arise from the triple phase locking of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) slow oscillation, sleep spindle and sharp-wave ripple rhythms. I go on to speculatively consider several sleep stage specific forgetting mechanisms and conclude by discussing a notional function of NREM-rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) cycling. The discussed model argues that the cyclical organization of sleep functions to first lay down and edit and then stabilize and integrate engrams. All things considered, it is increasingly clear that hallmark sleep stage rhythms, including several NREMS oscillations and the REMS hippocampal theta rhythm, serve the dual function of enabling simultaneous memory consolidation and adaptive forgetting. Specifically, the same sleep rhythms that consolidate new memories, in the cortex and hippocampus, simultaneously organize the adaptive forgetting of older memories in these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Langille
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Is it really possible to learn new information during deep sleep? A new study suggests that implicit vocabulary binding can occur while we are snoozing. It also seems that the success of learning depends heavily upon the timing of such 'sleepy stimulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navarrete
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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53
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Timofeev I, Chauvette S. Neuronal Activity During the Sleep-Wake Cycle. HANDBOOK OF SLEEP RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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54
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Abstract
Sleep is a highly conserved phenomenon in endotherms, and therefore it must serve at least one basic function across this wide range of species. What that function is remains one of the biggest mysteries in neurobiology. By using the word neurobiology, we do not mean to exclude possible non-neural functions of sleep, but it is difficult to imagine why the brain must be taken offline if the basic function of sleep did not involve the nervous system. In this chapter we discuss several current hypotheses about sleep function. We divide these hypotheses into two categories: ones that propose higher-order cognitive functions and ones that focus on housekeeping or restorative processes. We also pose four aspects of sleep that any successful functional hypothesis has to account for: why do the properties of sleep change across the life span? Why and how is sleep homeostatically regulated? Why must the brain be taken offline to accomplish the proposed function? And, why are there two radically different stages of sleep?The higher-order cognitive function hypotheses we discuss are essential mechanisms of learning and memory and synaptic plasticity. These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Each focuses on specific mechanistic aspects of sleep, and higher-order cognitive processes are likely to involve components of all of these mechanisms. The restorative hypotheses are maintenance of brain energy metabolism, macromolecular biosynthesis, and removal of metabolic waste. Although these three hypotheses seem more different than those related to higher cognitive function, they may each contribute important components to a basic sleep function. Any sleep function will involve specific gene expression and macromolecular biosynthesis, and as we explain there may be important connections between brain energy metabolism and the need to remove metabolic wastes.A deeper understanding of sleep functions in endotherms will enable us to answer whether or not rest behaviors in species other than endotherms are homologous with mammalian and avian sleep. Currently comparisons across the animal kingdom depend on superficial and phenomenological features of rest states and sleep, but investigations of sleep functions would provide more insight into the evolutionary relationships between EEG-defined sleep in endotherms and rest states in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - H Craig Heller
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Maier JG, Kuhn M, Mainberger F, Nachtsheim K, Guo S, Bucsenez U, Feige B, Mikutta C, Spiegelhalder K, Klöppel S, Normann C, Riemann D, Nissen C. Sleep orchestrates indices of local plasticity and global network stability in the human cortex. Sleep 2018; 42:5257994. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Maier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Mainberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Nachtsheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bucsenez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mikutta
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
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56
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The balance of sleep: Role of the vestibular sensory system. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 42:220-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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57
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Binda P, Kurzawski JW, Lunghi C, Biagi L, Tosetti M, Morrone MC. Response to short-term deprivation of the human adult visual cortex measured with 7T BOLD. eLife 2018; 7:40014. [PMID: 30475210 PMCID: PMC6298775 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory deprivation during the post-natal ‘critical period’ leads to structural reorganization of the developing visual cortex. In adulthood, the visual cortex retains some flexibility and adapts to sensory deprivation. Here we show that short-term (2 hr) monocular deprivation in adult humans boosts the BOLD response to the deprived eye, changing ocular dominance of V1 vertices, consistent with homeostatic plasticity. The boost is strongest in V1, present in V2, V3 and V4 but absent in V3a and hMT+. Assessment of spatial frequency tuning in V1 by a population Receptive-Field technique shows that deprivation primarily boosts high spatial frequencies, consistent with a primary involvement of the parvocellular pathway. Crucially, the V1 deprivation effect correlates across participants with the perceptual increase of the deprived eye dominance assessed with binocular rivalry, suggesting a common origin. Our results demonstrate that visual cortex, particularly the ventral pathway, retains a high potential for homeostatic plasticity in the human adult. The world around us changes all the time, and the brain must adapt to these changes. This process, known as neuroplasticity, peaks during development. Abnormal sensory input early in life can therefore cause lasting changes to the structure of the brain. One example of this is amblyopia or ‘lazy eye’. Infants who receive insufficient input to one eye – for example, because of cataracts – can lose their sight in that eye, even if the cataracts are later removed. This is because the brain reorganizes itself to ignore messages from the affected eye. Does the adult visual system also show neuroplasticity? To explore this question, Binda, Kurzawski et al. asked healthy adult volunteers to lie inside a high-resolution brain scanner with a patch covering one eye. At the start of the experiment, roughly half of the brain’s primary visual cortex responded to sensory input from each eye. But when the volunteers removed the patch two hours later, this was no longer the case. Some areas of the visual cortex that had previously responded to stimuli presented to the non-patched eye now responded to stimuli presented to the patched eye instead. The patched eye had also become more sensitive to visual stimuli. Indeed, these changes in visual sensitivity correlated with changes in brain activity in a pathway called the ventral visual stream. This pathway processes the fine details of images. Groups of neurons within this pathway that responded to stimuli presented to the patched eye were more sensitive to fine details after patching than before. Visual regions of the adult brain thus retain a high degree of neuroplasticity. They adapt rapidly to changes in the environment, in this case by increasing their activity to compensate for a lack of input. Notably, these changes are in the opposite direction to those that occur as a result of visual deprivation during development. This has important implications because lazy eye syndrome is currently considered untreatable in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan W Kurzawski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Lunghi
- University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
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Occurrence of Hippocampal Ripples is Associated with Activity Suppression in the Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus. J Neurosci 2018; 39:434-444. [PMID: 30459228 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2107-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming reliable memories requires coordinated activity within distributed brain networks. At present, neural mechanisms underlying systems-level consolidation of declarative memory beyond the hippocampal-prefrontal interactions remain largely unexplored. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is reciprocally connected with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and also receives inputs from parahippocampal regions. The MD may thus modulate functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the mPFC at different stages of information processing. Here, we characterized, in freely behaving Sprague Dawley male rats, the MD neural activity around hippocampal ripples, indicators of memory replay and hippocampal-cortical information transfer. Overall, the MD firing rate was transiently (0.76 ± 0.06 s) decreased around ripples, with the MD activity suppression preceding the ripple onset for 0.41 ± 0.04 s (range, 0.01-0.95 s). The degree of MD modulation correlated with ripple amplitude, differed across behavioral states, and also depended on the dynamics of hippocampal-cortical population activity. The MD suppression was the strongest and the most consistent during awake ripples. During non-rapid eye movement sleep, MD firing rate decreased around spindle-uncoupled ripples, but increased around spindle-coupled ripples. Our results suggest a competitive interaction between the thalamocortical and hippocampal-cortical networks supporting "on-line" and "off-line" information processing, respectively. We hypothesize that thalamic activity suppression during spindle-uncoupled ripples is favorable for memory replay, as it reduces interference from sensory relay. In turn, the thalamic input during hippocampal-cortical communication, as indicated by spindle/ripple coupling, may contribute to selectivity and reliability of information transfer. Both predictions need to be tested in future experiments.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Systems mechanisms of declarative memory consolidation beyond the hippocampal-prefrontal interactions remain largely unexplored. The connectivity of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) with extrahippocampal regions and with medial prefrontal cortex underlies its role in execution of diverse cognitive functions. However, little is known about the MD involvement in "off-line" consolidation. We found that MD neural activity was transiently suppressed around hippocampal ripples, except for ripples co-occurring with sleep spindles, when the MD activity was elevated. The thalamic activity suppression at times of spindle-uncoupled ripples may be favorable for memory replay, as it reduces interference with sensory relay. In turn, the thalamic input during hippocampal-cortical communication, as indicated by spindle/ripple coupling, may contribute to selectivity and reliability of information transfer.
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59
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Hertenstein E, Feige B, Gmeiner T, Kienzler C, Spiegelhalder K, Johann A, Jansson-Fröjmark M, Palagini L, Rücker G, Riemann D, Baglioni C. Insomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 43:96-105. [PMID: 30537570 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has identified insomnia as a predictor for the onset of depression. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate whether insomnia also predicts the onset of other mental disorders. Longitudinal studies were eligible for inclusion if they investigated insomnia at baseline (including nighttime- and daytime-symptoms) as a predictor of the later onset of psychopathology within a follow-up time-frame of at least 12 mo. Thirteen primary studies were included. The results suggest that insomnia is a significant predictor for the onset of depression (10 studies, OR 2.83, CI 1.55-5.17), anxiety (six studies, OR 3.23, CI 1.52-6.85), alcohol abuse (two studies, OR 1.35, CI 1.08-1.67, and psychosis (one study, OR 1.28, CI 1.03-1.59). The overall risk of bias in the primary studies was moderate. This meta-analysis provides evidence that insomnia increases the risk for psychopathology. A future research agenda should include more prospective studies using established diagnostic criteria, assessing insomnia at baseline and including long-term follow-up intervals evaluating a wider range of mental disorders. In addition, prospective long-term interventional studies investigating the efficacy of insomnia treatment for the prevention of mental disorders are called for.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tabea Gmeiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kienzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Johann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerta Rücker
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Baglioni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Germany
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60
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Almeida-Filho DG, Queiroz CM, Ribeiro S. Memory corticalization triggered by REM sleep: mechanisms of cellular and systems consolidation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3715-3740. [PMID: 30054638 PMCID: PMC11105475 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Once viewed as a passive physiological state, sleep is a heterogeneous and complex sequence of brain states with essential effects on synaptic plasticity and neuronal functioning. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep has been shown to promote calcium-dependent plasticity in principal neurons of the cerebral cortex, both during memory consolidation in adults and during post-natal development. This article reviews the plasticity mechanisms triggered by REM sleep, with a focus on the emerging role of kinases and immediate-early genes for the progressive corticalization of hippocampus-dependent memories. The body of evidence suggests that memory corticalization triggered by REM sleep is a systemic phenomenon with cellular and molecular causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Almeida-Filho
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil
| | - Claudio M Queiroz
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil
| | - Sidarta Ribeiro
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59056-450, Brazil.
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61
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Transient and Persistent UP States during Slow-wave Oscillation and their Implications for Cell-Assembly Dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10680. [PMID: 30013083 PMCID: PMC6048140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane potentials of cortical neurons in vivo exhibit spontaneous fluctuations between a depolarized UP state and a resting DOWN state during the slow-wave sleeps or in the resting states. This oscillatory activity is believed to engage in memory consolidation although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, it has been shown that UP-DOWN state transitions exhibit significantly different temporal profiles in different cortical regions, presumably reflecting differences in the underlying network structure. Here, we studied in computational models whether and how the connection configurations of cortical circuits determine the macroscopic network behavior during the slow-wave oscillation. Inspired by cortical neurobiology, we modeled three types of synaptic weight distributions, namely, log-normal, sparse log-normal and sparse Gaussian. Both analytic and numerical results suggest that a larger variance of weight distribution results in a larger chance of having significantly prolonged UP states. However, the different weight distributions only produce similar macroscopic behavior. We further confirmed that prolonged UP states enrich the variety of cell assemblies activated during these states. Our results suggest the role of persistent UP states for the prolonged repetition of a selected set of cell assemblies during memory consolidation.
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62
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Wei Y, Krishnan GP, Komarov M, Bazhenov M. Differential roles of sleep spindles and sleep slow oscillations in memory consolidation. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006322. [PMID: 29985966 PMCID: PMC6053241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays an important role in the consolidation of recent memories. However, the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of consolidation during sleep remain poorly understood. In this study, using a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical network, we tested the role of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep in memory consolidation. We found that sleep spindles (the hallmark of N2 stage sleep) and slow oscillations (the hallmark of N3 stage sleep) both promote replay of the spike sequences learned in the awake state and replay was localized at the trained network locations. Memory performance improved after a period of NREM sleep but not after the same time period in awake. When multiple memories were trained, the local nature of the spike sequence replay during spindles allowed replay of the distinct memory traces independently, while slow oscillations promoted competition that could prevent replay of the weak memories in a presence of the stronger memory traces. This could lead to extinction of the weak memories unless when sleep spindles (N2 sleep) preceded slow oscillations (N3 sleep), as observed during the natural sleep cycle. Our study presents a mechanistic explanation for the role of sleep rhythms in memory consolidation and proposes a testable hypothesis how the natural structure of sleep stages provides an optimal environment to consolidate memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Wei
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Giri P. Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Komarov
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Kawaguchi Y. Pyramidal Cell Subtypes and Their Synaptic Connections in Layer 5 of Rat Frontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5755-5771. [PMID: 29028949 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal cortical areas make a coordinated response that generates appropriate behavior commands, using individual local circuits with corticostriatal and corticocortical connections in longer time scales than sensory areas. In secondary motor cortex (M2), situated between the prefrontal and primary motor areas, major subtypes of layer 5 corticostriatal cells are crossed-corticostriatal (CCS) cells innervating both sides of striatum, and corticopontine (CPn) cells projecting to the ipsilateral striatum and pontine nuclei. CCS cells innervate CPn cells unidirectionally: the former are therefore hierarchically higher than the latter among L5 corticostriatal cells. CCS cells project directly to both frontal and nonfrontal areas. On the other hand, CPn cells innervate the thalamus and layer 1a of frontal areas, where thalamic fibers relaying basal ganglia outputs are distributed. Thus, CCS cells can make activities of frontal areas in concert with those of nonfrontal area using corticocortical loops, whereas CPn cells are more involved in closed corticostriatal loops than CCS cells. Since reciprocal connections between CPn cells with facilitatory synapses may be related to persistent activity, CPn cells play a key role of longer time constant processes in corticostriatal as well as in corticocortical loops between the frontal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
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64
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Frank MG, Seibt J. Sleep and plasticity: Waking from a fevered dream. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 39:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Homeostatic Changes in GABA and Acetylcholine Muscarinic Receptors on GABAergic Neurons in the Mesencephalic Reticular Formation following Sleep Deprivation. eNeuro 2018; 4:eN-NWR-0269-17. [PMID: 29302615 PMCID: PMC5752701 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0269-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined whether GABAergic neurons in the mesencephalic reticular formation (RFMes), which are believed to inhibit the neurons in the pons that generate paradoxical sleep (PS or REMS), are submitted to homeostatic regulation under conditions of sleep deprivation (SD) by enforced waking during the day in mice. Using immunofluorescence, we investigated first, by staining for c-Fos, whether GABAergic RFMes neurons are active during SD and then, by staining for receptors, whether their activity is associated with homeostatic changes in GABAA or acetylcholine muscarinic type 2 (AChM2) receptors (Rs), which evoke inhibition. We found that a significantly greater proportion of the GABAergic neurons were positively stained for c-Fos after SD (∼27%) as compared to sleep control (SC; ∼1%) and sleep recovery (SR; ∼6%), suggesting that they were more active during waking with SD and less active or inactive during sleep with SC and SR. The density of GABAARs and AChM2Rs on the plasma membrane of the GABAergic neurons was significantly increased after SD and restored to control levels after SR. We conclude that the density of these receptors is increased on RFMes GABAergic neurons during presumed enhanced activity with SD and is restored to control levels during presumed lesser or inactivity with SR. Such increases in GABAAR and AChM2R with sleep deficits would be associated with increased susceptibility of the wake-active GABAergic neurons to inhibition from GABAergic and cholinergic sleep-active neurons and to thus permitting the onset of sleep and PS with muscle atonia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses current concepts on the relationship between sleep, memory formation and underlying neural refinements, with a particular focus on possible ways to use or modulate sleep in a targeted manner to augment psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatments. RECENT FINDINGS The most promising lines of research with regard to psychiatry and psychotherapy center on the targeted implementation or modulation of sleep to augment existing or create novel forms of treatment. SUMMARY The modulation of sleep and interconnected neural plasticity processes provides a window of opportunity for developing novel treatments in psychiatry and psychotherapy.
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