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A Crucial Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Dehydration Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094607. [PMID: 33925688 PMCID: PMC8124315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles as they continuously undergo fission and fusion. These dynamic processes conduct not only mitochondrial network morphology but also activity regulation and quality control. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a remarkable capacity to resist stress from dehydration/rehydration. Although mitochondria are noted for their role in desiccation tolerance, the mechanisms underlying these processes remains obscure. Here, we report that yeast cells that went through stationary growth phase have a better survival rate after dehydration/rehydration. Dynamic defective yeast cells with reduced mitochondrial genome cannot maintain the mitochondrial activity and survival rate of wild type cells. Our results demonstrate that yeast cells balance mitochondrial fusion and fission according to growth conditions, and the ability to adjust dynamic behavior aids the dehydration resistance by preserving mitochondria.
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Creation of a novel lipid-trehalose derivative showing positive interaction with the cell membrane and verification of its cytoprotective effect during cryopreservation. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 132:71-80. [PMID: 33895082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is important for enabling long-term cell preservation. However, physical damage due to ice crystal formation and membrane permeation by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) severely affects cryopreserved cell viability. To ensure cell survival and functional maintenance after cryopreservation, it is important to protect the cell membrane, the most vulnerable cell component, from freeze-thaw damage. This study aimed to create a glycolipid derivative having a positive interaction with the cell membrane and cytoprotective effects. As a result, we synthesized a novel trehalose derivative, oleyl-trehalose (Oleyl-Treh), composed of trehalose and oleyl groups. Its use led to increased viable cell counts when used with DMSO in a non-cytotoxic concentration range (1.6 nM-16 μM). Oleyl-Treh significantly improved viability and liver-specific functions of hepatocytes after cryopreservation, including albumin secretion, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (an indicator of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 activity), and ammonia metabolism. Oleyl-Treh could localize trehalose to the cell membrane; furthermore, the oleyl group affected cell membrane fluidity and exerted cryoprotective effects. This novel cryoprotective agent, which shows a positive interaction with the cell membrane, provides a unique approach toward cell protection during cryopreservation.
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Lee YS, Lai DM, Huang HJ, Lee-Chen GJ, Chang CH, Hsieh-Li HM, Lee GC. Prebiotic Lactulose Ameliorates the Cognitive Deficit in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model through Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2422-2437. [PMID: 33617267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lactulose, as a prebiotic, can be utilized by human gut microbiota and stimulate their growth. Although microbiota modulation has become an emerging approach to manage many diseases and can be achieved by the administration of prebiotics, fewer investigations have been carried out on the therapeutic mechanism of lactulose. Two trehalose analogs, lactulose and melibiose, were identified as having a neuroprotective effect in polyglutamine and Parkinson disease models. In this study, we examined lactulose and melibiose in a mouse primary hippocampal neuronal culture under the toxicity of oligomeric Aβ25-35. Lactulose was further tested in vivo because its effective concentration is lower than that of melibiose. Lactulose and trehalose were applied individually to mice before a bilateral intrahippocampal CA1 injection of oligomeric Aβ25-35. The administration of lactulose and trehalose attenuated the short-term memory and the learning retrieval of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. From a pathological analysis, we found that the pretreatment of lactulose and trehalose decreased neuroinflammation and increased the levels of the autophagic pathways. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effects of both lactulose and trehalose are achieved through anti-inflammation and autophagy. In addition, lactulose was better than trehalose in the enhancement of the synaptic protein expression level in AD mice. Therefore, lactulose could potentially be developed into a preventive and/or therapeutic disaccharide for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Suan Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Ming Lai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hei-Jen Huang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hwa Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Chiun Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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Sinha P, Verma B, Ganesh S. Trehalose Ameliorates Seizure Susceptibility in Lafora Disease Mouse Models by Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1088-1101. [PMID: 33094475 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is one of the progressive and fatal forms of a neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by teenage-onset myoclonic seizures. Neuropathological changes in LD include the formation of abnormal glycogen as Lafora bodies, gliosis, and neuroinflammation. LD is caused by defects in the gene coding for phosphatase (laforin) or ubiquitin ligase (malin). Mouse models of LD, developed by targeted disruption of these two genes, develop most symptoms of LD and show increased susceptibility to induced seizures. Studies on mouse models also suggest that defective autophagy might contribute to LD etiology. In an attempt to understand the specific role of autophagy in LD pathogenesis, in this study, we fed LD animals with trehalose, an inducer of autophagy, for 3 months and looked at its effect on the neuropathology and seizure susceptibility. We demonstrate here that trehalose ameliorates gliosis, neuroinflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress and reduces susceptibility to induced seizures in LD animals. However, trehalose did not affect the formation of Lafora bodies, suggesting the epileptic phenotype in LD could be either secondary to or independent of Lafora bodies. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy inducers can be considered as potential therapeutic molecules for Lafora disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Bhupender Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
- The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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55
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LeBlanc BM, Hand SC. Target enzymes are stabilized by AfrLEA6 and a gain of α-helix coincides with protection by a group 3 LEA protein during incremental drying. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140642. [PMID: 33647452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrobiotic organisms accumulate late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, a family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) reported to improve cellular tolerance to water stress. Here we show that AfrLEA6, a Group 6 LEA protein only recently discovered in animals, protects lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) against damage during desiccation. In some cases, protection is enhanced by trehalose, a naturally-occurring protective solute. An open question is whether gain of secondary structure by LEA proteins during drying is a prerequisite for this stabilizing function. We used incremental drying (equilibration to a series of relative humidities, RH) to test the ability of AfrLEA2, a Group 3 LEA protein, to protect desiccation-sensitive PFK. AfrLEA2 was chosen due to its exceptional ability to protect PFK. In parallel, circular dichroism (CD) spectra were obtained for AfrLEA2 across the identical range of relative water contents. Protection of PFK by AfrLEA2, above that observed with trehalose and BSA, coincides with simultaneous gain of α-helix in AfrLEA2. At 100% RH, the CD spectrum for AfrLEA2 is typical of random coil, while at decreasing RH, the spectrum shows higher ellipticity at 191 nm and minima at 208 and 220 nm, diagnostic of α-helix. This study provides experimental evidence linking the gain of α-helix with stabilization of a target protein across a graded series of hydration states. Mechanistically, it is intriguing that certain other functions of these IDPs, like preventing aggregation of target proteins, can occur in fully hydrated cells and apparently do not require gain of α-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blase M LeBlanc
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Steven C Hand
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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56
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Fields PA. Reductionism in the study of enzyme adaptation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 254:110574. [PMID: 33600949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the principal goals of comparative biology is the elucidation of mechanisms by which organisms adapt to different environments. The study of enzyme structure, function, and stability has contributed significantly to this effort, by revealing adaptation at a molecular level. Comparative biochemistry, including enzymology, necessarily pursues a reductionist approach in describing the function and structure of biomolecules, allowing more straightforward study of molecular systems by removing much of the complexity of their biological milieu. Although this reductionism has allowed a remarkable series of discoveries linking chemical processes to metabolism and to whole-organism function in the context of the environment, it also has the potential to mislead when careful consideration is not made of the simplifying assumptions inherent to such research. In this review, a brief history of the growth of enzymology, its reliance on a reductionist philosophy, and its contributions to our understanding of biological systems is given. Examples then are provided of research techniques, based on a reductionist approach, that have advanced our knowledge about enzyme adaptation to environmental stresses, including stability assays, enzyme kinetics, and the impact of solute composition on enzyme function. In each case, the benefits of the reductionist nature of the approach is emphasized, notable advances are described, but potential drawbacks due to inherent oversimplification of the study system are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Fields
- Biology Department, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17603, USA.
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57
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Padgen MR, Liddell LC, Bhardwaj SR, Gentry D, Marina D, Parra M, Boone T, Tan M, Ellingson L, Rademacher A, Benton J, Schooley A, Mousavi A, Friedericks C, Hanel RP, Ricco AJ, Bhattacharya S, Maria SRS. BioSentinel: A Biofluidic Nanosatellite Monitoring Microbial Growth and Activity in Deep Space. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 23:637-647. [PMID: 33601926 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small satellite technologies, particularly CubeSats, are enabling breakthrough research in space. Over the past 15 years, NASA Ames Research Center has developed and flown half a dozen biological CubeSats in low Earth orbit (LEO) to conduct space biology and astrobiology research investigating the effects of the space environment on microbiological organisms. These studies of the impacts of radiation and reduced gravity on cellular processes include dose-dependent interactions with antimicrobial drugs, measurements of gene expression and signaling, and assessment of radiation damage. BioSentinel, the newest addition to this series, will be the first deep space biological CubeSat, its heliocentric orbit extending far beyond the radiation-shielded environment of low Earth orbit. BioSentinel's 4U biosensing payload, the first living biology space experiment ever conducted beyond the Earth-Moon system, will use a microbial bioassay to assess repair of radiation-induced DNA damage in eukaryotic cells over a duration of 6-12 months. Part of a special collection of articles focused on BioSentinel and its science mission, this article describes the design, development, and testing of the biosensing payload's microfluidics and optical systems, highlighting improvements relative to previous CubeSat life-support and bioanalytical measurement technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Liddell
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Logyx LLC, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Shilpa R Bhardwaj
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- FILMSS/Bionetics, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Diana Gentry
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Diana Marina
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Amyris, Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
| | - Macarena Parra
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Travis Boone
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Millenium Engineering & Integration Co., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Wainamics, Inc., Pleasanton, California, USA
| | - Lance Ellingson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Millenium Engineering & Integration Co., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Abraham Rademacher
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Millenium Engineering & Integration Co., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Joshua Benton
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- FILMSS/Wyle Labs, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Aaron Schooley
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Millenium Engineering & Integration Co., NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Hanel
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | | | - Sergio R Santa Maria
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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58
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Anderson JM, Hand SC. Transgenic expression of late embryogenesis abundant proteins improves tolerance to water stress in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.238204. [PMID: 33431592 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four lines of Drosophila melanogaster were created that expressed transgenes encoding selected late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins originally identified in embryos of the anhydrobiote Artemia franciscana The overall aim was to extend our understanding of the protective properties of LEA proteins documented with isolated cells to a desiccation-sensitive organism during exposure to drying and hyperosmotic stress. Embryos of D. melanogaster were dried at 57% relative humidity to promote a loss of 80% tissue water and then rehydrated. Embryos that expressed AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3m eclosed 2 days earlier than wild-type embryos or embryos expressing green fluorescent protein (Gal4GFP control). For the third instar larval stage, all Afrlea lines and Gal4GFP controls experienced substantial drops in survivorship as desiccation proceeded. When results for all Afrlea lines were combined, Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated a significant improvement in survivorship in fly lines expressing AfrLEA proteins compared with Gal4GFP controls. The percent water lost at the LT50 (lethal time for 50% mortality) for the AfrLEA lines was 78% versus 52% for Gal4GFP controls. Finally, offspring of fly lines that expressed AfrLEA2, AfrLEA3m or AfrLEA6 exhibited significantly greater success in reaching pupation, compared with wild-type flies, when adults were challenged with hyperosmotic stress (NaCl-fortified medium) and progeny forced to develop under these conditions. In conclusion, the gain of function studies reported here show that LEA proteins can improve tolerance to water stress in a desiccation-sensitive species that normally lacks these proteins, and, simultaneously, underscore the complexity of desiccation tolerance across multiple life stages in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Anderson
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Steven C Hand
- Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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59
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Light Modulates Important Pathogenic Determinants and Virulence in ESKAPE Pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00566-20. [PMID: 33288627 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00566-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light sensing has been extensively characterized in the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii at environmental temperatures. However, the influence of light on the physiology and pathogenicity of human bacterial pathogens at temperatures found in warm-blooded hosts is still poorly understand. In this work, we show that Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ESKAPE) priority pathogens, which have been recognized by the WHO and the CDC as critical, can also sense and respond to light at temperatures found in human hosts. Most interestingly, in these pathogens, light modulates important pathogenicity determinants as well as virulence in an epithelial infection model, which could have implications in human infections. In fact, we found that alpha-toxin-dependent hemolysis, motility, and growth under iron-deprived conditions are modulated by light in S. aureus Light also regulates persistence, metabolism, and the ability to kill competitors in some of these microorganisms. Finally, light exerts a profound effect on the virulence of these pathogens in an epithelial infection model, although the response is not the same in the different species; virulence was enhanced by light in A. baumannii and S. aureus, while in A. nosocomialis and P. aeruginosa it was reduced. Neither the BlsA photoreceptor nor the type VI secretion system (T6SS) is involved in virulence modulation by light in A. baumannii Overall, this fundamental knowledge highlights the potential use of light to control pathogen virulence, either directly or by manipulating the light regulatory switch toward the lowest virulence/persistence configuration.IMPORTANCE Pathogenic bacteria are microorganisms capable of producing disease. Dangerous bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii, are responsible for serious intrahospital and community infections in humans. Therapeutics is often complicated due to resistance to multiple antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. In this work, we show that these pathogens sense natural light and respond to it by modulating aspects related to their ability to cause disease; in the presence of light, some of them become more aggressive, while others show an opposite response. Overall, we provide new understanding on the behavior of these pathogens, which could contribute to the control of infections caused by them. Since the response is distributed in diverse pathogens, this notion could prove a general concept.
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Dengler L, Örd M, Schwab LM, Loog M, Ewald JC. Regulation of trehalase activity by multi-site phosphorylation and 14-3-3 interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:962. [PMID: 33441790 PMCID: PMC7806596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation enables a rapid adjustment of cellular activities to diverse intracellular and environmental stimuli. Many phosphoproteins are targeted on more than one site, which allows the integration of multiple signals and the implementation of complex responses. However, the hierarchy and interplay between multiple phospho-sites are often unknown. Here, we study multi‐site phosphorylation using the yeast trehalase Nth1 and its activator, the 14-3-3 protein Bmh1, as a model. Nth1 is known to be phosphorylated by the metabolic kinase PKA on four serine residues and by the cell cycle kinase CDK on one residue. However, how these five phospho-sites adjust Nth1 activity remains unclear. Using a novel reporter construct, we investigated the contribution of the individual sites for the regulation of the trehalase and its 14-3-3 interactor. In contrast to the constitutively phosphorylated S20 and S83, the weaker sites S21 and S60 are only phosphorylated by increased PKA activity. For binding Bmh1, S83 functions as the high‐affinity “gatekeeper” site, but successful binding of the Bmh1 dimer and thus Nth1 activation requires S60 as a secondary site. Under nutrient-poor conditions with low PKA activity, S60 is not efficiently phosphorylated and the cell cycle dependent phosphorylation of S66 by Cdk1 contributes to Nth1 activity, likely by providing an alternative Bmh1 binding site. Additionally, the PKA sites S20 and S21 modulate the dephosphorylation of Nth1 on downstream Bmh1 sites. In summary, our results expand our molecular understanding of Nth1 regulation and provide a new aspect of the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dengler
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mihkel Örd
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucca M Schwab
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer C Ewald
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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61
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Ren Q, Brenner R, Boothby TC, Zhang Z. Membrane and lipid metabolism plays an important role in desiccation resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:338. [PMID: 33167888 PMCID: PMC7653879 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anhydrobiotes, such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are capable of surviving almost total loss of water. Desiccation tolerance requires an interplay of multiple events, including preserving the protein function and membrane integrity, preventing and mitigating oxidative stress, maintaining certain level of energy required for cellular activities in the desiccated state. Many of these crucial processes can be controlled and modulated at the level of organelle morphology and dynamics. However, little is understood about what organelle perturbations manifest in desiccation-sensitive cells as a consequence of drying or how this differs from organelle biology in desiccation-tolerant organisms undergoing anhydrobiosis. Results In this study, electron and optical microscopy was used to examine the dynamic changes of yeast cells during the desiccation process. Dramatic structural changes were observed during the desiccation process, including the diminishing of vacuoles, decrease of lipid droplets, decrease in mitochondrial cristae and increase of ER membrane, which is likely caused by ER stress and unfolded protein response. The survival rate was significantly decreased in mutants that are defective in lipid droplet biosynthesis, or cells treated with cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis. Conclusion Our study suggests that the metabolism of lipid droplets and membrane may play an important role in yeast desiccation tolerance by providing cells with energy and possibly metabolic water. Additionally, the decrease in mitochondrial cristae coupled with a decrease in lipid droplets is indicative of a cellular response to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Ren
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Rebecca Brenner
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zhaojie Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
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Garrigós V, Picazo C, Matallana E, Aranda A. Wine yeast peroxiredoxin TSA1 plays a role in growth, stress response and trehalose metabolism in biomass propagation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101537. [PMID: 33036195 PMCID: PMC7600145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are a family of peroxide-degrading enzymes for challenging oxidative stress. They receive their reducing power from redox-controlling proteins called thioredoxins, and these, in turn, from thioredoxin reductase. The main cytosolic peroxiredoxin is Tsa1, a moonlighting protein that also acts as protein chaperone a redox switch controlling some metabolic events. Gene deletion of peroxiredoxins in wine yeasts indicate that TSA1, thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase TRR1 are required for normal growth in medium with glucose and sucrose as carbon sources. TSA1 gene deletion also diminishes growth in molasses, both in flasks and bioreactors. The TSA1 mutation brings about an expected change in redox parameters but, interestingly, it also triggers a variety of metabolic changes. It influences trehalose accumulation, lowering it in first molasses growth stages, but increasing it at the end of batch growth, when respiratory metabolism is set up. Glycogen accumulation at the entry of the stationary phase also increases in the tsa1Δ mutant. The mutation reduces fermentative capacity in grape juice, but the vinification profile does not significantly change. However, acetic acid and acetaldehyde production decrease when TSA1 is absent. Hence, TSA1 plays a role in the regulation of metabolic reactions leading to the production of such relevant enological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Garrigós
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.G.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Cecilia Picazo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.G.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emilia Matallana
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.G.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
| | - Agustín Aranda
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, University of Valencia-CSIC, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (V.G.); (C.P.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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63
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Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Bondarenko SA, Georgieva ML, Vikchizhanina DA, Groza NV, Bilanenko EN, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptation of micromycete Emericellopsis alkalina to ambient pH and sodium chloride. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:884-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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64
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Yoshida K, Ono F, Chouno T, Perocho BR, Ikegami Y, Shirakigawa N, Ijima H. Cryoprotective enhancing effect of very low concentration of trehalose on the functions of primary rat hepatocytes. Regen Ther 2020; 15:173-179. [PMID: 33426216 PMCID: PMC7770350 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cells have various applications in biomedical research. Cryopreservation is a cell-preservation technique that provides cells for such applications. After cryopreservation, sensitive cells, such as primary hepatocytes, suffer from low viability due to the physical damage caused by ice crystals, highlighting the need for better methods of cryopreservation to improve cell viability. Given the importance of effectively suppressing ice crystal formation to protect cellular structure, trehalose has attracted attention as cryoprotectant based on its ability to inhibit ice crystal formation; however, trehalose induces osmotic stress. Therefore, to establish a cell-cryopreservation technique, it is necessary to provide an optimal balance between the protective and damaging effects of trehalose. Methods In this study, we evaluated the effects of osmotic stress and ice crystal formation on the viability and function of primary rat hepatocytes at wide range of trehalose concentration. Results There was no osmotic stress at very low concentrations (2.6 μM) of trehalose, and 2.6 μM trehalose drives the formation of finer ice crystals, which are less damaging to the cell membrane. Furthermore, we found that the number of viable hepatocytes after cryopreservation were 70% higher under the 2.6 μM trehalose-supplemented conditions than under the dimethyl sulfoxide-supplemented conditions. Moreover, non-cryopreserved cells and cells cryopreserved with trehalose showed comparable intracellular dehydrogenase activity. Conclusions We showed that trehalose at very low concentrations (2.6 μM) improved dramatically viability and liver function of hepatocyte after cryopreservation. Very low concentration of trehalose could suppress ice crystal formation and protect cell structure. There was a correlation between osmotic pressure of trehalose and hepatocytes viability. Very low concentration of trehalose improved viability and liver function of hepatocyte after cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Ono
- Global Innovation Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Industry-Academia Symphonicity 4-1, Kyudai-Shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0388, Japan
| | - Takehiro Chouno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Bual Ronald Perocho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, Iligan City 9200 Philippines
| | - Yasuhiro Ikegami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nana Shirakigawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Khodajou-Masouleh H, Shahangian SS, Attar F, H Sajedi R, Rasti B. Characteristics, dynamics and mechanisms of actions of some major stress-induced biomacromolecules; addressing Artemia as an excellent biological model. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5619-5637. [PMID: 32734830 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is one of the most prominent and interesting topics in biology since many macro- and micro-adaptations have evolved in resistant organisms that are worth studying. When it comes to confronting various environmental stressors, the extremophile Artemia is unrivaled in the animal kingdom. In the present review, the evolved molecular and cellular basis of stress tolerance in resistant biological systems are described, focusing on Artemia cyst as an excellent biological model. The main purpose of the review is to discuss how the structure and physicochemical characteristics of protective factors such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAPs), small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) and trehalose are related to their functions and by which mechanisms, they exert their functions. In addition, some metabolic depressors in Artemia encysted embryos are also mentioned, indirectly playing important roles in stress tolerance. Importantly, a great deal of attention is given to the LEAPs, exhibiting distinctive folding behaviors and mechanisms of actions. For instance, molecular shield function, chaperone-like activity, moonlighting property, sponging and snorkeling capabilities of the LEAPs are delineated here. Moreover, the molecular interplay between some of these factors is mentioned, leading to their synergistic effects. Interestingly, Artemia life cycle adapts to environmental conditions. Diapause is the defense mode of this life cycle, safeguarding Artemia encysted embryos against various environmental stressors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Shirin Shahangian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry & Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Rasti
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Lahijan, Guilan, Iran
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Opielka M, Sobocki B, Mierzejewska P, Smolenski RT. The effect of trehalose on intracellular and extracellular nucleotide metabolism. A pilot study. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:1400-1409. [PMID: 32571143 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2020.1772492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a stable, non-reducing disaccharide, which was found recently to stimulate autophagy, limit the inflammatory response and suppress the growth of specific types of cancer. Purinergic signaling and dysregulation of nucleotide metabolism are the key factors, which play a role in the pathophysiology of cancer development and inflammation. Therefore, this study took a novel approach and aimed to find the effect of trehalose on intracellular, and the extracellular metabolism of nucleotides and NAD + in endothelial and breast cancer cells. The results of this study indicated that in vitro concentrations of trehalose between 0.5 and 5 mM reduced the levels of intracellular NAD + in breast cancer cells. The decrease of intracellular guanosine, independent of GTP energy metabolism, was also observed in both endothelial and cancer cells. Trehalose decreased the activity of ecto-adenosine deaminase. Maximal 3-fold decrease in adenosine deamination was observed in both cell types. Trehalose causes changes in both intracellular and extracellular nucleotide metabolism that is more significant in cancer cells than in endothelium. This effect may have therapeutic potential in cancer and endothelial dysfunction, but its full clarification requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Opielka
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sobocki
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Chen CM, Lin CH, Wu YR, Yen CY, Huang YT, Lin JL, Lin CY, Chen WL, Chao CY, Lee-Chen GJ, Su MT, Chang KH. Lactulose and Melibiose Inhibit α-Synuclein Aggregation and Up-Regulate Autophagy to Reduce Neuronal Vulnerability. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051230. [PMID: 32429337 PMCID: PMC7290909 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN) and proteinaceous α-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies and Lewy neuritis. As a chemical chaperone to promote protein stability and an autophagy inducer to clear aggregate-prone proteins, a disaccharide trehalose has been reported to alleviate neurodegeneration in PD cells and mouse models. Its trehalase-indigestible analogs, lactulose and melibiose, also demonstrated potentials to reduce abnormal protein aggregation in spinocerebellar ataxia cell models. In this study, we showed the potential of lactulose and melibiose to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation using biochemical thioflavin T fluorescence, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and prokaryotic split Venus complementation assays. Lactulose and melibiose further reduced α-synuclein aggregation and associated oxidative stress, as well as protected cells against α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity by up-regulating autophagy and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NRF2) pathway in DAergic neurons derived from SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing α-synuclein. Our findings strongly indicate the potential of lactulose and melibiose for mitigating PD neurodegeneration, offering new drug candidates for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chien-Yu Yen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Taipei First Girls High School, Taipei 10045, Taiwan; (Y.-T.H.); (J.-L.L.)
| | - Jia-Lan Lin
- Taipei First Girls High School, Taipei 10045, Taiwan; (Y.-T.H.); (J.-L.L.)
| | - Chung-Yin Lin
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Chih-Ying Chao
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (G.-J.L.-C.); (M.-T.S.); (K.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-77346359 (G.-J.L.-C.); +886-2-77346244 (M.-T.S.); +886-3-3281200-8421 (K.-H.C.)
| | - Ming-Tsan Su
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (G.-J.L.-C.); (M.-T.S.); (K.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-77346359 (G.-J.L.-C.); +886-2-77346244 (M.-T.S.); +886-3-3281200-8421 (K.-H.C.)
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (C.M.C.); (C.-H.L.); (Y.-R.W.); (W.-L.C.); (C.-Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.-J.L.-C.); (M.-T.S.); (K.-H.C.); Tel.: +886-2-77346359 (G.-J.L.-C.); +886-2-77346244 (M.-T.S.); +886-3-3281200-8421 (K.-H.C.)
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Greffe VRG, Michiels J. Desiccation-induced cell damage in bacteria and the relevance for inoculant production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3757-3770. [PMID: 32170388 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria show great potential for use in agriculture although efficient application remains challenging to achieve. Cells often lose viability during inoculant production and application, jeopardizing the efficacy of the inoculant. Since desiccation has been documented to be the primary stress factor affecting the decrease in survival, obtaining xerotolerance in plant growth-promoting bacteria is appealing. The molecular damage that occurs by drying bacteria has been broadly investigated, although a complete view is still lacking due to the complex nature of the process. Mechanic, structural, and metabolic changes that occur as a result of water depletion may potentially afflict lethal damage to membranes, DNA, and proteins. Bacteria respond to these harsh conditions by increasing production of exopolysaccharides, changing composition of the membrane, improving the stability of proteins, reducing oxidative stress, and repairing DNA damage. This review provides insight into the complex nature of desiccation stress in bacteria in order to facilitate strategic choices to improve survival and shelf life of newly developed inoculants. KEY POINTS: Desiccation-induced damage affects most major macromolecules in bacteria. Most bacteria are not xerotolerant despite multiple endogenous adaption mechanisms. Sensitivity to drying severely hampers inoculant quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Robert Guy Greffe
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Microbiology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium.
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Ultrastructural analysis of the dehydrated tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris unveils an anhydrobiotic-specific architecture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4324. [PMID: 32152342 PMCID: PMC7062702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tardigrades can cope with adverse environmental conditions by turning into anhydrobiotes with a characteristic tun shape. Tun formation is an essential morphological adaptation for tardigrade entry into the anhydrobiotic state. The tun cell structure and ultrastructure have rarely been explored in tardigrades in general and never in Hypsibius exemplaris. We used transmission electron microscopy to compare cellular organization and ultrastructures between hydrated and anhydrobiotic H. exemplaris. Despite a globally similar cell organelle structure and a number of cells not significantly different between hydrated and desiccated tardigrades, reductions in the sizes of both cells and mitochondria were detected in dehydrated animals. Moreover, in anhydrobiotes, secretory active cells with a dense endoplasmic reticulum network were observed. Interestingly, these anhydrobiote-specific cells are in a close relationship with a specific extracellular structure surrounding each cell. It is possible that this rampart-like extracellular structure resulted from the accumulation of anhydrobiotic-specific material to protect the cells. Interestingly, after five hours of rehydration, the number of secretory cells decreased, and the specific extracellular structure began to disappear. Twenty-four hours after the beginning of rehydration, the cellular structure and ultrastructure were comparable to those observed in hydrated tardigrades.
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70
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Harvey ZH, Chakravarty AK, Futia RA, Jarosz DF. A Prion Epigenetic Switch Establishes an Active Chromatin State. Cell 2020; 180:928-940.e14. [PMID: 32109413 PMCID: PMC7195540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modifications to histones are essential for development, establishing distinct and functional chromatin domains from a common genetic sequence. Whereas repressed chromatin is robustly inherited, no mechanism that facilitates inheritance of an activated domain has been described. Here, we report that the Set3C histone deacetylase scaffold Snt1 can act as a prion that drives the emergence and transgenerational inheritance of an activated chromatin state. This prion, which we term [ESI+] for expressed sub-telomeric information, is triggered by transient Snt1 phosphorylation upon cell cycle arrest. Once engaged, the prion reshapes the activity of Snt1 and the Set3C complex, recruiting RNA pol II and interfering with Rap1 binding to activate genes in otherwise repressed sub-telomeric domains. This transcriptional state confers broad resistance to environmental stress, including antifungal drugs. Altogether, our results establish a robust means by which a prion can facilitate inheritance of an activated chromatin state to provide adaptive benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H Harvey
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anupam K Chakravarty
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raymond A Futia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel F Jarosz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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71
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Relevance and Regulation of Cell Density. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:213-225. [PMID: 31980346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell density shows very little variation within a given cell type. For example, in humans variability in cell density among cells of a given cell type is 100 times smaller than variation in cell mass. This tight control indicates that maintenance of a cell type-specific cell density is important for cell function. Indeed, pathological conditions such as cellular senescence are accompanied by changes in cell density. Despite the apparent importance of cell-type-specific density, we know little about how cell density affects cell function, how it is controlled, and how it sometimes changes as part of a developmental process or in response to changes in the environment. The recent development of new technologies to accurately measure the cell density of single cells in suspension and in tissues is likely to provide answers to these important questions.
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72
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Santa Maria SR, Marina DB, Massaro Tieze S, Liddell LC, Bhattacharya S. BioSentinel: Long-Term Saccharomyces cerevisiae Preservation for a Deep Space Biosensor Mission. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 23:617-630. [PMID: 31905002 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biological risks of the deep space environment must be elucidated to enable a new era of human exploration and scientific discovery beyond low earth orbit (LEO). There is a paucity of deep space biological missions that will inform us of the deleterious biological effects of prolonged exposure to the deep space environment. To safely undertake long-term missions to Mars and space habitation beyond LEO, we must first prove and optimize autonomous biosensors to query the deep space radiation environment. Such biosensors must contain organisms that can survive for extended periods with minimal life support technology and must function reliably with intermittent communication with Earth. NASA's BioSentinel mission, a nanosatellite containing the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is such a biosensor and one of the first biological missions beyond LEO in nearly half a century. It will help fill critical gaps in knowledge about the effects of uniquely composed, chronic, low-flux deep space radiation on biological systems and in particular will provide valuable insight into the DNA damage response to highly ionizing particles. Due to yeast's robustness and desiccation tolerance, it can survive for periods analogous to that of a human Mars mission. In this study, we discuss our optimization of conditions for long-term reagent storage and yeast survival under desiccation in preparation for the BioSentinel mission. We show that long-term yeast cell viability is maximized when cells are air-dried in trehalose solution and stored in a low-relative humidity and low-temperature environment and that dried yeast is sensitive to low doses of deep space-relevant ionizing radiation under these conditions. Our findings will inform the design and development of improved future long-term biological missions into deep space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Santa Maria
- COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Space Biosciences Research, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Diana B Marina
- Space Biosciences Research, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- Amyris, Inc., Emeryville, California (present address)
| | - Sofia Massaro Tieze
- Space Biosciences Research, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauren C Liddell
- Space Biosciences Research, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- Logyx LLC, Mountain View, California
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Gupta R, Laxman S. Steady-state and Flux-based Trehalose Estimation as an Indicator of Carbon Flow from Gluconeogenesis or Glycolysis. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3483. [PMID: 32181267 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose (and glycogen) is a major storage carbohydrate in many cells, including S. cerevisiae. Typically, trehalose (a disaccharide of glucose) is synthesized and stored through gluconeogenesis. However, trehalose can also be made directly from glucose, if glucose-6-phosphate is channeled away from glycolysis or pentose phosphate pathway. Therefore, analyzing trehalose synthesis, utilization or its accumulation, can be used as a sentinel read-out for either gluconeogenesis or rewired glucose utilization. However, the steady-state measurements alone of trehalose cannot unambiguously distinguish the nature of carbon flux in a system. Here, we first summarize simple steady-state enzymatic assays to measure trehalose (and glycogen), that will have very wide uses. Subsequently, we describe methods of highly sensitive, quantitative LC-MS/MS based to measure trehalose. We include methods of 13C stable-isotope based pulse-labeling experiments (using different carbon sources) with which to measure rates of trehalose synthesis, from different carbon metabolism pathways. This approach can be used to unambiguously determine the extent of carbon flux into trehalose coming from gluconeogenesis, or directly from glucose/glycolysis. These protocols collectively enable comprehensive steady-state as well as carbon flux based measurements of trehalose. This permits a dissection of carbon flux to distinguish between cells in a gluconeogenic state (conventionally leading to trehalose synthesis), or cells with rewired glucose metabolism (also leading to trehalose synthesis). While the methods presented are optimized for yeast, these methods can be easily adapted to several types of cells, including many microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Sunil Laxman
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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Zhang W, Liu Z, Tang S, Li D, Jiang Q, Zhang T. Transcriptional response provides insights into the effect of chronic polystyrene nanoplastic exposure on Daphnia pulex. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124563. [PMID: 31454744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastic pollution is widespread and persistent across global water systems and can cause a negative effect on aquatic organisms, especially the zooplankter which is the keystone of the food chain. The present study uses RNA sequencing to assess the global change in gene expression caused by 21 days of exposure to 75 nm polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics on Daphnia pulex, a model organism for ecotoxicity. With the threshold value at P value < 0.05 and fold change >2, 244 differentially expressed genes were obtained. Combined with real-time PCR validation of several selected genes, our results indicated that a distinct expression profile of key genes, including downregulated trehalose transporter, trehalose 6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase, chitinase and cathepsin-L as well as upregulated doublesex 1 and doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor-like protein, contributed to the toxic effects of chronic nanoplastic exposure on Daphnia, such as slowed growth, subdued reproductive ability and reproductive pattern shifting. Our study also showed that chronic exposure to nanoplastic changed the sex ratio of D. pulex neonates. By integrating the gene expression pattern in an important model organism, this study gained insight into the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effect of chronic PS nanoplastic exposure on D. pulex, which may also extend to other nanoplastics or aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shengkai Tang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Daming Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China.
| | - Tongqing Zhang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province. 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China.
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Lee PC, Comizzoli P. Desiccation and supra-zero temperature storage of cat germinal vesicles lead to less structural damage and similar epigenetic alterations compared to cryopreservation. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1822-1831. [PMID: 31549479 PMCID: PMC7386781 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding cellular and molecular damages in oocytes during exposure to extreme conditions is essential to optimize long-term fertility preservation approaches. Using the domestic cat (Felis catus) model, we are developing drying techniques for oocytes' germinal vesicles (GVs) as a more economical alternative to cryopreservation. The objective of the study was to characterize the influence of desiccation on nuclear envelope conformation, chromatin configuration, and the relative fluorescent intensities of histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and at lysine 9 (H3K9me3) compared to vitrification. Results showed that higher proportions of dried/rehydrated GVs maintained normal nuclear envelope conformation and chromatin configuration than vitrified/warmed counterparts. Both preservation methods had a similar influence on epigenetic patterns, lowering H3K4me3 intensity to under 40% while maintaining H3K9me3 levels. Further analysis revealed that the decrease of H3K4me3 intensity mainly occurred during microwave dehydration and subsequent rehydration, whereas sample processing (permeabilization and trehalose exposure) or storage did not significantly affect the epigenetic marker. Moreover, rehydration either directly or stepwise with trehalose solutions did not influence the outcome. This is the first report demonstrating that the incidence of GV damages is lower after desiccation/rehydration than vitrification/warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chih Lee
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., Columbia
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C., Columbia
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Mycobacterial OtsA Structures Unveil Substrate Preference Mechanism and Allosteric Regulation by 2-Oxoglutarate and 2-Phosphoglycerate. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02272-19. [PMID: 31772052 PMCID: PMC6879718 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02272-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a significant source of mortality worldwide, causing millions of deaths annually. Trehalose is a multipurpose disaccharide that plays a fundamental structural role in these organisms as a component of mycolic acids, a molecular hallmark of the cell envelope of mycobacteria. Here, we describe the first mycobacterial OtsA structures. We show mechanisms of substrate preference and show that OtsA is regulated allosterically by 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate at an interfacial site. These results identify a new allosteric site and provide insight on the regulation of trehalose synthesis through the OtsAB pathway in mycobacteria. Trehalose is an essential disaccharide for mycobacteria and a key constituent of several cell wall glycolipids with fundamental roles in pathogenesis. Mycobacteria possess two pathways for trehalose biosynthesis. However, only the OtsAB pathway was found to be essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with marked growth and virulence defects of OtsA mutants and strict essentiality of OtsB2. Here, we report the first mycobacterial OtsA structures from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in both apo and ligand-bound forms. Structural information reveals three key residues in the mechanism of substrate preference that were further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Additionally, we identify 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate as allosteric regulators of OtsA. The structural analysis in this work strongly contributed to define the mechanisms for feedback inhibition, show different conformational states of the enzyme, and map a new allosteric site.
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77
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Chakravarty AK, Smejkal T, Itakura AK, Garcia DM, Jarosz DF. A Non-amyloid Prion Particle that Activates a Heritable Gene Expression Program. Mol Cell 2019; 77:251-265.e9. [PMID: 31757755 PMCID: PMC6980676 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal gene regulation is often driven by RNA-binding proteins that harbor long intrinsically disordered regions in addition to folded RNA-binding domains. We report that the disordered region of the evolutionarily ancient developmental regulator Vts1/Smaug drives self-assembly into gel-like condensates. These proteinaceous particles are not composed of amyloid, yet they are infectious, allowing them to act as a protein-based epigenetic element: a prion [SMAUG+]. In contrast to many amyloid prions, condensation of Vts1 enhances its function in mRNA decay, and its self-assembly properties are conserved over large evolutionary distances. Yeast cells harboring [SMAUG+] downregulate a coherent network of mRNAs and exhibit improved growth under nutrient limitation. Vts1 condensates formed from purified protein can transform naive cells to acquire [SMAUG+]. Our data establish that non-amyloid self-assembly of RNA-binding proteins can drive a form of epigenetics beyond the chromosome, instilling adaptive gene expression programs that are heritable over long biological timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam K Chakravarty
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Smejkal
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan K Itakura
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David M Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel F Jarosz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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78
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Boothby TC. Mechanisms and evolution of resistance to environmental extremes in animals. EvoDevo 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 31827759 PMCID: PMC6862762 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When animals are exposed to an extreme environmental stress, one of three possible outcomes takes place: the animal dies, the animal avoids the environmental stress and survives, or the animal tolerates the environmental stress and survives. This review is concerned with the third possibility, and will look at mechanisms that rare animals use to survive extreme environmental stresses including freezing, desiccation, intense heat, irradiation, and low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia). In addition, an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in environmental stress tolerance allows us to speculate on how these tolerances arose. Uncovering the mechanisms of extreme environmental stress tolerance and how they evolve has broad implications for our understanding of the evolution of early life on this planet, colonization of new environments, and the search for novel forms of life both on Earth and elsewhere, as well as a number of agricultural and health-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
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79
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Dou M, Lu C, Sun Z, Rao W. Natural cryoprotectants combinations of l-proline and trehalose for red blood cells cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2019; 91:23-29. [PMID: 31693877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of red blood cells (RBCs) holds great potential benefits for supplying transfusion timely in emergencies. Currently, glycerol is the main cryoprotectant permitted in clinical therapy for RBCs cryopreservation, but its broad application is limited by the toxicity and complex deglycerolization process. Successful cryopreservation of RBCs using more effective materials should be studied to reduce freezing damage, increase biocompatibility, and save processing time. Herein, a simple protocol using natural cryoprotectants combinations of l-proline and trehalose attains a low degree of hemolysis (11.2 ± 2.73%) after thawing compared to glycerol. Furthermore, the morphology of RBCs and the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase maintain well. Further mechanism study shows that l-proline plays an important role in decreasing the freezing points and inhibiting the growth of ice crystal by permeating into cells during the freezing process. While trehalose works as an inhibitor of ice growth in the freezing process and ice recrystallization in the thawing process. This simple l-proline & trehalose combinations protocol is a promising method to replace current time-consuming and labor-intensive cryopreservation methods of RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chennan Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ziqiao Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Buildings, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Wei Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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80
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Agarwal A, Shaikh KM, Gharat K, Jutur PP, Pandit RA, Lali AM. Investigating the modulation of metabolites under high light in mixotrophic alga Asteracys sp. using a metabolomic approach. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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81
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Laskowska E, Kuczyńska-Wiśnik D. New insight into the mechanisms protecting bacteria during desiccation. Curr Genet 2019; 66:313-318. [PMID: 31559453 PMCID: PMC7069898 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Desiccation is a common stress that bacteria face in the natural environment, and thus, they have developed a variety of protective mechanisms to mitigate the damage caused by water loss. The formation of biofilms and the accumulation of trehalose and sporulation are well-known strategies used by bacteria to survive desiccation. Other mechanisms, including intrinsically disordered proteins and the anti-glycation defence, have been mainly studied in eukaryotic cells, and their role in bacteria remains unclear. We have recently shown that the impairment of trehalose synthesis results in higher glucose availability, leading to the accumulation of acetyl phosphate and enhanced protein acetylation, which in turn stimulates protein aggregation. In the absence of trehalose synthesis, excess glucose may stimulate non-enzymatic glycosylation and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) bound to proteins. Therefore, we propose that trehalose may prevent protein damage, not only as a chemical chaperone but also as a metabolite that indirectly counteracts detrimental protein acetylation and glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Laskowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kuczyńska-Wiśnik
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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82
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Yeast Models for Amyloids and Prions: Environmental Modulation and Drug Discovery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183388. [PMID: 31540362 PMCID: PMC6767215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are self-perpetuating protein aggregates causing neurodegenerative diseases in mammals. Prions are transmissible protein isoforms (usually of amyloid nature). Prion features were recently reported for various proteins involved in amyloid and neural inclusion disorders. Heritable yeast prions share molecular properties (and in the case of polyglutamines, amino acid composition) with human disease-related amyloids. Fundamental protein quality control pathways, including chaperones, the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy are highly conserved between yeast and human cells. Crucial cellular proteins and conditions influencing amyloids and prions were uncovered in the yeast model. The treatments available for neurodegenerative amyloid-associated diseases are few and their efficiency is limited. Yeast models of amyloid-related neurodegenerative diseases have become powerful tools for high-throughput screening for chemical compounds and FDA-approved drugs that reduce aggregation and toxicity of amyloids. Although some environmental agents have been linked to certain amyloid diseases, the molecular basis of their action remains unclear. Environmental stresses trigger amyloid formation and loss, acting either via influencing intracellular concentrations of the amyloidogenic proteins or via heterologous inducers of prions. Studies of environmental and physiological regulation of yeast prions open new possibilities for pharmacological intervention and/or prophylactic procedures aiming on common cellular systems rather than the properties of specific amyloids.
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83
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Abstract
The pharmaceutical and chemical industries depend on additives to protect enzymes and other proteins against stresses that accompany their manufacture, transport, and storage. Common stresses include vacuum-drying, freeze-thawing, and freeze-drying. The additives include sugars, compatible osmolytes, amino acids, synthetic polymers, and both globular and disordered proteins. Scores of studies have been published on protection, but the data have never been analyzed systematically. To spur efforts to understand the sources of protection and ultimately develop more effective formulations, we review ideas about the mechanisms of protection, survey the literature searching for patterns of protection, and then compare the ideas to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gary J. Pielak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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84
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LeBlanc BM, Le MT, Janis B, Menze MA, Hand SC. Structural properties and cellular expression of AfrLEA6, a group 6 late embryogenesis abundant protein from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:979-990. [PMID: 31363993 PMCID: PMC6717223 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) commonly found in anhydrobiotic organisms and are frequently correlated with desiccation tolerance. Herein we report new findings on AfrLEA6, a novel group 6 LEA protein from embryos of Artemia franciscana. Assessment of secondary structure in aqueous and dried states with circular dichroism (CD) reveals 89% random coil in the aqueous state, thus supporting classification of AfrLEA6 as an IDP. Removal of water from the protein by drying or exposure to trifluoroethanol (a chemical de-solvating agent) promotes a large gain in secondary structure of AfrLEA6, predominated by α-helix and exhibiting minimal β-sheet structure. We evaluated the impact of physiological concentrations (up to 400 mM) of the disaccharide trehalose on the folding of LEA proteins in solution. CD spectra for AfrLEA2, AfrLEA3m, and AfrLEA6 are unaffected by this organic solute noted for its ability to drive protein folding. AfrLEA6 exhibits its highest concentration in vivo during embryonic diapause, drops acutely at diapause termination, and then declines during development to undetectable values at the larval stage. Maximum cellular titer of AfrLEA6 was 10-fold lower than for AfrLEA2 or AfrLEA3, both group 3 LEA proteins. Acute termination of diapause with H2O2 (a far more effective terminator than desiccation in this Great Salt Lake, UT, population) fostered a rapid 38% decrease in AfrLEA6 content of embryos. While the ultimate mechanism of diapause termination is unknown, disruption of key macromolecules could initiate physiological signaling events necessary for resumption of development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blase M. LeBlanc
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Mike T. Le
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Brett Janis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Michael A. Menze
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA
| | - Steven C. Hand
- Division of Cellular, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
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85
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N'Guyen GQ, Raulo R, Marchi M, Agustí-Brisach C, Iacomi B, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Bataillé-Simoneau N, Campion C, Bastide F, Hamon B, Mouchès C, Porcheron B, Lemoine R, Kwasiborski A, Simoneau P, Guillemette T. Responses to Hydric Stress in the Seed-Borne Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1969. [PMID: 31543870 PMCID: PMC6730492 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola is a necrotrophic fungus causing black spot disease and is an economically important seed-borne pathogen of cultivated brassicas. Seed transmission is a crucial component of its parasitic cycle as it promotes long-term survival and dispersal. Recent studies, conducted with the Arabidopsis thaliana/A. brassicicola pathosystem, showed that the level of susceptibility of the fungus to water stress strongly influenced its seed transmission ability. In this study, we gained further insights into the mechanisms involved in the seed infection process by analyzing the transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of germinated spores of A. brassicicola exposed to water stress. Then, the repertoire of putative hydrophilins, a group of proteins that are assumed to be involved in cellular dehydration tolerance, was established in A. brassicicola based on the expression data and additional structural and biochemical criteria. Phenotyping of single deletion mutants deficient for fungal hydrophilin-like proteins showed that they were affected in their transmission to A. thaliana seeds, although their aggressiveness on host vegetative tissues remained intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Quang N'Guyen
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Roxane Raulo
- Université de Lille, INRA, ISA, Université d'Artois, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 7394 - ICV - Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Muriel Marchi
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | | | - Beatrice Iacomi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Nelly Bataillé-Simoneau
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Franck Bastide
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Bruno Hamon
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Chloé Mouchès
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Benoit Porcheron
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement," UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Remi Lemoine
- Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement," UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Anthony Kwasiborski
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences - UMR 1345, INRA, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Angers, France
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86
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Abstract
Climate change has accentuated the importance of understanding how organisms respond to stresses imposed by changes to their environment, like water availability. Unusual organisms, called anhydrobiotes, can survive loss of almost all intracellular water. Desiccation tolerance of anhydrobiotes provides an unusual window to study the stresses and stress response imposed by water loss. Because of the myriad of stresses that could be induced by water loss, desiccation tolerance seemed likely to require many established stress effectors. The sugar trehalose and hydrophilins (small intrinsically disordered proteins) had also been proposed as stress effectors against desiccation because they were found in nearly all anhydrobiotes, and could mitigate desiccation-induced damage to model proteins and membranes in vitro. Here, we summarize in vivo studies of desiccation tolerance in worms, yeast, and tardigrades. These studies demonstrate the remarkable potency of trehalose and a subset of hydrophilins as the major stress effectors of desiccation tolerance. They act, at least in part, by limiting in vivo protein aggregation and loss of membrane integrity. The apparent specialization of individual hydrophilins for desiccation tolerance suggests that other hydrophilins may have distinct roles in mitigating additional cellular stresses, thereby defining a potentially new functionally diverse set of stress effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Koshland
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Hugo Tapia
- Biology Program, California State University-Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012
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87
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Gupta R, Walvekar AS, Liang S, Rashida Z, Shah P, Laxman S. A tRNA modification balances carbon and nitrogen metabolism by regulating phosphate homeostasis. eLife 2019; 8:e44795. [PMID: 31259691 PMCID: PMC6688859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must appropriately sense and integrate multiple metabolic resources to commit to proliferation. Here, we report that S. cerevisiae cells regulate carbon and nitrogen metabolic homeostasis through tRNA U34-thiolation. Despite amino acid sufficiency, tRNA-thiolation deficient cells appear amino acid starved. In these cells, carbon flux towards nucleotide synthesis decreases, and trehalose synthesis increases, resulting in a starvation-like metabolic signature. Thiolation mutants have only minor translation defects. However, in these cells phosphate homeostasis genes are strongly down-regulated, resulting in an effectively phosphate-limited state. Reduced phosphate enforces a metabolic switch, where glucose-6-phosphate is routed towards storage carbohydrates. Notably, trehalose synthesis, which releases phosphate and thereby restores phosphate availability, is central to this metabolic rewiring. Thus, cells use thiolated tRNAs to perceive amino acid sufficiency, balance carbon and amino acid metabolic flux and grow optimally, by controlling phosphate availability. These results further biochemically explain how phosphate availability determines a switch to a 'starvation-state'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Gupta
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem)BangaloreIndia
| | - Adhish S Walvekar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem)BangaloreIndia
| | - Shun Liang
- Department of GeneticsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Zeenat Rashida
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem)BangaloreIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalIndia
| | - Premal Shah
- Department of GeneticsRutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Sunil Laxman
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem)BangaloreIndia
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88
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Moruno Algara M, Kuczyńska‐Wiśnik D, Dębski J, Stojowska‐Swędrzyńska K, Sominka H, Bukrejewska M, Laskowska E. Trehalose protects
Escherichia coli
against carbon stress manifested by protein acetylation and aggregation. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:866-880. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Moruno Algara
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
| | - Dorota Kuczyńska‐Wiśnik
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
| | - Janusz Dębski
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory IBB PAS ul. Pawińskiego 5A02‐106Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Stojowska‐Swędrzyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
| | - Hanna Sominka
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bukrejewska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
| | - Ewa Laskowska
- Faculty of Biology, Department of General and Medical Biochemistry University of Gdansk Wita Stwosza 5980‐308Gdansk Poland
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89
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Abstract
Cells under stress must adjust their physiology, metabolism, and architecture to adapt to the new conditions. Most importantly, they must down-regulate general gene expression, but at the same time induce synthesis of stress-protective factors, such as molecular chaperones. Here, we investigate how the process of phase separation is used by cells to ensure adaptation to stress. We summarize recent findings and propose that the solubility of important translation factors is specifically affected by changes in physical-chemical parameters such temperature or pH and modulated by intrinsically disordered prion-like domains. These stress-triggered changes in protein solubility induce phase separation into condensates that regulate the activity of the translation factors and promote cellular fitness. Prion-like domains play important roles in this process as environmentally regulated stress sensors and modifier sequences that determine protein solubility and phase behavior. We propose that protein phase separation is an evolutionary conserved feature of proteins that cells harness to regulate adaptive stress responses and ensure survival in extreme environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus M Franzmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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90
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Leung V, Mapletoft J, Zhang A, Lee A, Vahedi F, Chew M, Szewczyk A, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S, Ang J, Cowbrough B, Miller MS, Ashkar A, Filipe CDM. Thermal Stabilization of Viral Vaccines in Low-Cost Sugar Films. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7631. [PMID: 31113974 PMCID: PMC6529427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44020-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most currently available vaccines, particularly live vaccines, require the cold chain, as vaccine efficacy can be significantly hampered if they are not stored in a temperature range of 2-8 °C at all times. This necessity places a tremendous financial and logistical burden on vaccination programs, particularly in the developing world. The development of thermally stable vaccines can greatly alleviate this problem and, in turn, increase vaccine accessibility worldwide. In this paper, we detail a simple and cost-effective method for stabilizing live vaccines that uses FDA-approved materials. To this end, we dried enveloped DNA (Herpes Simplex Virus type 2) and RNA (Influenza A virus) viral vaccines in a pullulan and trehalose mixture. The results of these studies showed that the live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine retained its efficacy for at least 2 months of storage at 40 °C, while the inactivated influenza vaccine was able to retain its immunogenicity for at least 3 months of storage at 40 °C. This work presents a simple approach that allows thermo-sensitive vaccines to be converted into thermo-stable vaccines that do not require refrigeration, thus contributing to the improvement of vaccine deployment throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Leung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jonathan Mapletoft
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Zhang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Rm 4015 Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Rm 4015 Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Marianne Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Rm 4015 Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alexandra Szewczyk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jann Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Braeden Cowbrough
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Rm 4015 Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L7, Canada.
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91
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Sethi R, Iyer SS, Das E, Roy I. Discrete roles of trehalose and Hsp104 in inhibition of protein aggregation in yeast cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5025658. [PMID: 29860440 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock response (HSR) is an important element of cellular homeostasis. In yeast, HSR comprises of the heat shock proteins (Hsps) and the osmolytes trehalose and glycerol. The respective roles of trehalose and Hsp104 in regulating protein aggregation remain ambiguous. We report that trehalose and Hsp104 are important during the early stages of protein aggregation, i.e. when the process is still reversible. This corroborates the earlier reported role of trehalose being an inhibitor of protein folding. Under in vitro conditions, trehalose is able to restore the GdHCl-induced loss of ATPase activity of recombinant Hsp104 to almost its original level. As the saturation phase of aggregation approaches, neither of the two components is able to exert any effect. Inactivation of Hsp104 at the stage when oligomers have already been formed increases the rate of formation of aggregates by inhibiting disaggregation of oligomers. In the absence of an active disaggregase, the oligomers are converted to mature irreversible aggregates, accelerating their formation. Our results suggest that the disaccharide may have a marginally stronger influence than Hsp104 in inhibiting protein aggregation in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnika Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Shantanu S Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Eshita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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92
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Nazari-Robati M, Akbari M, Khaksari M, Mirzaee M. Trehalose attenuates spinal cord injury through the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation and GFAP expression in rats. J Spinal Cord Med 2019; 42:387-394. [PMID: 30513271 PMCID: PMC6522923 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1527077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated in pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of trehalose in the SCI model. DESIGN AND SETTING An experimental study was designed using 120 male Wistar rats which were randomly divided into three groups including SCI, SCI + phosphate buffer saline (vehicle) and SCI + trehalose. All rats were subjected to SCI. Immediately after SCI, vehicle and trehalose groups received intrathecal injection of buffer and trehalose, respectively. OUTCOME MEASURES The level of tissue TNFα, IL-1β, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as well as hindlimb function were assessed at 4 hours, 1, 3 and 7 days post-SCI. RESULTS Data indicated an early significant decrease in inflammatory and oxidative responses following SCI in trehalose treated group. Moreover, trehalose reduced GFAP expression as soon as 1-day post-trauma. Furthermore, trehalose treatment increased the score of hindlimb function. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that treatment with trehalose reduces the development of secondary injury associated with SCI. This effect likely underlies improved neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Nazari-Robati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Correspondence to: Mahdieh Nazari-Robati, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman7616914115, Iran.
| | - Mahboobe Akbari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moghaddameh Mirzaee
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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93
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Ianutsevich EA, Tereshina VM. Combinatorial impact of osmotic and heat shocks on the composition of membrane lipids and osmolytes in Aspergillus niger. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:554-562. [PMID: 30932807 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial action of osmotic (OS) and heat (HS) shocks on the composition of soluble cytosol carbohydrates and membrane lipids was studied. For the first time it was demonstrated that the combinatorial effect of these shocks led to the non-additive response - an increase in the trehalose level, characteristic for HS, but at the same time suppression of glycerol production, uncharacteristic of the OS response. In addition, combinatorial action resulted in a new effect - increase in the mannitol level, which was not typical for the individual HS or OS responses. On the contrary, a general pattern of change was observed in the composition of membrane lipids in response to both individual HS and OS, and their combinations, which was a twofold increase in the proportion of phosphatidic acids. At the same time, the mechanism of alteration in the degree of unsaturation of membrane phospholipids was not involved in adaptation. The response to combinatorial shocks includes the accumulation of trehalose and mannitol, and increase in the proportion of phosphatidic acids in membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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94
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Piszkiewicz S, Gunn KH, Warmuth O, Propst A, Mehta A, Nguyen KH, Kuhlman E, Guseman AJ, Stadmiller SS, Boothby TC, Neher SB, Pielak GJ. Protecting activity of desiccated enzymes. Protein Sci 2019; 28:941-951. [PMID: 30868674 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biological drugs and many industrial enzymes are unstable, making them prohibitively expensive. Some can be stabilized by formulation with excipients, but most still require low temperature storage. In search of new, more robust excipients, we turned to the tardigrade, a microscopic animal that synthesizes cytosolic abundant heat soluble (CAHS) proteins to protect its cellular components during desiccation. We find that CAHS proteins protect the test enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and lipoprotein lipase against desiccation-, freezing-, and lyophilization-induced deactivation. Our data also show that a variety of globular and disordered protein controls, with no known link to desiccation tolerance, protect our test enzymes. Protection of lactate dehydrogenase correlates, albeit imperfectly, with the charge density of the protein additive, suggesting an approach to tune protection by modifying charge. Our results support the potential use of CAHS proteins as stabilizing excipients in formulations and suggest that other proteins may have similar potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Piszkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Kathryn H Gunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Owen Warmuth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Ashlee Propst
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Aakash Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Kenny H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Elizabeth Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Alex J Guseman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Samantha S Stadmiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Thomas C Boothby
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Gary J Pielak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
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95
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Gonzalez R, Tronchoni J, Mencher A, Curiel JA, Rodrigues AJ, López-Berges L, Juez C, Patil KR, Jouhten P, Gallego N, Omarini A, Fernández-Preisegger M, Morales P. Low Phenotypic Penetrance and Technological Impact of Yeast [ GAR +] Prion-Like Elements on Winemaking. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3311. [PMID: 30687288 PMCID: PMC6333647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[GAR+] prion-like elements partially relieve carbon catabolite repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They have been hypothesized to contribute to wine yeast survival and alcohol level reduction, as well as communication with bacteria and stuck fermentation. In this work, we selected [GAR+] derivatives from several genetic backgrounds. They were characterized for phenotypic penetrance, heritability and confirmed as prion-like through curing by desiccation. In terms of fermentation kinetics, the impact of the prion on anaerobic wine fermentation (natural grape juice) was either neutral or negative, depending on the genetic background. Likewise, residual sugars were higher or similar for [GAR+] as compared to the cognate [gar-] strains. The prions had little or no impact on glycerol and ethanol yields; while acetic acid yields experienced the highest variations between [GAR+] and [gar-] strains. Strains analyzed under aerobic conditions followed the same pattern, with either little or no impact on fermentation kinetics, ethanol or glycerol yield; and a clearer influence on volatile acidity. Although no clear winemaking advantages were found for [GAR+] strains in this work, they might eventually show interest for some combinations of genetic background or winemaking conditions, e.g., for reducing acetic acid yield under aerated fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Gonzalez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jordi Tronchoni
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Ana Mencher
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - José Antonio Curiel
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Alda Joao Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura López-Berges
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Cristina Juez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Kiran Raosaheb Patil
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Jouhten
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Industrial Biotechnology and Food Solutions, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland
| | - Noelia Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
| | - Alejandra Omarini
- INCITAP Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, Argentina
| | - Mariana Fernández-Preisegger
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - UNER Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos - Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Produccion, Diamante, Argentina
| | - Pilar Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
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96
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Leung V, Brooks M, Emerson S, Ali M, Filipe CDM. Ready-to-use thermally stable mastermix pills for molecular biology applications. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2764. [PMID: 30536873 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rolling circle amplification (RCA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), are powerful tools that can be used for gene manipulation, pathogen detection, and infectious disease diagnostics. However, these techniques require trained personnel, as the pipetting steps involved can lead to contamination and, consequently, erroneous results. Furthermore, many of the reagents used in molecular biology are thermally labile and must be kept within a cold-chain. In this article, we present a simple and cost-effective method that allows molecular biology reagents to be thermally stabilized into ready-to-use mastermixes via drying in pullulan and trehalose films. Our experimental results demonstrate that this method is capable of preserving the activity of RCA, PCR, LAMP, ligase, polynucleotide kinase, and Klenow fragment mastermixes for at least 3 months at ambient conditions. Thus, stabilizing reagents via drying in pullulan and trehalose film may allow for a drastic reduction in the number of pipetting steps and the elimination of the need for a cold chain. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2764, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Leung
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meredith Brooks
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophia Emerson
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monsur Ali
- Biointerfaces Inst., McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos D M Filipe
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1280 Main Street West, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Ontario, Canada
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97
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Effect of Trehalose and Glycerol on the Resistance of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains to Desiccation, Freeze-Thaw and Osmotic Stresses. SCIENCE AND INNOVATION 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/scine14.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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98
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Hand SC, Moore DS, Patil Y. Challenges during diapause and anhydrobiosis: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and desiccation tolerance. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:1251-1259. [PMID: 30369011 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In preparation for the onset of environmental challenges like overwintering, food limitation, anoxia, or water stress, many invertebrates and certain killifish enter diapause. Diapause is a developmentally-programed dormancy characterized by suppression of development and metabolism. For embryos of Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp), the metabolic arrest is profound. These gastrula-stage embryos depress oxidative metabolism by ~99% during diapause and survive years of severe desiccation in a state termed anhydrobiosis. Trehalose is the sole fuel source for this developmental stage. Mitochondrial function during diapause is downregulated primarily by restricting substrate supply, as a result of inhibiting key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism. Because proton conductance across the inner membrane is not decreased during diapause, the inference is that membrane potential must be compromised. In the absence of any intervention, the possibility exists that the F1 Fo ATP synthase and the adenine nucleotide translocator may reverse, leading to wholesale hydrolysis of cellular ATP. Studies with anhydrobiotes like A. franciscana are revealing multiple traits useful for improving desiccation tolerance that include the expression and accumulation late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and trehalose. LEA proteins are intrinsically disordered in aqueous solution but gain secondary structure (predominantly α-helix) as water is removed. These protective agents stabilize biological structures including lipid bilayers and mitochondria during severe water stress. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(12):1251-1259, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Hand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
| | - Daniel S Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
| | - Yuvraj Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Cellular Developmental and Integrative Biology, Louisiana State University, LA, USA
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99
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Vicente RL, Spina L, Gómez JPL, Dejean S, Parrou JL, François JM. Trehalose-6-phosphate promotes fermentation and glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:444-459. [PMID: 30386789 PMCID: PMC6206404 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.10.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The yeast trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Tps1) catalyzes the formation of trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) in trehalose synthesis. Besides, Tps1 plays a key role in carbon and energy homeostasis in this microbial cell, as shown by the well documented loss of ATP and hyper accumulation of sugar phosphates in response to glucose addition in a mutant defective in this protein. The inability of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae tps1 mutant to cope with fermentable sugars is still a matter of debate. We reexamined this question through a quantitative analysis of the capability of TPS1 homologues from different origins to complement phenotypic defects of this mutant. Our results allowed to classify this complementation in three groups. A first group enclosed TPS1 of Klyveromyces lactis with that of S. cerevisiae as their expression in Sctps1 cells fully recovered wild type metabolic patterns and fermentation capacity in response to glucose. At the opposite was the group with TPS1 homologues from the bacteria Escherichia coli and Ralstonia solanacearum, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the insect Drosophila melanogaster whose metabolic profiles were comparable to those of a tps1 mutant, notably with almost no accumulation of T6P, strong impairment of ATP recovery and potent reduction of fermentation capacity, albeit these homologous genes were able to rescue growth of Sctps1 on glucose. In between was a group consisting of TPS1 homologues from other yeast species and filamentous fungi characterized by 5 to 10 times lower accumulation of T6P, a weaker recovery of ATP and a 3-times lower fermentation capacity than wild type. Finally, we found that glucose repression of gluconeogenic genes was strongly dependent on T6P. Altogether, our results suggest that the TPS protein is indispensable for growth on fermentable sugars, and points to a critical role of T6P as a sensing molecule that promotes sugar fermentation and glucose repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca L Vicente
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France.,Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero; Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucie Spina
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sebastien Dejean
- Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean Marie François
- LISBP; UMR INSA-CNRS 5504 & INRA 792; Toulouse, France.,Toulouse White Biotechnology Center, UMS INSA-INRA-CNRS, F-31520 Ramonville
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100
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Saini P, Beniwal A, Kokkiligadda A, Vij S. Response and tolerance of yeast to changing environmental stress during ethanol fermentation. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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