51
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Sanaki Y, Nagata R, Kizawa D, Léopold P, Igaki T. Hyperinsulinemia Drives Epithelial Tumorigenesis by Abrogating Cell Competition. Dev Cell 2020; 53:379-389.e5. [PMID: 32386602 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are associated with increased cancer incidence. Here, we show that hyperinsulinemia promotes epithelial tumorigenesis by abrogating cell competition. In Drosophila eye imaginal epithelium, oncogenic scribble (scrib) mutant cells are eliminated by cell competition when surrounded by wild-type cells. Through a genetic screen, we find that flies heterozygous for the insulin receptor substrate chico allow scrib cells to evade cell competition and develop into tumors. Intriguingly, chico is required in the brain's insulin-producing cells (IPCs) to execute cell competition remotely. Mechanistically, chico downregulation in IPCs causes hyperinsulinemia by upregulating a Drosophila insulin Dilp2, which activates insulin-mTOR signaling and thus boosts protein synthesis in scrib cells. A diet-induced increase in insulin levels also triggers scrib tumorigenesis, and pharmacological repression of protein synthesis prevents hyperinsulinemia-induced scrib overgrowth. Our findings provide an in vivo mechanistic link between metabolic disease and cancer risk via systemic regulation of cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sanaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rina Nagata
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kizawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Pierre Léopold
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, UPMC Paris-Sorbonne, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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52
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The NMDA receptor regulates competition of epithelial cells in the Drosophila wing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2228. [PMID: 32376880 PMCID: PMC7203100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is an emerging principle that eliminates suboptimal or potentially dangerous cells. For ‘unfit’ cells to be detected, their competitive status needs to be compared to the collective fitness of cells within a tissue. Here we report that the NMDA receptor controls cell competition of epithelial cells and Myc supercompetitors in the Drosophila wing disc. While clonal depletion of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2 results in their rapid elimination via the TNF/Eiger>JNK signalling pathway, local over-expression of NR2 causes NR2 cells to acquire supercompetitor-like behaviour that enables them to overtake the tissue through clonal expansion that causes, but also relies on, the killing of surrounding cells. Consistently, NR2 is utilised by Myc clones to provide them with supercompetitor status. Mechanistically, we find that the JNK>PDK signalling axis in ‘loser’ cells reprograms their metabolism, driving them to produce and transfer lactate to winners. Preventing lactate transfer from losers to winners abrogates NMDAR-mediated cell competition. Our findings demonstrate a functional repurposing of NMDAR in the surveillance of tissue fitness. Cell competition among epithelial cells allows removal of unfit or dangerous cells. Here, the authors show that the NMDA receptor is an important determinant of cell fitness in the Drosophila wing, also in the context of Myc super-competitor cells, with “loser” cells contributing metabolitic fuel to “winner” cells.
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53
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Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in determining tumour fate. Within that environment, and indeed throughout epithelial tissues, cells experience competition with their neighbours, with those less fit being eliminated by fitter adjacent cells. Herein we discuss evidence suggesting that mutations in cancer cells may be selected for their ability to exploit cell competition to kill neighbouring host cells, thereby facilitating tumour expansion. In some instances, cell competition may help host tissues to defend against cancer, by removing neoplastic and aneuploid cells. Cancer risk factors, such as high-sugar or high-fat diet and inflammation, impact cell competition-based host defences, suggesting that their effect on tumour risk may in part be accounted for by their influence on cell competition. We propose that interventions aimed at modifying the strength and direction of cell competition could induce cancer cell killing and form the basis for novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Vishwakarma
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eugenia Piddini
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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54
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Park HS, Jeoung NH. Autocrine motility factor secreted by HeLa cells inhibits the growth of many cancer cells by regulating AKT/ERK signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:557-562. [PMID: 32113681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In cell competition, a secreted death signal can determine cell fate. However, the nature of such a signal remains unclear. In this study, conditioned medium from HeLa cells (HeLa CM) inhibited growth of A549 and MCF-7 cells. Through HeLa CM fractionation, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase/autocrine motility factor (GPI/AMF) was identified as the main growth inhibitor. Previously, AMF was known for its mitogenic, motogenic, and differentiation functions and was implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. HeLa CM lost its growth inhibitory property after treatment with erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) or anti-GPI antibody. Purified HeLa recombinant AMF (rAMF) proteins inhibited the growth of A549, MDA-MB-232, MCF-7, AsPC-1, DU145, Hep-2, Hep G2, and HT-29 cells. However, growth of HL-60, SKOV3, U-87 MG, SNU-484, U-87 MG, and 3T3-L1 cells was little affected. In a Transwell assay, HeLa rAMF effectively reduced A549 cell migration and invasion. HeLa rAMF effectively induced apoptosis in A549 cells, apparently by reducing the levels of Bcl-2, GPI, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)14 and activating caspase-3 and p53. HeLa rAMF antagonized HER2 and the AMF receptor (AMFR or GP78) in relation to the AKT/EKT signaling pathway. These results suggest that HeLa AMF could act as a diffusible death signal that could induce cancer cell-selective growth inhibition and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan, 38430, South Korea.
| | - Nam Ho Jeoung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan, 38430, South Korea
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55
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Agarwal D, Wang J, Zhang NR. Data Denoising and Post-Denoising Corrections in Single Cell RNA Sequencing. Stat Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1214/19-sts7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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56
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Royer C, Srinivas S. Hippo Enters the Competition. Dev Cell 2020; 50:127-128. [PMID: 31336094 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Hashimoto and Sasaki (2019) explore the role of the Hippo pathway in the establishment of naive pluripotency and cell competition in the epiblast. Their work gives insight into how the mouse embryo selects cells with the highest future potential, through the activity of YAP/TEAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Royer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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57
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A Genetic Screen in Drosophila To Identify Novel Regulation of Cell Growth by Phosphoinositide Signaling. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:57-67. [PMID: 31704710 PMCID: PMC6945015 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are lipid signaling molecules that regulate several conserved sub-cellular processes in eukaryotes, including cell growth. Phosphoinositides are generated by the enzymatic activity of highly specific lipid kinases and phosphatases. For example, the lipid PIP3, the Class I PI3 kinase that generates it and the phosphatase PTEN that metabolizes it are all established regulators of growth control in metazoans. To identify additional functions for phosphoinositides in growth control, we performed a genetic screen to identify proteins which when depleted result in altered tissue growth. By using RNA-interference mediated depletion coupled with mosaic analysis in developing eyes, we identified and classified additional candidates in the developing Drosophila melanogaster eye that regulate growth either cell autonomously or via cell-cell interactions. We report three genes: Pi3K68D, Vps34 and fwd that are important for growth regulation and suggest that these are likely to act via cell-cell interactions in the developing eye. Our findings define new avenues for the understanding of growth regulation in metazoan tissue development by phosphoinositide metabolizing proteins.
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58
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Blanco J, Cooper JC, Baker NE. Roles of C/EBP class bZip proteins in the growth and cell competition of Rp ('Minute') mutants in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:50535. [PMID: 31909714 PMCID: PMC6946401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced copy number of ribosomal protein (Rp) genes adversely affects both flies and mammals. Xrp1 encodes a reportedly Drosophila-specific AT-hook, bZIP protein responsible for many of the effects including the elimination of Rp mutant cells by competition with wild type cells. Irbp18, an evolutionarily conserved bZIP gene, heterodimerizes with Xrp1 and with another bZip protein, dATF4. We show that Irbp18 is required for the effects of Xrp1, whereas dATF4 does not share the same phenotype, indicating that Xrp1/Irbp18 is the complex active in Rp mutant cells, independently of other complexes that share Irbp18. Xrp1 and Irbp18 transcripts and proteins are upregulated in Rp mutant cells by auto-regulatory expression that depends on the Xrp1 DNA binding domains and is necessary for cell competition. We show that Xrp1 is conserved beyond Drosophila, although under positive selection for rapid evolution, and that at least one human bZip protein can similarly affect Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blanco
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jacob C Cooper
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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59
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Nunes SC. Tumor Microenvironment - Selective Pressures Boosting Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:35-49. [PMID: 32130692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, 9.6 million deaths from cancer were estimated, being this disease the second leading cause of death worldwide. Notwithstanding all the efforts developed in prevention, diagnosis and new treatment approaches, chemoresistance seems to be inevitable, leading to cancer progression, recurrence and affecting the outcome of the disease. As more and more evidence support that cancer is an evolutionary and ecological process, this concept is rarely applied in the clinical context. In fact, cancer cells emerge and progress within an ecological niche - the tumor microenvironment - that is shared with several other cell types and that is continuously changing. Therefore, the tumor microenvironment imposes several selective pressures on cancer cells such as acidosis, hypoxia, competition for space and resources, immune predation and anti-cancer therapies, that cancer cells must be able to adapt to or will face extinction.In here, the role of the tumor microenvironment selective pressures on cancer progression will be discussed, as well as the targeting of its features/components as strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal
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60
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Lugassy C, Kleinman HK, Vermeulen PB, Barnhill RL. Angiotropism, pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis: an embryogenesis-derived program of tumor spread. Angiogenesis 2019; 23:27-41. [PMID: 31720876 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular dissemination of tumor cells is the accepted mechanism of cancer metastasis. However, the phenomenon of angiotropism, pericyte mimicry (PM), and extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM) has questioned the concept that tumor cells metastasize exclusively via circulation within vascular channels. This new paradigm of cancer spread and metastasis suggests that metastatic cells employ embryonic mechanisms for attachment to the abluminal surfaces of blood vessels (angiotropism) and spread via continuous migration, competing with and replacing pericytes, i.e., pericyte mimicry (PM). This is an entirely extravascular phenomenon (i.e., extravascular migratory metastasis or EVMM) without entry (intravasation) into vascular channels. PM and EVMM have mainly been studied in melanoma but also occur in other cancer types. PM and EVMM appear to be a reversion to an embryogenesis-derived program. There are many analogies between embryogenesis and cancer progression, including the important role of laminins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the re-activation of embryonic signals by cancer cells. Furthermore, there is no circulation of blood during the first trimester of embryogenesis, despite the fact that there is extensive migration of cells to distant sites and formation of organs and tissues during this period. Embryonic migration therefore is a continuous extravascular migration as are PM and EVMM, supporting the concept that these embryonic migratory events appear to recur abnormally during the metastatic process. Finally, the perivascular location of tumor cells intrinsically links PM to vascular co-option. Taken together, these two new paradigms may greatly influence the development of new effective therapeutics for metastasis. In particular, targeting embryonic factors linked to migration that are detected during cancer metastasis may be particularly relevant to PM/EVMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Hynda K Kleinman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, The George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals, Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Réné Descartes Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
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61
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Pathological features of vessel co-option versus sprouting angiogenesis. Angiogenesis 2019; 23:43-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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62
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Akieda Y, Ogamino S, Furuie H, Ishitani S, Akiyoshi R, Nogami J, Masuda T, Shimizu N, Ohkawa Y, Ishitani T. Cell competition corrects noisy Wnt morphogen gradients to achieve robust patterning in the zebrafish embryo. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4710. [PMID: 31624259 PMCID: PMC6797755 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen signalling forms an activity gradient and instructs cell identities in a signalling strength-dependent manner to pattern developing tissues. However, developing tissues also undergo dynamic morphogenesis, which may produce cells with unfit morphogen signalling and consequent noisy morphogen gradients. Here we show that a cell competition-related system corrects such noisy morphogen gradients. Zebrafish imaging analyses of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling gradient, which acts as a morphogen to establish embryonic anterior-posterior patterning, identify that unfit cells with abnormal Wnt/β-catenin activity spontaneously appear and produce noise in the gradient. Communication between unfit and neighbouring fit cells via cadherin proteins stimulates apoptosis of the unfit cells by activating Smad signalling and reactive oxygen species production. This unfit cell elimination is required for proper Wnt/β-catenin gradient formation and consequent anterior-posterior patterning. Because this gradient controls patterning not only in the embryo but also in adult tissues, this system may support tissue robustness and disease prevention. Gradients of morphogens such as Wnt provide instructive cues for cell identities during development. Here, the authors report that in the developing zebrafish embryo, cell competition and elimination of unfit cells are required for proper Wnt gradient formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Akieda
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.,Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Ogamino
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hironobu Furuie
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shizuka Ishitani
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Akiyoshi
- Biological Evaluation Technology 2, Research and Development, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, 192-8512, Japan
| | - Jumpei Nogami
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takamasa Masuda
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Laboratory of Integrated Signaling Systems, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan. .,Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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63
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Insights into the quantitative and dynamic aspects of Cell Competition. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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64
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Sander M, Herranz H. MicroRNAs in Drosophila Cancer Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:157-173. [PMID: 31520354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MiRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression which have been implicated in virtually all biological processes. MiRNAs are frequently dysregulated in human cancers. However, the functional consequences of aberrant miRNA levels are not well understood. Drosophila is emerging as an important in vivo tumor model, especially in the identification of novel cancer genes. Here, we review Drosophila studies which functionally dissect the roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis. Ultimately, these advances help to understand the implications of miRNA dysregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Sander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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65
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The Initial Stage of Tumorigenesis in Drosophila Epithelial Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 31520350 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer development originates in a single mutant cell transformed from a normal cell, including further evolution of pro-tumor cells through additional mutations into malignant cancer tissues. Data from recent studies, however, suggest that most pro-tumor cells do not develop into tumors but remain dormant within or are prophylactically eliminated from tissues unless bestowed with additional driver mutations. Drosophila melanogaster has provided very efficient model systems, such as imaginal discs and ovarian follicular epithelia, to study the initial stage of tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the behaviors of emerging pro-tumor cells surrounded by normal cells and situations where they initiate tumor development.
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66
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Cell-Size Pleomorphism Drives Aberrant Clone Dispersal in Proliferating Epithelia. Dev Cell 2019; 51:49-61.e4. [PMID: 31495693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As epithelial tissues develop, groups of cells related by descent tend to associate in clonal populations rather than dispersing within the cell layer. While this is frequently assumed to be a result of differential adhesion, precise mechanisms controlling clonal cohesiveness remain unknown. Here we employ computational simulations to modulate epithelial cell size in silico and show that junctions between small cells frequently collapse, resulting in clone-cell dispersal among larger neighbors. Consistent with similar dynamics in vivo, we further demonstrate that mosaic disruption of Drosophila Tor generates small cells and results in aberrant clone dispersal in developing wing disc epithelia. We propose a geometric basis for this phenomenon, supported in part by the observation that soap-foam cells exhibit similar size-dependent junctional rearrangements. Combined, these results establish a link between cell-size pleomorphism and the control of epithelial cell packing, with potential implications for understanding tumor cell dispersal in human disease.
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67
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Abstract
YAP and TAZ are transcriptional activators pervasively induced in several human solid tumours and their functions in cancer cells are the focus of intense investigation. These studies established that YAP and TAZ are essential to trigger numerous cell-autonomous responses, such as sustained proliferation, cell plasticity, therapy resistance and metastasis. Yet tumours are complex entities, wherein cancer cells are just one of the components of a composite "tumour tissue". The other component, the tumour stroma, is composed of an extracellular matrix with aberrant mechanical properties and other cell types, including cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells. The stroma entertains multiple and bidirectional interactions with tumour cells, establishing dependencies essential to unleash tumorigenesis. The molecular players of such interplay remain partially understood. Here, we review the emerging role of YAP and TAZ in choreographing tumour-stromal interactions. YAP and TAZ act within tumour cells to orchestrate responses in stromal cells. Vice versa, YAP and TAZ in stromal cells trigger effects that positively feed back on the growth of tumour cells. Recognizing YAP and TAZ as a hub of the network of signals exchanged within the tumour microenvironment provides a fresh perspective on the molecular principles of tumour self-organization, promising to unveil numerous new vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Padua, Italy.
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68
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Madan E, Pelham CJ, Nagane M, Parker TM, Canas-Marques R, Fazio K, Shaik K, Yuan Y, Henriques V, Galzerano A, Yamashita T, Pinto MAF, Palma AM, Camacho D, Vieira A, Soldini D, Nakshatri H, Post SR, Rhiner C, Yamashita H, Accardi D, Hansen LA, Carvalho C, Beltran AL, Kuppusamy P, Gogna R, Moreno E. Flower isoforms promote competitive growth in cancer. Nature 2019; 572:260-264. [PMID: 31341286 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the adaptive immune system uses the exchange of information between cells to detect and eliminate foreign or damaged cells; however, the removal of unwanted cells does not always require an adaptive immune system1,2. For example, cell selection in Drosophila uses a cell selection mechanism based on 'fitness fingerprints', which allow it to delay ageing3, prevent developmental malformations3,4 and replace old tissues during regeneration5. At the molecular level, these fitness fingerprints consist of combinations of Flower membrane proteins3,4,6. Proteins that indicate reduced fitness are called Flower-Lose, because they are expressed in cells marked to be eliminated6. However, the presence of Flower-Lose isoforms at a cell's membrane does not always lead to elimination, because if neighbouring cells have similar levels of Lose proteins, the cell will not be killed4,6,7. Humans could benefit from the capability to recognize unfit cells, because accumulation of damaged but viable cells during development and ageing causes organ dysfunction and disease8-17. However, in Drosophila this mechanism is hijacked by premalignant cells to gain a competitive growth advantage18. This would be undesirable for humans because it might make tumours more aggressive19-21. It is unknown whether a similar mechanism of cell-fitness comparison is present in humans. Here we show that two human Flower isoforms (hFWE1 and hFWE3) behave as Flower-Lose proteins, whereas the other two isoforms (hFWE2 and hFWE4) behave as Flower-Win proteins. The latter give cells a competitive advantage over cells expressing Lose isoforms, but Lose-expressing cells are not eliminated if their neighbours express similar levels of Lose isoforms; these proteins therefore act as fitness fingerprints. Moreover, human cancer cells show increased Win isoform expression and proliferate in the presence of Lose-expressing stroma, which confers a competitive growth advantage on the cancer cells. Inhibition of the expression of Flower proteins reduces tumour growth and metastasis, and induces sensitivity to chemotherapy. Our results show that ancient mechanisms of cell recognition and selection are active in humans and affect oncogenic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christopher J Pelham
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taylor M Parker
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Fazio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kranti Shaik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Youzhong Yuan
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | - Tadashi Yamashita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Ana Vieira
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Soldini
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven R Post
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Hiroko Yamashita
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Laura A Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Periannan Kuppusamy
- Department of Radiology and Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rajan Gogna
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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69
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Leria L, Vila-Farré M, Solà E, Riutort M. Outstanding intraindividual genetic diversity in fissiparous planarians (Dugesia, Platyhelminthes) with facultative sex. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:130. [PMID: 31221097 PMCID: PMC6587288 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicted genetic consequences of asexuality include high intraindividual genetic diversity (i.e., the Meselson effect) and accumulation of deleterious mutations (i.e., Muller's Ratchet), among others. These consequences have been largely studied in parthenogenetic organisms, but studies on fissiparous species are scarce. Differing from parthenogens, fissiparous organisms inherit part of the soma of the progenitor, including somatic mutations. Thus, in the long term, fissiparous reproduction may also result in genetic mosaicism, besides the presence of the Meselson effect and Muller's Ratchet. Dugesiidae planarians show outstanding regeneration capabilities, allowing them to naturally reproduce by fission, either strictly or combined with sex (facultative). Therefore, they are an ideal model to analyze the genetic footprint of fissiparous reproduction, both when it is alternated with sex and when it is the only mode of reproduction. RESULTS In the present study, we generate and analyze intraindividual cloned data of a nuclear and a mitochondrial gene of sexual, fissiparous and facultative wild populations of the species Dugesia subtentaculata. We find that most individuals, independently of their reproductive strategy, are mosaics. However, the intraindividual haplotype and nucleotide diversity of fissiparous and facultative individuals is significantly higher than in sexual individuals, with no signs of Muller's Ratchet. Finally, we also find that this high intraindividual genetic diversity of fissiparous and facultative individuals is composed by different combinations of ancestral and derived haplotypes of the species. CONCLUSIONS The intraindividual analyses of genetic diversity point out that fissiparous reproduction leaves a very special genetic footprint in individuals, characterized by mosaicism combined with the Meselson effect (named in the present study as the mosaic Meselson effect). Interestingly, the different intraindividual combinations of ancestral and derivate genetic diversity indicate that haplotypes generated during periods of fissiparous reproduction can be also transmitted to the progeny through sexual events, resulting in offspring showing a wide range of genetic diversity and putatively allowing purifying selection to act at both intraindividual and individual level. Further investigations, using Dugesia planarians as model organisms, would be of great value to delve into this new model of genetic evolution by the combination of fission and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Leria
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Miquel Vila-Farré
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eduard Solà
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marta Riutort
- Department de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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70
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Hashimoto M, Sasaki H. Epiblast Formation by TEAD-YAP-Dependent Expression of Pluripotency Factors and Competitive Elimination of Unspecified Cells. Dev Cell 2019; 50:139-154.e5. [PMID: 31204175 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The epiblast is a pluripotent cell population first formed in preimplantation embryos, and its quality is important for proper development. Here, we examined the mechanisms of epiblast formation and found that the Hippo pathway transcription factor TEAD and its coactivator YAP regulate expression of pluripotency factors. After specification of the inner cell mass, YAP accumulates in the nuclei and activates TEAD. TEAD activity is required for strong expression of pluripotency factors and is variable in the forming epiblast. Cells showing low TEAD activity are eliminated from the epiblast through cell competition. Pluripotency factor expression and MYC control cell competition downstream of TEAD activity. Cell competition eliminates unspecified cells and is required for proper organization of the epiblast. These results suggest that induction of pluripotency factors by TEAD activity and elimination of unspecified cells via cell competition ensure the production of an epiblast with naive pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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71
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Teo JJY, Weiss R, Sarpeshkar R. An Artificial Tissue Homeostasis Circuit Designed via Analog Circuit Techniques. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:540-553. [PMID: 30908238 PMCID: PMC6835118 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2907074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis (feedback control) is an important mechanism that regulates the population of different cell types within a tissue. In type-1 diabetes, auto-immune attack and consequent death of pancreatic β cells result in the failure of homeostasis and loss of organ function. Synthetically engineered adult stem cells with homeostatic control based on digital logic have been proposed as a solution for regenerating β cells. Such previously proposed homeostatic control circuits have thus far been unable to reliably control both stem-cell proliferation and stem-cell differentiation. Using analog circuits and feedback systems analysis, we have designed an in silico circuit that performs homeostatic control by utilizing a novel scheme with both symmetric and asymmetric division of stem cells. The use of a variety of feedback systems analysis techniques, which is common in analog circuit design, including root-locus techniques, Bode plots of feedback-loop frequency response, compensation techniques for improving stability, and robustness analysis help us choose design parameters to meet desirable specifications. For example, we show that lead compensation in analog circuits instantiated as an incoherent feed-forward loop in the biological circuit improves stability, whereas simultaneously reducing steady-state tracking error. Our symmetric and asymmetric division scheme also improves phase margin in the feedback loop, and thus improves robustness. This paper could be useful in porting an analog-circuit design framework to synthetic biological applications of the future.
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72
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Gutiérrez-Martínez A, Sew WQG, Molano-Fernández M, Carretero-Junquera M, Herranz H. Mechanisms of oncogenic cell competition-Paths of victory. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:27-35. [PMID: 31128299 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process. In the early phases of this disease, mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors are thought to promote clonal expansion. These mutations can increase cell competitiveness, allowing tumor cells to grow within the tissue by eliminating wild type host cells. Recent studies have shown that cell competition can also function in later phases of cancer. Here, we examine the existing evidence linking cell competition and tumorigenesis. We focus on the mechanisms underlying cell competition and their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Carretero-Junquera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark.
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73
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Transcriptional versus metabolic control of cell fitness during cell competition. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:36-43. [PMID: 31102668 PMCID: PMC7221347 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of tissue homeostasis and health relies on the efficient removal of damaged or otherwise suboptimal cells. One way this is achieved is through cell competition, a fitness quality control mechanism that eliminates cells that are less fit than their neighbours. Through this process, cell competition has been shown to play diverse roles in development and in the adult, including in homeostasis and tumour suppression. However, over the last few years it has also become apparent that certain oncogenic mutations can provide cells with a competitive advantage that promotes their expansion via the elimination of surrounding wild-type cells. Thus, understanding how this process is initiated and regulated will provide important insights with relevance to a number of different research areas. A key question in cell competition is what determines the competitive fitness of a cell. Here, we will review what is known about this question by focussing on two non-mutually exclusive possibilities; first, that the activity of a subset of transcription factors determines competitive fitness, and second, that the outcome of cell competition is determined by the relative cellular metabolic status.
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74
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Ellis SJ, Gomez NC, Levorse J, Mertz AF, Ge Y, Fuchs E. Distinct modes of cell competition shape mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Nature 2019; 569:497-502. [PMID: 31092920 PMCID: PMC6638572 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition (CC)—the sensing and elimination of less fit “loser” cells by neighbouring “winner” cells—was first described in Drosophila. Although proposed as a selection mechanism to optimize tissue and organ development, its evolutionary generality remains unclear. Here, by employing live-imaging, lineage-tracing, single cell transcriptomics and genetics, we unearth two intriguing CC mechanisms that sequentially shape and maintain stratified tissue architecture during mouse skin development. In early embryonic epidermis, winner progenitors within the single-layered epithelium kill and clear neighbouring losers by engulfment. Upon stratification and skin barrier formation, the basal layer instead expels losers through a homeostatic upward flux of differentiating progeny. This CC switch is physiologically relevant: when perturbed, so too is barrier formation. Our findings establish CC as a selective force to optimize vertebrate tissue function, and illuminate how a tissue dynamically adjusts CC strategies to preserve fitness as it encounters increased architectural complexity during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Ellis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Levorse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron F Mertz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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75
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Layer-by-layer assembly as a robust method to construct extracellular matrix mimic surfaces to modulate cell behavior. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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76
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Nowotschin S, Setty M, Kuo YY, Liu V, Garg V, Sharma R, Simon CS, Saiz N, Gardner R, Boutet SC, Church DM, Hoodless PA, Hadjantonakis AK, Pe'er D. The emergent landscape of the mouse gut endoderm at single-cell resolution. Nature 2019; 569:361-367. [PMID: 30959515 PMCID: PMC6724221 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we delineate the ontogeny of the mammalian endoderm by generating 112,217 single-cell transcriptomes, which represent all endoderm populations within the mouse embryo until midgestation. We use graph-based approaches to model differentiating cells, which provides a spatio-temporal characterization of developmental trajectories and defines the transcriptional architecture that accompanies the emergence of the first (primitive or extra-embryonic) endodermal population and its sister pluripotent (embryonic) epiblast lineage. We uncover a relationship between descendants of these two lineages, in which epiblast cells differentiate into endoderm at two distinct time points-before and during gastrulation. Trajectories of endoderm cells were mapped as they acquired embryonic versus extra-embryonic fates and as they spatially converged within the nascent gut endoderm, which revealed these cells to be globally similar but retain aspects of their lineage history. We observed the regionalized identity of cells along the anterior-posterior axis of the emergent gut tube, which reflects their embryonic or extra-embryonic origin, and the coordinated patterning of these cells into organ-specific territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manu Setty
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Kuo
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Liu
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidur Garg
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roshan Sharma
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claire S Simon
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rui Gardner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana Pe'er
- Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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77
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Ohsawa S. Elimination of oncogenic cells that regulate epithelial homeostasis in Drosophila. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:337-342. [PMID: 30957223 PMCID: PMC6850057 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Normal epithelial tissues often put anti‐tumorigenic pressure on newly emerged oncogenic cells through cell–cell communications. In Drosophila epithelium, clones of oncogenic cells mutant for evolutionarily conserved apico‐basal polarity genes such as scribble (scrib) and discs large (dlg) are actively eliminated when surrounded by normal cells. It has been reported that c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in polarity‐deficient cells is crucial for their cell death. However, the mechanism by which normal epithelial tissues exert anti‐tumorigenic effects on polarity‐deficient cells had been elusive. Here, I describe our genetic studies in Drosophila epithelium especially focused on the role of surrounding normal epithelial cells in response to the emergence of polarity‐deficient cells. Furthermore, I also describe recent studies regarding the mechanism by which polarity‐deficient cells are extruded from the tissue, and discuss future perspectives on the study of cell–cell communications in epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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78
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifelong maintenance of a healthy lung requires resident stem cells to proliferate according to tissue requirements. Once thought to be a quiescent tissue, evolving views of the complex differentiation landscape of lung stem and progenitor cells have broad implications for our understanding of how the lung is maintained, as well as the development of new therapies for promoting endogenous regeneration in lung disease. AREAS COVERED This review collates a large body of research relating to the hierarchical organization of epithelial stem cells in the adult lung and their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration after injury. To identify relevant studies, PubMed was queried using one or a combination of the terms 'lung', 'airway', 'alveoli', 'stem cells', 'progenitor', 'repair' and 'regeneration'. EXPERT OPINION This review discusses how new technologies and injury models have challenged the demarcations between stem and progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L McQualter
- a School of Health and Biomedical Sciences , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
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79
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Baker NE, Kiparaki M, Khan C. A potential link between p53, cell competition and ribosomopathy in mammals and in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2019; 446:17-19. [PMID: 30513308 PMCID: PMC6642609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The term cell competition has been used to describe the phenomenon whereby particular cells can be eliminated during tissue growth only when more competitive cells are available to replace them. Multiple examples implicate differential activity of p53 in cell competition in mammals, but p53 has not been found to have the same role in Drosophila, where the phenomenon of cell competition was first recognized. Recent studies now show that Drosophila cells harboring mutations in Ribosomal protein (Rp) genes, which are eliminated by cell competition with wild type cells, activate a p53 target gene, Xrp1. In Diamond Blackfan Anemia, human Rp mutants activate p53 itself, through a nucleolar stress pathway. These results suggest a link between mammalian and Drosophila Rp mutants, translation, and cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Marianthi Kiparaki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Chaitali Khan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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80
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Schwager SC, Taufalele PV, Reinhart-King CA. Cell-Cell Mechanical Communication in Cancer. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:1-14. [PMID: 31565083 PMCID: PMC6764766 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-00564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells enables cancer progression and metastasis. While cell-cell communication in cancer has primarily been examined through chemical mechanisms, recent evidence suggests that mechanical communication through cell-cell junctions and cell-ECM linkages is also an important mediator of cancer progression. Cancer and stromal cells remodel the ECM through a variety of mechanisms, including matrix degradation, cross-linking, deposition, and physical remodeling. Cancer cells sense these mechanical environmental changes through cell-matrix adhesion complexes and subsequently alter their tension between both neighboring cells and the surrounding matrix, thereby altering the force landscape within the microenvironment. This communication not only allows cancer cells to communicate with each other, but allows stromal cells to communicate with cancer cells through matrix remodeling. Here, we review the mechanisms of intercellular force transmission, the subsequent matrix remodeling, and the implications of this mechanical communication on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C. Schwager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Paul V. Taufalele
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
| | - Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351631, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
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81
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Abstract
Cancer is a cumulative manifestation of several complicated disease states that affect multiple organs. Over the last few decades, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, has become a successful model for studying human cancers. The genetic simplicity and vast arsenal of genetic tools available in Drosophila provides a unique opportunity to address questions regarding cancer initiation and progression that would be extremely challenging in other model systems. In this chapter we provide a historical overview of Drosophila as a model organism for cancer research, summarize the multitude of genetic tools available, offer a brief comparison between different model organisms and cell culture platforms used in cancer studies and briefly discuss some of the latest models and concepts in recent Drosophila cancer research.
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82
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McGonagle ER, Nucera C. Clonal Reconstruction of Thyroid Cancer: An Essential Strategy for Preventing Resistance to Ultra-Precision Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:468. [PMID: 31379741 PMCID: PMC6657229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of ultra-precision targeted therapy has become a significant advancement in cancer therapeutics by creating treatments with less off target effects. Specifically with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the cancer's hallmark genetic mutation BRAFV600E can be targeted with selective inhibitors, such as vemurafenib. Despite initial positive tumor responses of regression and decreased viability, both single agent or combination agent drug treatments provide a selective pressure for drug resistant evolving clones within the overall heterogeneous tumor. Also, there are evidences suggesting that sequential monotherapy is ineffective and selects for resistant and ultimately lethal tumor clones. Reconstructing both clonal and subclonal thyroid tumor heterogeneous cell clusters for somatic mutations and epigenetic profile, copy number variation, cytogenetic alterations, and non-coding RNA expression becomes increasingly critical as different clonal enrichments implicate how the tumor may respond to drug treatment and dictate its invasive, metastatic, and progressive abilities, and predict prognosis. Therefore, development of novel preclinical and clinical empirical models supported by mathematical assessment will be the tools required for estimating the parameters of clonal and subclonal evolution, and unraveling the dormant vs. non-dormant state of thyroid cancer. In sum, novel experimental models performing the reconstruction both pre- and post-drug treatment of the thyroid tumor will enhance our understanding of clonal and sub-clonal reconstruction and tumor evolution exposed to treatments during ultra-precision targeted therapies. This approach will improve drug development strategies in thyroid oncology and identification of disease-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. McGonagle
- Division of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Division of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Carmelo Nucera
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83
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Fukunaga H, Prise KM. Non-uniform radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level involved in the health risk of environmental radiation: a radiobiological hypothesis. Environ Health 2018; 17:93. [PMID: 30630478 PMCID: PMC6329136 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional concept of radiation protection is based on epidemiological studies of radiation that support a positive correlation between dose and response. However, there is a remarkable difference in biological responses at the tissue level, depending on whether radiation is delivered as a uniform or non-uniform spatiotemporal distribution due to tissue sparing effects (TSE). From the point of view of radiation micro-dosimetry, environmental radiation is delivered as a non-uniform distribution, and radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level, such as TSE, would be implicated in individual risk following exposure to environmental radiation. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that the health risks of non-uniform radiation exposure are lower than the same dose at a uniform exposure, due to TSE following irradiation. Testing the hypothesis requires both radiobiological studies using high-precision microbeams and the epidemiological data of environmental radiation-induced effects. The implications of the hypothesis will lead to more personalized approaches in the field of environmental radiation protection. CONCLUSION The detection of spatiotemporal dose distribution could be of scientific importance for more accurate individual risk assessment of exposure to environmental radiation. Further radiobiological studies on non-uniform radiation-induced biological responses at the tissue level are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE UK
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84
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Cunningham JJ, Brown JS, Gatenby RA, Staňková K. Optimal control to develop therapeutic strategies for metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. J Theor Biol 2018; 459:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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85
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Nagata R, Igaki T. Cell competition: Emerging mechanisms to eliminate neighbors. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:522-530. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nagata
- Laboratory of GeneticsGraduate School of BiostudiesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of GeneticsGraduate School of BiostudiesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
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86
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Takagi M, Ikegawa M, Shimada T, Ishikawa S, Kajita M, Maruyama T, Kamasaki T, Fujita Y. Accumulation of the myosin-II-spectrin complex plays a positive role in apical extrusion of Src-transformed epithelial cells. Genes Cells 2018; 23:974-981. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Takagi
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Masaya Ikegawa
- Genomics, Proteomics and Biomedical Functions, Department of Life and Medical Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences; Doshisha University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- SHIMADZU Bioscience Research Partnership, Innovation Center; Shimadzu Scientific Instruments; Bothell Washington
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Mihoko Kajita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Tomoko Kamasaki
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
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87
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Miyazawa H, Aulehla A. Revisiting the role of metabolism during development. Development 2018; 145:145/19/dev131110. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
An emerging view emphasizes that metabolism is highly regulated in both time and space. In addition, it is increasingly being recognized that metabolic pathways are tightly connected to specific biological processes such as cell signaling, proliferation and differentiation. As we obtain a better view of this spatiotemporal regulation of metabolism, and of the molecular mechanisms that connect metabolism and signaling, we can now move from largely correlative to more functional studies. It is, therefore, a particularly promising time to revisit how metabolism can affect multiple aspects of animal development. In this Review, we discuss how metabolism is mechanistically linked to cellular and developmental programs through both its bioenergetic and metabolic signaling functions. We highlight how metabolism is regulated across various spatial and temporal scales, and discuss how this regulation can influence cellular processes such as cell signaling, gene expression, and epigenetic and post-translational modifications during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Miyazawa
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
| | - Alexander Aulehla
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
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88
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Zhao S, Fortier TM, Baehrecke EH. Autophagy Promotes Tumor-like Stem Cell Niche Occupancy. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3056-3064.e3. [PMID: 30270184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells usually reside in specialized niche microenvironments. Accumulating evidence indicates that competitive niche occupancy favors stem cells with oncogenic mutations, also known as tumor-like stem cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate tumor-like stem cell niche occupancy are largely unknown. Here, we use Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells as a model and use bam mutant cells as tumor-like stem cells. Interestingly, we find that autophagy is low in wild-type stem cells but elevated in bam mutant stem cells. Significantly, autophagy is required for niche occupancy by bam mutant stem cells. Although loss of either atg6 or Fip200 alone in stem cells does not impact their competitiveness, loss of these conserved regulators of autophagy decreases bam mutant stem cell niche occupancy. In addition, starvation enhances the competition of bam mutant stem cells for niche occupancy in an autophagy-dependent manner. Of note, loss of autophagy slows the cell cycle of bam mutant stem cells and does not influence stem cell death. In contrast to canonical epithelial cell competition, loss of regulators of tissue growth, either the insulin receptor or cyclin-dependent kinase 2 function, influences the competition of bam mutant stem cells for niche occupancy. Additionally, autophagy promotes the tumor-like growth of bam mutant ovaries. Autophagy is known to be induced in a wide variety of tumors. Therefore, these results suggest that specifically targeting autophagy in tumor-like stem cells has potential as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Zhao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tina M Fortier
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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89
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Tsuboi A, Ohsawa S, Umetsu D, Sando Y, Kuranaga E, Igaki T, Fujimoto K. Competition for Space Is Controlled by Apoptosis-Induced Change of Local Epithelial Topology. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2115-2128.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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90
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ADAM-like Decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1) is a positive regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC) that promotes apical extrusion of RasV12-transformed cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9639. [PMID: 29941981 PMCID: PMC6018119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that newly emerging transformed cells are often eliminated from epithelia via cell competition with the surrounding normal epithelial cells. However, it remains unknown whether and how soluble factors are involved in this cancer preventive phenomenon. By performing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative mass spectrometric analyses, we have identified ADAM-like Decysin-1 (ADAMDEC1) as a soluble protein whose expression is upregulated in the mix culture of normal and RasV12-transformed epithelial cells. Expression of ADAMDEC1 is elevated in normal epithelial cells co-cultured with RasV12 cells. Knockdown of ADAMDEC1 in the surrounding normal cells substantially suppresses apical extrusion of RasV12 cells, suggesting that ADAMDEC1 secreted by normal cells positively regulate the elimination of the neighboring transformed cells. In addition, we show that the metalloproteinase activity of ADAMDEC1 is dispensable for the regulation of apical extrusion. Furthermore, ADAMDEC1 facilitates the accumulation of filamin, a crucial regulator of Epithelial Defense Against Cancer (EDAC), in normal cells at the interface with RasV12 cells. This is the first report demonstrating that an epithelial intrinsic soluble factor is involved in cell competition in mammals.
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91
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Regulation and function of p53: A perspective from Drosophila studies. Mech Dev 2018; 154:82-90. [PMID: 29800619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tp53 is a central regulator of cellular responses to stress and one of the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers. P53 is activated by a myriad of stress signals and drives specific cellular responses depending on stress nature, cell type and cellular context. Additionally to its classical functions in regulating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence, newly described non-canonical functions of p53 are increasingly coming under the spotlight as important functions not only for its role as a tumour suppressor but also for its non-cancer associated activities. Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model to study multiple aspects of normal animal physiology, stress response and disease. In this review, we discuss the contribution of Drosophila studies to the current knowledge on p53 and highlight recent evidences pointing to p53 novel roles in promoting tissue homeostasis and metabolic adaptation.
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92
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Akiyama T, User SD, Gibson MC. Somatic clones heterozygous for recessive disease alleles of BMPR1A exhibit unexpected phenotypes in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:35258. [PMID: 29745898 PMCID: PMC5963922 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of mutations studied in animal models are designated as recessive based on the absence of visible phenotypes in germline heterozygotes. Accordingly, genetic studies primarily rely on homozygous loss-of-function to determine gene requirements, and a conceptually-related ‘two-hit model’ remains the central paradigm in cancer genetics. Here we investigate pathogenesis due to somatic mutation in epithelial tissues, a process that predominantly generates heterozygous cell clones. To study somatic mutation in Drosophila, we generated inducible alleles that mimic human Juvenile polyposis-associated BMPR1A mutations. Unexpectedly, four of these mutations had no phenotype in heterozygous carriers but exhibited clear tissue-level effects when present in somatic clones of heterozygous cells. We conclude that these alleles are indeed recessive when present in the germline, but nevertheless deleterious when present in heterozygous clones. This unforeseen effect, deleterious heteromosaicism, suggests a ‘one-hit’ mechanism for disease initiation that may explain some instances of pathogenesis associated with spontaneous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sırma D User
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
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93
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Bowling S, Di Gregorio A, Sancho M, Pozzi S, Aarts M, Signore M, D Schneider M, Martinez-Barbera JP, Gil J, Rodríguez TA. P53 and mTOR signalling determine fitness selection through cell competition during early mouse embryonic development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1763. [PMID: 29720666 PMCID: PMC5932021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the fitness of the pluripotent cells that will contribute to future development is important both for the integrity of the germline and for proper embryogenesis. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly apparent that pluripotent cells can compare their fitness levels and signal the elimination of those cells that are less fit than their neighbours. In mammals the nature of the pathways that communicate fitness remain largely unknown. Here we identify that in the early mouse embryo and upon exit from naive pluripotency, the confrontation of cells with different fitness levels leads to an inhibition of mTOR signalling in the less fit cell type, causing its elimination. We show that during this process, p53 acts upstream of mTOR and is required to repress its activity. Finally, we demonstrate that during normal development around 35% of cells are eliminated by this pathway, highlighting the importance of this mechanism for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bowling
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aida Di Gregorio
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Margarida Sancho
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sara Pozzi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Marieke Aarts
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Massimo Signore
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Cell Proliferation Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- Cell Proliferation Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Tristan A Rodríguez
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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94
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Xu DC, Arthurton L, Baena-Lopez LA. Learning on the Fly: The Interplay between Caspases and Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5473180. [PMID: 29854765 PMCID: PMC5949197 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5473180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ease of genetic manipulation, as well as the evolutionary conservation of gene function, has placed Drosophila melanogaster as one of the leading model organisms used to understand the implication of many proteins with disease development, including caspases and their relation to cancer. The family of proteases referred to as caspases have been studied over the years as the major regulators of apoptosis: the most common cellular mechanism involved in eliminating unwanted or defective cells, such as cancerous cells. Indeed, the evasion of the apoptotic programme resulting from caspase downregulation is considered one of the hallmarks of cancer. Recent investigations have also shown an instrumental role for caspases in non-lethal biological processes, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, intercellular communication, and cell migration. Importantly, malfunction of these essential biological tasks can deeply impact the initiation and progression of cancer. Here, we provide an extensive review of the literature surrounding caspase biology and its interplay with many aspects of cancer, emphasising some of the key findings obtained from Drosophila studies. We also briefly describe the therapeutic potential of caspase modulation in relation to cancer, highlighting shortcomings and hopeful promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Cui Xu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lewis Arthurton
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13RE, UK
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95
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Marongiu F, Serra M, Laconi E. Development versus Evolution in Cancer Biology. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:342-348. [PMID: 29709258 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The terms 'development' and 'evolution' are both used to describe the unfolding of the carcinogenic process. However, there is increasing awareness of an essential difference in the meanings of these two terms with reference to cancer. We discuss evidence suggesting that the concepts of development and evolution are both pertinent to the description of carcinogenesis; however, they appropriately apply to distinct phases of a multistep process. Such a distinction bears important implications for the study and management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marongiu
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Unit of Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Porcell 4, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
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96
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Saito Y, Desai RR, Muthuswamy SK. Reinterpreting polarity and cancer: The changing landscape from tumor suppression to tumor promotion. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:103-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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97
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Cadoni E, Marongiu F, Fanti M, Serra M, Laconi E. Caloric restriction delays early phases of carcinogenesis via effects on the tissue microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 8:36020-36032. [PMID: 28415598 PMCID: PMC5482635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is an effective and consistent means to delay aging and the incidence of chronic diseases related to old age, including cancer. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of CR on carcinogenic process are yet to be identified. In the present studies the hypothesis was tested that the CR might delay carcinogenesis via modulatory effects exerted on the age-associated, neoplastic-prone tissue microenvironment. Using a well characterized, orthotopic cell transplantation (Tx) system in the rat, preneoplastic hepatocytes isolated from liver nodules were injected into either old syngeneic rats fed ad libitum (AL) or animals of the same age given a CR diet (70% of AL feeding). Analysis of donor-derived cell clusters performed at 10 weeks post-Tx revealed a significant shift towards smaller class sizes in the group receiving CR diet. Clusters comprising more than 50 cells, including large hepatic nodules, were thrice more frequent in AL vs. CR animals. Incidence of spontaneous endogenous nodules was also decreased by CR. Markers of cell senescence were equally expressed in the liver of AL and CR groups. However, higher levels of SIRT1 and FOXO1 proteins were detected in CR-exposed livers, while expression of HDAC1 and C/EBPβ were decreased. These results are interpreted to indicate that CR delays the emergence of age-associated neoplastic disease through effects exerted, at least in part, on the tissue microenvironment. Nutrient-sensing pathways might mediate such modulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maura Fanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine University of Cagliari-Italy, Cagliari, Italy
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98
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Modelling Cooperative Tumorigenesis in Drosophila. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4258387. [PMID: 29693007 PMCID: PMC5859872 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4258387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of human metastatic cancer is a multistep process, involving the acquisition of several genetic mutations, tumour heterogeneity, and interactions with the surrounding microenvironment. Due to the complexity of cancer development in mammals, simpler model organisms, such as the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are being utilized to provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. In this review, we highlight recent advances in modelling tumorigenesis using the Drosophila model, focusing on the cooperation of oncogenes or tumour suppressors, and the interaction of mutant cells with the surrounding tissue in epithelial tumour initiation and progression.
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99
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Ramon Y Cajal S, Castellvi J, Hümmer S, Peg V, Pelletier J, Sonenberg N. Beyond molecular tumor heterogeneity: protein synthesis takes control. Oncogene 2018; 37:2490-2501. [PMID: 29463861 PMCID: PMC5945578 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the daunting challenges facing modern medicine lies in the understanding and treatment of tumor heterogeneity. Most tumors show intra-tumor heterogeneity at both genomic and proteomic levels, with marked impacts on the responses of therapeutic targets. Therapeutic target-related gene expression pathways are affected by hypoxia and cellular stress. However, the finding that targets such as eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E (and its phosphorylated form, p-eIF4E) are generally homogenously expressed throughout tumors, regardless of the presence of hypoxia or other cellular stress conditions, opens the exciting possibility that malignancies could be treated with therapies that combine targeting of eIF4E phosphorylation with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josep Castellvi
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Hümmer
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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100
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Akai N, Igaki T, Ohsawa S. Wingless signaling regulates winner/loser status in Minute
cell competition. Genes Cells 2018; 23:234-240. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Akai
- Laboratory of Genetics; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
- Division of Genetics; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics; Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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