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Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) system removes a variety of types of helix-distorting lesions from DNA through a dual incision mechanism, in which the damaged nucleotide bases are excised in the form of a small, excised, damage-containing single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide (sedDNA). Damage removal leaves a gap in the DNA template that must then be filled in by the action of a DNA polymerase and ligated to the downstream phosphodiester backbone in the DNA to complete the repair reaction. Defects in damage removal, sedDNA processing, or gap filling have the potential to be mutagenic and lethal to cells, and thus several human pathologies, including cancer and aging, are associated with defects in NER. This review summarizes our current understanding of NER with a focus on the enzymes that excise sedDNAs and restore the duplex DNA to its native state in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, United States.
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52
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Li C, Wong JTY. DNA Damage Response Pathways in Dinoflagellates. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E191. [PMID: 31284474 PMCID: PMC6680887 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are a general group of phytoplankton, ubiquitous in aquatic environments. Most dinoflagellates are non-obligate autotrophs, subjected to potential physical and chemical DNA-damaging agents, including UV irradiation, in the euphotic zone. Delay of cell cycles by irradiation, as part of DNA damage responses (DDRs), could potentially lead to growth inhibition, contributing to major errors in the estimation of primary productivity and interpretations of photo-inhibition. Their liquid crystalline chromosomes (LCCs) have large amount of abnormal bases, restricted placement of coding sequences at the chromosomes periphery, and tandem repeat-encoded genes. These chromosome characteristics, their large genome sizes, as well as the lack of architectural nucleosomes, likely contribute to possible differential responses to DNA damage agents. In this study, we sought potential dinoflagellate orthologues of eukaryotic DNA damage repair pathways, and the linking pathway with cell-cycle control in three dinoflagellate species. It appeared that major orthologues in photoreactivation, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, double-strand break repair and homologous recombination repair are well represented in dinoflagellate genomes. Future studies should address possible differential DNA damage responses of dinoflagellates over other planktonic groups, especially in relation to possible shift of life-cycle transitions in responses to UV irradiation. This may have a potential role in the persistence of dinoflagellate red tides with the advent of climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongping Li
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Joseph Tin Yum Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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53
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Aberrations in DNA repair pathways in cancer and therapeutic significances. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 58:29-46. [PMID: 30922960 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells show various types of mutations and aberrant expression in genes involved in DNA repair responses. These alterations induce genome instability and promote carcinogenesis steps and cancer progression processes. These defects in DNA repair have also been considered as suitable targets for cancer therapies. A most effective target so far clinically demonstrated is "homologous recombination repair defect", such as BRCA1/2 mutations, shown to cause synthetic lethality with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which in turn is involved in DNA repair as well as multiple physiological processes. Different approaches targeting genomic instability, including immune therapy targeting mismatch-repair deficiency, have also recently been demonstrated to be promising strategies. In these DNA repair targeting-strategies, common issues could be how to optimize treatment and suppress/conquer the development of drug resistance. In this article, we review the extending framework of DNA repair response pathways and the potential impact of exploiting those defects on cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immune therapy.
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54
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Knudsen KE, Feng FY. Expanding Role of Germline DNA Repair Alterations in Prostate Cancer Risk and Early Onset. Eur Urol 2019; 76:338-339. [PMID: 30885533 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Knudsen
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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55
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Ribeiro-Silva C, Vermeulen W, Lans H. SWI/SNF: Complex complexes in genome stability and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:87-95. [PMID: 30897376 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SWI/SNF complexes are among the most studied ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, mostly due to their critical role in coordinating chromatin architecture and gene expression. Mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits are frequently observed in a large variety of human cancers, suggesting that one or more of the multiple SWI/SNF functions protect against tumorigenesis. Chromatin remodeling is an integral component of the DNA damage response (DDR), which safeguards against DNA damage-induced genome instability and tumorigenesis by removing DNA damage through interconnected DNA repair and signaling pathways. SWI/SNF has been implicated in facilitating repair of double-strand breaks, by non-homologous end-joining as well as homologous recombination, and repair of helix-distorting DNA damage by nucleotide excision repair. Here, we review current knowledge on SWI/SNF activity in the DDR and discuss the potential of exploiting DDR-related vulnerabilities due to SWI/SNF dysfunction for precision cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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56
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Crystal structure of the yeast Rad7-Elc1 complex and assembly of the Rad7-Rad16-Elc1-Cul3 complex. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 77:1-9. [PMID: 30840920 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile system that deals with various bulky and helix-distorting DNA lesions caused by UV and environmental mutagens. Based on how lesion recognition occurs, NER has been separated into global genome repair (GGR) and transcription-coupled repair (TCR). The yeast Rad7-Rad16 complex is indispensable for the GGR sub-pathway. Rad7-Rad16 binds to UV-damaged DNA in a synergistic fashion with Rad4, the main lesion recognizer, to achieve efficient recognition of lesions. In addition, Rad7-Rad16 associates with Elc1 and Cul3 to form an EloC-Cul-SOCS-box (ECS)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that ubiquitinates Rad4 in response to UV radiation. However, the structure and architecture of the Rad7-Rad16-Elc1-Cul3 complex remain unsolved. Here, we determined the structure of the Rad7-Elc1 complex and revealed key interaction regions responsible for the formation of the Rad7-Rad16-Elc1-Cul3 complex. These results provide new insights into the assembly of the Rad7-Rad16-Elc1-Cul3 complex and structural framework for further studies.
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57
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Kusakabe M, Onishi Y, Tada H, Kurihara F, Kusao K, Furukawa M, Iwai S, Yokoi M, Sakai W, Sugasawa K. Mechanism and regulation of DNA damage recognition in nucleotide excision repair. Genes Environ 2019; 41:2. [PMID: 30700997 PMCID: PMC6346561 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway, which can remove an extremely broad range of base lesions from the genome. In mammalian global genomic NER, the XPC protein complex initiates the repair reaction by recognizing sites of DNA damage, and this depends on detection of disrupted/destabilized base pairs within the DNA duplex. A model has been proposed that XPC first interacts with unpaired bases and then the XPD ATPase/helicase in concert with XPA verifies the presence of a relevant lesion by scanning a DNA strand in 5′-3′ direction. Such multi-step strategy for damage recognition would contribute to achieve both versatility and accuracy of the NER system at substantially high levels. In addition, recognition of ultraviolet light (UV)-induced DNA photolesions is facilitated by the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (UV-DDB), which not only promotes recruitment of XPC to the damage sites, but also may contribute to remodeling of chromatin structures such that the DNA lesions gain access to XPC and the following repair proteins. Even in the absence of UV-DDB, however, certain types of histone modifications and/or chromatin remodeling could occur, which eventually enable XPC to find sites with DNA lesions. Exploration of novel factors involved in regulation of the DNA damage recognition process is now ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kusakabe
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yuki Onishi
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Haruto Tada
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Fumika Kurihara
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kanako Kusao
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,3Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Mari Furukawa
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- 4Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokoi
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,3Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,3Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kaoru Sugasawa
- 1Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,2Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan.,3Faculty of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501 Japan
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58
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Li M, Zhang W, Yang B. N‑(6‑Aminohexyl)‑5‑chloro‑1‑naphthalenesulfonamide, a centrin antagonist, inhibits Tb 3+/peptides-binding properties. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 193:15-24. [PMID: 30660047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N‑(6‑Aminohexyl)‑5‑chloro‑1‑naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), a kind of adjuvant chemotherapy, can bind to calmodulin and inhibit Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated enzyme activities and cell proliferation. Similar to calmodulin, euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen) belongs to EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. It is associated with nucleotide excision repair (NER), cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. In the present study, the comparative interaction of W-7 with EoCen was first examined by using various spectroscopic, calorimetric methods and molecular docking. The obtain results recommend that only one W-7 molecule is identified binding to the C-terminal hydrophobic pocket of centrin that normally plays a role in anchoring targets. Methyl groups of Ala126, Met141, Ile161 and M162 of C-terminal may react with W-7 chloronaphthalene ring, other aliphatic or aromatic side-chains in a deep hydrophobic pocket of protein. Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence lifetime experiments reveal that W-7 triggers a conformational change of centrin. As a result, W-7 is identified to be an antagonist of centrin. It appears to inhibit the centrin-mediated activation of target proteins by blocking the hydrophobic pocket. Moreover, the complex formation leads to affinity decrease of Tb3+ binding to C-terminal of protein and self-assembly affected. Our present study provides the first view of centrin recognizing a naphthalene-sulfonamide derivative. It is proposed that W-7 and its analogues can serve as a useful tool for research on the participation of centrin in biological processes and cell biology-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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59
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cAMP-mediated regulation of melanocyte genomic instability: A melanoma-preventive strategy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 115:247-295. [PMID: 30798934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin is the leading cause of death from skin cancer and ranks fifth in cancer incidence among all cancers in the United States. While melanoma mortality has remained steady for the past several decades, melanoma incidence has been increasing, particularly among fair-skinned individuals. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 10,000 people in the United States will die from melanoma this year. Individuals with dark skin complexion are protected damage generated by UV-light due to the high content of UV-blocking melanin pigment in their epidermis as well as better capacity for melanocytes to cope with UV damage. There is now ample evidence that suggests that the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a major melanoma risk factor. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in MC1R are common in melanoma-prone persons, correlating with a less melanized skin complexion and poorer recovery from mutagenic photodamage. We and others are interested in the MC1R signaling pathway in melanocytes, its mechanisms of enhancing genomic stability and pharmacologic opportunities to reduce melanoma risk based on those insights. In this chapter, we review melanoma risk factors, the MC1R signaling pathway, and the relationship between MC1R signaling and DNA repair.
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60
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Feltes BC, Pedebos C, Bonatto D, Verli H. Dynamics of DDB2-DDB1 complex under different naturally-occurring mutants in Xeroderma Pigmentosum disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2579-2589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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61
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Mu H, Zhang Y, Geacintov NE, Broyde S. Lesion Sensing during Initial Binding by Yeast XPC/Rad4: Toward Predicting Resistance to Nucleotide Excision Repair. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1260-1268. [PMID: 30284444 PMCID: PMC6247245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) excises a variety of environmentally derived DNA lesions. However, NER efficiencies for structurally different DNA lesions can vary by orders of magnitude; yet the origin of this variance is poorly understood. Our goal is to develop computational strategies that predict and identify the most hazardous, repair-resistant lesions from the plethora of such adducts. In the present work, we are focusing on lesion recognition by the xeroderma pigmentosum C protein complex (XPC), the first and required step for the subsequent assembly of factors needed to produce successful NER. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the initial binding of Rad4, the yeast orthologue of human XPC, to a library of 10 different lesion-containing DNA duplexes derived from environmental carcinogens. These vary in lesion chemical structures and conformations in duplex DNA and exhibit a wide range of relative NER efficiencies from repair resistant to highly susceptible. We have determined a promising set of structural descriptors that characterize initial binding of Rad4 to lesions that are resistant to NER. Key initial binding requirements for successful recognition are absent in the repair-resistant cases: There is little or no duplex unwinding, very limited interaction between the β-hairpin domain 2 of Rad4 and the minor groove of the lesion-containing duplex, and no conformational capture of a base on the lesion partner strand. By contrast, these key binding features are present to different degrees in NER susceptible lesions and correlate to their relative NER efficiencies. Furthermore, we have gained molecular understanding of Rad4 initial binding as determined by the lesion structures in duplex DNA and how the initial binding relates to the repair efficiencies. The development of a computational strategy for identifying NER-resistant lesions is grounded in this molecular understanding of the lesion recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at New York University Shanghai , Shanghai 200062 , China
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62
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Ribeiro-Silva C, Aydin ÖZ, Mesquita-Ribeiro R, Slyskova J, Helfricht A, Marteijn JA, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Lans H, Vermeulen W. DNA damage sensitivity of SWI/SNF-deficient cells depends on TFIIH subunit p62/GTF2H1. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4067. [PMID: 30287812 PMCID: PMC6172278 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SWI/SNF genes are amongst the most common across all human cancers, but efficient therapeutic approaches that exploit vulnerabilities caused by SWI/SNF mutations are currently lacking. Here, we show that the SWI/SNF ATPases BRM/SMARCA2 and BRG1/SMARCA4 promote the expression of p62/GTF2H1, a core subunit of the transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) complex. Inactivation of either ATPase subunit downregulates GTF2H1 and therefore compromises TFIIH stability and function in transcription and nucleotide excision repair (NER). We also demonstrate that cells with permanent BRM or BRG1 depletion have the ability to restore GTF2H1 expression. As a consequence, the sensitivity of SWI/SNF-deficient cells to DNA damage induced by UV irradiation and cisplatin treatment depends on GTF2H1 levels. Together, our results expose GTF2H1 as a potential novel predictive marker of platinum drug sensitivity in SWI/SNF-deficient cancer cells. SWI/SNF genes are commonly found to be mutated in different cancers. Here the authors report that the remodelers BRM and BRG1 are necessary for efficient nucleotide excision repair by promoting the expression of TFIIH subunit GTF2H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Özge Z Aydin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Jana Slyskova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Helfricht
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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63
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Sikora M, Rudnicka L, Borkowska B, Kardynał A, Słowińska M, Rakowska A, Warszawik-Hendzel O, Wiergowska A, Ługowska I, Rutkowski P, Dębniak T, Lubiński J, Olszewska M. Genetic polymorphisms may influence the vertical growth rate of melanoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:3078-3083. [PMID: 30210630 PMCID: PMC6134810 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Identification of new predictive markers in melanoma is of great clinical importance. This study was aimed to analyze association between selected common variants in the cancer susceptibility genes and melanoma progression at the time of diagnosis. Material and Method: The study included 243 consecutive patients with melanoma. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR. Results: Our data revealed modest association between xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD) codon 312 polymorphism and tumor thickness (as defined by Breslow score; XPD D312N CC: 3.00 ± 3.78mm, CT: 1.71 ± 2.48mm, TT: 2,53 ± 3,24mm, P=0.023). The CT genotype in XPD D312N polymorphism was more frequently represented in non-invasive melanomas compared to deeply penetrating tumors. None of the common SNPs in cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A), vitamin D receptor (VDR), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) were associated with Breslow depth. Conclusion: These findings suggest that genetic alteration in XPD contributes to melanoma progression and may be a potential diagnostic and molecular prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sikora
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Borkowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kardynał
- Department of Dermatology, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Słowińska
- Department of Dermatology, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Wiergowska
- Department of Dermatology, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Ługowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathomorphology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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64
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Mu H, Geacintov NE, Broyde S, Yeo JE, Schärer OD. Molecular basis for damage recognition and verification by XPC-RAD23B and TFIIH in nucleotide excision repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 71:33-42. [PMID: 30174301 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) is the main pathway for the removal of bulky lesions from DNA and is characterized by an extraordinarily wide substrate specificity. Remarkably, the efficiency of lesion removal varies dramatically and certain lesions escape repair altogether and are therefore associated with high levels of mutagenicity. Central to the multistep mechanism of damage recognition in NER is the sensing of lesion-induced thermodynamic and structural alterations of DNA by the XPC-RAD23B protein and the verification of the damage by the transcription/repair factor TFIIH. Additional factors contribute to the process: UV-DDB, for the recognition of certain UV-induced lesions in particular in the context of chromatin, while the XPA protein is believed to have a role in damage verification and NER complex assembly. Here we consider the molecular mechanisms that determine repair efficiency in GG-NER based on recent structural, computational, biochemical, cellular and single molecule studies of XPC-RAD23B and its yeast ortholog Rad4. We discuss how the actions of XPC-RAD23B are integrated with those of other NER proteins and, based on recent high-resolution structures of TFIIH, present a structural model of how XPC-RAD23B and TFIIH cooperate in damage recognition and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Mu
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Suse Broyde
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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65
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Inhibitory effect of melittin on endonuclease-like activity of centrin. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:280-293. [PMID: 29990752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein (XPC) and centrin2 are the primary initiators of global genome nucleotide excision repair (NER). Centrin, acts as a member of the EF-hand super family of calcium-binding proteins, playing roles in reconstitution of the vitro NER reaction. To understand the possible molecular and structural properties of the multiprotein process, the interactions of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (EoCen), melittin, and DNA are described. EoCen shares a sequence identity of 66% with centrin2. Melittin possesses inverse direction hydrophobic triads-leucine-leucine-tryptophan (LLW) which are responsible for centrin binding. It is applied as a natural peptide to mimic centrin target peptide. As a result, it is proved that the integrated protein shows an endonuclease-like activity to DNA. Melittin is capable of interaction with both EoCen and DNA. More importantly, it is found that melittin displays an inhibitory effect on the endonuclease-like activity of centrin when it co-exists with EoCen and DNA in solution. Meanwhile, the DNA-melittin-EoCen ternary complex forms in the process. Quantitative analyses demonstrated by extensive biophysical assays reveal that binding of the peptide to DNA or centrin modulates the binding properties of it to another component. Furthermore, a possible positioning model of DNA and EoCen on melittin is proposed. This finding may constitute a model for that existing between centrin and its target peptide in NER process.
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66
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Oshima J, Kato H, Maezawa Y, Yokote K. RECQ helicase disease and related progeroid syndromes: RECQ2018 meeting. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 173:80-83. [PMID: 29752965 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progeroid syndrome is a group of disorders characterized by the early onset of diseases that are associated with aging. Best known examples are Werner syndrome, which is adult onset and results from disease-causing DNA sequence variants in the RecQ helicase gene WRN, and Hutchison-Gilford progeria syndrome, which is childhood-onset and results from unique, recurrent disease-causing DNA sequence variants of the gene LMNA that encodes nuclear intermediate filaments. Related single gene RecQ disorders are Bloom syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. The RecQ disorders Cockayne syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum result from disease-causing DNA sequence variants in genes involved in the nucleotide excision repair pathway. RECQ2018: The International Meeting on RECQ Helicases and Related Diseases was held on February 16-18, 2018 in Chiba, Japan. The purpose of the meeting was to facilitate clinical and research collaborations for the goal of developing effective treatments for RECQ disorders and other progeroid syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Oshima
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hisaya Kato
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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67
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Watanabe R, Kanno SI, Mohammadi Roushandeh A, Ui A, Yasui A. Nucleosome remodelling, DNA repair and transcriptional regulation build negative feedback loops in cancer and cellular ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0473. [PMID: 28847829 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosome remodelling (NR) regulates transcription in an ATP-dependent manner, and influences gene expression required for development and cellular functions, including those involved in anti-cancer and anti-ageing processes. ATP-utilizing chromatin assembly and remodelling factor (ACF) and Brahma-associated factor (BAF) complexes, belonging to the ISWI and SWI/SNF families, respectively, are involved in various types of DNA repair. Suppression of several BAF factors makes U2OS cells significantly sensitive to X-rays, UV and especially to cisplatin, and these BAF factors contribute to the accumulation of repair proteins at various types of DNA damage and to DNA repair. Recent cancer genome sequencing and expression analysis has shown that BAF factors are frequently mutated or, more frequently, silenced in various types of cancer cells. Thus, those cancer cells are potentially X-ray- and especially cisplatin-sensitive, suggesting a way of optimizing current cancer therapy. Recent single-stem cell analysis suggests that mutations and epigenetic changes influence stem cell functionality leading to cellular ageing. Genetic and epigenetic changes in the BAF factors diminish DNA repair as well as transcriptional regulation activities, and DNA repair defects in turn negatively influence NR and transcriptional regulation. Thus, they build negative feedback loops, which accelerate both cellular senescence and transformation as common and rare cellular events, respectively, causing cellular ageing.This article is part of the themed issue 'Chromatin modifiers and remodellers in DNA repair and signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Watanabe
- Division of Dynamic Proteome and IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kanno
- Division of Dynamic Proteome and IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Division of Dynamic Proteome and IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ayako Ui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome and IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Yasui
- Division of Dynamic Proteome and IDAC Fellow Research Group for DNA Repair and Dynamic Proteome Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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68
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Krasikova YS, Rechkunova NI, Maltseva EA, Lavrik OI. RPA and XPA interaction with DNA structures mimicking intermediates of the late stages in nucleotide excision repair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190782. [PMID: 29320546 PMCID: PMC5761895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA) and the xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein are indispensable for both pathways of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Here we analyze the interaction of RPA and XPA with DNA containing a flap and different size gaps that imitate intermediates of the late NER stages. Using gel mobility shift assays, we found that RPA affinity for DNA decreased when DNA contained both extended gap and similar sized flap in comparison with gapped-DNA structure. Moreover, crosslinking experiments with the flap-gap DNA revealed that RPA interacts mainly with the ssDNA platform within the long gap and contacts flap in DNA with a short gap. XPA exhibits higher affinity for bubble-DNA structures than to flap-gap-containing DNA. Protein titration analysis showed that formation of the RPA-XPA-DNA ternary complex depends on the protein concentration ratio and these proteins can function as independent players or in tandem. Using fluorescently-labelled RPA, direct interaction of this protein with XPA was detected and characterized quantitatively. The data obtained allow us to suggest that XPA can be involved in the post-incision NER stages via its interaction with RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadejda I. Rechkunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Olga I. Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
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69
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Zhang W, Shi E, Zhao Y, Yang B. Modulation effect of double strand DNA on the self-assembly of N-terminal domain of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 180:15-25. [PMID: 29223826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrin is a member of the EF-hand super family of calcium-binding proteins, which can behave as a part of damage detector initiated the initiation of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Its self-assembly plays a causative role in fiber contraction associated with the cell division cycle and ciliogenesis. To explore the possible role of DNA in the process of centrin self-assembly, the aggregation properties of N-terminal domain of Euplotes octocarinatus centrin (N-EoCen) in the presence of DNA with or without metal ions are investigated. It is verified that metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Tb3+, can bind to N-EoCen with 2:1 stoichiometry by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Importantly, this study reports that double strand DNA (dsDNA) is capable of binding N-EoCen, changing conformation of protein and modulating centrin aggregation, as demonstrated by extensive biophysical assays. Interestingly, the open conformation of protein induced by metal ions may be favour of the interaction of protein with dsDNA. Nevertheless, the randomly coiled single strand DNA (ssDNA) is completely inefficient to the aggregation regulation. Furthermore, results reveal that hydrophobic site could play important role in the process. This finding may link to the potent roles of centrin in the NER process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Enxian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Binsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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70
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Chang Y, Lee WY, Lin YJ, Hsu T. Mercury (II) impairs nucleotide excision repair (NER) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos by targeting primarily at the stage of DNA incision. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:97-104. [PMID: 28942072 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mercuric ion (Hg2+) is the most prevalent form of inorganic Hg found in polluted aquatic environment. As inhibition of DNA damage repair has been proposed as one of the mechanisms of Hg2+-induced genotoxicity in aquatic animals and mammalian cells, this study explored the susceptibility of different stages of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to Hg2+ using UV-damaged DNA as the repair substrate. Exposure of embryos at 1h post fertilization (hpf) to HgCl2 at 0.1-2.5μM for 9h caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of NER capacity monitored by a transcription-based DNA repair assay. The extracts of embryos exposed to 2.5μM Hg2+ almost failed to up-regulate UV-suppressed marker cDNA transcription. No inhibition of ATP production was observed in all Hg2+-exposed embryos. Hg2+ exposure imposed either weak inhibitory or stimulating effects on the gene expression of NER factors, while band shift assay showed the inhibition of photolesion binding activities to about 40% of control in embryos treated with 1-2.5μM HgCl2. The damage incision stage of NER in zebrafish embryos was found to be more sensitive to Hg2+ than photolesion binding capacity due to the complete loss of damage incision activity in the extracts of embryos exposed to 1-2.5μM Hg2+. NER-related DNA incision was induced in UV-irradiated embryos based on the production of short DNA fragments matching the sizes of excision products generated by eukaryotic NER. Pre-exposure of embryos to Hg2+ at 0.1-2.5μM all suppressed DNA incision/excision in UV-irradiated embryos, reflecting a high sensitivity of DNA damage incision/excision to Hg2+. Our results showed the potential of Hg2+ at environmental relevant levels to disturb NER in zebrafish embryos by targeting primarily at the stage of DNA incision/excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chang
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Yuan Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Todd Hsu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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71
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Proteome Stability as a Key Factor of Genome Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102036. [PMID: 28937603 PMCID: PMC5666718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is constantly produced by both endogenous and exogenous factors; DNA lesions then trigger the so-called DNA damaged response (DDR). This is a highly synchronized pathway that involves recognition, signaling and repair of the damage. Failure to eliminate DNA lesions is associated with genome instability, a driving force in tumorigenesis. Proteins carry out the vast majority of cellular functions and thus proteome quality control (PQC) is critical for the maintenance of cellular functionality. PQC is assured by the proteostasis network (PN), which under conditions of proteome instability address the triage decision of protein fold, hold, or degrade. Key components of the PN are the protein synthesis modules, the molecular chaperones and the two main degradation machineries, namely the autophagy-lysosome and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways; also, part of the PN are a number of stress-responsive cellular sensors including (among others) heat shock factor 1 (Hsf1) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nevertheless, the lifestyle- and/or ageing-associated gradual accumulation of stressors results in increasingly damaged and unstable proteome due to accumulation of misfolded proteins and/or protein aggregates. This outcome may then increase genomic instability due to reduced fidelity in processes like DNA replication or repair leading to various age-related diseases including cancer. Herein, we review the role of proteostatic machineries in nuclear genome integrity and stability, as well as on DDR responses.
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72
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Li R, Zhao L, Zhang L, Chen M, Dong C, Cai Z. DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress and metabolism biomarker responses in lungs of rats exposed to ambient atmospheric 1-nitropyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 54:14-20. [PMID: 28668703 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant very widespread in the environment. However, the relative investigations on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes in lungs of mammalian caused by 1-NP have not been fully established. In this study, the 1-NP solutions at 3 dosages (1.0×10-5, 4.0×10-5 and 1.6×10-4mg/kg body weight) were respectively given to rats by the intratracheal instillation. The responses of 1-NP on DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress and metabolism biomarkers in rat lungs after exposure to 1-NP were measured. The results showed 1-NP at three dosages induced obvious DNA strand breaks, 8-OH-dG formation and DNA-protein cross-link in rat lungs compared with the control. Higher dosage 1-NP (4.0×10-5 and 1.6×10-4mg/kg body weight) greatly activated DNA repair gene OGG1 and inhibited MTH1 and XRCC1 expressions, and they significantly elevated the levels of GADD153, heme oxygenase-1 and malondialdehyde and decreased SOD activity, accompanied by the increases of CYP450, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and GST levels. These results suggested the genotoxicity of 1-NP might rely on 1-NP-caused DNA damage and its combined effects on the suppression of DNA repair and the enhancement of oxidative stress and metabolic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
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73
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Li R, Zhao L, Zhang L, Chen M, Shi J, Dong C, Cai Z. Effects of ambient PM 2.5 and 9-nitroanthracene on DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes in the lungs of rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:654-663. [PMID: 30090532 PMCID: PMC6061955 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a complex mixture associated with lung cancer risk. PM2.5-bound nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have been demonstrated to possess mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Previous studies showed that PM2.5 induced DNA damage, whereas there is little knowledge of whether 9-nitroanthracene (9-NA), a typical compound of NPAHs in PM2.5, causes DNA damage. Also, the regulating mechanisms of PM2.5 and 9-NA in DNA damage and repair are not yet fully established. Here we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms of DNA damage and repair in the lungs of male Wistar rats exposed to PM2.5 (1.5 mg per kg body weight) or three different dosages of 9-NA. And then DNA strand breaks, 8-OH-dG formation, DNA-protein crosslink and DNA repair gene expressions in rat lungs were analyzed. In addition, alteration in oxidative stress factors and metabolic enzymes were detected. The results showed that (1) PM2.5 and higher dosage 9-NA (4.0 × 10-5 and 1.2 × 10-4 mg per kg body weight) significantly caused lung DNA damage, accompanied by increasing OGG1 expression while inhibiting MTH1 and XRCC1 expression, elevating the levels of GADD153, hemeoxygenase-1 and malondialdehyde, and promoting the activities of CYP450 isozymes and glutathione S-transferase. (2) 1.3 × 10-5 mg kg-1 9-NA exposure couldn't cause DNA damage and oxidative stress. (3) At the approximately equivalent dose level, PM2.5-induced DNA damage effects were more obvious than 9-NA with positive correlation. It suggests that DNA damage caused by PM2.5 and 9-NA may be mediated partially through influencing the DNA repair capacity and enhancing oxidative stress and biotransformation, and this negative effect of 9-NA might be related to the PM2.5-induced lung genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Minghui Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Jing Shi
- College of Environment and Resource , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , PR China . ; ; Tel: (+86)-351-7011011
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis , Department of Chemistry , Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China . ; ; Tel: (+852)-34117070
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Sugitani N, Voehler MW, Roh MS, Topolska-Woś AM, Chazin WJ. Analysis of DNA binding by human factor xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA) provides insight into its interactions with nucleotide excision repair substrates. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16847-16857. [PMID: 28860187 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation group A (XPA) is an essential scaffolding protein in the multiprotein nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery. The interaction of XPA with DNA is a core function of this protein; a number of mutations in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) are associated with XP disease. Although structures of the central globular domain of human XPA and data on binding of DNA substrates have been reported, the structural basis for XPA's DNA-binding activity remains unknown. X-ray crystal structures of the central globular domain of yeast XPA (Rad14) with lesion-containing DNA duplexes have provided valuable insights, but the DNA substrates used for this study do not correspond to the substrates of XPA as it functions within the NER machinery. To better understand the DNA-binding activity of human XPA in NER, we used NMR to investigate the interaction of its DBD with a range of DNA substrates. We found that XPA binds different single-stranded/double-stranded junction DNA substrates with a common surface. Comparisons of our NMR-based mapping of binding residues with the previously reported Rad14-DNA crystal structures revealed similarities and differences in substrate binding between XPA and Rad14. This includes direct evidence for DNA contacts to the residues extending C-terminally from the globular core, which are lacking in the Rad14 construct. Moreover, mutation of the XPA residue corresponding to Phe-262 in Rad14, previously reported as being critical for DNA binding, had only a moderate effect on the DNA-binding activity of XPA. The DNA-binding properties of several disease-associated mutations in the DBD were investigated. These results suggest that for XPA mutants exhibiting altered DNA-binding properties, a correlation exists between the extent of reduction in DNA-binding affinity and the severity of symptoms in XP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Sugitani
- From the Departments of Chemistry and.,the Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-7917
| | - Markus W Voehler
- From the Departments of Chemistry and.,the Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-7917
| | | | - Agnieszka M Topolska-Woś
- the Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-7917.,Biochemistry and
| | - Walter J Chazin
- From the Departments of Chemistry and .,the Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-7917.,Biochemistry and
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You X, Guo W, Wang L, Hou Y, Zhang H, Pan Y, Han R, Huang M, Liao L, Chen Y. Subcellular distribution of RAD23B controls XPC degradation and DNA damage repair in response to chemotherapy drugs. Cell Signal 2017; 36:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 escorts XPC to UV-induced DNA lesions during nucleotide excision repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6847-E6856. [PMID: 28760956 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706981114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) protein initiates the global genomic subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) for removal of UV-induced direct photolesions from genomic DNA. The XPC has an inherent capacity to identify and stabilize at the DNA lesion sites, and this function is facilitated in the genomic context by UV-damaged DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2), which is part of a multiprotein UV-DDB ubiquitin ligase complex. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has been shown to facilitate the lesion recognition step of GG-NER via its interaction with DDB2 at the lesion site. Here, we show that PARP1 plays an additional DDB2-independent direct role in recruitment and stabilization of XPC at the UV-induced DNA lesions to promote GG-NER. It forms a stable complex with XPC in the nucleoplasm under steady-state conditions before irradiation and rapidly escorts it to the damaged DNA after UV irradiation in a DDB2-independent manner. The catalytic activity of PARP1 is not required for the initial complex formation with XPC in the nucleoplasm but it enhances the recruitment of XPC to the DNA lesion site after irradiation. Using purified proteins, we also show that the PARP1-XPC complex facilitates the handover of XPC to the UV-lesion site in the presence of the UV-DDB ligase complex. Thus, the lesion search function of XPC in the genomic context is controlled by XPC itself, DDB2, and PARP1. Our results reveal a paradigm that the known interaction of many proteins with PARP1 under steady-state conditions could have functional significance for these proteins.
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77
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Eskandari E, Rezaifar A, Hashemi M. XPG Asp1104His, XRCC2 Rs3218536 A/G and RAD51 135G/C Gene Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1805-1813. [PMID: 28749109 PMCID: PMC5648383 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.7.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA repair mechanisms are crucial for sustaining DNA integrity and preventing carcinogenesis. The xeroderma pigmentosum group G (XPG), X-ray repair cross complementing group 2 (XRCC2) and RAD51 are candidate genes for DNA repair pathways. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of 26 studies that assessed the impact of XPG Asp1104His, XRCC2 rs3218536 A/G and RAD51 135G/C polymorphisms on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. This study included 10288 CRC patients and 11885 controls, and odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to calculate the strength of association. Results: The results of overall meta-analysis suggested an association between the XPG Asp1104His polymorphism and CRC susceptibility in allele (OR=1.06; 95% CI=1.01-1.12) and heterozygote model (OR=1.16; 95%CI=1.02-1.31). In the subgroup analysis based on ethnicity and source of control, we found significantly increased CRC cancer risk in Asians (OR=1.12, 95%CI=1.04-1.21) and in hospital-based (OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.08-1.38) populations. Moreover, the RAD51 135 G/C polymorphism increased the risk of CRC in total using allele (OR=1.21) and recessive models (OR=1.62). However, XRCC2 rs3218536 A/G was not associated with the risk of CRC in total or in subgroups. Conclusions: According to the results of our meta-analysis, the XPG Asp1104His and RAD51 135 G/C polymorphisms might influence colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Eskandari
- Genetic of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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Pawłowska E, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. DNA2-An Important Player in DNA Damage Response or Just Another DNA Maintenance Protein? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071562. [PMID: 28718810 PMCID: PMC5536050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human DNA2 (DNA replication helicase/nuclease 2) protein is expressed in both the nucleus and mitochondria, where it displays ATPase-dependent nuclease and helicase activities. DNA2 plays an important role in the removing of long flaps in DNA replication and long-patch base excision repair (LP-BER), interacting with the replication protein A (RPA) and the flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1). DNA2 can promote the restart of arrested replication fork along with Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase (WRN) and Bloom syndrome protein (BLM). In mitochondria, DNA2 can facilitate primer removal during strand-displacement replication. DNA2 is involved in DNA double strand (DSB) repair, in which it is complexed with BLM, RPA and MRN for DNA strand resection required for homologous recombination repair. DNA2 can be a major protein involved in the repair of complex DNA damage containing a DSB and a 5' adduct resulting from a chemical group bound to DNA 5' ends, created by ionizing radiation and several anticancer drugs, including etoposide, mitoxantrone and some anthracyclines. The role of DNA2 in telomere end maintenance and cell cycle regulation suggests its more general role in keeping genomic stability, which is impaired in cancer. Therefore DNA2 can be an attractive target in cancer therapy. This is supported by enhanced expression of DNA2 in many cancer cell lines with oncogene activation and premalignant cells. Therefore, DNA2 can be considered as a potential marker, useful in cancer therapy. DNA2, along with PARP1 inhibition, may be considered as a potential target for inducing synthetic lethality, a concept of killing tumor cells by targeting two essential genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pawłowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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A Novel Histone Crosstalk Pathway Important for Regulation of UV-Induced DNA Damage Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2017; 206:1389-1402. [PMID: 28522541 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.195735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications play vital roles in a variety of nuclear processes, including DNA repair. It has been previously shown that histone H3K79 methylation is important for the cellular response to DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with evidence that specific methylation states play distinct roles in UV repair. Here, we report that H3K79 methylation is reduced in response to UV exposure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae This reduction is specific to the dimethylated state, as trimethylation levels are minimally altered by UV exposure. Inhibition of this reduction has a deleterious effect on UV-induced sister chromatid exchange, suggesting that H3K79 dimethylation levels play a regulatory role in UV repair. Further evidence implicates an additional role for H3K79 dimethylation levels in error-free translesion synthesis, but not in UV-induced G1/S checkpoint activation or double-stranded break repair. Additionally, we find that H3K79 dimethylation levels are influenced by acetylatable lysines on the histone H4 N-terminal tail, which are hyperacetylated in response to UV exposure. Preclusion of H4 acetylation prevents UV-induced reduction of H3K79 dimethylation, and similarly has a negative effect on UV-induced sister chromatid exchange. These results point to the existence of a novel histone crosstalk pathway that is important for the regulation of UV-induced DNA damage repair.
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80
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Mu H, Geacintov NE, Min JH, Zhang Y, Broyde S. Nucleotide Excision Repair Lesion-Recognition Protein Rad4 Captures a Pre-Flipped Partner Base in a Benzo[a]pyrene-Derived DNA Lesion: How Structure Impacts the Binding Pathway. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1344-1354. [PMID: 28460163 PMCID: PMC5478902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The xeroderma pigmentosum C protein complex (XPC) recognizes a variety of environmentally induced DNA lesions and is the key in initiating their repair by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. When bound to a lesion, XPC flips two nucleotide pairs that include the lesion out of the DNA duplex, yielding a productively bound complex that can lead to successful lesion excision. Interestingly, the efficiencies of NER vary greatly among different lesions, influencing their toxicity and mutagenicity in cells. Though differences in XPC binding may influence NER efficiency, it is not understood whether XPC utilizes different mechanisms to achieve productive binding with different lesions. Here, we investigated the well-repaired 10R-(+)-cis-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-N2-dG (cis-B[a]P-dG) DNA adduct in a duplex containing normal partner C opposite the lesion. This adduct is derived from the environmental pro-carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene and is likely to be encountered by NER in the cell. We have extensively investigated its binding to the yeast XPC orthologue, Rad4, using umbrella sampling with restrained molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations. The NMR solution structure of this lesion in duplex DNA has shown that the dC complementary to the adducted dG is flipped out of the DNA duplex in the absence of XPC. However, it is not known whether the "pre-flipped" base would play a role in its recognition by XPC. Our results show that Rad4 first captures the displaced dC, which is followed by a tightly coupled lesion-extruding pathway for productive binding. This binding path differs significantly from the one deduced for the small cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer lesion opposite mismatched thymines [ Mu , H. , ( 2015 ) Biochemistry , 54 ( 34 ), 5263 - 7 ]. The possibility of multiple paths that lead to productive binding to XPC is consistent with the versatile lesion recognition by XPC that is required for successful NER.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jung-Hyun Min
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai , Shanghai 200062, China
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81
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Translesion Synthesis DNA Polymerase Kappa Is Indispensable for DNA Repair Synthesis in Cisplatin Exposed Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2506-2515. [PMID: 28391554 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the absence of tight blood barrier, neurons are at increased risk of DNA damage, yet the question of how effectively PNS neurons manage DNA damage remains largely unanswered. Genotoxins in systemic circulation include chemotherapeutic drugs that reach peripheral neurons and damage their DNA. Because neurotoxicity of platinum-based class of chemotherapeutic drugs has been implicated in PNS neuropathies, we utilized an in vitro model of Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRGs) to investigate how peripheral neurons respond to cisplatin that forms intra- and interstrand crosslinks with their DNA. Our data revealed strong transcriptional upregulation of the translesion synthesis DNA polymerase kappa (Pol κ), while expression of other DNA polymerases remained unchanged. DNA Pol κ is involved in bypass synthesis of diverse DNA lesions and considered a vital player in cellular survival under injurious conditions. To assess the impact of Pol κ deficiency on cisplatin-exposed DRG neurons, Pol κ levels were reduced using siRNA. Pol κ targeting siRNA diminished the cisplatin-induced nuclear Pol κ immunoreactivity in DRG neurons and decreased the extent of cisplatin-induced DNA repair synthesis, as reflected in reduced incorporation of thymidine analog into nuclear DNA. Moreover, Pol κ depletion exacerbated global transcriptional suppression induced by cisplatin in DRG neurons. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence for critical role of Pol κ in DNA damage response in the nervous system and call attention to implications of polymorphisms that modify Pol κ activity, on maintenance of genomic integrity and neuronal function in exogenously challenged PNS.
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82
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Role of Cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A in Hyperoxic Lung Injury: Analysis of the Transcriptome and Proteome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:642. [PMID: 28377578 PMCID: PMC5428698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxia contributes to lung injury in experimental animals and diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A enzymes are protective against hyperoxic lung injury (HLI). The molecular pathways and differences in gene expression that modulate these protective effects remain largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize genotype specific differences in the transcriptome and proteome of acute hyperoxic lung injury using the omics platforms: microarray and Reverse Phase Proteomic Array. Wild type (WT), Cyp1a1−/− and Cyp1a2−/− (8–10 wk, C57BL/6J background) mice were exposed to hyperoxia (FiO2 > 0.95) for 48 hours. Comparison of transcriptome changes in hyperoxia-exposed animals (WT versus knock-out) identified 171 genes unique to Cyp1a1−/− and 119 unique to Cyp1a2−/− mice. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed pathways including apoptosis, DNA repair and early estrogen response that were differentially regulated between WT, Cyp1a1−/− and Cyp1a2−/− mice. Candidate genes from these pathways were validated at the mRNA and protein level. Quantification of oxidative DNA adducts with 32P-postlabeling also revealed genotype specific differences. These findings provide novel insights into mechanisms behind the differences in susceptibility of Cyp1a1−/− and Cyp1a2−/− mice to HLI and suggest novel pathways that need to be investigated as possible therapeutic targets for acute lung injury.
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Abstract
In the cell nucleus, DNA repair machineries operate on a chromatin substrate, whose integrity is key for preserving cell functions and identity. Yet, it is still unclear how the epigenetic information conveyed by chromatin is maintained during the DNA repair process. We recently characterized the dynamics of parental histones coupled to UV-C damage repair in human cells, providing insights into how the pre-damage chromatin state may be restored. Here, we summarize our main findings and discuss them in the context of epigenome maintenance following DNA damage. We further address the mechanistic aspects of repair-coupled histone dynamics and develop working hypotheses regarding their functional relevance in the cellular response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Dabin
- a Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS , Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Sophie E Polo
- a Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS , Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
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Musich PR, Li Z, Zou Y. Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:41-54. [PMID: 29124689 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of Xeroderma pigmentosa (XP) patients to sunlight has spurred the discovery and genetic and biochemical analysis of the eight XP gene products (XPA-XPG plus XPV) responsible for this disorder. These studies also have served to elucidate the nucleotide excision repair (NER) process, especially the critical role played by the XPA protein. More recent studies have shown that NER also involves numerous other proteins normally employed in DNA metabolism and cell cycle regulation. Central among these is ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), a protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling in response to DNA damage, especially DNA damage-induced replicative stresses. This review summarizes recent findings on the interplay between ATR as a DNA damage signaling kinase and as a novel ligand for intrinsic cell death proteins to delay damage-induced apoptosis, and on ATR's regulation of XPA and the NER process for repair of UV-induced DNA adducts. ATR's regulatory role in the cytosolic-to-nuclear translocation of XPA will be discussed. In addition, recent findings elucidating a non-NER role for XPA in DNA metabolism and genome stabilization at ds-ssDNA junctions, as exemplified in prematurely aging progeroid cells, also will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Musich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhengke Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91007, USA
| | - Yue Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:27-40. [PMID: 29124688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are three major types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC and SCC are often referred to as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSCs are relatively non-lethal and curable by surgery, hence are not reportable in most cancer registries all over the world. Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Its incidence rate (case number) is about 1/10th of that for NMSC, yet its death toll is ~8 fold higher than NMSC.Melanomas arise from melanocytes which are normally located on the basement membrane with dendrites extending into the epidermal keratinocytes. A major known function of melanocytes is to produce pigments which are enclosed by lipid membrane (termed melanosomes) and distribute them into keratinocytes, thus give different shade of skin colors. BCCs arise from basal cells, which are a layer of cells located at the deepest part of epidermis. Basal cells are recently considered to be skin stem cells as they are constantly proliferating and generating keratinocytes which are continuously pushed to the surface and eventually become a dead layer of stratum corneum. Squamous cells are the keratinocytes which resembles fish scale shape, ie, those initiated from basal cells and differentiated into squamous cells. Both basal cells and squamous cells belong to keratinocytes, therefore sometimes BCC and SCC are termed keratinocyte cancer.These three types of cancer share many characteristics, yet they are very different from etiology to progression. One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVA and UVB from solar UVR are the major UV bands reaching the earth surface. Both UV types cause DNA damage and immune suppression which play crucial roles in skin carcinogenesis. UVB can be directly absorbed by DNA molecules and thus causes UV-signature DNA damages; UVA, on the other hand, may function through inducing cellular ROS which then causes oxidative DNA damages [1-4]. This chapter will discuss the molecular signaling differences of UVR in melanoma and NMSC.
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Visible Light-Responsive Platinum-Containing Titania Nanoparticle-Mediated Photocatalysis Induces Nucleotide Insertion, Deletion and Substitution Mutations. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 7:nano7010002. [PMID: 28336836 PMCID: PMC5295192 DOI: 10.3390/nano7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photocatalysts are primarily stimulated using ultraviolet (UV) light to elicit reactive oxygen species and have wide applications in environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces and sterilization. Because UV illumination is hazardous to humans, visible light-responsive photocatalysts (VLRPs) were discovered and are now applied to increase photocatalysis. However, fundamental questions regarding the ability of VLRPs to trigger DNA mutations and the mutation types it elicits remain elusive. Here, through plasmid transformation and β-galactosidase α-complementation analyses, we observed that visible light-responsive platinum-containing titania (TiO2) nanoparticle (NP)-mediated photocatalysis considerably reduces the number of Escherichia coli transformants. This suggests that such photocatalytic reactions cause DNA damage. DNA sequencing results demonstrated that the DNA damage comprises three mutation types, namely nucleotide insertion, deletion and substitution; this is the first study to report the types of mutations occurring after photocatalysis by TiO2-VLRPs. Our results may facilitate the development and appropriate use of new-generation TiO2 NPs for biomedical applications.
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Kemp MG, Hu J. PostExcision Events in Human Nucleotide Excision Repair. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:178-191. [PMID: 27645806 DOI: 10.1111/php.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair system removes a wide variety of DNA lesions from the human genome, including photoproducts induced by ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of sunlight. A defining feature of nucleotide excision repair is its dual incision mechanism, in which two nucleolytic incision events on the damaged strand of DNA at sites bracketing the lesion generate a damage-containing DNA oligonucleotide and a single-stranded DNA gap approximately 30 nucleotides in length. Although the early events of nucleotide excision repair, which include lesion recognition and the dual incisions, have been explored in detail and are reasonably well understood, the fate of the single-stranded DNA gaps and excised oligonucleotide products of repair have not been as extensively examined. In this review, recent findings that address these less-explored aspects of nucleotide excision repair are discussed and support the concept that postincision gap and excised oligonucleotide processing are critical steps in the cellular response to DNA damage induced by UV light and other environmental carcinogens. Defects in these latter stages of repair lead to cell death and other DNA damage signaling responses and may therefore contribute to a number of human disease states associated with exposure to UV wavelengths of sunlight, including skin cancer, aging and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH
| | - Jinchuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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