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Bae ON, Serfozo K, Baek SH, Lee KY, Dorrance A, Rumbeiha W, Fitzgerald SD, Farooq MU, Naravelta B, Bhatt A, Majid A. Safety and efficacy evaluation of carnosine, an endogenous neuroprotective agent for ischemic stroke. Stroke 2012; 44:205-12. [PMID: 23250994 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.673954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An urgent need exists to develop therapies for stroke that have high efficacy, long therapeutic time windows, and acceptable toxicity. We undertook preclinical investigations of a novel therapeutic approach involving supplementation with carnosine, an endogenous pleiotropic dipeptide. METHODS Efficacy and safety of carnosine treatment was evaluated in rat models of permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mechanistic studies used primary neuronal/astrocytic cultures and ex vivo brain homogenates. RESULTS Intravenous treatment with carnosine exhibited robust cerebroprotection in a dose-dependent manner, with long clinically relevant therapeutic time windows of 6 hours and 9 hours in transient and permanent models, respectively. Histological outcomes and functional improvements including motor and sensory deficits were sustained on 14th day poststroke onset. In safety and tolerability assessments, carnosine did not exhibit any evidence of adverse effects or toxicity. Moreover, histological evaluation of organs, complete blood count, coagulation tests, and the serum chemistry did not reveal any abnormalities. In primary neuronal cell cultures and ex vivo brain homogenates, carnosine exhibited robust antiexcitotoxic, antioxidant, and mitochondria protecting activity. CONCLUSIONS In both permanent and transient ischemic models, carnosine treatment exhibited significant cerebroprotection against histological and functional damage, with wide therapeutic and clinically relevant time windows. Carnosine was well tolerated and exhibited no toxicity. Mechanistic data show that it influences multiple deleterious processes. Taken together, our data suggest that this endogenous pleiotropic dipeptide is a strong candidate for further development as a stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Nam Bae
- Department of Neurology, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, England
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Expression Pattern of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Rat Hippocampus following Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:596394. [PMID: 23304113 PMCID: PMC3523613 DOI: 10.1155/2012/596394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the pattern of time-dependent expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, β, and γ) after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) damage in the rat hippocampus. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to global cerebral I/R. The rat hippocampi were isolated to detect the expression of PPARs mRNA and protein levels at 30 min–30 d after I/R by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The expression levels of PPARs mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus significantly increased and peaked at 24 h for PPARα and γ (at 48 h for PPARβ) after I/R, then gradually decreased, and finally approached control levels on d 30. The present results suggest that global cerebral I/R can cause obvious increases of hippocampal PPARs mRNA and protein expression within 15 d after I/R. These findings may help to guide the experimental and clinical therapeutic use of PPARs agonists against brain injury.
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Yang Q, Tong Y, Chen F, Qi Y, Li W, Wu S. Identification and Synthesis of Impurities in Pinocembrin-A New Drug for the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Green AR, Aronson JK. From basic to clinical neuropharmacology: targetophilia or pharmacodynamics? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 73:959-67. [PMID: 22360689 PMCID: PMC3391528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, much drug discovery and development in psychopharmacology tended to be empirical. However, over the last 20 years it has primarily been target oriented, with synthesis and selection of compounds designed to act at a specific neurochemical site. Such compounds are then examined in functional animal models of disease. There is little evidence that this approach (which we call 'targetophilia') has enhanced the discovery process and some indications that it may have retarded it. A major problem is the weakness of many animal models in mimicking the disease and the lack of appropriate biochemical markers of drug action in animals and patients. In this review we argue that preclinical studies should be conducted as if they were clinical studies in design, analysis, and reporting, and that clinical pharmacologists should be involved at the earliest stages, to help ensure that animal models reflect as closely as possible the clinical disease. In addition, their familiarity with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration (PK-PD) would help ensure that appropriate dosing and drug measurement techniques are applied to the discovery process, thereby producing results with relevance to therapeutics. Better integration of experimental and clinical pharmacologists early in the discovery process would allow observations in animals and patients to be quickly exchanged between the two disciplines. This non-linear approach to discovery used to be the way research proceeded, and it resulted in productivity that has never been bettered. It also follows that occasionally 'look-see' studies, a proven technique for drug discovery, deserve to be reintroduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Green
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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55
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Nagakannan P, Shivasharan BD, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP, Bansal P. Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi Linn. flowers against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced brain injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:247-254. [PMID: 22281124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the traditional Indian and Thai system of medicine, Mimusops elengi Linn., flower is used as brain tonic and to calm anxiety and panic attacks. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi (ME) against cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were pretreated with ME (100 and 200mg/kg) for seven days and focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After 60min of MCAO and 24h of reperfusion, a battery of behavioral tests assessed the extent of neurological deficits. Infarct volume and brain edema were measured in TTC stained brain sections and the extent of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption was observed by Evan's blue extravasation. Oxidative and nitrative stress parameters were estimated in the brain homogenates. Further, simultaneous quantification of five polyphenolic biomarkers were done using HPLC. RESULTS Pretreatment with ME at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg significantly improved the neurobehavioral alterations and reduced the infarct volume, edema and extent of BBB disruption induced by ischemia reperfusion injury. It also prevented the alteration in the antioxidant status and reduced the nitrite levels when compared to ischemic animals. Further, HPLC studies revealed that ME contains five bioactive polyphenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate the neuroprotective effect of ME against stroke like injury. The observed protective effect might be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagakannan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur 572 102, Karnataka, India
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56
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Current therapies in ischemic stroke. Part B. Future candidates in stroke therapy and experimental studies. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:671-84. [PMID: 22405898 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke still remains a major healthcare problem. The growing understanding of the mechanism of cell death in ischemia leads to new approaches in stroke treatment. The aim of neuroprotection is to reduce the post-stroke impairment and the overall costs that are accompanied in patients with severe disability. Despite encouraging data from experimental animal models, almost all neuroprotective therapies have, to date, not been established in clinical routine. In this part B of our review on stroke therapies we provide an overview on future candidates in stroke therapy and neuroprotective agents that are under investigation.
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Tao J, Ji F, Wang F, Liu B, Zhu Y. Neuroprotective effects of progranulin in ischemic mice. Brain Res 2012; 1436:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Chen C, Zhou C. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor: A New Hope to Counteract Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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59
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Characterization of Novel Neuroprotective Lipid Analogues for the Treatment of Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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60
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61
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Animal Models of Stroke for Preclinical Drug Development: A Comparative Study of Flavonols for Cytoprotection. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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62
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Sarwal A, Hussain MS, Shuaib A. Neuroprotection in Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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63
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Chiruta C, Schubert D, Dargusch R, Maher P. Chemical modification of the multitarget neuroprotective compound fisetin. J Med Chem 2011; 55:378-89. [PMID: 22192055 DOI: 10.1021/jm2012563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many factors are implicated in age-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders, making it unlikely that modulating only a single factor will provide effective treatment. Perhaps a better approach is to identify small molecules that have multiple biological activities relevant to the maintenance of brain function. Recently, we identified an orally active, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing molecule, the flavonoid fisetin, that is effective in several animal models of CNS disorders. Fisetin has direct antioxidant activity and can also increase the intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH), the major endogenous antioxidant. In addition, fisetin has both neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory activity. However, its relatively high EC(50) in cell based assays, low lipophilicity, high topological polar surface area (tPSA), and poor bioavailability suggest that there is room for medicinal chemical improvement. Here we describe a multitiered approach to screening that has allowed us to identify fisetin derivatives with significantly enhanced activity in an in vitro neuroprotection model while at the same time maintaining other key activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Chiruta
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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64
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Broussalis E, Killer M, McCoy M, Harrer A, Trinka E, Kraus J. Current therapies in ischemic stroke. Part A. Recent developments in acute stroke treatment and in stroke prevention. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:296-309. [PMID: 22134007 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death with an increasing prevalence. In previous years many important achievements and new therapeutic strategies have been established. This article provides an overview on recent developments and is an update to the article of Green et al. that was published in 2004. As this article is a comprehensive review we divided it in two parts. In this Part A of our review, recent developments in acute stroke treatment and in stroke prevention are described. In Part B we will reflect on neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Broussalis
- Paracelus Medical University, Christian Doppler Klinik, Department of Neurology, Ignaz-Harrer Strasse 79, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Zhao Y, Dou J, Luo J, Li W, Chan HH, Cui W, Zhang H, Han R, Carlier PR, Zhang X, Han Y. Neuroprotection against excitotoxic and ischemic insults by bis(12)-hupyridone, a novel anti-acetylcholinesterase dimer, possibly via acting on multiple targets. Brain Res 2011; 1421:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kikuchi K, Takeshige N, Miura N, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Tancharoen S, Miyata K, Kikuchi C, Iida N, Uchikado H, Miyagi N, Shiomi N, Kuramoto T, Maruyama I, Morioka M, Kawahara KI. Beyond free radical scavenging: Beneficial effects of edaravone (Radicut) in various diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:3-8. [PMID: 22969835 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases; thus, they are an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in these diseases. Compounds capable of scavenging free radicals have been developed for this purpose and some, developed for the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke, have progressed to clinical trials. One such scavenger, edaravone, is used to treat patients within 24 h of stroke. Edaravone, which can diffuse into many disease-affected organs, also shows protective effects in the heart, lung, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, bladder and testis. As well as scavenging free radicals, edaravone has anti-apoptotic, anti-necrotic and anti-cytokine effects in various diseases. Here, we critically review the literature on its clinical efficacy and examine whether edaravone should be considered a candidate for worldwide development, focusing on its effects on diseases other than cerebral infarction. Edaravone has been safely used as a free radical scavenger for more than 10 years; we propose that edaravone may offer a novel treatment option for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yame Public General Hospital, Yame 834-0034
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Estevez AY, Pritchard S, Harper K, Aston JW, Lynch A, Lucky JJ, Ludington JS, Chatani P, Mosenthal WP, Leiter JC, Andreescu S, Erlichman JS. Neuroprotective mechanisms of cerium oxide nanoparticles in a mouse hippocampal brain slice model of ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1155-63. [PMID: 21704154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are widely used as catalysts in industrial applications because of their potent free radical-scavenging properties. Given that free radicals play a prominent role in the pathology of many neurological diseases, we explored the use of nanoceria as a potential therapeutic agent for stroke. Using a mouse hippocampal brain slice model of cerebral ischemia, we show here that ceria nanoparticles reduce ischemic cell death by approximately 50%. The neuroprotective effects of nanoceria were due to a modest reduction in reactive oxygen species, in general, and ~15% reductions in the concentrations of superoxide (O(2)(•-)) and nitric oxide, specifically. Moreover, treatment with nanoceria markedly decreased (~70% reduction) the levels of ischemia-induced 3-nitrotyrosine, a modification to tyrosine residues in proteins induced by the peroxynitrite radical. These findings suggest that scavenging of peroxynitrite may be an important mechanism by which cerium oxide nanoparticles mitigate ischemic brain injury. Peroxynitrite plays a pivotal role in the dissemination of oxidative injury in biological tissues. Therefore, nanoceria may be useful as a therapeutic intervention to reduce oxidative and nitrosative damage after a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Estevez
- Biology Department, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA.
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68
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Kikuchi K, Kawahara KI, Uchikado H, Miyagi N, Kuramoto T, Miyagi T, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Tancharoen S, Miura N, Takenouchi K, Oyama Y, Shrestha B, Matsuda F, Yoshida Y, Arimura S, Mera K, Tada KI, Yoshinaga N, Maenosono R, Ohno Y, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Shigemori M. Potential of edaravone for neuroprotection in neurologic diseases that do not involve cerebral infarction. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:771-775. [PMID: 22977573 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Edaravone was originally developed as a potent free radical scavenger and has been widely used to treat cerebral infarction in Japan since 2001. Several free radical scavengers have been developed and some of them have progressed to clinical trials for the treatment of cerebral infarction. One such scavenger, edaravone, has been approved by the regulatory authority in Japan for the treatment of patients with cerebral infarction. Of particular interest is the ability of edaravone to diffuse into the central nervous system in various neurologic diseases. Aside from its hydroxyl radical scavenging effect, edaravone has been found to have beneficial effects on inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide production and apoptotic cell death. Concordantly, edaravone has been found to have neuroprotective effects in a number of animal models of disease, including stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. The proven safety of edaravone following 9 years of use as a free radical scavenger suggests that it may have potential for development into an effective treatment of multiple neurologic conditions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yame Public General Hospital, Yame 834-0034
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Zhao R, Shi WZ, Zhang YM, Fang SH, Wei EQ. Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, attenuates chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:550-7. [PMID: 21401607 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previously we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT(1) ) antagonist, on acute brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice. In this study, we have determined its effect on chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia in mice and rats. METHODS After transient focal cerebral ischaemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, montelukast was intraperitoneally injected in mice or orally administered to rats for five days. Behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss were determined to evaluate brain lesions. KEY FINDINGS Montelukast (0.1 mg/kg) attenuated behavioural dysfunction, brain infarct volume, brain atrophy and neuron loss in mice, which was similar to pranlukast, another CysLT(1) receptor antagonist. Oral montelukast (0.5 mg/kg) was effective in rats and was more effective than edaravone, a free radical scavenger. CONCLUSION Montelukast protected mice and rats against chronic brain injury after focal cerebral ischaemia, supporting the therapeutic potential of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Department of Pharmacy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Department of Physiology and Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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70
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Jung HW, Mahesh R, Bae HS, Kim YH, Kang JS, Park YK. The antioxidant effects of Joongpoongtang 05 on brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Nat Med 2011; 65:322-9. [PMID: 21213065 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Korean medicines with antioxidant properties are believed to have potential therapeutic effects against oxidative stress in cerebral ischemia. In this study, the antioxidant effects of Joongpoongtang 05 (JP05) were evaluated in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with JP05 (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) for 5 days showed a reduction in infarct sizes and a decrease in oxidants after MCAO. Furthermore, a significant inhibition of enzymatic antioxidants in the ischemic cerebral cortex was observed. Treatment with JP05 reversed the inhibition to normal levels. In the glutathione system, the reduced glutathione (GSH) level was decreased while oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was increased in MCAO rats. Treatment with JP05 increased the GSH/GSSG ratio and redox index by enhancing the synthesis of GSH from GSSG. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that JP05 has strong antioxidant activity in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assays. The present findings suggest that JP05 treatment can contribute to a protective effect on brain ischemia through antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Jung
- Oriental Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Republic of Korea
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71
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Di Liddo R, Grandi C, Venturini M, Dalzoppo D, Negro A, Conconi MT, Parnigotto PP. Recombinant human TAT-OP1 to enhance NGF neurogenic potential: preliminary studies on PC12 cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2010; 23:889-97. [PMID: 20889531 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzq067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic protein 1 (OP1), also known as bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP7), is a multifunctional cytokine with demonstrated neurogenic potential. As the recombinant OP1 (rhOP1) was shown to provide axonal guidance cues and to prevent the reduction of dendritic growth in the injury-induced cortical cultures, it was suggested that an in vivo efficient rhOP1 delivery could enhance neurite growth and functional reconnectivity in the damaged brain. In the present work, we engineered a chimeric molecule in which rhBMP7 was fused to a protein transduction domain derived from HIV-1 TAT protein to deliver the denatured recombinant BMP7 into cells and obtain its chaperone-mediated folding, circumventing the expensive and not much efficient in vitro refolding procedures. When tested on rat PC12 cells, a widely used in vitro neurogenic differentiation model, the resulting fusion protein (rhTAT-OP1) demonstrated to enter fastly into the cells, lose HIV-TAT sequence and interact with membrane receptors activating BMP pathway by SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation. In comparison with nerve growth factor (NGF) and BMP7, it proved itself effective to induce the formation of more organized H and M neurofilaments. Moreover, if used in combination with NGF, it stimulated a significant (P < 0.05) and more precocious dendritic outgrowth with respect to NGF alone. These results indicate that rhTAT-OP1 fused with TAT transduction domain shows neurogenic activity and may be a promising enhancer factor in NGF-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padua, Italy.
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Kikuchi K, Kawahara KI, Miyagi N, Uchikado H, Kuramoto T, Morimoto Y, Tancharoen S, Miura N, Takenouchi K, Oyama Y, Shrestha B, Matsuda F, Yoshida Y, Arimura S, Mera K, Tada KI, Yoshinaga N, Maenosono R, Ohno Y, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Shigemori M. Edaravone: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of acute stroke. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:583-5. [PMID: 20728280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute stroke, including acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and acute hemorrhagic stroke, (AHS) is a common medical problem with particular relevance to the demographic changes in industrialized societies. In recent years, treatments for AIS have emerged, including thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Although t-PA is the most effective currently available therapy, it is limited by a narrow therapeutic time window and side effects, and only 3% of all AIS patients receive thrombolysis. Edaravone was originally developed as a potent free radical scavenger and, since 2001, has been widely used to treat AIS in Japan. It was shown that edaravone extended the narrow therapeutic time window of t-PA in rats. The therapeutic time window is very important for the treatment of AIS, and early edaravone treatment is more effective. Thus, more AIS patients might be rescued by administering edaravone with t-PA. Meanwhile, edaravone attenuates AHS-induced brain edema, neurologic deficits and oxidative injury in rats. Although edaravone treatment is currently only indicated for AIS, it does offer neuroprotective effects against AHS in rats. Therefore, we hypothesize that early administration of edaravone can rescue AHS patients as well as AIS patients. Taken together, our findings suggest that edaravone should be immediately administered on suspicion of acute stroke, including AIS and AHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yame Public General Hospital, 540-2 Takatsuka, Yame 834-0034, Japan.
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Choi HS, Ko YG, Lee JS, Kwon OY, Kim SK, Cheong C, Jang KH, Kang SA. Neuroprotective effects of consuming bovine colostrum after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat model. Nutr Res Pract 2010; 4:196-202. [PMID: 20607064 PMCID: PMC2895699 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.3.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the neuroprotective effects of bovine colostrums (BC), we evaluate the ability of consuming BC after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury rat model to reduce serum cytokine levels and infarct volume, and improve neurological outcome. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups; one sham operation and three experimental groups. In the experimental groups, MCA occlusion (2 h) and subsequent reperfusion (O/R) were induced with regional cerebral blood flow monitoring. One hour after MCAO/R and once daily during the experiment, the experimental group received BC while the other groups received 0.9% saline or low fat milk (LFM) orally. Seven days later, serum pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) levels were assessed. Also, the infarct volume was assessed by using a computerized image analysis system. Behavioral function was also assessed using a modified neurologic severity score and corner turn test during the experiment. Rats receiving BC after focal brain I/R showed a significant reduction (-26%/-22%) in infarct volume compared to LFM/saline rats, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were decreased significantly in rats receiving BC compared to LFM/saline rats (P < 0.05). In behavioral tests, daily BC intake showed consistent and significant improvement of neurological deficits for 7 days after MCAO/R. BC ingestion after focal brain ischemia/reperfusion injury may prevent brain injury by reducing serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and brain infarct volume in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sung Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Korea
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74
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Synthesis, antioxidant evaluation, and quantitative structure–activity relationship studies of chalcones. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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75
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Sun XL, Hu G. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A promising target for protecting neurovascular unit function in stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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76
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Cheng O, Ostrowski RP, Liu W, Zhang JH. Activation of liver X receptor reduces global ischemic brain injury by reduction of nuclear factor-kappaB. Neuroscience 2010; 166:1101-9. [PMID: 20096333 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that liver X receptors (LXRs) agonists decrease brain inflammation and exert neuroprotective effect. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms of action of liver X receptor agonist GW3965 against brain injury following global cerebral ischemia in the rat. The 48 male SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were randomly partitioned into three groups: sham, global ischemia (4-vessel occlusion for 15 min; 4VO) treated with vehicle and global ischemia treated with GW3965 (20 mg/kg, via i.p. injection at 10 min after reperfusion). The functional outcome was determined by neurological evaluation at 24 h post ischemia and by testing rats in T maze at 3 and 7 days after reperfusion. The rats' daily body weight, incidence of seizures and 72 h mortality were also determined. After Nissl staining and TUNEL in coronal brain sections, the numbers of intact and damaged cells were counted in the CA1 sector of the hippocampus. The expression of phosphorylated inhibitor of kappaB (p-IkappaBalpha), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) subunit p65, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analyzed with Western blot at 12 h after reperfusion. GW3965 tended to reduce 72 h mortality and the incidence of post-ischemic seizures. GW3965-treated rats showed an improved neuronal survivability in CA1 and a significant increase in the percentage of spontaneous alternations detected in T-maze on day 7 after ischemia. GW3965-induced neuroprotection was associated with a significant reduction in nuclear translocation of NF-kB p65 subunit and a decrease in the hippocampal expression of NF-kB target gene, COX-2. LXR receptor agonist protects against neuronal damage following global cerebral ischemia. The mechanism of neuroprotection may include blockade of NF-kappaB activation and the subsequent suppression of COX-2 in the post ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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77
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Singh G, Siddiqui MA, Khanna VK, Kashyap MP, Yadav S, Gupta YK, Pant KK, Pant AB. Oxygen glucose deprivation model of cerebral stroke in PC-12 cells: glucose as a limiting factor. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:154-60. [PMID: 19778261 DOI: 10.1080/15376510802355216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimum time points for oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and re-oxygenation have been identified to suggest the suitability of PC-12 cells as rapid and sensitive in vitro model of cerebral stroke. Further, the precise role of glucose as one of the limiting factors was ascertained. PC-12 cells were subjected to receive OGD of 1-8 h followed by re-oxygenation for 6 to 96 h in medium having glucose 0-10 mg/ml. Loss of cell viability was assessed using trypan blue dye exclusion and MTT assays. The significant (p < 0.05) reduction in percent viable cell count was started at 2 h of OGD (80.7 +/- 2.0) and continued in further OGD periods (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h), i.e. 65.7 +/- 3.5, 59.7 +/- 4.6, 54.3 +/- 3.2, 44.7 +/- 2.9, 20.3 +/- 4.3, 5.7 +/- 2.0 of counted cells, respectively. Cells growing in glucose-free medium have shown a gradual (p < 0.001) decrease in cell viability throughout the re-oxygenation. Re-oxygenation of 24 h was found to be first statistically significant time point for all the glucose concentrations. Glucose concentration during re-oxygenation was found to be one of the key factors involved in the growth and proliferation in PC-12 cells. The OGD of 6 h followed by a re-oxygenation period of 24 h with 4-6 mg/ml glucose concentration could be recorded as optimum conditions under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Singh
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
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78
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Culot M, Mysiorek C, Renftel M, Roussel BD, Hommet Y, Vivien D, Cecchelli R, Fenart L, Berezowski V, Dehouck MP, Lundquist S. Cerebrovascular protection as a possible mechanism for the protective effects of NXY-059 in preclinical models: An in vitro study. Brain Res 2009; 1294:144-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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79
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Kikuchi K, Tancharoen S, Matsuda F, Biswas KK, Ito T, Morimoto Y, Oyama Y, Takenouchi K, Miura N, Arimura N, Nawa Y, Meng X, Shrestha B, Arimura S, Iwata M, Mera K, Sameshima H, Ohno Y, Maenosono R, Tajima Y, Uchikado H, Kuramoto T, Nakayama K, Shigemori M, Yoshida Y, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Kawahara KI. Edaravone attenuates cerebral ischemic injury by suppressing aquaporin-4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1121-5. [PMID: 19737535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) plays a role in the generation of post-ischemic edema. Pharmacological modulation of AQP4 function may thus provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of stroke, tumor-associated edema, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) associated with altered brain water balance. Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, is used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Japan. In this study, edaravone significantly reduced the infarct area and improved the neurological deficit scores at 24h after reperfusion in a rat transient focal ischemia model. Furthermore, edaravone markedly reduced AQP4 immunoreactivity and protein levels in the cerebral infarct area. In light of observations that edaravone specifically inhibited AQP4 in a rat transient focal ischemia model, we propose that edaravone might reduce cerebral edema through the inhibition of AQP4 expression following cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Field of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, Department of Advanced Therapeutics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
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80
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Saini M, Saqqur M, Kamruzzaman A, Lees KR, Shuaib A. Effect of Hyperthermia on Prognosis After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2009; 40:3051-9. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.556134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Saini
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.S., M.S., A.S.), University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (A.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; and the University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (K.R.L.), Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maher Saqqur
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.S., M.S., A.S.), University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (A.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; and the University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (K.R.L.), Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anmmd Kamruzzaman
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.S., M.S., A.S.), University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (A.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; and the University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (K.R.L.), Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kennedy R. Lees
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.S., M.S., A.S.), University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (A.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; and the University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (K.R.L.), Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.S., M.S., A.S.), University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; the Department of Public Health Sciences (A.K.), School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; and the University Department of Medicine and Therapeutics (K.R.L.), Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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81
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Abstract
Hyperthermia frequently occurs in stroke patients. Hyperthermia negatively correlates with clinical outcome and adversely effects treatment regiments otherwise successful under normothermic conditions. Preclinical studies also demonstrate that hyperthermia converts salvageable penumbra to ischaemic infarct. The present article reviews the knowledge accumulated from both clinical and preclinical studies about hyperthermia and ischaemic brain injury, examines current treatment strategies and discusses future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. X. Wang
- The Central Illinois Neuroscience Foundation, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - A. Stroink
- The Central Illinois Neuroscience Foundation, Bloomington, IL, USA
| | - J. M. Casto
- Department of Biological Science, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - K. Kattner
- The Central Illinois Neuroscience Foundation, Bloomington, IL, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
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82
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Abstract
Proteases constitute one of the primary targets in drug discovery. In the present review, we focus on extracellular proteases (ECPs) because of their differential expression in many pathophysiological processes, including cancer, cardiovascular conditions, and inflammatory, pulmonary, and periodontal diseases. Many new ECP inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation and a significant increase in new therapies based on protease inhibition can be expected in the coming years. In addition to directly blocking the activity of a targeted protease, one can take advantage of differential expression in disease states to selectively deliver therapeutic or imaging agents. Recent studies in targeted drug development for the metalloproteases (matrix metalloproteinases, adamalysins, pappalysins, neprilysin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, metallocarboxypeptidases, and glutamate carboxypeptidase II), serine proteases (elastase, coagulation factors, tissue/urokinase plasminogen activator system, kallikreins, tryptase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV) and cysteine proteases (cathepsin B) are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 U.S.A
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229 U.S.A
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83
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Allahtavakoli M, Moloudi R, Arababadi MK, Shamsizadeh A, Javanmardi K. Delayed post ischemic treatment with Rosiglitazone attenuates infarct volume, neurological deficits and neutrophilia after embolic stroke in rat. Brain Res 2009; 1271:121-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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84
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Clutterbuck LA, Posada CG, Visintin C, Riddall DR, Lancaster B, Gane PJ, Garthwaite J, Selwood DL. Oxadiazolylindazole Sodium Channel Modulators are Neuroprotective toward Hippocampal Neurones. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2694-707. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801180p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Clutterbuck
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Cristina Garcia Posada
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Cristina Visintin
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Dieter R. Riddall
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Barrie Lancaster
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Paul J. Gane
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - John Garthwaite
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - David L. Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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85
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Hall ED, Traystman RJ. Role of animal studies in the design of clinical trials. FRONTIERS OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2009; 25:10-33. [PMID: 19478492 DOI: 10.1159/000209470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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86
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Kikuchi K, Kawahara KI, Tancharoen S, Matsuda F, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Biswas KK, Takenouchi K, Miura N, Oyama Y, Nawa Y, Arimura N, Iwata M, Tajima Y, Kuramoto T, Nakayama K, Shigemori M, Yoshida Y, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. The Free Radical Scavenger Edaravone Rescues Rats from Cerebral Infarction by Attenuating the Release of High-Mobility Group Box-1 in Neuronal Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:865-74. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.149484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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87
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Liu XH, Shi YX, Ma Y, He GR, Dong WL, Zhang CY, Wang BL, Wang SH, Li BJ, Li ZM. Synthesis of SomeN,N′-Diacylhydrazine Derivatives with Radical-Scavenging and Antifungal Activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 73:320-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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88
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Collino M, Patel NSA, Thiemermann C. PPARs as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 2:179-97. [PMID: 19124421 DOI: 10.1177/1753944708090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and long-term disability in industrialized countries. Despite advances in understanding its pathophysiology, little progress has been made in the treatment of stroke. The currently available therapies have proven to be highly unsatisfactory (except thrombolysis) and attempts are being made to identify and characterize signaling proteins which could be exploited to design novel therapeutic modalities. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that control lipid and glucose metabolism. PPARs regulate gene expression by binding with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) as a heterodimeric partner to specific DNA sequences, termed PPAR response elements. In addition, PPARs may modulate gene transcription also by directly interfering with other transcription factor pathways in a DNA-binding independent manner. To date, three different PPAR isoforms, designated alpha, beta/delta, and gamma, have been identified. Recently, they have been found to play an important role for the pathogenesis of various disorders of the central nervous system and accumulating data suggest that PPARs may serve as potential targets for treating ischemic stroke. Activation of all PPAR isoforms, but especially of PPARgamma, was shown to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage in several in vitro and in vivo models, negatively regulating the expression of genes induced by ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R). This paper reviews the evidence and recent developments relating to the potential therapeutic effects of PPAR-agonists in the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Collino
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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89
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Shi H. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 as a therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:4593-600. [PMID: 19903149 PMCID: PMC2819104 DOI: 10.2174/092986709789760779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In stroke research, a significant focus is to develop therapeutic strategies that prevent neuronal death and improve recovery. Yet, few successful therapeutic strategies have emerged. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator in hypoxia. It has been suggested to be an important player in neurological outcomes following ischemic stroke due to the functions of its downstream genes. These include genes that promote glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and cell survival. Many lines of evidence have shown that HIF-1 is induced in ischemic brains. Importantly, it seems that HIF-1 is primarily induced in the salvageable tissue of an ischemic brain, penumbra. However, the effect of HIF-1 on neuronal tissue injuries is still debatable based on evidence from in vitro and preclinical studies. Furthermore, it is of importance to understand the mechanism of HIF-1 degradation after its induction in ischemic brain. This review provides a present understanding of the mechanism of HIF-1 induction in ischemic neurons and the potential effect of HIF-1 on ischemic brain tissue. The author also elaborates on potential therapeutic approaches through understanding of the induction mechanism and of the potential role of HIF-1 in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall 5044, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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90
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Ji S, Kronenberg G, Balkaya M, Färber K, Gertz K, Kettenmann H, Endres M. Acute neuroprotection by pioglitazone after mild brain ischemia without effect on long-term outcome. Exp Neurol 2008; 216:321-8. [PMID: 19146854 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists (thiazolidinediones) have anti-inflammatory effects and improve endothelium function. Here, we analyzed the effects of pioglitazone on short- and longer-term outcome after mild transient brain ischemia. 129/SV mice were subjected to 30 min filamentous middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), followed by reperfusion. Post event, animals were treated with daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) pioglitazone (20 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle. Pioglitazone given acutely after transient brain ischemia/reperfusion reduced lesion size and the number of Iba1-expressing microglia in the ischemic striatum at three days. In vitro, pioglitazone attenuated migration and proliferation of primary mouse microglia. However, analysis at 6 weeks after MCAo/reperfusion no longer yielded an effect of pioglitazone on either lesion size or Iba1+ cell counts. Regarding functional longer-term outcome, we also did not detect a beneficial effect of pioglitazone on motor function measured either on the pole test or the wire hanging test or on learning and memory in the Morris water maze. Our study thus underscores the importance of extending experimental stroke studies to an analysis of longer-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Ji
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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91
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Thompson CM, Quinn CA, Hergenrother PJ. Total Synthesis and Cytoprotective Properties of Dykellic Acid. J Med Chem 2008; 52:117-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801169s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Catherine A. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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92
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Bani-Yaghoub M, Tremblay RG, Ajji A, Nzau M, Gangaraju S, Chitty D, Zurakowski B, Sikorska M. Neuroregenerative strategies in the brain: emerging significance of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:361-9. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year thousands of people suffer from brain injuries and stroke, and develop motor, sensory, and cognitive problems as a result of neuronal loss in the brain. Unfortunately, the damaged brain has a limited ability to enact repair and current modes of treatment are not sufficient to offset the damage. An extensive list of growth factors, neurotrophic factors, cytokines, and drugs has been explored as potential therapies. However, only a limited number of them may actually have the potential to effectively offset the brain injury or stroke-related problems. One of the treatments considered for future brain repair is bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), a factor currently used in patients to treat non-neurological diseases. The clinical application of BMP7 is based on its neuroprotective role in stroke animal models. This paper reviews the current approaches considered for brain repair and discusses the novel convergent strategies by which BMP7 potentially can induce neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Roger G. Tremblay
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Munyao Nzau
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Sandhya Gangaraju
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - David Chitty
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Bogdan Zurakowski
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Marianna Sikorska
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Rd., Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Functional Polymer Systems Group, Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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93
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Zhao Y, Li W, Chow PC, Lau DT, Lee NT, Pang Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Han Y. Bis(7)-tacrine, a promising anti-Alzheimer's dimer, affords dose- and time-dependent neuroprotection against transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2008; 439:160-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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94
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Dohare P, Varma S, Ray M. Curcuma oil modulates the nitric oxide system response to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Nitric Oxide 2008; 19:1-11. [PMID: 18485279 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of C.oil in cerebral stroke has been reported earlier. We have attempted here to clarify the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection against experimental cerebral ischemia by Curcuma oil (C.oil), isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. C.oil (250 mg/kg i.p.) was given 30 min before focal ischemia in rats caused by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (1h of occlusion, 24h of reflow). Ischemia, leads to elevation in [Ca(2+)] this sets into motion a cascades of ischemic injury which was attenuated by C.oil. C.oil reduced post-ischemic brain neutrophil infiltration in the ischemic area, controlled tissue NOx levels and the neuronal levels of nitric oxide, peroxynitrite and reactive oxygen species when measured after 24h of reflow. Double immunofluorescence staining analysis and Western immunoblot analysis with C.oil treatment showed that the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms were decreased significantly compared to the untreated ischemia group. Ischemia is associated with increased in TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling) positive cells in brain sections indicating DNA fragmentation. The C.oil treated group showed a significant decrease in numbers of apoptotic cells compared to the untreated ischemia group, as seen in the flowcytometric analysis of the neurons. Results of immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblot indicate that C.oil suppressed the elevated protein level of Bax, and aided mitochondrial translocation and activation of Bcl-2 by altered mitochondrial membrane potential. It also inhibits the cytosolic release of apoptogenic molecules like cytochrome c, inhibits the activation of caspase-3 and the expression of p53 ultimately inhibiting apoptosis. Our observations suggest that high levels of NO generated by NOS isoforms are partially responsible for exacerbating the neuronal damage induced by MCAo by intraluminal filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dohare
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, P.O. Box No. 173, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow, UP 226001, India
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95
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Diener HC, Lees KR, Lyden P, Grotta J, Davalos A, Davis SM, Shuaib A, Ashwood T, Wasiewski W, Alderfer V, Hårdemark HG, Rodichok L. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute stroke: pooled analysis of the SAINT I and II Trials. Stroke 2008; 39:1751-8. [PMID: 18369171 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.503334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In animal models of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the free radical-trapping agent NXY-059 showed promise as a neuroprotectant. SAINT I and II were randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials to investigate the efficacy of NXY-059 in patients with AIS. METHODS Patients with AIS received an infusion of intravenous NXY-059 or placebo within 6 hours from the onset of stroke symptoms. A pooled individual patient analysis was prespecified to assess the overall efficacy and to examine subgroups. The primary end point was the distribution of disability scores measured on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. Neurologic and activities of daily living scores were investigated as secondary end points. We also evaluated whether treatment with NXY-059 would reduce alteplase-related intracranial hemorrhages. Finally, we evaluated possible predictors of good or poor outcome. RESULTS An intent-to-treat efficacy analysis was based on 5028 patients. Baseline parameters and prognostic factors were well balanced between treatment groups. The distribution of scores on the mRS was not different in the group treated with NXY-059 (n=2438) compared with the placebo group (n=2456): odds ratio for limiting disability=1.02; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.13 (P=0.682, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test). Comparisons at each level of the mRS confirmed an absence of benefit. There was no evidence of efficacy in prespecified subgroups or from the secondary outcome analyses. Mortality was equal in the 2 groups (16.7% vs 16.5%), and adverse event rates were similar. Among patients treated with alteplase, there was no decrease in rates of symptomatic or asymptomatic hemorrhage associated with NXY-059 treatment versus placebo. Subgroup analyses identified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, age, markers of inflammation, blood glucose, and right-sided infarct as predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS NXY-059 is ineffective for treatment of AIS within 6 hours of symptom onset. This is also true for subgroups and the prevention of alteplase-associated hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christoph Diener
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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96
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Green AR. Pharmacological approaches to acute ischaemic stroke: reperfusion certainly, neuroprotection possibly. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S325-38. [PMID: 18059324 PMCID: PMC2268079 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of both death and disability. However, there are no pharmacological treatments used in most countries other than recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, a thrombolytic, and this is only used in about 4% of patients presenting after an acute ischaemic stroke. One novel thrombolytic (desmoteplase) has just been reported to have failed in a Phase IIb/III trial, but other thrombolytics and reperfusion agents remain in development. The picture with neuroprotectant agents, that is compounds that act to preserve neurones following an acute cerebral ischaemic insult, is even more bleak. Despite the development of over 1,000 compounds, many proving effective in animal models of stroke, none has demonstrated efficacy in patients in the over 100 clinical trials conducted. This includes NXY-059, which was developed in accordance with the guidelines proposed by an academic-industry roundtable group (STAIR). This review examines the available data on compounds currently in development. It also proposes that the failure of translation between efficacy in preclinical models and patients is likely to terminate most current neuroprotective drug development. It is suggested that animal models must be made more representative of the patient condition (with other co-morbid conditions) and suggests that since stroke is primarily a cardiovascular disease with a neurological outcome, more research on the neurovascular unit would be valuable. New approaches on neuroinflammation, neurorestoration and neurorepair are also likely to gain prominence in the search for new drugs to treat this major clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Green
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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97
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Nurmi A, Miettinen TK, Puoliväli J, Pussinen R, Soleti A, Bagate K, Riccardino F, Grundy RI, Yrjänheikki J, Canistro D, Paolini M. Neuroprotective properties of the non-peptidyl radical scavenger IAC in rats following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1207:174-81. [PMID: 18374313 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that reactive free radicals are generated during brain ischemia. We investigated the effect of a novel brain penetrant, low molecular weight, non-peptidyl carbon, oxygen- and nitrogen-centered radical scavenger, IAC, on infarct volume and sensory-motor performance in a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model (tMCAO). Rats received 90 min tMCAO and treated with i.p. or i.v. injections of vehicle or IAC following tMCAO. Sensory-motor performance was evaluated by neuroscore tests (NS). Cerebral infarct volume was evaluated at 72 h after tMCAO. Rats treated with IAC i.p. (1 or 6 h after the onset of tMCAO) or i.v. (1 h after the onset of tMCAO) showed significant improvement in NS during the 3 or 21 day follow-up period when compared to vehicle treated rats. Cerebral infarct volumes were significantly decreased compared to vehicle in rats receiving IAC i.p. 1 h or 6 h after occlusion, approximately 30.5% decrease compared to vehicle, or i.v. 1 h after the onset of tMCAO, 48.6% decrease compared to vehicle. These results demonstrate that IAC has neuroprotective properties with a wide therapeutic window following tMCAO in rats. IAC could therefore be a candidate for the treatment of stroke.
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98
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Kang TS, Jo HO, Park WK, Kim JP, Konishi Y, Kong JY, Park NS, Jung YS. Synthesis and antioxidant activities of 3,5-dialkoxy-4-hydroxycinnamamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1663-7. [PMID: 18249541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-dialkoxy-4-hydroxycinnamamides 6 and 7 was synthesized, and their antioxidant activity was assessed using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay. Interestingly, cinnamamides with longer alkoxy groups on the C-3 and C-5 positions display enhanced inhibition, and most of the compounds in the series tested exhibit excellent lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities. Some cinamamides bearing hexyloxy or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol groups have submicromolar inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Souk Kang
- Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, South Korea
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99
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Donnan
- From the National Stroke Research Institute, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Australia
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100
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Williams HE, Claybourn M, Green AR. Investigating the free radical trapping ability of NXY-059, S-PBN and PBN. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:1047-52. [PMID: 17729123 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701557161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The spin trapping ability of the nitrones 2,4-disulphophenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (NXY-059), 2-sulphophenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (S-PBN) and alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) for both hydroxyl and methanol radicals was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The radicals of interest were generated in situ in the spectrometer under constant flow conditions in the presence of each nitrone. The spin adducts formed were detected by EPR spectroscopy. This approach allowed for quantitative comparison of the EPR spectra of the spin adducts of each nitrone. The results obtained showed that NXY-059 trapped a greater number of hydroxyl and methanol radicals than the other two nitrones, under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Williams
- AstraZeneca, Pharmaceutical & Analytical R&D, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
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