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Abstract
Cohesive scientific evidence from molecular, animal, and human investigations supports the hypothesis that aberrant induction of COX-2 and up-regulation of the prostaglandin cascade play a significant role in carcinogenesis, and reciprocally, blockade of the process has strong potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Supporting evidence includes the following: [1] expression of constitutive COX-2-catalyzed prostaglandin biosynthesis is induced by most cancer-causing agents including tobacco smoke and its components (polycylic aromatic amines, heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines), essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (unconjugated linoleic acid), mitogens, growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, microbial agents, tumor promoters, and other epigenetic factors, [2] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all premalignant neoplasms, [3] COX-2 expression is a characteristic feature of all malignant neoplasms, and expression intensifies with stage at detection and cancer progression and metastasis, [4] all essential features of carcinogenesis (mutagenesis, mitogenesis, angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, metastasis, and immunosuppression) are linked to COX-2-driven prostaglandin (PGE-2) biosynthesis, [5] animal studies show that COX-2 up-regulation (in the absence of genetic mutations) is sufficient to stimulate the transformation of normal cells to invasive cancer and metastatic disease, [6] non-selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions, and [7] selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, reduce the risk of human cancer and precancerous lesions at all anatomic sites thus far investigated. Results confirming that COX-2 blockade is effective for both cancer prevention and therapy have been tempered by observations that some COX2 inhibitors pose a risk to the cardiovascular system, and more studies are needed in order to determine if certain of these drugs can be taken at dosages that prevent cancer without increasing cardiovascular risk. It is emphasized that the "inflammogenesis model of cancer" is not mutually exclusive and may in fact be synergistic with the accumulation of somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes or epigenetic factors in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Harris
- College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Center of Molecular Epidemiology and Environmental Health, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 310 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1240, USA
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Chwirot BW, Kuźbicki Ł. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2): first immunohistochemical marker distinguishing early cutaneous melanomas from benign melanocytic skin tumours. Melanoma Res 2007; 17:139-45. [PMID: 17505259 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3280dec6ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that changes in expression level of COX-2 are correlated with development and progression of human melanoma. In this study, we investigated whether the COX-2 expression level might be a useful immunohistochemical marker for distinguishing cutaneous melanomas from benign melanocytic lesions. Up to now, immunohistochemical markers have not ensured satisfactory sensitivity and specificity of differential pathologic diagnosis of melanoma. The expression of COX-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of 33 early Clark I/II melanomas and 58 naevi. Mean COX-2 expression in melanomas was significantly stronger than in naevi (P approximately 10(-13)). A simple diagnostic algorithm using threshold values of the COX-2 expression level allows for differentiation between early melanomas and naevi with high sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) (for Se between 91 and 100%, Sp values change between 96.5 and 51.7%). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were, respectively, 0.97+/-0.02 and 0.86+/-0.04 for the COX-2 expression in central and border regions of the lesions. For all the melanomas (not only the early ones),the respective areas under the ROC curve values were 0.98+/-0.01 and 0.97+/-0.02. In conclusion, COX-2 is the first immunohistochemical marker that allows the distinguishing of early melanomas from benign melanocytic lesions with both high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara W Chwirot
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.
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53
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Sooriakumaran P, Langley SEM, Laing RW, Coley HM. COX-2 inhibition: a possible role in the management of prostate cancer? J Chemother 2007; 19:21-32. [PMID: 17309847 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence to support a role for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (coxibs) in the management of prostate cancer. This review considers the current evidence base for the use of coxibs in prostate cancer as well as their adverse event profile. A systematic literature review using the search terms 'cyclooxygenase', 'COX-2', 'coxibs', 'cardiovascular risk', and 'prostate cancer' was performed using Medline. Celecoxib appears safer in terms of cardiovascular toxicity than other coxibs, and this may relate to its lower selectivity for the COX-2 enzyme. This lower selectivity also provides rationale for its putative broader anti-cancer effects, via non-COX-2-dependent pathways that affect cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and hypoxic modulation. There are also interacting relationships between COX-2, chronic inflammation, and prostate cancer. There is much promise for the coxibs as anti-cancer agents. The future might be to pharmacologically adapt these agents to exert their COX-2 independent mechanisms of action while minimizing their COX-2-dependent adverse cardiovascular effects.
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54
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Uray IP, Brown PH. Prevention of breast cancer: current state of the science and future opportunities. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 15:1583-600. [PMID: 17107283 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.12.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in breast cancer treatment, mammary tumours still represent the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death in women in the US, with > 211,000 new cases in 2005; however, an expanding range of options for early diagnosis and more reliable risk assessment offers new alternatives for disease control by cancer prevention. Completed large studies with the classical selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen have demonstrated that preventing breast cancer pharmacologically is now possible. Novel SERMs, aromatase inhibitors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists targeting hormonal pathways are being tested in clinical trials, revealing the potential for dramatic reductions in tumour incidence with minimal side effects; however, SERMs and aromatase inhibitors are effective only against estrogen receptor-positive tumours, thus chemopreventive drugs targeting other critical signalling pathways (such as retinoids, selective COX inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors) may provide a means to prevent estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. In the future, hormonal and estrogen receptor-independent agents may be combined to prevent the development of all mammary tumours. This article reviews the current and novel strategies for breast cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Uray
- Breast Care Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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55
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Rao DS, Gui D, Koski ME, Popoviciu LM, Wang H, Reiter RE, Said JW. An inverse relation between COX-2 and E-cadherin expression correlates with aggressive histologic features in prostate cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 14:375-83. [PMID: 17122632 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000210417.61117.6c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers in prostatic carcinoma has yielded important data regarding prognosis and has aided in increasing diagnostic accuracy. Additionally, this approach has yielded important insights into the biology of prostatic carcinoma. In this study, we report that the expression of the cyclooxygenase isoenzyme, COX-2, is significantly increased in prostatic carcinoma, whereas that of the cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, is decreased. The expression of COX-2 was positively correlated with higher tumor stage, and the presence of carcinoma in surgical margins at prostatectomy. Conversely, the expression of E-cadherin was inversely related to these prognostic indicators. Lastly, the expressions of COX-2 and E-cadherin were very strongly and inversely correlated. These results provide important insights into the biologic underpinnings of prostate carcinoma; and further studies into COX-2 expression in prostate core biopsies may show utility in preprostatectomy prognostication. Furthermore, these results may provide a rational basis for therapeutic intervention and chemoprevention with COX-2 inhibitor therapy in prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095,
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56
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Dassesse T, de Leval X, de Leval L, Pirotte B, Castronovo V, Waltregny D. Activation of the Thromboxane A2 Pathway in Human Prostate Cancer Correlates with Tumor Gleason Score and Pathologic Stage. Eur Urol 2006; 50:1021-31; discussion 1031. [PMID: 16522350 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the potential involvement of the thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) pathway in human prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TXA(2) synthase (TXS), and TXA(2) receptors (TPRs), the main actors of the TXA(2) pathway, was analyzed on serial tissue sections from 46 human PCa specimens. RESULTS The expression levels of COX-2, TXS, and TPRs were significantly higher in malignant than in corresponding nontumoral prostatic epithelial cells. Increased immunoreactivity for these antigens was also observed in high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) glands. COX-2, TXS, and TPR proteins usually displayed a coordinated overexpression pattern in PCa lesions, as assessed in serial tissue sections. Increased levels of these proteins in the tumors were all significantly associated with higher Gleason scores and pathologic stages. CONCLUSIONS Proteins specifically involved in the TXA(2) pathway are up-regulated in human PCa and their level of expression is associated with tumor extraprostatic extension and loss of differentiation. Our study is the first to examine simultaneously all key proteins involved in this pathway including TXA(2) receptors and results suggest that the TXA(2) pathway may be a potential target for PCa prevention/therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Dassesse
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Center of Experimental Cancer Research, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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57
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Hilmy M, Campbell R, Bartlett JMS, McNicol AM, Underwood MA, McMillan DC. The relationship between the systemic inflammatory response, tumour proliferative activity, T-lymphocytic infiltration and COX-2 expression and survival in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:1234-8. [PMID: 17024120 PMCID: PMC2360556 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the systemic inflammatory response, tumour proliferative activity, T-lymphocytic infiltration, and COX-2 expression and survival was examined in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (n=103). Sixty-one patients had superficial disease and 42 patients had invasive disease. Cancer-specific survival was shorter in those patients with invasive compared with superficial bladder cancer (P<0.001). On univariate analysis, stratified by stage, increased Ki-67 labelling index (P<0.05), increased COX-2 expression (P<0.05), C-reactive protein (P<0.05) and adjuvant therapy (P<0.01) were associated with poorer cancer-specific survival. On multivariate analysis of these significant factors, stratified by stage, only C-reactive protein (HR 2.89, 95% CI 1.42–5.91, P=0.004) and adjuvant therapy (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.14–0.62, P=0.001) were independently associated with poorer cancer-specific survival. These results would suggest that tumour-based factors such as grade, COX-2 expression or T-lymphocytic infiltration are subordinate to systemic factors such as C-reactive protein in determining survival in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hilmy
- Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary University, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
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58
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Martin VS, Sullivan BA, Walker K, Hawk H, Sullivan BP, Noe LJ. Surface plasmon resonance investigations of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:994-1003. [PMID: 17002824 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778397498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation utilizes surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy to detect and quantify human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), an oncogene product that is over-expressed in some aggressive forms of breast cancer. Specifically, the HER-2 trans-membrane protein p185 and its extra cellular fragment p105 are analytes targeted in this work by using a gold-based biosensor slide on which an anti-HER-2 antibody has been immobilized by attachment to Protein G that is fixed to the gold film. A detection limit of > or =11 ng/mL for p185 resulted when trastuzumab was used as the anti-HER-2 antibody on the biosensor slide. Experiments with semi-purified p105 revealed that it binds weakly and reversibly to trastuzumab, therefore complicating its detection and quantification. Results of studies that reacted a 13-amino-acid peptide (PP13) from the HER-2 kinase domain with its specific antibody were critically different than p185 and p105 studies. Spectral analysis of the reflectivity at constant bulk buffer refractive index revealed a progressive negative SPR shift over time. A negative shift suggests that a loss of protein mass from the anti-PP13 antibody-Protein G biosensor is occurring. Several possibilities that may explain these negative SPR shifts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
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59
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Kirkegaard T, Edwards J, Tovey S, McGlynn LM, Krishna SN, Mukherjee R, Tam L, Munro AF, Dunne B, Bartlett JMS. Observer variation in immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression, time for a change? Histopathology 2006; 48:787-94. [PMID: 16722926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression is central to most clinical translational studies and defines patient treatment or selection criteria for novel drugs. Interobserver variation is rarely analysed despite recognition that this is a key area of potential inaccuracy. Therefore our aim was to examine observer variation and suggest the revision of current standards. METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed inter- and intra-observer variation, by interclass correlation coefficient (ICCC) and kappa statistics, in 8661 samples. Intra-observer assessment of nuclear, cytoplasmic and membrane staining for seven proteins in 1323 samples resulted in an ICCC of 0.94 and a kappa-value of 0.787. Interobserver reproducibility, assessed on 28 proteins by seven observer pairs in 8661 carcinomas, gave an ICCC of 0.90 and a kappa-value of 0.70. No significant effect of either antibody or cellular compartmentalization was observed. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that ICCC is a consistent method to assess observer variation when a continuous scoring system is used, compared with kappa statistics, which depends on a categorical system. Given the importance of accurate assessment of protein expression in diagnostic and experimental medicine, we suggest raising thresholds for observer variation: ICCC of 0.7 should be regarded as the minimum acceptable standard, ICCC of 0.8 as good and ICCC of > or = 0.9 as excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kirkegaard
- Endocrine Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Studies and Molecular Pathology, University Department of Surgery, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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60
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Mascaux C, Martin B, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, Dusart M, Haller A, Lothaire P, Meert AP, Lafitte JJ, Sculier JP. Has Cox-2 a prognostic role in non-small-cell lung cancer? A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis of the survival results. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:139-45. [PMID: 16786043 PMCID: PMC2360613 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in lung cancer, especially in adenocarcinoma (ADC). Our aim was to determine the prognostic value of COX-2 on survival in patients with lung cancer. Studies evaluating the survival impact of COX-2 in lung cancer, published until December 2005, were selected. Data for estimation of individual hazard ratios (HR) for survival were extracted from the publications and combined in a pooled HR. Among 14 eligible papers, all dealing with non-small-cell lung cancer, 10 provided results for meta-analysis of survival data (evaluable studies). Cyclooxygenase-2 positivity was associated with reduced survival, improved survival or no statistically significant impact in six, one and seven studies, respectively. Combined HR for the 10 evaluable studies (1236 patients) was 1.39 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.97-1.99). In stage I lung cancer (six evaluable studies, 554 patients), it was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.21-2.24). No significant impact was shown in ADC. A slight detrimental effect on survival in patients with lung cancer is associated with COX-2 expression, but the statistical significance is not reached. This effect is statistically significant in stage I, suggesting that COX-2 expression could be useful at early stages to distinguish those with a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mascaux
- Department of Intensive Care and Thoracic Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Centre des Tumeurs de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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61
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Kuźbicki L, Sarnecka A, Chwirot BW. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in benign naevi and during human cutaneous melanoma progression. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:29-36. [PMID: 16432453 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000194430.77643.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays an important role in the production of prostaglandins. Numerous studies have demonstrated increased levels of COX-2 in human cancers of different types. It is thought that COX-2 may be involved in the development and progression of malignant tumours. However, data on the changes in COX-2 expression during the development and progression of human melanoma are relatively limited. Moreover, the results reported by different groups disagree to a large extent. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether COX-2 protein might be considered a potential molecular marker of melanoma progression. The expression of COX-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of 64 human melanocytic skin tumours (17 naevi, 36 primary cutaneous melanomas and 11 lymph node melanoma metastases, with six pairs of primary and metastatic lesions obtained from the same patients). It was found that the expression level of COX-2 was dependent on both the stage and histopathological type of the melanoma. Collectively, our data indicate that changes in the expression level of COX-2 are correlated with the development and progression of human melanoma, and imply that the COX-2 protein may be considered a potential prognostic and predictive marker in malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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62
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Li Z, Szabolcs M, Terwilliger JD, Efstratiadis A. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma in mice expressing a probasin-Neu oncogenic transgene. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27:1054-67. [PMID: 16401639 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NEU (ERBB2) and other members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family have been implicated in human prostate cancer (CAP) development and progression to an androgen-independent state, but the extent of involvement and precise role of this signaling pathway remain unclear. To begin addressing such open questions in an animal model, we have developed a transgenic line in which an oncogenic Neu cDNA (Neu*) driven by the probasin gene promoter is overexpressed in the mouse prostate and causes development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) that progresses to invasive carcinoma. Expression profiling using microarrays, which was selectively validated and extended by immunophenotyping of Neu*-induced PIN and CAP, led to the identification of some novel biomarkers and also revealed increased expression of Egfr, Erbb3 and phosphorylated androgen receptor. In view of this information from our mouse model, which can be used to analyze further the role of Erbb signaling in prostatic tumorigenesis, we examined human prostate cancer tissue arrays by immunohistochemistry. Based on statistical analyses of the results, we propose the testable hypothesis that ERBB3, shown to be expressed in 86% of the human CAP cases that we examined, is the pivotal element of the Erbb pathway promoting tumorigenesis by heterodimerization with NEU or EGFR, while a NEU/EGFR dimer does not appear to play a significant role in CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Department of Genetics and Development, Genome Center and Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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63
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Edwards J, Traynor P, Munro AF, Pirret CF, Dunne B, Bartlett JMS. The Role of HER1-HER4 and EGFRvIII in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:123-30. [PMID: 16397033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of the type I receptor tyrosine kinase (HER) family in progression of prostate cancer is controversial. Breast cancer studies show that these receptors should be investigated as a family. The current study investigates expression of HER1-HER4 and EGFRvIII in matched hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory prostate tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemical analysis was used to investigate protein expression of HER1-HER4, EGFRvIII, and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in matched hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory prostate tumors. RESULTS Surprisingly, high HER2 membrane expression in hormone-sensitive tumors was associated with an increased time to biochemical relapse (P = 0.0003), and this translated into longer overall survival (P = 0.0021). Consistent with other studies, HER4 membrane expression in hormone-sensitive tumors was associated with longer time to biochemical relapse (P = 0.042), and EGFRvIII membrane expression was associated with shorter time to biochemical relapse (P = 0.015). An increase in pAkt expression was associated with reduced survival (P = 0.0098). Multivariate analysis showed that HER2 was an independent positive predictive marker of time to relapse in hormone-sensitive prostate tumors (P = 0.014). In contrast, high HER2 expression in hormone-refractory tumors was associated with decreased time to death from biochemical relapse (P = 0.039), and EGFRvIII nuclear expression was associated with decreased time to death from biochemical relapse and decreased overall survival (P = 0.02 and P = 0.005). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the HER family may have multiple roles in prostate cancer, and that expression of the proteins alone is insufficient to predict the biological response that they may elicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Edwards
- Endocrine Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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64
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Mukherjee R, Edwards J, Underwood MA, Bartlett JMS. The relationship between angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2005; 96:62-6. [PMID: 15963122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2005.05568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that angiogenesis in prostate cancer is associated with tumour invasion and metastasis, and that this is mediated through increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. PATIENTS AND METHODS Angiogenesis was assessed in 105 patients with either prostate cancer (79) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, 26) and these data correlated with levels of COX-2 expression in the same dataset. The mean microvessel density (MVD) was analysed as a marker of angiogenesis, using the endothelial antigen CD34 stained by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS There was no difference in MVD in progressive tumour stages compared with BPH. There was a negative correlation between MVD and COX-2 expression, but the effect of increased COX-2 expression on MVD was not marked. CONCLUSION These data suggest that COX-2 drives tumour spread in prostate cancer by means other than the promotion of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rono Mukherjee
- Endocrine Cancer Group, Division of Cancer Studies and Molecular Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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65
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Blake DR, Shenker N, Cohen H, Stevens CR. What if Derek Willoughby were right? Cyclo-oxygenase is an anti-inflammatory enzyme. Inflammopharmacology 2005; 12:465-71. [PMID: 16259713 DOI: 10.1163/156856005774382742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D R Blake
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath BA1 1RL, UK.
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66
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Chang SS, Benson MC, Campbell SC, Crook J, Dreicer R, Evans CP, Hall MC, Higano C, Kelly WK, Sartor O, Smith JA. Society of Urologic Oncology position statement: Redefining the management of hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 103:11-21. [PMID: 15558815 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Because patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma are a very diverse group, management of these patients represents a unique challenge. Despite much research, to the authors' knowledge few studies published to date have provided definitive treatment answers. The Society of Urologic Oncology (SUO) convened a multidisciplinary panel of urologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists to develop a treatment algorithm for patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. The resulting treatment outline was based on a review of the literature review and on the expert opinions of the panelists. The current article provided a logical progression of treatment choices that included hormonal manipulations, chemotherapeutic options, and adjunctive therapies. Future clinical trials and therapies were also discussed by the authors. Management strategies should be targeted toward the individual patient. Although significant progress has been made in understanding and treating hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma, earlier interventions would be ideal and better therapeutic approaches to prolong survival are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam S Chang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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67
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Alam SM, . AS. Effect of Different Levels of Zinc and Phosphorus on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2002.364.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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