51
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Bu L, Michino M, Wolf RM, Brooks CL. Improved model building and assessment of the Calcium-sensing receptor transmembrane domain. Proteins 2008; 71:215-26. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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52
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Wang H, Duffy RA, Boykow GC, Chackalamannil S, Madison VS. Identification of novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists by using virtual screening with a pharmacophore model. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2439-46. [PMID: 18363352 DOI: 10.1021/jm701519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CB1 receptor antagonists have proven to be clinically effective in treating obesity and related disorders. We report here the identification of a novel class of azetidinone CB1 antagonists by using virtual screening methods. For this purpose, we developed a pharmacophore model based on known representative CB1 antagonists and employed it to screen a database of about a half million Schering-Plough compounds. We applied a stepwise filtering protocol based on molecular weight, compound availability, and a modified rule-of-five to reduce the number of hits. We then combined Bayesian modeling and clustering techniques to select a final set of 420 compounds for in vitro testing. Five compounds were found to have >50% inhibition at 100 nM in a CB1 competitive binding assay and were further characterized by using both CB1 and CB2 assays. The most potent compound has a CB1 K i of 53 nM and >5-fold selectivity against the CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Wang
- Department of Structural Chemistry, CNS Biological Research, and CNS/CV Chemistry, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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53
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Maccarrone M. CB2 receptors in reproduction. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153:189-98. [PMID: 17828289 PMCID: PMC2219526 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have been always identified as harmful drugs because of their negative effects on male and female reproduction. The discovery of the 'endocannabinoid system (ECS)', composed of bioactive lipids (endocannabinoids), their receptors and their metabolic enzymes, and the generation of mouse models missing cannabinoid receptors or other elements of the ECS, has enabled a wealth of information on the significance of endocannabinoid signalling in multiple reproductive events: Sertoli cell survival, spermatogenesis, placentation, fertilization, preimplantation embryo development, implantation and postimplantation embryonic growth. These studies have also opened new perspectives in clinical applications, pointing to the ECS as a new target for correcting infertility and for improving reproductive health in humans. This review will focus on the involvement of type-2 cannabinoid (CB2) receptors in reproductive biology, covering both the male and female sides. It will also discuss the potential relevance of the immunological activity of CB2 at the maternal/foetal interface, as well as the distinctiveness of CB2 versus type-1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors that might be exploited for a receptor subtype-specific regulation of fertility. In this context, the different signalling pathways triggered by CB1 and CB2 (especially those controlling the intracellular tone of nitric oxide), the different activation of CB1 and CB2 by endogenous agonists (like anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) and the different localization of CB1 and CB2 within membrane subdomains, termed 'lipid rafts', will be discussed. It is hoped that CB2-dependent endocannabinoid signalling might become a useful target for correcting infertility, in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
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54
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Cano C, Goya P, Paez JA, Girón R, Sánchez E, Martín MI. Discovery of 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamide derivatives as cannabinoid-like molecules with agonist and antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:7480-93. [PMID: 17870539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 2-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxylate derivatives have been prepared from monosubstituted sulfamides in order to obtain N-substituted 1,1-dioxo-1,2,6-thiadiazine-5-carboxamides as novel cannabinoid derivatives, analogues of Rimonabant (SR141716A). Their potential functional activity on cannabinoid receptors has been evaluated in vitro and in vivo in mice, showing that two compounds (37 and 39) behave as cannabinoid agonists in vitro. Their potency is lower than that of the reference compound, WIN 55,212-2, but their efficacy is similar to that of this cannabinoid agonist, although no in vivo activity is observed. Another derivative (38) behaves as a cannabinoid antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, being its efficacy and potency similar to that of the well-known antagonist SR141716A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cano
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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55
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Targeting the cannabinoid CB2 receptor: modelling and structural determinants of CB2 selective ligands. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:335-46. [PMID: 17982473 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments indicate that CB2 receptor ligands have the potential to become therapeutically important. To explore this potential, it is necessary to develop compounds with high affinity for the CB2 receptor and little affinity for the CB1 receptor. This review will discuss structure-activity relations at both receptors for classical cannabinoids and cannabimimetic indoles. Examples of CB2 selective ligands from both classes of compounds are presented and the structural features leading to selectivity are described. Two approaches, receptor mutations and molecular modelling, have been employed to investigate the interaction of ligands with both cannabinoid receptors. These results obtained from these techniques are discussed.
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56
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Brijesh Kumar Srivastava,*, Joharapurkar A, Raval S, Patel JZ, Soni R, Raval P, Gite A, Goswami A, Sadhwani N, Gandhi N, Patel H, Mishra B, Solanki M, Pandey B, Jain MR, Patel PR. Diaryl Dihydropyrazole-3-carboxamides with Significant In Vivo Antiobesity Activity Related to CB1 Receptor Antagonism: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling in the Homology Model. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5951-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm061490u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Saurin Raval
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Jayendra Z. Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Rina Soni
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Preeti Raval
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Archana Gite
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Amitgiri Goswami
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Nisha Sadhwani
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Neha Gandhi
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Harilal Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Bhupendra Mishra
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Manish Solanki
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Bipin Pandey
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Mukul R. Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Pankaj R. Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N. H. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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57
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Strasser A, Wittmann HJ. Analysis of the activation mechanism of the guinea-pig Histamine H1-receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:499-509. [PMID: 17712599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Histamine H(1)-receptor (H1R), belonging to the amine receptor-class of family A of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) gets activated by agonists. The consequence is a conformational change of the receptor, which may involve the binding-pocket. So, for a good prediction of the binding-mode of an agonist, it is necessary to have knowledge about these conformational changes. Meanwhile some experimental data about the structural changes of GPCRs during activation exist. Based on homology modeling of the guinea-pig H1R (gpH1R), using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin as template, we performed several MD simulations with distance restraints in order to get an inactive and an active structure of the gpH1R. The calculations led to a Phe6.44/Trp6.48/Phe6.52-switch and linearization of the proline kinked transmembrane helix VI during receptor activation. Our calculations showed that the Trp6.48/Phe6.52-switch induces a conformational change in Phe6.44, which slides between transmembrane helices III and VI. Additionally we observed a hydrogen bond interaction of Ser3.39 with Asn7.45 in the inactive gpH1R, but because of a counterclockwise rotation of transmembrane helix III Ser3.39 establishes a water-mediated hydrogen bond to Asp2.50 in the active gpH1R. Additionally we simulated a possible mechanism for receptor activation with a modified LigPath-algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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58
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Miguet L, Zhang Z, Grigorov MG. Computational studies of ligand-receptor interactions in bitter taste receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2007; 26:611-30. [PMID: 17118801 DOI: 10.1080/10799890600928210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenylthiocarbamide tastes intensely bitter to some individuals, but others find it completely tasteless. Recently, it was suggested that phenylthiocarbamide elicits bitter taste by interacting with a human G protein-coupled receptor (hTAS2R38) encoded by the PTC gene. The phenylthiocarbamide nontaster trait was linked to three single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring in the PTC gene. Using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin as template, we generated the 3D structure of hTAS2R38 bitter taste receptor. We were able to map on the receptor structure the amino acids affected by the genetic polymorphisms and to propose molecular functions for two of them that explained the emergence of the nontaster trait. We used molecular docking simulations to find that phenylthiocarbamide exhibited a higher affinity for the target receptor than the structurally similar molecule 6-n-propylthiouracil, in line with recent experimental studies. A 3D model was constructed for the hTAS2R16 bitter taste receptor as well, by applying the same protocol. We found that the recently published experimental ligand binding affinity data for this receptor correlated well with the binding scores obtained from our molecular docking calculations.
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59
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Oddi S, Spagnuolo P, Bari M, D'Agostino A, Maccarrone M. Differential modulation of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors along the neuroimmune axis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 82:327-37. [PMID: 17678969 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)82017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid-signaling chains have been implicated in a variety of pathophysiological functions, including memory, coordination, vasoregulation, reproduction, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. These activities were thought to be mediated by the activation of two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB(1)R and CB(2)R). These two CBR subtypes share common agonists and trigger similar signaling pathways, yet they present several important differences in structure and cell distribution. In particular, recent research has shown that the CB(1)R and CB(2)R are differentially linked to lipid rafts, specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane involved in the signaling of many other GPCRs. We present an overview of the current literature on the effects that lipid raft perturbation have on CBRs activities, and provide a mechanistic model to interpret these data in terms of structural and functional aspects. These findings may also have important implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches, including lipid raft perturbing drugs, aimed to selectively modulate CB(1)R signaling in a variety of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Oddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
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60
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Antel J, Gregory PC, Nordheim U. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists for Treatment of Obesity and Prevention of Comorbid Metabolic Disorders. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4008-16. [PMID: 16821760 DOI: 10.1021/jm058238r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Antel
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals Research Laboratories, Hans-Boeckler-Allee 20, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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61
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Tuccinardi T, Ferrarini PL, Manera C, Ortore G, Saccomanni G, Martinelli A. Cannabinoid CB2/CB1 selectivity. Receptor modeling and automated docking analysis. J Med Chem 2006; 49:984-94. [PMID: 16451064 DOI: 10.1021/jm050875u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors were constructed by means of a molecular modeling procedure, using the X-ray structure of bovine rhodopsin as the initial template, and taking into account the available site-directed mutagenesis data. The cannabinoid system was studied by means of docking techniques. An analysis of the interaction of WIN55212-2 with both receptors showed that CB2/CB1 selectivity is mainly determined by the interaction in the CB2 with the nonconserved residues S3.31 and F5.46, whose importance was suggested by site-directed mutagenesis data. We also carried out an automated docking of several ligands into the CB2 model, using the AUTODOCK 3.0 program; the good correlation obtained between the estimated free energy binding and the experimental binding data confirmed our binding hypothesis and the reliability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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62
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Salo OMH, Raitio KH, Savinainen JR, Nevalainen T, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Laitinen JT, Järvinen T, Poso A. Virtual screening of novel CB2 ligands using a comparative model of the human cannabinoid CB2 receptor. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7166-71. [PMID: 16279774 DOI: 10.1021/jm050565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To identify novel selective CB2 lead compounds, a comparative model of the CB2 receptor was constructed using the high-resolution bovine rhodopsin X-ray structure as a template. The CB2 model was utilized both in building the database queries and in filtering the hit compounds by a docking and scoring method. In G-protein activation assays, 1-isoquinolyl[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methanone (40, NRB 04079) was found to act as a selective agonist at the human CB2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi M H Salo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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63
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Computational Modeling Approaches to Structure−Function Analysis of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3297-351. [PMID: 16159154 DOI: 10.1021/cr000095n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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64
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Metpally RPR, Sowdhamini R. Cross genome phylogenetic analysis of human and Drosophila G protein-coupled receptors: application to functional annotation of orphan receptors. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:106. [PMID: 16091152 PMCID: PMC1192796 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell-membrane G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest known superfamilies and are the main focus of intense pharmaceutical research due to their key role in cell physiology and disease. A large number of putative GPCRs are 'orphans' with no identified natural ligands. The first step in understanding the function of orphan GPCRs is to identify their ligands. Phylogenetic clustering methods were used to elucidate the chemical nature of receptor ligands, which led to the identification of natural ligands for many orphan receptors. We have clustered human and Drosophila receptors with known ligands and orphans through cross genome phylogenetic analysis and hypothesized higher relationship of co-clustered members that would ease ligand identification, as related receptors share ligands with similar structure or class. RESULTS Cross-genome phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify eight major groups of GPCRs dividing them into 32 clusters of 371 human and 113 Drosophila proteins (excluding olfactory, taste and gustatory receptors) and reveal unexpected levels of evolutionary conservation across human and Drosophila GPCRs. We also observe that members of human chemokine receptors, involved in immune response, and most of nucleotide-lipid receptors (except opsins) do not have counterparts in Drosophila. Similarly, a group of Drosophila GPCRs (methuselah receptors), associated in aging, is not present in humans. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests ligand class association to 52 unknown Drosophila receptors and 95 unknown human GPCRs. A higher level of phylogenetic organization was revealed in which clusters with common domain architecture or cellular localization or ligand structure or chemistry or a shared function are evident across human and Drosophila genomes. Such analyses will prove valuable for identifying the natural ligands of Drosophila and human orphan receptors that can lead to a better understanding of physiological and pathological roles of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Prasad Rao Metpally
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, INDIA
| | - Ramanathan Sowdhamini
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, INDIA
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65
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Lange JHM, Kruse CG. Keynote review: Medicinal chemistry strategies to CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonists. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:693-702. [PMID: 15896682 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proven clinical efficacy of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant in both obesity and smoking cessation and its therapeutic potential in other disorders has given a tremendous impetus to the discovery of novel CB(1) antagonists. The number of disclosed patents wherein novel chemical entities having CB(1) antagonistic or inverse agonistic properties have been claimed has exploded. Besides novel compound classes that were identified in screening, rational medicinal chemistry approaches such as conformational constraint and scaffold hopping have been successfully applied. CB(1) receptor modelling has provided insight into crucial receptor-ligand interaction points thereby leading to a general CB(1) inverse agonist pharmacophore model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos H M Lange
- Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Research Laboratories, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands.
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